Microbial Enzymes and Biotransformations Microbial Enzymes and ...

Improving Nucleic Acid Polymerases 73
6. Brakmann, S. and Grzeszik, S. (2001) An error-prone T7 RNA polymerase mutant
generated by directed evolution. ChemBiochem 2, 212–219.
7. Ghadessy, F. J., Ong, J. L., and Holliger, P. (2001) Directed evolution of polymerase
function by compartmentalized self-replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
98, 4552–4557.
8. Xia, G., Chen, L., Sera, T., Fa, M., Schultz, P. G., and Romesberg, F. E. (2002)
Directed evolution of novel polymerase activities: Mutation of a DNA polymerase
into an efficient RNA polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 6567–6602.
9. Brakmann, S. (2001) Discovery of superior enzymes by directed evolution.
ChemBiochem 2, 865–871.
10. Horwitz, M. S. and Loeb, L. A. (1986) Promoters selected from random DNA
sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 7405–7409.
11. Leung, D. W., Chen, E., and Goeddel, D. V. (1989) A method for random mutagenesis
of a defined DNA segment using a modified polymerase chain reaction.
Technique 1, 11–15.
12. Cadwell, R. C. and Joyce, G. F. (1992) Randomization of genes by PCR mutagenesis.
PCR Meth. Appl. 2, 28–33.
13. Stemmer, W. P. C. (1994) DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and reassembly:
In vitro recombination for molecular evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91,
10,747–10,751.
14. Zhao, H., Giver, L., Shao, Z., Affholter, J. A., and Arnold, F. H. (1998) Molecular
evolution by staggered extension process StEP in vitro recombination. Nat.
Biotechnol. 16, 258–261.
15. Shao, Z., Zhao, H., Giver, L., and Arnold, F. H. (1998) Random-priming in vitro recombination:
An effective tool for directed evolution. Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 681–683.
16. Smith, G. P. and Petrenko, V. A. (1997) Phage display. Chem. Rev. 97, 391–410.
17. Johnsson, K. and Ge, L. (1999) Phage display of combinatorial peptide and protein
libraries and their application in biology and chemistry. Curr. Top. Microbiol.
Immunol. 243, 87–105.
18. Hanes, J. and Plückthun, A. (1997) In vitro selection and evolution of functional
proteins by using ribosome display. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4937–4942.
19. Roberts, R. W. and Szostak, J. W. (1997) RNA-peptide fusions for the in vitro
selection of peptides and proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 12,297–12,302.
20. Tawfik, D. S. and Griffith, A. D. (1998) Man-made cell-like compartments for
molecular evolution. Nat. Biotechnol. 16, 652–656.
21. Grodberg, J. and Dunn, J. J. (1988) ompT encodes the Escherichia coli outer membrane
protease that cleaves T7 RNA polymerase during purification. J. Bacteriol.
170, 1245–1253.
22. Cox, E. C. (1976) Bacterial mutator genes and the control of spontaneous mutation.
Ann. Rev. Genet. 10, 135–156.
23. Greener, A., Callaghan, M., and Jerpseth, B. (1996) An efficient random mutagenesis
technique using an E. coli mutator strain. Meth. Mol. Biol. 57, 375–385.
24. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (eds.) (1989) Molecular Cloning:
A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring
Harbor, NY.