d"x / b]z cg';f/ ;sf/fTds sbd / /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjM g]kfn, ef/t / >Ln+s fsf ;+ ...

!= ;do, ;d"x / b]z cg';f/ ;sf/fTds sbd / /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjM g]kfn, ef/t / >Ln+sfsf
;+;bdf ePsf] k|ltlglwTj ;DaGwL bfjL / k|ltbfjLsf] hfFr
dx]Gb| nfjtL
k|fWofks, /fhgLltzf:q, j]:6g{ ldlrug ljZjljBfno
o; sfo{kqdf g]kfn, ef/t / >Ln+sfsf ;+;bdf ePsf] k|ltlglwTj ;DaGwL cfFs8fsf cfwf/df
;sf/fTds sbdsf af/]df ul/Psf bfjL / k|ltbfjLsf] hfFr ul/Psf] 5 . ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLlt
lnPsf b]zx¿df cNk;+Vos ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj a9]sf] 5 t/ o:tf] j[l4 ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltsf
sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] ls ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 -/fhgLlts r]tgf, kl/rfng cflb_ sf sf/0fn]
ePsf] xf] eGg] af/]df ljjfb 5 . o;af6 k|fKt clwsf+z kmfObf ;'ljwfljxLg ;d"xsf ;+e|fGtx¿n]
lnPsf] bfjL klg ul/G5 . o; t'ngfTds cWoogsf nflu 5flgPsf tLgj6f b]zx¿sf] ;fdflhs–
cfly{s cj:yf p:t} eP klg cNk;+Vos ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj a9fpgsf nflu logLx¿n] ->Ln+sf clg
ef/t / g]kfn_ leGg leGg cjwf/0ff ckgfPsf 5g\ cyjf p:t} cjwf/0ff ckgfP klg tL cjwf/0ff
ckgfPsf] ;do eg] km/s 5 -g]kfn / ef/t_ .
ef/t
ef/tdf ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltsf] nfdf] Oltxf; eP klg o; gLltn] ;a} ;LdfGts[t ;d"xnfO{
nlIft u/]sf] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfn] ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltsf] k|efj hfFRg] cj;/ lbPsf] 5 . o;
sfo{kqdf ef/tdf :jtGqtf xfl;n eP otf ;+;bdf nlIft ;d"x -cg';"lrt hflt / cg';"lrt
hghflt_ / nlIft gul/Psf ;d"x -d';ndfg_ sf] k|ltlglwTjsf aLrdf t'ngf ul/Psf] 5 . ;sf/fTds
sbdsf gLltn] nlIft gu/]sf d';ndfgx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;doqmddf a9\b} uO{ pgLx¿sf] hg;+Vofsf]
;dfg'kflts ePsf] 5 eg] s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] d';ndfgx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4n] ubf{ ;dfj]zLs/0f
eof] / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf nflu ;sf/fTds sbdsf] gLlt rflxFb}g . csf{lt/, cg';"lrt hflt /
cg';"lrt hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTj nueu ;dfg'kflts 5 t/ d';ndfgsf] k|ltlglwTj sd 5 eg]
;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltn] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj a9fof] egL eGg ;lsG5 . ;fy} s] klg eGg ;lsG5
eg] ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltn] nlIft gu/]sfn] cfwf ztfAbL -o; cjlwdf Ifdtf a9fpg] w]/} cj;/
lyof]_ eGbf a9L ;do lat] klg d';ndfgx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ce}m sd 5 .

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
!(%@ !(%& !(^@ !(^& !(&! !(&& !(*) !(*$ !(*( !((! !((^ !((* !((( @))$
lrq ! M ef/tLo ;+;bdf ljleGg ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj, !(%@–@))$, ;|f]t M z+s/ tyf /f]8\l/u]h -
@)!!_ / >Lw/0f -@))%_
ef/tdf ;+;bdf a|fXd0fx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj 36]sf] 5 / cGo lk58f ju{ / cGo pRr hftsf] k|ltlglwTj
a9]sf] 5 . cg';"lrt hflt / cg';"lrt hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTj pgLx¿sf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft;Fu
nueu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . t/ ;sf/fTds sbdn] nlIft gu/]sf d';ndfgx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj nuftf/ sd
/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] cGTolt/ cg';"lrt hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTj ;dfg'kflts eGbf cln
a9L ePsf] lyof] .
cg';"lrt hflt cg';"lrt hghflt d';ndfg cGo lk58f ju{ cGo dflyNnf hft j|fXd0f
20
15
15.5
17.3
14.7 15.1 15.5 15.7
16.4
15.1 15.3 15.9 15.4 15.65 15.1 14.85
10
5
9.2
6.8 7.3 7.7
8.3
6.7 7.2 7.3 7.9
5.8
5 4.8 4.9 5.4 5.4 5.9
7.5 7.8 8
4.9 5.2
4.4
9.2 9.75 9.77
5.15 5.34
6.34
0
!(%@ !(%& !(^@ !(^& !(&! !(&& !(*) !(*$ !(*( !((! !((^ !((* !((( @))$
cg';"lrt hflt cg';"lrt hghflt d';ndfg

lrq @ M ef/tLo ;+;bdf d';ndfgsf] k|ltlglwTj, !(%@–@))$, ;|f]t M z+s/ tyf /f]8\l/u]h -@)!!_ /
>Lw/0f -@))%_
oL ljleGg ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] l:yltn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLlt / Ifdtf
clej[l4 b'j}n] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . cGo lk58f ju{ / cGo pRr hftsf] k|ltlglwTjdf ePsf] j[l4sf
cfwf/df Ifdtf a9\bf k|ltlglwTj a9\5 egL eGg ;lsG5 . csf{lt/, d';ndfg -h;sf] hg;+Vof !#
k|ltzt 5_ sf] k|ltlglwTj pgLx¿sf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf nuftf/ sd /x]sfn] t/ cg';"lrt hflt /
cg';"lrt hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTj a9]sfn] -clt ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj xfl;n
ePsfn]_ ;sf/fTds sbdn] sfd u5{ egL eGg ;lsG5 . b'O{j6f j'Fbfsf cfwf/df o;f] eGg ;lsG5 .
klxnf], d';dfgx¿sf nflu ;sf/fTds sbdsf] gLlt gePsfn] pgLx¿n] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj
xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . bf];|f], cg';"lrt hflt / cg';"lrt hghfltsf nflu ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLlt
ckgfOPsfn] pgLx¿sf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 . ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLlt gePsf] eP
cg';"lrt hflt / cg';"lrt hghfltn] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}gy] eGbf unt x'Fb}g .
kl5Nnf jif{x¿df cg';"lrt hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTj a9\g'df pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4n] dfq} sfd u/]sf]
eGg ldNb}g . ;sf/fTds sbd gckgfOPsf] eP pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj clxn] klg sd x'GYof] .
;sf/fTds sbdn] ubf{ pgLx¿n] s]xL ;L6 kfPsfn] / pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf a9]/ yk ;L6 lht]sfn] dfq
o:tf] cj:yf cfPsf] xf] .
dflysf] s'/fsf cfwf/df s] :jLsf/ ug{'k5{ eg] t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd ;LdfGts[t ;d"x -hg3gTj cln
a9L ePsf / Pp6f lglZrt If]qdf a;f]af; ePsf_ sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 x'Fbf pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj a9\g
;S5 t/ ;a}eGbf a9L ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'gsf nflu ;sf/fTds sbdsf]
gLlt cfjZos x'G5 . Ifdtf a9fP/ cyjf gLltut pkfo h:tf h'g;'s} t/Lsf ckgfP/ klg pgLx¿sf]
k|ltlglwTj slt dfqfdf a9\5 eGg] s'/fdf To; ;d"xsf] k|s[lt -Hofb} ;LdfGts[t 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] /
cGo_ n] w]/} 7"nf] e"ldsf v]N5 h:tf] b]lvG5 . csf{lt/ ef/tsf hghflt a;f]af; If]qdf dfcf]jfbLsf]
lx+;fTds åGå k}mlnPsfn] s] s'/fsf] ;+s]t u5{ eg] ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf ;d:of / rf;f]nfO{
;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjn] ;+jf]wg ug{ ;Sb}g / ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltn] of] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g .
g]kfn
g]kfndf ;g\ !(() df /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng eP klg blnt, dw];L, cflbjf;L hghflt / dlxnfsf]

k|ltlglwTj sd /xg] rng sfod} /Xof] . o; bzsel/ g} tNnf] ;bgdf Pshgf dfq blnt lgjf{lrt
eP . ;g\ @))* sf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgn] leGg cj:yf Nofof] . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;dfg'kflts
tk{maf6 blnt, dw];L, cflbjf;L hghflt / dlxnfnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/fpg' kg{] k|fjwfg
/flvPsfn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf ^)! dWo] ##% hgf ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL tk{maf6 lgjf{lrt x'Fbf ;LdfGts[t
;d"xsf w]/} hgfn] k|ltlglwTj u/] . csf{lt/, k|ToIf k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt @$) hgfdWo]df klg
;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf w]/} pDd]bjf/ ljhoL eP . ;g\ @))* eGbf cl3 / kl5sf lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd clg
;g\ @))* s} klg ;dfg'kflts / k|ToIf tk{msf] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd x]¥of] eg] ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLlt
x'Fbf / gx'Fbf s] km/s k5{ eGg] s'/f :ki6;Fu b]Vg ;lsG5 .
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
!((! !(($ !((( @))*
kxf8] blnt
dw];L blnt
kxf8] hghflt
dw];L hghflt
dw];L hft
wfld{s
;d"x
;+e|fGt kxf8] pRr hft
lrq # M k|ToIf lgjf{rg -!(()_ / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj–k|ToIf lgjf{rg -@))*_ df ljleGg
hfthflt, wfld{s ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj . cfFs8f ;|f]t M ef]nfg\ -@)!)_
@))*
lrq # n] ;+e|fGt kxf8] pRr hft -k|e'TjzfnL ;d"x_ sf] k|ltlglwTj 36]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . t/ cGo
;d"xsf t'ngfdf of] ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj cln a9L 5 . kxf8] blntsf] k|ltlglwTj /fd|};Fu a9] klg
dw];L÷t/fO{ blnt / dw];L÷t/fO{ hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTj ce}m pNn]vgLo dfqfdf sd 5 . o:t}u/L,
wfld{s ;d"x -d';ndfg, h}g / l;v_ sf] k|ltlglwTjdf ;a}eGbf sd j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
kxf8] blnt
dw];L blnt
kxf8] hghflt
dw];L hghflt
dw];L hft
wfld{s
;+e|fGt kxf8] pRr hft
0
!((! !(($ !((( @))*
lrq $ M !(() sf] bzsdf jl~rt ;d"x / @))* df a9]sf] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj . cfFs8f ;|f]t M
ef]nfg\ -@)!)_
lrq $ df ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf jl~rt ;d"xsf] l:ylt / ;g\ @))* df ltgsf] x}l;ot lbOPsf] 5 .
;g\ !((! df lgjf{lrt ePsf] ;+;bdf em08} &) j6f ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj lyPg . aL;j6f ;d"xsf]
k|ltlglwTj pgLx¿sf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf yf]/} lyof] . o;/L x]bf{ em08} () j6f ;d"x jl~rt lyP .
o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt ;g\ @))* df em08} %) j6f ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj eof] . o:tf] kl/jt{g s]n] ubf{
;Dej eof] -;g\ @))* sf] lgjf{rgdf ;sf/fTds sbdsf] gLlt ckgfPsfn] ls o; aLrdf oL
;d"xsf] Ifdtf a9]sfn]_ eGg] k|Zg p7\5 .
;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltsf] e"ldsfsf] ;dLIff M ;g\ @))* sf] k|ToIf / ;dfg'kflts tk{msf] kl/0ffdsf]
t'ngf

60
50
@))* df lgjf{lrt ;d"x
40
30
20
10
0
kxf8]
blnt
dw];L
blnt
lrq % M k|ToIf / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgdf k|yd k6s lgjf{lrt ;d"x . cfFs8f ;|f]t M ef]nfg\ -@)!)_
o;sf] pQ/ kfpgsf nflu ;g\ @))* sf v08Ls[t cfFs8fsf] ljZn]if0f ug{'k5{ -lrq % x]g{'xf];\_ .
@))* df k|yd k6s lgjf{lrt ;d"x b'O{j6f sf/0fn] lgjf{lrt ePsf x'g ;S5g\ M tL ;d"xsf] Ifdtf
a9]sf sf/0fn], jf ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltsf sf/0fn] . @))* df klxnf] k6s k|ltlglwTj ePsf
;d"x k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf x'g\ eg] pgLx¿ Ifdtf a9]sf sf/0fn] lgjf{lrt ePsf x'g\
egL ts{ ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ;dfg'kflts tk{maf6 k|ltlglwTj ePsf x'g\ eg] ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltn]
ubf{ pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . @))* df lgjf{lrt ePsf %) j6f ;d"xdWo] @)
eGbf a9L ;d"x -k|e'TjzfnL ;d]t_ k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 cfPsf lyP eg] aL;eGbf a9L ;d"x -klxnf]
k6s_ ;dfg'kflts tk{maf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . w]/} ;d"x klxnf] k6s lgjf{lrt x'g'df ;dfg'kflts
k|0ffnLsf] xft 5 M ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yfn] k|ToIf lgjf{rgn] eGbf em08} rf/ u'0ff ;d"xsf]
k|ltlglwTj u/fPsf] 5 .
kxf8] dw];L
hghflt hghflt
wfld{s
dw];L
hft
s"n
@))* df k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6
k|ltlglwTj ePsf ;d"x
@))* df k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 klxnf]
k6s lgjf{lrt ;d"x
@))* df ;dfg'kflts tk{maf6 klxnf]
k6s lgjf{lrt ;d"x
@))* df k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 a9L
dfqfdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf ;d"x
@))* df ;dfg'kflts tk{maf6 a9L
dfqfdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf ;d"x

60
50
40
30
20
klxn]sf] k|e'TjzfnL ju{, ks8
sfod}
gofF k|e'TjzfnL ;d"x -# /
@) k|ltzteGbf a9L_
10
0
sd k|ltlglwTj ePsf ;d"x,
k|ltlglwTj j[l4
s"n k|ltlglwTj a9L ePsf]
;d"x -@) k|ltzteGbf a9L_
lrq ^ M k'/fgf / gofF k|e'TjzfnL ;d"x . cfFs8f ;|f]t M ef]nfg\ -@)!)_
lrq ^ n] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt / dw];L h:tf ;a} a[xt\ ;d"xn] /fhgLlts
k|ltlglwTj xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . ;du|df $* ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj a9]sf] 5 . klxn]sf k|e'TjzfnL
;d"x cfk\mgf] x}l;ot cg';f/sf] k|ltlglwTj xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ eg] r'gfjL k|lqmofdfk{mt -dw];L /
cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfoleqsf_ s]xL gofF k|e'TjzfnL ;d"xsf] pbo ePsf] 5 . k|ltlglwTj a9L ePsf
w]/} ;d"x k|e'TjzfnL ;d"x -o; cWoogdf kl/eflift ul/P e}Fm_ ePsf 5}gg\ . s]xL ;d"x dfq}
k|e'TjzfnL ePsf 5g\ . ;De|fGt ju{n] To; ;d"xsf nflu cfPsf ;a} kmfObf lng] rng eP klg s]xL
xb;Dd ;a}df of] s'/f nfu" ePsf] 5}g . cf/If0fleq klg cf/If0fsf] gLlt ckgfPsf v08df o;df
;'wf/ x'g ;Snf .
;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltsf lj/f]wLx¿n] o; gLltn] ;+e|fGt ju{sf] l;h{gf u5{ eGg] u5{g\ . t/
;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltn] nlIft u/]sf ;d"xnfO{ cfk\mgf ;d"xsf s]xL dflg;n] x}l;ot a9fPsf]
s'/fdf cfklQ 5}g . o; afx]s, of] k|j[lQ c¿ If]qdf klg b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . æbIftf / k|lt:kwf{Æ df

cfwfl/t eP/ egf{ ug{] k|lqmofdf klg ;fdflhs ;+e|fGt, dWod / pRr ju{n] g} kmfObf lnG5g\, u/Lan]
lng ;Sb}gg\ . o;}n], o:tf] s'/f ;sf/fTds sbdsf gLltdf dfq} b]lvG5 eGg ldNb}g .
>Ln+sf
>Ln+sfdf /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ;sf/fTds sbdsf] gLlt ckgfOPsf] 5}g . o;sf] cfFs8fn]
;sf/fTds sbdsf] gLlt cfjZos 5 eGg] bfaLnfO{ an k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o; cg';Gwfgdf >Ln+sfsf
cfFs8f ck"/f] eP klg o; bfjLnfO{ ;xL k|dfl0ft ug{ ToxfFsf ;ftj6f r'gfjsf cf+s8f pkof]u
ul/Psf] 5 .
cfFs8fn] s] b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] ;du|df tfldnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj 36]sf] 5 . z'¿df >Ln+sfsf
tfldnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj cln a9L lyof] t/ ;g\ !((& otf pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj 36]sf] 5 . ef/tLo
tldnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;w}+el/ sd lyof] . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] cNk;+Vossf nflu ;sf/fTds
sbdsf] gLlt gx'Fbf ax'hftLo ;dfhdf cIfd ;d"xsf] dfq} xf]Og ;Ifd ;d"xsf] klg k|ltlglwTj sd
x'G5 .
lgisif{
g]kfn / ef/tsf] pbfx/0fn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj a9fpgsf nflu
;sf/fTds sbdsf gLlt k|efjsf/L ePsf 5g\ . ef/tdf d';ndfg / >Ln+sfdf ef/tLo tfldnx¿sf
nflu ;sf/fTds sbdsf] gLlt gckgfOPsfn] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj lg/Gt/ sd ePsf] 5 . ef/tsf]
pbfx/0fn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] nfdf] ;do nufP/ Ifdtf clej[l4 u/] klg pgLx¿sf] ;dfj]zLs/0f gx'g
;S5 . :jtGqtf xfl;n ePsf] ^) jif{ kl5 klg ef/tdf d';ndfgsf] k|ltlglwTj ce}m sd 5 .
Ifdtf a9]sf sf/0fn] s]xL ;d"xn] k|ltlglwTj xfl;n ug{ ;S5g\ t/ ef/t / g]kfndf o:tf] pknlAw
xfl;n ug{] ;d"x yf]/} 5g\ . t/, ;sf/fTds sbdsf] gLlt cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug{ / lzIff,
;|f]t;fwg, hdLg tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/;Ddsf] kx'Fr / :jfoQtf osLg ug{ kof{Kt x'Fb}g . g]kfn,
ef/t / >Ln+sfsf] t'ngfTds cWoogaf6 s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] clt ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj
osLg u/fpgsf nflu ;sf/fTds sbdsf] gLlt h¿/L / k|efjsf/L x'G5 .