agmus 2012 research symposium - Student Research Development

THE
ANA G. MÉNDEZ UNIVERSITY SYSTEM (AGMUS)
AND THE
STUDENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CENTER
ARE PROUD TO HOST THE
AGMUS 2012 RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM
SHOWCASING MINORITY STUDENTS’ MENTORED RESEARCH
Leadership at AGMUS/Vice Presidency for Planning and Academic Affairs
Mr. Jorge L. Crespo Armáiz
Vice President for Planning and Academic Affairs
Juan F. Arratia, Ph. D.
Executive Director
Student Research Development Center
SEPTEMBER 21-22, 2012
CARIBE HILTON HOTEL
SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….. 2
AGMUS/SRDC Mission, Executive Summary and Goals……………………….. 4
Conference at a Glance……………………………………………………………. 5
Workshop Agenda………………………………………………………………….. 6
Workshop: “Understanding the new GRE”………………………………………… 7
Message from the Chancellor: Dr. Federico Matheu……………………………… 8
Message from the Chancellor: Dr. Dennis Alicea………………………………… 9
Message from the Chancellor: Lic. Alberto Maldonado………………………….. 10
Message from the Vice President for Planning and Academic Affairs…………... 11
Message from the Director and Principal Investigator: Dr. Juan F. Arratia……... 12
AGMUS Profile and Prologue……………………………………………………… 13
Keynote Speakers’ Biographical Sketches…………………………………………. 14
Workshops Speakers………………………………………………………………... 17
Exhibitors’ List……………………………………………………………………... 21
Call for Abstracts AGMUS 2013 Research Symposium…………………………... 22
Advertisements……………………………………………………………………… 24
Schedule of Events………………………………………………………………….. 31
Abstracts Undergraduate Students:
Biological Sciences…………………………………………………………. 59
Bio-Mathematics…………………………………………………………… 86
Chemistry…………………………………………………………………… 89
Computer Sciences………………………………………………………….. 98
Environmental Sciences…………………………………………………….. 108
Applied Mathematics……………………………………………………….. 114
Applied Physics……………………………………………………………… 117
Astronomy…………………………………………………………….…….. 119
Engineering………………………………………………………………….. 120
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Abstracts Pre-College Students:
Biological Sciences…………………………………………………………. 150
Computer Sciences…………………………………………………………. 157
Chemistry…………………………………………………………………… 163
Applied Physics…………………………………………………………….. 164
Astronomy………………………………………………………………….. 166
Atmospheric Sciences………………………………………………………. 167
Engineering…………………………………………………………………. 168
Abstracts Graduate Students:
Biological Sciences…………………………………………………………. 169
Computer Sciences…………………………………………………………. 170
Applied Mathematics………………………………………………………. 171
Statistics Business………………………………………………………….. 172
Environmental Sciences……………………………………………………. 173
Atmospheric Sciences………………………………………………………. 174
Engineering…………………………………………………………………. 175
Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………... 177
Index of Presenters………………………………………………………………….. 179
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National Science Foundation
AGMUS Institute of Mathematics
Caribbean Computing Center for Excellence
Student Research Development Center
Ana G. Méndez University System
MISSION
The Model Institutions for Excellence (MIE) award granted by the National Science Foundation
helped transform Universidad Metropolitana, one of the Ana G. Méndez University System
(AGMUS) institutions, into a nationally recognized undergraduate research institution, and a
model in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Mentoring of
undergraduates by research mentors was the cornerstone of the MIE Project. The primary goal
of the cooperative agreement was to increase the number of BS degrees granted to
underrepresented students in STEM fields at Universidad Metropolitana. The MIE completed its
cooperative agreement between the National Science Foundation and UMET in 2008. We
believe that creative research is one of the best ways to prepare students to become persistent and
successful in graduate school and professional careers.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Today, the Student Research Development Center (SRDC) is the entity that continues the MIE
strategy by impacting students from AGMUS and universities across the nation. In order to
increase the number of BS degrees transferred to graduate school, the SRDC has continued with
an early pre-college and undergraduate research programs and partnerships with key research
institutions in the US mainland, Puerto Rico and abroad. Research mentoring is the central
component of the knowledge transfer and creative thinking activities at AGMUS. Cooperative
and collaborative learning strategies, presentations at scientific conferences, scientific writing
and co-authorship, technology literacy, and preparation for graduate school are activities that are
transforming the philosophy of the institution.
GOALS
The main goal of the AGMUS 2012 Research Symposium is to encourage precollege/undergraduate
and graduate research with research mentors; develop students’ written
and oral communication skills; provide a forum in Puerto Rico for students to foster interest in
graduate education, particularly at the Ph. D. level; and set national research standards for
research presentations.
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CARIBE HILTON HOTEL, SAN JUAN
ANA G. MENDEZ UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
Vice Presidency for Planning and Academic Affairs
STUDENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CENTER
2012 AGMUS RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM
CONFERENCE AT A GLANCE
FRIDAY, September 21, 2012
12:30 m. – 1:00 p.m. Registration
Symposium and Workshop Registration
1:00: p.m. – 5:20 p.m. Workshops in Computer Sciences, Astronomy,
Atmospheric Sciences and Biotechnology
(San Cristobal Foyer)
SATURDAY, September 22, 2012
7:30 a.m. – 8:30 a.m. Continental Breakfast / Registration (San Geronimo Foyer)
8:30 a.m. – 9:00 a.m. Opening Ceremony (San Geronimo B)
Speaker: Dr. Kika Friend, Univ. of California, Irvine
Pre-College and Undergraduate Students
9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Exhibitors (San Geronimo A)
9:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Graduate School Orientation/ (San Geronimo B)
Summer Research Opportunities
10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Oral Session I (San Geronimo B)
Oral Session II
(Auditorium)
Oral Session III (Conference 10)
Oral Session IV (Conference 6-7)
10:15 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. Coffee Break (San Geronimo Foyer)
12:00 p.m. – 12:30 p.m. Visit Exhibitors (San Geronimo A)
12:30 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. Lunch (San Geronimo B)
Speakers: Dr. Manuel Ramos, Univ. of Texas-El Paso
Dr. Julius E. Scipio, Fort Valley State University
Pre-College and Undergraduate Students
2:00 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. Success and Survival in Academia (San Geronimo B)
2:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Poster Session (San Geronimo C)
4:15 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Coffee Break (San Geronimo Foyer)
4:30 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. Workshops
GRE Overview : Mr. Nicholas Natalizio (San Geronimo B)
NIH Internships Opportunities: Dr. Sharon Milgram
6:30 p.m. Awards, Closing Ceremony and Dinner (San Geronimo B)
Speaker: Dr. Renetta Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Pre-College and Undergraduate Students
Workshops for Teachers
1:00-5:00 p.m. “The Beauty and Joy of Computing” (Tropical)
Ms. Sandra López, San Jorge Academy
1:00-5:00 p.m. “Teaching Teachers Easy Mobile Apps Programming with App Inventor”
Prof. Wilson Lozada, Inter American University, Barranquitas
(Mar)
5

Developing Minds Through
Research Experiences
September 22, 2012
Colleagues and Students:
We are very proud to host the AGMUS 2012 Research Symposium in which student researchers from the Ana G.
Méndez University System (AGMUS), as well as students from other colleges and universities in Puerto Rico and at US
mainland institutions, share their research work with their peers, other science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics (STEM) students, and the scientific community.
This year we have the participation of more than twenty-seven institutions such as Florida Institute of Technology, Fort
Valley State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Norfolk State University, North Carolina A&T State
University, Nova Southeastern University, Spelman College, Temple University, the University of California at its
Berkeley and Irvine Campuses, the University of Miami, the University of Texas in its El Paso and Tyler Campuses,
Virginia Polytechnic and State University,Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo in Guayaquil, Ecuador, and
several universities from Puerto Rico including Inter-American University in its Bayamón, Metro and San Germán
Campuses, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, the University of Puerto Rico in its Arecibo, Bayamón, Cayey,
Humacao, Mayagüez and Río Piedras Campuses, as well as our sister Institutions Universidad Metropolitana,
Universidad del Turabo and Universidad del Este. Finally, we have the STEM students from AGMUS who are the
essence of this meeting and to whom we dedicate Symposium 2012. This year we have the participation of pre-college
research projects from twenty-eight high schools in Puerto Rico such as: Adianez School, Antilles Military Academy
School, Antonio Fernós Insern Vocational School, Antonio Lucchetti Vocational High School, Bautista de Caguas
Academy, Bautista de Puerto Nuevo Academy, Caguas Private School, Costa Rica Vocational High School, C.R.O.E.M.
School, Dr. Juan José Ozuna High School, Dr. María Cadilla de Martínez High School, Educación Bilingüe de Cidra
School, Episcopal Cathedral School, Episcopal San Andrés School, Home Schools at Caguas, Humacao, Juncos, Las
Piedras, Inmaculada Concepción Academy, Isidro A. Sánchez High School, José Gautier Benítez High School, María
Teresa Piñeiro High School, Notre Dame School, Rafael Quiñones Vidal School, Saint Mary’s School, San Antonio
Abad School, San Benito School, Santa Gema School, Santa María del Camino School and University Gardens High
School.
I congratulate all of the students who worked endless hours to complete their research projects, especially those who
traveled many miles from the US mainland to be in Puerto Rico and share with all of us their research experiences. This
will prove to be one of our largest symposia Fourty-Seven (47) oral presentations and one-hundred twenty-two (179)
posters is a very impressive number! I hope that the poster and oral presentations will motivate all of you students to
continue in the pathway you have chosen.
My sincere appreciation goes to personnel from the Vice Presidency for Planning and Academic Affairs, the Student
Research Development Center staff, and the AGMUS faculty members and administrators for their extraordinary effort
and commitment coordinating the AGMUS 2012 Research Symposium. The implementation of this event would not
have been possible without the ongoing support of the National Science Foundation and the sponsorship of the industrial
sector that has cooperated to reward and motivate students to continue their path in science. Our appreciation goes to all
the companies that made possible the award component of Symposium 2012. This Symposium, in San Juan, Puerto
Rico, will be a memorable experience for all of you students from Puerto Rico and from across the nation.
Sincerely yours,
Juan F. Arratia, Ph. D.
Executive Director
Student Development Center
Student Research Development ANA Center G. MÉNDEZ UNIVERSITY SYSTEM (AGMUS)
PO Box 21150
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00928-1150
12
Tel: 787.766.1717 x.6000
Fax: 787.751.5386
Web: http://srdc.suagm.edu

As an Educational Institution
The Ana G. Méndez University System is home to approximately 42,320 undergraduate and graduate students who are mainly
underrepresented minority students from the Metropolitan San Juan area in Puerto Rico. Three institutions form the AGMUS
University System: Universidad Metropolitana (UMET), Universidad del Este (UNE), and Universidad del Turabo (UT). UMET
has been a teaching institution since its foundation in 1948. Today, however, its philosophy has been changing to address the
students’ study needs and the requirements of society. Our President, Dr. José F. Méndez, has set the agenda to have it become
the best undergraduate research institution in Puerto Rico. Additionally, the President has set the goal to implement the Model
Institutions for Excellence (MIE) best practices at UNE and UT and transform AGMUS into a leading undergraduate research
institution through the creation of the Student Development Center at the Vice Presidency for Planning and Academic Affairs.
The Executive Director of the Student Research Development Center is Dr. Juan F. Arratia, who has set to accomplish this goal
by 2012.
As an Undergraduate Research Institution
In 1995, UMET was selected by the National Science Foundation as an MIE school. At that time, a five-year Cooperative
Agreement for more than $11 million was signed between UMET and the NSF. A second Cooperative Agreement was signed on
October 1, 2000 for an additional three years and for $7.5 million. The third phase of the MIE grant for $2.5 million for three
additional years was awarded on October 1, 2003. The main objective of the relationship with NSF has been to transform UMET
into a model for Hispanic Serving Institutions in the nation. Our major goal has been to increase the number of BS degrees
granted by UMET, to transfer a significant number of science students to graduate school, and to enroll them in Ph. D. programs
to fulfill the goals and aspirations of a greater participation of minorities in the science, mathematics, and engineering fields.
After 14 years of funding, UMET has been transformed through the MIE activities by producing an effective pipeline from precollege
to undergraduate, and from undergraduate to graduate school for hundreds of underrepresented minorities from Puerto
Rico.
UMET has become an undergraduate research institution where faculty research mentors are helping science students create
knowledge and disseminate creative thinking among the members of the university community. Our undergraduate research
program, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, is paving the way for research-oriented activities for the benefit of our
students and the nation as a whole.
PROLOGUE
The multiple goals of the AGMUS 2012 Research Symposium are widespread. When this meeting was opened to the
undergraduate research community of Puerto Rico and that of US mainland institutions in the Fall of 2000, it followed our initial
vision of a training ground for young scientists and a melting pot for minorities. We consider that this Symposium will
consolidate these objectives and will be a vehicle to advance the overall AGMUS goals. Students who participate in the AGMUS
2012 Research Symposium, sponsored and organized by the Student Research Development Center, demonstrate their capacity
of becoming professionals who will pave the road to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics in this century. They
are guided by their desire to integrate themselves into the scientific and technological world of the future, and they are inspired
by a desire to make a contribution to the well being of humanity.
We are proud to present the research work of students from institutions in Puerto Rico and the US mainland in the areas of
Biological Science, Chemistry, Environmental Sciences, Applied Mathematics, Applied Physics, Engineering, Computer Science
and Atmospheric Sciences The research presentations of the AGMUS students give us much satisfaction because they are the
result of a scientific tradition started more than ten years ago, and which is part of the institutional history and its consolidation
for the benefit of the Puerto Rican society.
All students presenting in this symposium deserve the honors and the prizes that they will be awarded for participating and
sharing the product of their effort and dedication with the academic research community. Our institution recognizes the
seriousness and the responsibility involved in participating in an event of this magnitude, and is aware that these merits will
motivate students to continue working to make their dreams of a better world come true.
The Student Research Development Center is proud to document the research abstracts and the activities for graduate school and
undergraduate research orientation and workshops for the new generation of scientists who are participating in our AGMUS 2012
Research Symposium in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
Dr. Kika Friend
University of California-Irvine
Born in Mexico, she moved to California at age 12 and spent two years traveling around the state as her
mother – a migrant farm worker and a widow with six children – followed the crops. Going to college
was a dream, and she was the first in her family to achieve it. Today, with two master's degrees, she helps
other underrepresented minority students earn degrees in science, technology, engineering and
mathematics (STEM) as program director at UC Irvine's California Alliance for Minortiy Participation.
For her work with CAMP, which she has directed since 1993, Friend received the 2005 Distinguished
Professional Mentor Award from the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos/Latinos and Native
Americans in Science (SACNAS), an association that supports minorities in science. She earned an
Outstanding Supporter of Prevention Award from the Irvine Community Drug Prevention Program in
2006 for her psychotherapy work with a local domestic violence shelter and most recently was named one
of the 2009 Latino OC 100 by Stay Connected OC for her role in education.
Dr. Manuel Ramos
University of Texas-El Paso
Professor Manuel Ramos is a member and faculty advisor of the Materials Research Society (MRS-
UTEP) chapter. He is also member of the American Physics Society, Sociedad Mexicana de Materiales
and Sociedad Mexicana de Catalysis, has authored 21 peer-reviewed manuscripts in the area of advanced
nano-structured materials including nanoparticles, superconductors, catalysis and quantum computational
modeling. His area of expertise includes High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and
Computational Modeling using Density Functional Theory methods. He obtained a Bachelor in
Experimental Physics from The University of Texas at El Paso in 2003, a Master´s degree in Mechanical
Engineering from Florida A&M University in 2006 and completed a doctoral degree in Material Science
and Engineering at UTEP. He was appointed at National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Sematech-
Austin, UT-San Antonio and is currently a fulltime professor at the Physics and Mathematics Department
of Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez and Visiting Researcher at UTEP´s Materials Research
Institute.
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Dr. Julius E. Scipio
Fort Valley State University
Dr. Julius E. Scipio is a seasoned administrator with over twenty years of experience in creating,
developing and implementing policies focused on faculty and curriculum issues. The Memphis State
University graduate earned a Doctor of Education degree in higher education and a Master of Science
degree in education administration and supervision (with a concentration in higher education). He earned
a Bachelor of Science degree in biology from Paine College. At Voorhees College in Denmark, S.C., he
served as chairman of the division of humanities, education and fine arts, interim Vice President for
Academic Affairs and Vice President for Research and Sponsored Programs. He was associate director of
research, planning and quality assurance at LeMoyne-Owen College in Memphis, Tenn., and
administrative/executive intern and assistant to the Dean of Graduate Studies at Memphis State
University. At Fort Valley State University, he was Dean of Graduate Studies and Extended Education
and later became dean of the once combined College of Arts, Sciences and Education.
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Dr. Renetta Tull
University of Maryland Baltimore County
Renetta Garrison Tull is Assistant Dean for Graduate Student Development at UMBC and Director of
PROMISE: Maryland’s Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate (AGEP). The PROMISE
alliance members include: UMBC, the University of Maryland Baltimore (UMB), and the University of
Maryland College Park (UMCP). She presents across the U.S. and Puerto Rico on topics ranging from
graduate school recruitment, retention, and dissertation completion, to faculty development. She serves
as a national coach and mentor for prospective and current graduate students at universities outside of
Maryland through invited participation at STEM conferences such as the National GEM Consortium, the
National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE), the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos/Latinos and
Native American in Science (SACNAS), the Society for Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE), and the
American Indian Science and Engineering Society (AISES). She is a former Board Member of the
Northeastern Association of Graduate Schools and currently serves as a Liaison for Institutional
Collaboration for the Chancellor’s Office at Universidad Metropolitana in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Tull earned the B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Howard University, and both the M.S. in Electrical
Engineering and the Ph.D. in Speech Science from Northwestern University. She was an Anna Julia
Cooper Postdoctoral Fellow and Assistant Professor of Communicative Disorders at the University of
Wisconsin-Madison (UW) and a researcher in speaker recognition technology with the Trace Center
(Rehabilitation Engineering) prior to coming to UMBC. In her current roles, Tull works to increase
community and professional development opportunities for underrepresented graduate students and
postdocs at UMBC, the medical and professional school campus of UMB, and UMCP through targeted
PROMISE AGEP programs that include: Professors-in-Training (PROF-it), Dissertation House, the
Community Building Retreat, Fall Harvest, Research Symposium, the Summer Success Institute, and
others. These programs, along with PROMISE’s recruitment efforts and the growing recognition of
Maryland’s commitment to diversity at the graduate level, have contributed to increases in applications,
enrollments, and graduation rates of underrepresented graduate students and future professors in STEM
fields.
In addition to working with graduate students, she also works with postdoctoral fellows. Tull is the
Principal Investigator for a grant that links PROMISE to the Quality of Life Technology Center (QoLT)
at Carnegie Mellon University, a Co-Principal Investigator (Co-PI) for the National Science Foundation’s
(NSF) LSAMP Bridge to the Doctorate program at UMBC, Co-PI for NSF’s PROMISE: AGEP for the
State of Maryland, Co-PI for an ADVANCE grant to facilitate Hispanic women’s academic networks,
Co-PI on a grant for the Council of Graduate Schools (CGS) that measure minority graduate student
degree completion, and former Co-PI for the CGS Ph.D. Completion Project at UMBC. She is co-author
of a chapter on pathways for African-American women in science, technology, engineering, and math
(STEM) fields, published by Emerald Press, co-author of a paper that outlines tips for applying to
graduate school (presented at the 2012 Latin and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions
conference in Panama), and co-author of “A Formula for Success” which introduces the “Success
Equation,” published by Optics and Photonics News.
Dr. Tull is an invited speaker on issues of STEM education, graduate education, postdoctoral training,
faculty diversity, and collaborative quality of life research. In addition to her affiliations in Maryland, she
is a member of the “QoLT” faculty at Carnegie Mellon. She is also an MSRP advisor, and member of the
Deeper Engagement Working Group at MIT.
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WORKSHOPS SPEAKERS
Dr. Luis de la Torre
Universidad Metropolitana
Dr. Luis de la Torre is an Assistant-Research Professor at Universidad Metropolina. He works as mentor
for the AGMUS Institute of Mathematics, a National Science Foundation sponsored program based at
Universidad Metropolitana in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Dr. de la Torre was born in Cartagena, Colombia,
earned a BS in Mathematics from Universidad of Cartagena, an M.Sc. in Scientific Computing and a
Ph.D in Computer Science and Engineering from the University of Puerto Rico. His research projects are
focused on High Performance Computing and Bioinformatics Algorithms. His teaching interests are in
math and computer science courses. Dr. de la Torre dedicates part of his time to serve as a mentor for
current and prospective bio-mathematics students. Dr. de la Torre also has several publications in peer
reviewed journals, proceedings, poster presentations and oral presentations in national and international
meetings.
Dr. Sarwan Dhir
Fort Valley State University
Dr. Sarwan Dhir is Professor of Biotechnology at Fort Valley State University, an HBCU serving a
student community that is 93 percent African American. Since 2001, Dr. Dhir has hosted an NSF-funded
Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) in Biotechnology benefiting ten students per year. Dhir's
mentoring has emphasized support for independent research, self-confidence and teamwork skills, oral
and written communication of research, and career guidance.
Dhir's program brings minority students from the U.S. mainland and Puerto Rico to participate in a
summer program at the Center for Biotechnology. Dr. Dhir also mentors numerous high-school students.
The pupils collectively have won over 198 awards and 190 presentations. In addition, over 238 students
of the students mentored have participated in conferences, and many have published papers as senior
authors or co-authors. Two of his high-school students were finalists in the Siemens Westinghouse
competition.
17

Dr. Robert Kerr
Arecibo Observatory
Dr. Robert Kerr is an upper atmospheric physicist, specializing in optical and infrared remote sensing. He
received a B.S. in Physics from Ohio University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Michigan
in Atmospheric Science. Kerr was a Professor of Astronomy at Boston University from 1988-1997, and
was the Aeronomy Program Manager at the National Science Foundation from 2003-2007. He is
currently the Director of the Arecibo Observatory, and also served in that capacity from 2007-2008. Dr.
Kerr is the co-owner of Scientific Solutions Inc., an optical engineering firm in Chelmsford MA. He has
authored more than 30 papers in refereed journals, holds three patents, with a fourth pending. He is a
member of his high school’s Academic Hall of Fame, inaugural class.
Dr. Jerzy Leszczynski
Jackson State University
Dr. Jerzy Leszczynski has an M.S. and a Ph.D. in Chemistry from the Technical University of Wroclaw,
Poland. His areas of interest include nature of chemical bonds, theoretical predictions of molecular
potential energy surfaces and vibrational spectra, structures and properties of molecules with heavy
elements, tautomerism of classical and non-classical nucleic acid bases, surface chemistry, atmospheric
chemistry. Dr. Jerzy Leszczynski's research activities have to a large extent been possible due to
consecutive support from the Army High Performance Computing Research Center (AHPCRC) and
access to its facilities. An important component of these facilities is the Computational Modeling
Laboratory. Since 1998, Dr. Leszczynski directs the Computational Center for Molecular Structure and
Interactions (NSF-CREST Center) at Jackson State University in Mississippi.
18

Dr. Sharon Milgram
NIH Training Programs
Dr. Sharon Milgram received a BS degree in Physical Therapy from Temple University in 1984 and a
PhD in Cell Biology from Emory University in 1991. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship at The
Johns Hopkins University before joining the faculty at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in
1994. At UNC Dr. Milgram rose to the rank of Full Professor with Tenure in the Department of Cell &
Developmental Biology. Her research was supported by grants from the NIH, NSF, the Cystic Fibrosis
Foundation and the American Heart Association. Dr. Milgram held a number of administrative positions
at UNC including the Associate Director of the Medical Scientist Training Program, Director of the
Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and the Director of the Summer Undergraduate
Research Experience. She founded and advised the UNC Office of Postdoctoral Services and served on
the advisory committee of the Signal Xi National Postdoc Survey. Dr. Milgram served as Principal
Investigator on a number of training grants including an NSF REU grant, and NIH grants to support
predoctoral students in cell & molecular biology as well as an Initiative to Maximize Student Diversity. In
2007, Dr. Milgram joined the NIH Office of the Director as the Director of the Office of Intramural
Training and Education. There she directs a trans-NIH Office dedicated to the career advancement of over
5000 trainees, ranging from high school and college students to postdoctoral and clinical fellows. Dr.
Milgram is also a Senior Investigator in the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and an Adjunct
Investigator in the National Human Genome Research Institute. Dr. Milgram lectures widely on careers in
science and has a passion for helping students with their career and professional development at all
educational levels.
Nicholas Natalizio
Administrative Director - MRI:AMISR
Student Research Development Center, Ana G. Méndez University System
Nicholas Natalizio is an Administrative Director for the Student Research Development Center (SRDC)
at the Ana G. Méndez University System. He is responsible for all the administrative aspects of the MRI:
Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar (AMISR) National Science Foundation (NSF) grant, which
intends to procure and implement an AMISR at the Arecibo Geomagnetic Conjugate Point, located in La
Plata, Argentina. He is also responsible for the creation and maintenance of all the SRDC webpages and
databases. Previous to this Nicholas worked for more than six years in the retail industry, where he
created a number of new procedures as well as new training instruments for associates. Nicholas earned a
Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA, 2007) and a Masters in Business Administration (MBA,
2009) from Universidad del Turabo. He is currently working on his Doctorate in Business Administration
(DBA) at the same institution.
19

Dr. Rafael Rodrigo
Arecibo Observatory-Universidad Metropolitana
Dr. Rafael Rodrigo (Granada, 1953) is in the Physical Sciences. He is Research Professor of the Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC) at Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA) in Granada, Spain. He was
Director of IAA (1990-2004) and President of CSIC (2008-2012). His main fields of interest are planetary
atmospheres, minor bodies and exploration of the Solar System. He has more than 200 international
scientific publications. He has been Co-Investigator in the following space missions: “Huygens Atmospheric
Structure Instrument” (HASI) (NASA-ESA Cassini-Huygens Mission); Instruments “Osiris” and “Giada” of
the ESA Mission Rosetta for the exploration of a comet; Spanish Lead Scientist of the Osiris instrument;
“Planetary Fourier Spectrometer” (PFS) (Mars Express Mission and Venus Express Mission of ESA); and
BepiColombo Laser Altimeter of the ESA Mission BepiColombo to planet Mercury. Dr. Rodrigo is recipient
of NASA and ESA Awards. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the International Academy of
Astronautics.
Martina Trucco
Hewlett Packard, Inc.
Martina Y. Trucco is responsible for research strategy and portfolio management at HP Labs, HP’s
global corporate research lab. Previously, she worked in the HP Labs’ Open Innovation Office and
University Relations office, leading development of strategic university, commercial and government
collaboration activities in the Latin America region, as well as creative and marketing activities for the
team. She is passionate about education and technology, and a believer in the power of partnerships
between industry, academia and the government to effect change in education and foster economic
development. Martina joined HP in 2004, after receiving her Master’s degree with honors in Digital
Business Management from HEC Paris and Télécom Paris. She holds a Bachelor of Science in
Economics with a concentration in Multinational Management from The Wharton School of Business, at
the University of Pennsylvania. Prior to joining HP, Martina worked in the e-business departments of Eli
Lilly France and Louis Vuitton. She was a founding member of a start-up in Munich, Germany in 2000,
specializing in Tablet PCs and mobile computing solutions and consulting. She is a member of the Board
of Directors of ISTEC, the Ibero-American Science and Technology Education Consortium, and serves as
Chair of the Advisory Board of the Caribbean Computing Center for Excellence.
20

EXHIBITORS
INSTITUTION
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Graduate College
1137 Pearson Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02139
ARECIBO OBSERVATORY
HC 3 BOX 53995,
Arecibo, PR 00612
CONTACT PERSON
Thelma Harding
tlhardi@iastate.edu
Monica Orta
mmorta@mit.edu
Andrew Ortiz
aortiz@naic.edu
NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE
6116 Excecutive Blvd, Suite 502
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BERKLEY
5621 Sutardja Dai Hall (MC 1764
Berkley, CA 94720
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
230 N Oval Mall, 247 University Hall
Colombus OH, 43210
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
155 S Grant Street, Young Hall Room 170,
West Lafayette, IN 479071114
STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY
Center for Inclusive Education
Computer Science Bldng. Suite 2401 Z4422,
Stony Brook. NY, 11794
GEORGIA ISTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
901 Atlantic Dr, NW Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
FORD FOUNDATION FELLOWSHIP
PROGRAMS
The National Academies, 500 Fifth St, NW,
5th floor, Washington, DC 20001
UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL
CARIBE
PO Box 60327, Bayamón, PR 00956-6032
Isabel Valencia
valenci@mail.nih.gov
Sharnnia Artis
sartis@eecs.berkley.edu
Cyndi Freeman
papio.1@osu.edu
Dwight Lewis
delewis@purdue.edu
David Green
cie_graduatescholl@stonybroo
k.edu
Tia Jackson-Truitt
Tia.jackson@gatech.edu
Ms. Christine O’Brien
cobrien@nas.edu
Dr. Luis A. Cubano
lacoadrgs@gmail.com
21

CALL FOR ABSTRACT 2013
2013 AGMUS Research Symposium
Ana G. Méndez University System
Student Research Development Center
General Chair
Dr. Juan F. Arratia
Program Committee
September 20-21, 2013
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Dr. Oscar González
Ms. Thelma Graniela
Ms. Zulma Irizarry
Ms. Ivette Miranda
Mr. Nicholas Natalizio
Ms. Wanda Rodríguez
Mr. Tomas Yan Melo
Dear students and research fellows:
A Word from the Organizers
We invite you to participate in the 2013 AGMUS Research Symposium. This symposium was initiated by UMET’s Science
Honor Program to give our students the opportunity to present their scientific research experiences. Since 2000, we have
expanded the reach of our meeting to other institutions in the nation with minority participation in the Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) areas. Now, in 2013, the symposium is implemented under the Student Research
Development Center (SRDC), which is part of the Vice Presidency for Planning and Academic Affairs of the Ana G. Méndez
University System (AGMUS). This opportunity will not only serve as a forum to learn about research experiences, but will also
allow you to enjoy the wonders of our beautiful Borinquen scenery. For two days you will be able to learn about science and at
the same time enjoy the beauty of our tropical Puerto Rico.
We have prepared an informative and comprehensive program for the Symposium. Abstracts in all STEM areas, as well as in
Computer Science, are welcome. We look forward to seeing you in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Meeting Information
Deadline for submission of abstracts: September 1, 2013.
Notification of acceptance: September 12, 2013. Symposium date: September 20-21, 2013.
Scientific Program: The symposium will include oral presentations and poster sessions divided by areas.
Symposium Registration Fees:
Faculty and Visitors
Student Presenters
Student Attendees
Academic Exhibitors Table 6’ x 3’ (Fee includes one person)
Ad in Proceedings (Please contact Ms. Thelma Graniela at
tgraniela@suagm.edu )
Early
Registration
$100
Free
$ 80
$ 360
-
After September 1 st ,
2012 and On site
Registration
$150
-
$100
$425
Workshop Registration Fees: TBA.
General Information
• Travel: All major airlines have flights to the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Please
make your own reservations.
• Local Attractions: Old San Juan and its historical sites, El Yunque Rain Forest, the Arecibo Radio Telescope, the
Camuy Cave System and many beautiful beaches around the island.
• Weather: During the month of September, Puerto Rico’s weather is mild; it’s the perfect weather to enjoy our beautiful
Island.
• Dress Code: Semiformal, business attire.
22

Registration
Registration will open June 11, 2013 at http://srdc.suagm.edu.
Submission of Abstracts
Please attach your abstract in Microsoft Word format. Abstracts must be submitted in English and should be no more than 300
words long. They must include the title, authors and their affiliation and mentor(s). Only one presenter per abstract will be
accepted. Please underline the main author or presenter and specify your preference for an oral or poster presentation.
The presentations will be in the following format: pre-college students (poster only), undergraduate students (poster or
oral) and graduate students (oral only).
The deadline for Undergraduate and Graduate Abstracts to be considered for Symposium Awards is
September 1, 2013.
Abstracts received after September 1, 2012 will NOT be considered for any cash prizes presented by the AGMUS 2013 Research
Symposium, but will be tagged as Late Submission Abstract in the Symposium Proceedings. The abstract submission site
will be closed at midnight, September 1, 2013 and will NOT ACCEPT ADDITIONAL ABSTRACTS.
**IMPORTANT FOR POSTER PRESENTERS:
Boards will be available for posters not larger than 3x5 feet in portrait format.
No audiovisual equipment, laptops or tables will be allowed with no EXCEPTIONS
Registration for Exhibitors
You have to register with Ms. Ivette Miranda, Ms. Thelma Graniela or Mr. Nicholas Natalizio at: http://srdc.suagm.edu.
Symposium Advertising
Please send all ad material in JPEG format to: tgraniela@suagm.edu, imiranda@suagm.edu or nnatalizio@suagm.edu no
later than August 24, 2013. Each ad must have the desired ad dimensions. For more information about Symposium
Advertising, visit our web page http://srdc.suagm.edu.
Cancellation Policy: Cancellation of Symposium registration can be made. All cancellations must be submitted through e-mail
to imiranda@suagm.edu by the following registration deadline dates:
On or before September 19, 2013- no cancellation fee
After September 19, 2013 – any Student Registration cancellation received after this date will be assessed with a
$100.00 cancellation processing fee.
Pre-Paid Exhibitor Registrations – no refund will be issued on any exhibitor registration.
Payment must be in by September 19, 2013.
Rules for the Symposium:
1) Acceptance of the abstracts is equivalent to receiving an award in the AGMUS Research Symposium with the
commitment from the student to attend all symposium activities.
2) Presentations are in English.
3) To receive an award, the student must be present at the closing ceremonies.
Please address all correspondence to:
Dr. Juan F. Arratia
Executive Director
Student Research Development Center
Ana G. Méndez University System
P.O. Box 21150
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00928-1150
Phone: (787) 766-1717 Ext. 6000
This conference features:
• Pre-Conference professional
workshops
• Graduate School Orientation
• Undergraduate Research
Internship Opportunities
• Exhibitors
For more information: http://srdc.suagm.edu
23

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 2012
12:30 – 1:00 p.m. Registration
Symposium and Workshop Registration
CARIBE HILTON HOTEL
San Cristóbal Foyer
1:00 – 5:20 p.m.
1:00 – 1:40 p.m.
1:40 – 2:20 p.m.
2:20 – 3:00 p.m.
3:00 – 3:40 p.m.
3:40 – 4:20 p.m.
4:20 – 5:20 p.m.
Workshops
“Emerging Trends in Computing: Cloud Computing and
IT for Sustainability”
Martina Trucco, HP Worlwide Research Development
“Unique Challenge for Computational Chemists:
Nanomaterials”
Dr. Jerzy Leszczynski, Jackson State Univesity
“Astronomy: History of Missions to the Red Planet”
Dr. Rafael Rodrigo, Visiting Scholar, Arecibo Observatory-
Universidad Metropolitana
“Atmospheric Science at the Arecibo Observatory”
Dr. Robert Kerr, Arecibo Observatory Director
“Advances in Biotechnology”
Dr. Sarwan Dhir, Fort Valley State University
“NIH Internships Opportunities”
Dr. Sharon Milgram, NIH Training Programs
SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2012
CARIBE HILTON HOTEL
7:30 – 8:30 a.m. Registration / Continental Breakfast San Geronimo Foyer
7:30 – 8:30 a.m. Poster Set-Up San Geronimo C
8:00 – 8:30 a.m. Orientation for Judges Auditorium
8:30 – 9:00 a.m. Opening Ceremony
Welcome: Dr. Juan F. Arratia, Executive Director
Student Research Development Center
San Geronimo B
Keynote Speaker: Dr. Kika Friend
University of California, Irvine
9:00 – 10:00 a.m. Graduate School Orientation / Undergraduate
Research Internships
Chairman: Dr. Renetta Tull, University of Maryland,
Baltimore County
San Geronimo B
9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Exhibitors San Geronimo A
31

Oral Presentations
10:00 a.m. – 12:00 m. Session I San Geronimo B
10:00 a.m. – 12:00 m. Session II Auditorium
10:00 a.m. – 12:20 m. Session III Conference 10
10:00 a.m. – 11:50 m. Session IV Conference 6-7
10:15 – 11:00 a.m. Break San Geronimo Foyer
12:00 – 12:30 m. Visit Exhibitors San Geronimo A
12:30 – 2:00 p.m. LUNCH
Keynote Speakers:
Dr. Manuel Ramos, Univ. of Texas-El Paso
Dr. Julius E. Scipio, Fort Valley State University-
2:00 – 2:30 p.m. Success and Survival in Academia
Chairman: Ms. Serenella Linares, Ph.D. Candidate
University of Maryland, College Park
Mr. Tomás Yan Mello, Ph.D. Program
Vanderbilt University
María Terrón, Baylor College
Yainna Hernaiz, University of Vermont
Dr. Gloricelys Rivera, Postdoc, Universidad
Metropolitana
San Geronimo B
San Geronimo B
2:30 – 5:00 p.m. Poster Session San Geronimo C
4:15 – 5:00 p.m. Break San Geronimo Foyer
4:30 – 6:00 p.m. Workshops
GRE Overview: Mr. Nicholas Natalizio
NIH Internships Opportunities: Dr. Sharon Milgram
6:30 p.m. Awards, Closing Ceremony and Dinner
Speaker: Mr. Anthony Baylis
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
San Geronimo B
San Geronimo B
12: 30 – 1:00 p.m. Registration Workshop for Teachers San Geronimo Foyer
1:00 – 5:00 p.m. Workshops:
“The Beauty and Joy of Computing”
Dr. Luis de la Torre, Universidad Metropolitana
“Teaching Teachers Easy Mobile Apps Programming
with App Inventor”
Prof. Wilson Lozada, Inter-American Univesity-
Barranquitas
Tropical
Mar
32

10:00 – 12:20 m. ORAL RESEARCH PRESENTATIONS
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
SESSION I
SAN GERONIMO B
Chairman: Ms. Serenella Linares, Ph.D. Candidate
University of Maryland, College Park
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
10:00 – 10:10 a.m
Anamary Carazo-Carrión, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Distribution of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea Across El Yunque Rain Forest in
Puerto Rico
10:10 – 10:20 a.m.
Víctor L. Correa Rodríguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
Effect of Antiproliferative Drugs (ABQ-48, ABQ-95 and NBQ-95) in the Protein
Signaling of Carcinoma Cells
10:20 – 10:30 a.m.
Dwayne Davis, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia.
The Correlation Between Pupillary Unrest with Respiration and Heart Rate
10:30 – 10:40 a.m.
Emanuel García, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Search for Sweetness: Tissue Specific Gene Expression in Stevia rebaudiana
10:40 – 10:50 a.m.
Jean G. García-Díaz, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Optimization of Algae Culture for Oil Production
Maxine N. González Vega, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
10:50 – 11:00 a.m.
Evolution of Flightin Expression in Insects
Olivia C. McReynolds, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
11:00 – 11:10 a.m.
11:10 – 11:20 a.m.
The Effects of Abscisic Acid on the Structure of SL08G07
Adriana M. Mejía Montañez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
Agrobacterium Mediated Genetic Transformation in Valeria (Valeriana
officinalis L)
Johanna M. Nifosi Sosa, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
11:20 – 11:30 a.m.
Measuring Immune Development in Larval Amphibians to Understand Age-
Dependent Susceptibility to Infection by Riberoia Ondatrae (Class Trematoda)
33

11:30 – 11:40 a.m. Joanie Nina, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Studies on the Antimicrobial Activity of Nitro-Substituted Benzazolo[3,2
A]Quinolinium Chloride Salts (NBQS) Drugs Against Bacterial Strains
CHEMISTRY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
11:40 – 11:50 a.m. Kiersten D. Bethea, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North
Carolina.
Undergraduate
The Use of UV/VIS Spectroscopy, Multivariate Curve Analysis, and Datan in the
Study of HG+2 Coordination to 4-Thiouracil (4TU)
11:50 – 12:00 m.
Svetlana Gelpi Domínguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Transition States of DBT Molecule at the MOS2/CO9S8 Interface: First
Principles
12:00 – 12:10 m.
KaNesha M. Gillyard, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
The Microbial Diversity of the Deep Subsurface: Isolation and Identification of
the Thermus Species
COMPUTER SCIENCES UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
12:10 – 12:20 m. Antonio Tapia Maldonado, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Implementation of an Extra Layer of Protection for Web
Applications
34

10:00 – 11:20 a.m. ORAL RESEARCH PRESENTATIONS
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
SESSION II
AUDITORIUM
Chairman: Dr. Osvaldo Cox, School of Environmental Sciences
Universidad Metropolitana
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
10:00 – 10:10 a.m
José I. Cruz Rodríguez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto
Rico.
Fungal Endophytes from Spathodea campunalata in Puerto Rico
10:10 – 10:20 a.m.
Xavier E. Espada-Fuentes, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo,
Puerto Rico.
Diversity of Bacterial Endophytes for Spathodea campanulata in
Puerto Rico
10:20 – 10:30 a.m.
Norberto Mercado Miranda, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The Adsorption of 2,4-Dichlorophenol and Phenanthrene onto
Different Sized Hematite Nanoparticles
10:30 – 10:40 a.m.
Alma C. Ramírez Vélez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
Effects of Light on Freshwater Ecosystems
APPLIED MATHEMATICS UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
10:40 – 10:50 a.m.
Wilnerys Colberg Hernàndez, Universidad Metropolitana, San
Juan, Puerto Rico.
Whole Genome Prediction for Clinical Use
10:50 – 11:00 a.m.
Luis M. Mestre Caraballo, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
Comparative Analysis of Pairwise Alignment
35

APPLIED PHYSICS UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
11:00 – 11:10 a.m.
Veroleevelisse Carrión Calderón, Universidad del Turabo,
Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
New Method to Fabricate Nanomaterial Cathodes for Intermediate
Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFC)
11:10 – 11: 20 m.
Jennifer L. Gil Acevedo, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
Durability Study of Polymer Nanocomposites
36

10:00 – 12:20 m. ORAL RESEARCH PRESENTATIONS
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
SESSION III
CONFERENCE 10
Chairman: Dr. Ángel González
Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico
ENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
10:00 – 10:10 a.m.
Franiece D. Bennett, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia.
Dynamic Graphical Representation of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers
10:10 – 10:20 a.m.
Davis Chacón Hurtado, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Before and After Highway Safety Evaluation Using Empirical Bayes Approach:
A Case Study in Indiana
10:20 – 10:30 a.m.
Ángeles C. Chaparro Bosque, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto
Rico.
Degradation Trends of Granite and Trap Rock Railroad Ballast
10:30 – 10:40 a.m.
Jasmine I. Figueroa González, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto
Rico.
Civil Engineering Applications in Agriculture to Benefit Bio-Systems and
Bodies of Water Guánica Río Loco Watershed Special Project 2010
10:40 – 10:50 a.m.
Hector Y Franqui Pagán, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Modular Software Components for Early Integration and Exploration of
Components Developed for Future ESA Missions
10:50 – 11:00 a.m.
Christian G. Hernández Negrón, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto
Rico.
Centrifuge Testing to Evaluate Seismic Lateral Earth Pressure on Buried
Reservoir
11:00 – 11:10 a.m.
Daniel J. Jaimes, University of California, Irvine, California.
Using Sodium Spectra for Temperature Measurement in a Counterflow Flame
11:10 – 11:20 a.m.
Stephanie López Cruz, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Testing the Integrity of Steel Gravity Frames Subjected to Large Vertical
Deflections: Connection Component and Bolt Tests
11:20 – 11:30 a.m.
Eduan E. Martínez Soto, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Flexible and Protective Bio-Inspired Armor Systems
37

11:30 – 11:40 m.
José M. Orellano Vega, Joel Corporán, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez,
Puerto Rico.
The Development and Production of New Musical Transcriptions in Puerto Rico
11:40 – 11:50 m.
Alisa V. Ortiz Colón, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Determining the Headway and Saturation Flow Rate for Transit Buses at a
Signalized Intersection
11:50 – 12:00 m. Jean C. Rivera Nazario, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Inverse Metamodeling
12:00 – 12:10 m.
Xavier A. Rivera-Hernández, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto
Rico.
Mechanical Properties of a Glass Fiber Reinforcement Polymer Composite
Material for Applications in Civil Engineering
12:10 – 12:20 m.
Rut M. Rodríguez Morales, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Pedestrian Safety Study Along Sunrise Highway, Nassau County
38

10:00 - 11:50 m. ORAL RESEARCH PRESENTATIONS
GRADUATE STUDENTS
SESSION IV
CONFERENCE 6-7
Chairman: Dr. Renetta Tull
University of Maryland-Baltimore County
BIOLOGY GRADUATE STUDENS
10:00 – 10:10 a.m.
Graduate
Luz M. Cumba García, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
Α – Actin as a Marker for Skeletal Muscle Damage in Brazilian
Athletes
COMPUTER SCIENCES GRADUATE STUDENTS
10:10 – 10:20 a.m.
Ollantay Medina Huaman, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Biodiversity Assessment Using Hierarchical Clustering Over
Hyperspectral Images
10:20 – 10:30 a.m.
Gabriel E. Ramírez Ibañez, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Compressed Sensing in Hyper Spectral Imaging Systems
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES GRADUATE STUDENTS
10:30 – 10:40 a.m. Brenda C. Torres-Velásquez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo,
Puerto Rico.
Analysis of Soluble Reactive Phosphorus Dynamics in Laguna
Cartagena Using Ordinary Differential Equations and Software
Stella (V8)
APPLIED MATHEMATICS GRADUATE STUDENTS
10:40 – 10:50 a.m. Encarnación Bowry-Laing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort
Lauderdale, Florida.
Flightcrew Member Rest and Duty Requirement: An Analysis of
the Law, its Cost, Effectiveness and Ability of Users to Remain in
Compliance
39

STATISTICS-BUSINESS GRADUATE STUDENTS
10:50 – 11:00 a.m. Laura Torres Velásquez, Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu
Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Regression Models to Explain the Behavior of Contraband in
Ecuador
ENGINEERING GRADUATE STUDENTS
11:00 – 11:10 a.m.
Mary C. Acosta Cervantes, María G. Villarreal Marroquín,
University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Metamodeling Studies on Simulation Optimization
11:10 – 11:20 a.m.
Jari R. Cabarcas Bolívar, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez,
Puerto Rico.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of ZnFe 2 O 4 as a Function of “Ball to
Powder Ratio” (BPR)
11:20 – 11:30 a.m.
Noemí Domínguez Ruíz, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas.
The Active Sites on Ternary Phase Molybdenum-Based Catalyst
11:30 – 11:40 a.m.
Osvaldo Mangual Rodríguez, Polytechnic University, San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
Accuracy Improvement in Purely Integer Cyclic Convolution
Using Fast Fourier Transforms
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES GRADUATE STUDENTS
11:40 – 11:50 a.m. Sara R. Ávila O’Neill, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico,
San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Eigenvalue Analysis of Equatorial Spread-F Initiation Problem
40

2:30 – 5:00 p.m. POSTER SESSION
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
SAN GERONIMO C
Chairman: Dr. Juan F. Arratia
Ana G. Méndez University System
BIOLOGY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Undergraduate
Ariette Acevedo Rodríguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Regeneration Patterns in Patiria miniata Bipinnaria Larvae
Carlos A. Aguirre, University of California, Irvine, California.
Effects of Age and Nicotine Pretreatment on Spatial Discrimination in Male Rats
Jasmine Briscoe, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia.
Understanding the Lineage of HOXA3 Throughout Development
Jorge Bustamante, Jr., University of California, Irvine, California.
Bending of Cricket (Acheta Domesticus) Antennae
Giovanna M. Camacho Viruet, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
Geographical and Drug Associated Differences in Multiple Invasion Phenotypes of
Plasmodium falciparum
Sarah Camerón, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
Single Cell Analysis of HER2 MRNA Transcripts with Single Molecule RNA Fish
Karla M. Casillas Pagán, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Analysis of the Effects of Endolysin from the Bacteriophage E79TV-2 on
Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Leonardo M. Cheverez Abril, Gina Cordero Hernández, Inter American
University, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Investigation of the Role of Wt1 in Spinal Neuron Development
Sheila Cubero-Rodríguez, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Isolation of Pathogens and Drug Resistant Genes from Crows and their
Environment
Caroline I. Delgado Carrillo, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Leaf Litter Fungal Bioprospecting for Biofuel Application
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
41

Nohelysmarie Delgado Olivo, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Fauna Diversity in the Habitats Surrounding the Arecibo Observatory in the
Northern Karst of Puerto Rico.
Brenda González-García, University of California, Irvine, California.
11
12
Amyloid Beta Interference with Zinc Neurotransmission and its Possible
Contribution to Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease
Verónica González-Calderón, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Role of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Within Nucleus Accumbens Shell
During Environmental-Elicited Cocaine Conditioning
Kendra K. Hearn, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
Lapatinib and Neratinib: Using Combination Drug Therapy to Advance the Effect
of the Treatment of HER2 Positive Breast Cancer
Leonardo J. Hernández-Torres, Michelle Z. Torres-Toledo, Carlos A. Mejias-
Cruz, Pontificia Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Adsorption of Calcium in Cocoa Bean Shells Measured with Ion-Selective
Electrodes
Stephanie A. Hernández, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
An Experimental Study of the Genotype Specificity of Chemical Cues in Daphnia
dentifera
Luis E. Irizarry-Nieves, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
13
14
15
16
17
Validation Study on Potential Cervical Cancer Genes Identified by Novel
Microarray Data Analysis Study
Alvaro S. Laham Bauzó, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
A Comparison of the Cytotoxic Effects of Vernonia amygdalina and Paclitaxel on
Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Cells
Wesley J. Marrero Colón, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
18
19
Undergraduate
Prediction and Simulation of Metabolic Interactions in Artificial Microbial
Ecosystems
Kelcie L. Martin, University of California, Irvine, California.
A Gene Drive System for Genetic Control of Malaria Transmission
Omayra Méndez Solís, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Replication Factory of a Plus-Strand RNA Virus, Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV)
42
20
21

Emely Morales Colón, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Bacterial Biodegradation of Isobutylidene Diurea
Ivia I. Moreno Rosado, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Assessment of Vegetation Biodiversity in the Karst Forest Surrounding the Arecibo
Observatory Located in the Northern Karst of Puerto Rico
Héctor A. Nieves Figueroa, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Immunological Survey of Murine Peyer’s Patches: Implications for Oral Vaccine
Delivery
Ashley Norris, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia.
22
23
24
25
Production of Recombinant Thermostable Pyrococcus furiosus Alpha-Amylase in
E. coli for Starch Hydrolysis
Undergraduate
Selma Oliveras Ramos, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
The Role of Apurinic Apirimidinic Endonuclease 1 (Apex-1) in Context Fear
Conditioning Memory
Greisha L. Ortiz-Hernández, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Bioinformatic Analysis of Snare Proteins in Drosophila melanogaster
Jackeline Palencia Berberena, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Linkage of the Stringent Response to Antibiotic Tolerance in Enterococcus faecalis
Ashley Parmer, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia.
Natural Variations of Fatty Acid Composition in the Model Green Alga
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Jennifer M. Potter Birriel, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Construction of Small RNA Libraries of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
During Rust Fungal Infection for Deep Sequencing
Joel B. Ramkhelawan, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Validation of Oligodendrocyte Markers for Differentiation of Human Neural Stem
Cells
Kymber Rías, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Using Osteoclast Differentiation to Determine the Expected
Degree of Arthritis
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
43

Karoline Ríos Rodríguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Is Flightin Expression Restricted to the Indirect Flight Muscles in All Drosophila
species?
Coral M. Rivera Sánchez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
33
34
Bioinformatic Analyses of the Arsenate Respiratory Reductases Among Non-
Firmicutes Bacteria
Juan P. Rivera Rodríguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Transcriptional Regulatory Functions of Mammalian AP-Endonuclease
(APE1/REF-1) in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Anivonne Robert Santiago, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Mangrove Arthropod Communities Include 50% of Unique Species in Jobos Bay
National Estuarine Research Reserve
Astrid M. Rodríguez Negrón, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Characterization and Localization of Glycinergic Neurons in the Mouse Brain Stem
Natalia C. Santiago Merced, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Morphine on Activity and Simple Learning
Kamil M. Suliveres Caraballo, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
35
36
37
38
39
Undergraduate
Undergraduate
Mapping the Genetic Regulation of Gene Expression in a Rat Model of Metabolic
Syndrome
Silvia D. Vaca, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
Effect of Subretinal Electrical Stimulation on FGF2 Levels in Retinas of RCS Rats
Milton Williams, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia.
Complementation of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Low Oil Mutant Strain
BIO-MATHEMATICS UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Anna C. Flores Maddox, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Effects of Population Stratification on Inferences of Marker Effects and
Association Tests
Ramón E. Miranda Merced, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Mathematical Model for Silver Nanoparticles Bacteria Growth Inhibition
40
41
42
43
44

Ismael Orengo Sánchez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Beyond the Null Hypothesis: Detecting Biologically Important Patterns Ignored by
Traditional Statistics
Emmie M. Román Meléndez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez,
Puerto Rico.
44
45
A Mathematical Study of the Attractiveness of the Human Body: Golden Ratios,
Symmetry and Neoclassical Canons
Edgardo L. Vázquez Rodríguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
46
Biological Reaction Network Modeling and Simulation with Stochastic Differential
Equations
CHEMISTRY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Katherine Calderón Mojica, Laysa M. Claudio González, University of Puerto
Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico.
Molecular Modeling Calculations of Α, Β-Unsaturated Esters
Alejandra Cartagena Sierra, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
47
48
Synthesis and Characterization of Vertically Aligned Single-Walled Carbon
Nanotubes to be Used in the Development of New Radiation Sensors
Laysa M. Claudio González, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico.
Nmr Calculations of Esters
William N. Dade, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North
Carolina.
49
50
Cell Culture Analysis of HEPG2 Cells on SAMS
Johannys Jiménez Collazo, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Oxidative Metabolism of Organic Compounds Using Cytochrome P-450 on
Bacillus and Paenibacillus SPP. Surviving in San Jose Lagoon
Diorella M. López González, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Thermal Inactivation Studies on Glucose Oxidase as a Surrogate for Ricin
Ricardo Lorenzana Gómez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
51
52
53
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Different Reduction and Capping Agents
and their Toxicity with E. coli
45

Elsa M. Luciano Núñez, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties of the Puerto Rican Plant Simarouba tulae
Reynaldo J. Morales Rodríguez, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
54
55
Chemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of the Endemic Plant Simarouba
tulae
Luis M. Ortiz, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Synthesis of Cadmium Selenide Quantum Dots and Gold Nanoparticles and
Cytotoxicity Studies on A-431 Cells
Katia Yari Rodríguez Berríos, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Chemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Plant Croton
discolor
Marcos R. Rodríguez-Torres, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Synthesis of Gold Nanospheres – Reduced by Cd Se QDs: New Sers Substrates for
Biomolecules Detection
Weyshla A. Rodríguez Rodríguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
Gold Nanoparticles as Catalysts in Dibenzothiophene Oxidation Reactions:
Synthesis and Characterization
Joshua I. Rosario-Sepúlveda, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
56
57
58
59
60
The Multiple Levels of Representation and their Relationship with Students’
Understanding About Redox Concepts
Michelle Z. Torres-Toledo, Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Effects of Chronic Methylemercury Exposure on VGCCS and Glutamate Receptors
in the Cerebellum and Brainstem of Mice
61
46

Undergraduate
COMPUTER SCIENCES UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Irisber Alequín López, Inter American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
Assessment of Computational Thinking Achievement in Grade School Through the
Use of the Alice® Programming Environment
Elizabeth Barbosa Caraballo, Inter-American University, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Web-Based Testing for an Environmental Information Management System
Ramón A. Cardona Moreau, Inter-American University-Metro, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
Designing the Praying Mantis Robot
Carlimar Collazo Torres, Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
Analysis of Next Generation of Air Traffic Management Technology
Joseph Colón Villers, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Mathematical Analysis of Runtime Complexity for Sorting Algorithms on a
Spartan 6 SP601 FPGA
Sergio L. López Morales, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Evaluating Resilience of Scientific Applications through Memory Fault Injection
Roberto Luna, Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
Design Patterns in MPI Program Development
José R. Matagira Sánchez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Development of Educational Data Mining Environment for the Analyses of Moodle
Data
Cristina M. Morales Mojica, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Harnessing Cyberinfrastructure for K-12 STEM Education
Richard J. Morales Camacho, Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto
Rico.
Broadening Awareness of Computational Thinking Skills Development Through
the Use of the Alice® Programming Environment
Javier E. Parapar Ray, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Mathematical Model and Parallel Merge Sort Algorithms
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
47

Francisco Pérez Laras, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Evaluating the Impact of Variable Duty Cycling of Accelerometers on Battery Life
Joaquín A. Pockels Balaguer, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
73
74
Teaching Robotics in a Three-Dimensional Visualization Environment
Emanuel Rivera Castro, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Analysis of Security Code Review Effectiveness
Marcel Rivera Ayuso, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Building a GUI Framework for Modeling Vehicle Dynamics for the Semaphores
Versus Roundabouts System
Miguel Rivera Mediavilla, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Scene Design for the Semaphore vs. Roundabout Simulator
Rafael Rodríguez Rivera III, Inter-American University, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Score Collaborative Editing Server Admin
Álex R. Sánchez Escalera, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Finding the Charge and Iteration using the Boltzmann Relation
Víctor O. Santos Uceta, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Controller for the Rover Spy Tank Robot Using Modern Devices with Android
Operating System
Ángel F. Vázquez González, Interamerican University, Metro Campus, San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
Intelligent Device Management in Distributed Renewable Energy-Based
Microgrids
Eliezer Vázquez-Vélez, Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
Agent-Based Models of Nurse Behavior to Evaluate the Medication Administration
Process
Raúl Viera, University of Puerto Rico, Arecibo, Puerto Rico.
Simulated Remote Access Panel for Automated Testing of the Argus System
82
83
48

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Laura V. Campos Maldonado, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto
Rico.
84
Design of Stream Crossing Structures for Water Quality
Tatiyanna Le’Shea Hughes Meno, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
85
Effects of Low-Intensity Summer Storms on Macroinvertebrate Communities in
Temperate Streams
Liz Marie Navas Pacheco, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Water Rights and Conservation Practices
Julio E. Nazario Ruíz, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Student Career Experience Program (SCEP)
Xavier F. Nieves, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The Environmental Effects of Urban Development and Biodegradation on Soil and
Water Quality at Boquilla and Manzanillo: Cartagena, Colombia
Hanniah L. Rodríguez Bartolomei, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto
Rico.
Student Career Experience Program (SCEP) – USDA Forest Service
Angeliz Vangas-Medina, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
86
87
88
89
90
Undergraduate
Undergraduate
Student Career Experience Program with the USDA Forest Service
APPLIED MATHEMATICS UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Dayanara Lebrón Aldea, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Using Actigraphy Watches to Measure Sleep Activity in Subjects with Obstructive
Sleep Apnea
Taylor Rosemond, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University,
Greensboro, North Carolina.
Principal Component’s Analysis vs Metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling: A Stability
Analysis
Asia Wyatt, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
Entanglement Entropy and Quasicrystal Structured Ground State of Quantum Spin
Chains
91
92
93
49

APPLIED PHYSICS UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Ramón A. Rivera Varona, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Plasma Characterization
Edaris Rodríguez Izquierdo, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
94
95
Fabrication of Nanoparticles as Cathode for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide
Fuel Cells (IT-SOFC)
ASTRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Alexis Galarza De Jesús, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Observations of Solar Activity in the Mid-Infrared
96
ENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Undergraduate
Jorlys I. Alvarado-Morales, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Data Envelopment Analysis Models to Identify Potential Cancer Biomarkers
Genes: Cervix Cancer
Luis E. Álvarez Silva, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Allocation Rules for Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Renewable Jet Fuel
Nikole Ayala, Xavier Nieves, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Syntheses of CuInS 2 /ZnS and CuInSe/ZnS Core/Shell Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Edward M. Bello II, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.
Microfluidic Aqueous Two-Phase System (µATPS) for Blood Fractionation
Bettina M. Benito Figueroa, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
An Evaluation of Performance of a Human-Scale Wind Turbine Using Different
Blade Materials
Alfredo Bermúdez Lozada, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Characterization of Porous Silicon for Micropyrotechnic Applications
Víctor F. Calderón Arrivillaja, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne,
Florida.
Design and Fabrication of Electrospray System of Molten Glass
Joehan Carrasquillo, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Correlation Analysis of Weather Variables and Wind Power Generation Data
50
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104

Undergraduate
Undergraduate
Shalimar Colón Rodríguez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Advanced Power Quality Monitoring at the UW-Madison Microgrid
Rachid Darbali Zamora, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Feasibility of Residential Wind Energy Generation in Puerto Rico
José R. Díaz Palacios, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Biometric Access Control for Privacy Preservation in Remote Electronic Health
Record Access During Pre-Hospital Emergency Care
Daniel Drew, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
A Low-Loss Voltage Actuated Switch Using Metal-Polymer Nanocomposite
Karla M. Dumeng Monroig, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The Improvement of Photosystem I Deposition Using a Spin-Coating Method
Norman I. Fabre Martes, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Nitriding to Power Bot on Iron Weapon
Miriam A. Figueroa Santos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
A Dynamic Swarm Formation and Separation Approach to Artificial Potential
Field Collision Avoidance
Michelle García, University of California, Irvine, California.
Assessing Modeling Parameters for Column Baseplates Using Genetic Algorithm
Nitza M. García, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Diurnal Temperature Effect on Dataloggers, ETI Load Cells and Vibrating Wires
Ruben Jaca, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Preliminary Dome Design Sizing Tool
Michael Kuku, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
Proximity Sensing and Warning Technology Evaluation for Heavy Construction
Equipment Operation
Josué López Alejandro, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Student and Career Experiences Program with the USDA Forest Service
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
51

Reynaldo López Roig, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
117
Open Source, Arduino-Based, Temperature Monitoring and Hazard Avoidance
System for a High Performance Computing Center
Undergraduate
Luis O. Lozada-Algarín, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Development of a New Dynamic Nanoindentation Technique to Determine the
Viscoelastic Properties of Bone
Jenine N. McKoy, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
Hydrogen Gas from Waste Water: The Study of How Organic Waste Can be
Repurposed as Renewable Energy
Humberto Mercader, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Implementation of a Particle Tracking Algorithm for Codar HF Radars in the Mona
Passage
Schatzi C. Miranda, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
On-Chip Vapor Detection Using Multiplexed Polymer Coated Micro Resonator
Sensors
Moisés Montalvo Lafontaine, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Direct Linking of Magnetic Nanoantennae to Neurons
Reinaldo L. Mulero Nieves, Alexander Ortiz Rivera, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Embedded-Control for Ball & Beam System
Arnaldo A. Negrón Marty, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Indirect Molybdenum-Catalyzed Oxidation of Alcohols
Jonathan Nieves Meléndez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Wingtip Vortex Reduction Using Flow Disruptive and Flow Enabling Wingtip
Designs
Idaliz M. Ortiz Martínez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Morphology Control via Substrate Patterning in Organic Solar Cells
Alexander Pellicier Tossas, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Variable Energy Analyzer Enchanments at the PUPR Plasma Laboratory
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
52

Pablo J. Pérez Pereira, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Effect of Nitric Oxide on the Mechanical Properties of Red Blood Cells Using
Microfluidic Analysis
Ramiro Piñón Martínez, the University of Texas, El Paso, Texas.
128
129
Measurement, Instrumentation, Control & Automation Using Modularized Senor
Cubes
Orniz J. Quiñones Rivera, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Improved Sustainability of the Modern Total Artificial Heart
Jean C. Rivera Pabón, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Factorial Analysis of Kicking Leg, Kicking Type, and Kicking Area on Soccer
Players’ Accuracy During Direct Free Kicks
Nelson Rivera-García, Univeridad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Energy Consumption Characterization of Privacy Preserving Algorithms for
Participatory Sensing Systems
Yamil E. Rivera Santos, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Control Analysis of Photovoltaic Power Generation and Conversion from Direct to
Alternate Current
Amnerys Rodríguez Ocasio, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
130
131
132
133
134
The Application of Time Measurement Analysis for Methods Improving and Time
Standards Determination in the Manufacturing Industry
Kevin J. Rodríguez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Software Design for High-Speed Shock-Driven Experiments
Leonardo Rodríguez Negrón, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
EEG Pattern Classification Using Principal Component Analysis and Neural
Networks
Omar Y. Sánchez Torres, Amnerys Rodriguez Ocasio, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The Use of Algorithms to Increase Production in the Modern Manufacturing
Industry
Carlos R. Torres Torres, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
135
136
137
138
Data Logging System for Space Atmospheric Burst Reporting System
53

Giovanni Torres Suárez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Multicriteria Optimization in the Construction Field
Ricardo Ursulich Rivera, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
High Voltage Plasma Force Field
Fernando L. Valverde Valle, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Anomaly Detection in Ports Using Hyperspectral Imaging Technology
Pedro Vargas Colón, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
139
140
141
142
Development of Mirror/Cusp Plasma Machine on a Computer Environment
Jorge Wiewall Vélez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Jay and Joan Kroc Corps Community Center
Johnny Lee Worthy III, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
143
144
Effect of Representative Volume Element Size and Shape in Computational
Analyses of Nano-Filler Composites
POSTER SESSION PRE-COLLEGE
BIOLOGY
Nydiana Benítez Mangual, Isidro A. Sánchez School, Río Grande, Puerto Rico.
Comparative Dendrochronological Analysis of Drought Sensitivity of Quercus
coccinea and Q. alba
Melanie Cruz Cruz, Antilles Military Academy, Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico.
Sea Urchin’s Negative Response to Phototaxis Towards Red Spectrum
Guillermo R. Díaz Ginés, University Gardens High School, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
145
146
147
Effects in a Juvenile Population of Rats Induced by Cocaine, Using Activity
Measures and Learning Capacity
Jenipher D. González Aponte, Bautista de Caguas Academy, Caguas, Puerto
Rico.
148
Extraction and Analysis of Titin with Fluorophore
Natalie López Rodríguez, Inmaculada Concepción Academy, Mayagüez, Puerto
Rico.
149
Correlation Between Quercus alba and Quercus coccinea Ring Growth and
Climate on Eagle Lake Forest
54

Kevin J. Marrero Nieves, San Benito School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The Possibility of a Gram-Positive Bacteria Detection Assay Based on Limulus
Amoebocyte Lysate Endotoxin Detection Assay
Michelle Cristina Pérez Ayala, Notre Dame School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
150
151
A Molecular Phylogeny of the Social Wasp Polybia (Hymenoptera, Polistinae)
Jessica N. Pita Aquino, University Gardens High School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Repeated Methamphetamine Exposure on Behavior of Adolescent Rats: Sex
Difference
Jessica N. Ríos Santiago, Santa María del Camino School, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
152
153
“You are Where You Eat”: Bloodmeal Analysis of a Bolivian Chagas Disease
Insect Vector
Osvaldo D. Rivera González, Adianez School, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.
Extracellular Clustering of ESDN Induces its Tyrosine Phosphorylation
Netsha J. Santiago González, Caguas Private School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Flight Properties of Dual Heterozygote Drosophila Expressing Flightin NH2-
Terminal and Cooh-Terminal Truncated Proteins
154
155
POSTER SESSION PRE-COLLEGE
COMPUTER SCIENCES
Pre-College
Pre-College
Edrick J. Alvarado Rodríguez, C.R.O.E.M. School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Characterization of a High Resolution Grating Spectrometer Using the LLNL Fast
Calibration Facility
Ángel G. Andino Prieto, Santa Gema School, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Spice Solid Precipitation Inter-Comparison Experiment
Anthony R. Bonilla Santiago, José Gautier Benítez, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Whyte – Web-Based Hydraulic Test Evaluation Tool
Rafael Burgos Guntin, C.R.O.E.M. School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Log Analysis of Computers and Network Components to Monitor Network
Security
Nishmar Cestero González, Episcopal Cathedral School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Javier Rodríguez, St. Mary’s School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Searching for Geospace Data Using Google Earth
55
156
157
158
159
160

Kalijah A. Chapman Sánchez, Julie A. Colón Martínez, Educación Bilingüe de
Cidra School, Cidra, Puerto Rico.
Anthony Crespo Ayala, CIMATEC School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Virtual Diary APP for Mobile Android Phones
Gabriela C. Cruz Vargas, Gloriana Burgos Soto, Home School, Humacao,
Puerto Rico.
Ricardo E. Cruz Vargas, Home School, Las Piedras, Puerto Rico.
161
162
Music Information Mobile Application
Natasha García Vázquez, Dr. Juan J. Ozuna High School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Exploring Data Management for Small and Large Scale Projects
Luis E. Hernández Couvertier, Home School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Miguel G. Argüelles Santiago, Home School, Juncos, Puerto Rico.
163
164
Simple Pong Android Game Application
Valeria N. Hernández Couvertier, Jeremías R. Rodríguez Rivera, Home
School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Drawing Mobile Application for Kids
Valeria Lee Medina Bermúdez, San Antonio Abad School, Humacao, Puerto
Rico.
165
166
Baby Maker: A Mobile Application for Android Systems Integrating Genetics
Jonathan Ortiz Pastrana, Costa Rica Vocational School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Adrian E. Gómez Castillo, Antonio Fernós Insern Vocational School, San
Lorenzo, Puerto Rico.
University Engineering Curriculum Application
Luana M. Paredes Sánchez, Notre Dame School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
José R. Medina López, Aryam N. Rivera Ortiz, Home Schooling, Caguas,
Puerto Rico.
167
168
The Music Quiz Application
Eduardo A. Sala Ramírez, Rafael Quiñones Vida School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Javier E. Ortiz Pastrana, Costa Rica Vocational High School, Caguas, Puerto
Rico.
Gerardo M. Arguelles Santiago, Home School, Caguas, Puerto Rico
Utility Army
Luis E. Torres Rodríguez, Ykailah P. Núñez Núñez, Notre Dame School,
Caguas, Puerto Rico.
169
170
Medikal: An Application to Diagnose Common Diseases
56

Pre-College
Pre-College
POSTER SESSION PRE-COLLEGE
CHEMISTRY
Ashlie Santaliz Casiano, Episcopal San Andrés School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Silica Supported Silver Nanoparticles Catalyst Systems for Oxidation of DBT in
Crude Oil
POSTER SESSION PRE-COLLEGE
APPLIED PHYSICS
Kevin A. Matos, María T. Piñeiro High School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Uniaxial Cold Pressing of Chalcogen-Metal Compounds for Thermo Electrical
Applications
Daniel E. Rodríguez Torres, C.R.O.E.M. School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The Measurement of the Radioactivity in an Outcrop of Ohio Shale in the
Northern Part of Cave Run Lake
Gabriela D. Talavera Santiago, Santa María del Camino School, Trujillo Alto,
Puerto Rico.
Analysis of Sky Brightness Data from the City of Morehead, Kentucky, from
January to June 2012
POSTER SESSION PRE-COLLEGE
ASTRONOMY
Karielys Ortiz Rosario, Antonio Fernós Isern Vocational School, Caguas, Puerto
Rico.
Investigation of Climatically Suitable Container Breeding Habitats for the Dengue
Vector Mosquito Aedes aegypti
Yesenia Marie Rivera-López, Antonio Lucchetti Vocational High School,
Arecibo, Puerto Rico.
Performance of the Spar Guider System for the NCAR Boulder Spar
POSTER SESSION PRE-COLLEGE
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
Xavier E. Figueroa Muñiz, Bautista de Puerto Nuevo Academy, San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
Evaluation of Two Snow Events at the NCAR Marshall Field Site
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
57

Pre-College
POSTER SESSION PRE-COLLEGE
ENGINEERING
Edwin C. López Ramos, Dr. María Cadilla de Martínez High School, Arecibo,
Puerto Rico.
How Can the Stomatopod Arm Move so Effortlessly Through Water?
Osvaldo IV Massanet Ramírez, Bautista de Caguas Academy, Caguas, Puerto
Rico.
IPAD APP for EOL Field Projects
178
179
58

ABSTRACTS
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
REGENERATION PATTERNS IN PATIRIA MINIATA BIPINNARIA LARVAE
Ariette Acevedo Rodríguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Verónica Hinman, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Regeneration is the process by which lost or damaged tissue is restored. It is known that organisms can
regenerate full body parts, like arms or tails, which have been lost due to predators, habitat conditions or
autonomy. Many organisms are known to regenerate either it either on a small scale like the mammalian
liver or on a larger scale like the planarian which can regenerate a whole new organism by means of
regeneration. Many organisms’ regenerative processes have been studied on adult organisms, but not
many have been observed at an embryonic level. Vickery and McClintock studied regeneration in the
larvae of two different species of sea stars, Pisaster ochraceus and Luidia foliolata. They observed that
both organisms regenerated at the same time, which suggests that Patiria miniata might regenerate at the
same pace. This study demonstrated that different sea star larvae have the potential for regeneration, thus
it was decided to observe the regeneration patterns of P. miniata bipinnaria larvae. The purpose of this
study was to observe the regenerative capabilities of the sea star’s bipinnaria larvae, P. miniata, at
different times after fertilization to determine at which stage they are capable of a better regeneration.
Besides observation, it was also decided to try a 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) protocol to see if
staining of regenerating cells was possible. The results showed the anterior halves of the embryos had
variable regenerative capacities independent of their developmental stage, while the posterior half of the
embryos had an increased regenerative capacity at later stages of development. For the BrdU staining, the
introduction of BrdU into newly renewing cells was successful, even though no notable pattern was
observed for either regenerating posterior or anterior halves.
EFFECTS OF AGE AND NICOTINE PRETREATMENT ON SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION IN
MALE RATS
Carlos A. Aguirre, University of California, Irvine, California.
Research Mentor: Dr. Frances M. Leslie, University of California, Irvine, California.
Best
Poster
Adolescence is the developmental period between childhood and adulthood in which the brain undergoes
critical maturation and remodeling. It is also a time of increased vulnerability for the initiation of tobacco
use, thus making the developing neural circuits vulnerable to the effects of drugs. Previous work from our
lab suggests that the dentate gyrus (DG), which mediates spatial learning, may be affected by nicotine
exposure during adolescence. Adolescent rats treated with nicotine had altered brain maps of coordinated
gene expression (CGE) for cfos mRNA between the DG and motor output/planning regions. The purpose
of the present study was to determine if maps of CGE could predict alterations in function of the DG.
Nicotine (0.06mg/kg/day) or saline was intravenously infused into adolescent (postnatal day (P) 28-31)
and adult (P86-P89) male Sprague-Dawley rats for four consecutive days. On P32 for adolescents and
P90 for adults, animals were placed in novel open-field activity chambers, where they would perform a
metric change in object location task. They were allowed to habituate to the experimental room for 15
minutes. Locomotor and behavior activity were then recorded for 30 minutes. Adolescent nicotinepretreated
rats spent significantly more time with the objects in trial 4 than those pretreated with saline.
There was also a significant increase in horizontal counts in the object-containing quadrants (Q3 & Q4).
This effect was unique to adolescents. Nicotine pretreatment had no effect on adults. These results
suggest maps of CGE correctly predicted that adolescents’ spatial learning is uniquely affected by
nicotine pretreatment.
59

UNDERSTANDING THE LINEAGE OF HOXA3 THROUGHOUT DEVELOPMENT
Jasmine Briscoe, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia.
Research Mentors: Drs. Jena Chojnowski and Nancy Manley, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
Hox genes encode a family of transcription factors with conserved roles in patterning the anteriorposterior
axis during embryogenesis. Genetic studies of mouse Hoxa3 have shown roles in patterning and
development of endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal derivatives and in cell migration, proliferation,
and differentiation. Some of the structures of interest are the thymus, the parathyroid, the heart
musculature, the lesser hyoid bone and cricoid cartilages, the bones of the jaw, and the thyroid because
each of these structures is affected in the Hoxa3 null mutant mouse. Hoxa3 is mostly expressed early in
development (E6.5 to E11.5) before most of these structures have fully developed; therefore, lineage
tracing was used to see how prevalent Hoxa3- expressing descendent cells were to each of these
structures. Using generalized lacZ expression with a ROSA26 Cre reporter strain crossed to a Hoxa3Cre
strain, the Cre expression was monitored and cell lineages were analyzed during development at specific
times, embryonic day 12.5 through 18.5. The findings of this study show that Hoxa3Cre expressing cells
are found in all structures examined though at different levels of expression. Also, that Hoxa3Cre
expressing cells and FOXN1 expressing cells (an early thymus marker) do not colocalize at early stages, a
novel finding for thymus development. Another finding is that Hoxa3 is involved in hyoid expression. In
conclusion, the amount of Hoxa3Cre expression later in development is directly correlated with the
severity of the Hoxa3 null mutant phenotype.
BENDING OF CRICKET (ACHETA DOMESTICUS) ANTENNAE
Jorge Bustamante, Jr., University of California, Irvine, California.
Research Mentor: Dr. Catherine Loudon, University of California, Irvine, California.
Antennae are an integral part of an insect's mechanosensory and chemosensory functions. Yet the actual
physical bending properties of the antennae remain relatively unknown. Using a high-powered dissecting
microscope, photos were taken of the antennal flagellum when straight and when bent, and digitizing
software was utilized to plot the points of the sub-segments. With this, the type of bending was evaluated.
Due to their irregular sub-segments, each individual flagellum was digitized in detail in order to properly
landscape the images. The experiment was conducted with both male and female adult crickets (Acheta
domesticus) in four different orientations: dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral. In addition to improving the
understanding of the functional design of insect antennae, the applications for such research include the
incorporation of such biological designs to improve everyday technology in the fields of robotics and
biomimetics.
61

GEOGRAPHICAL AND DRUG ASSOCIATED DIFFERENCES IN MULTIPLE INVASION
PHENOTYPES OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
Giovanna M. Camacho Viruet, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Michael T. Ferdig, University of Notre Dame, Indiana.
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), a causative agent of clinical malaria, undergoes an asexual life
cycle in which the parasite invades human red blood cells (RBCs). In this stage, single RBCs are
sometimes infected by more than one parasite. This study proposes that different strains of P. falciparum
may have different capacities for multiple invasions. These adaptations could be due to a range of factors,
including environment, parasite and/or host genetics, and antimalarial usage worldwide. In this study, the
invasion rates of chloroquine sensitive (CQS) isolates were compared to those of chloroquine resistant
(CQR) isolates from different endemic regions to identify possible associations between multiple
invasions and drug resistance or geographic origin. Strong evidence was seen for strain-specific
differences in multiple invasion rates related to regions of origin of the isolates.
SINGLE CELL ANALYSIS OF HER2 MRNA TRANSCRIPTS WITH SINGLE MOLECULE
RNA FISH
Sarah Camerón, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
Research Mentor: Dr. Annalisa Pawlosky, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
The goal of this study was to investigate whether DNA copy number influences messenger RNA (mRNA)
transcription level. To discover whether increased levels of mRNA transcription can arise from additional
DNA loci, mRNA transcription levels were compared in three separate cell lines by using a high
resolution single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) technique. MRNA transcript level
of human lung epithelial cells was compared to human mammary epithelial cells, and overexpression
(SKBR3) cells. These cells lines were chosen due to their DNA copy number. The preliminary studies
with high resolution DNA FISH found that human lung epithelial cells and human mammary epithelial
cells have a normal DNA copy number. The literature indicates that SKBR3 cells have additional copies
of the HER2 loci. Previous studies have shown that additional copies of select genes, such as HER2, can
lead to overproduction of protein, which is thought to be linked to some HER2 related cancers. Increased
levels of protein could arise from many points along the path from DNA to protein. This research aimed
to use this single cell data to isolate and analyze the mechanism from DNA to mRNA, and gain a new
understanding of the over-expression of proteins.
62

DISTRIBUTION OF AMMONIA-OXIDIZING ARCHAEA ACROSS EL YUNQUE RAIN
FOREST IN PUERTO RICO
Anamary Carazo-Carrión, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. José R. Pérez-Jiménez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Archaea has a key role in ammonia oxidation reactions in the first step of nitrification. The tropical rain
forest El Yunque has a gradient of climate that changes and extends through four life zones (subtropical
moist forest to lower montane forest): Tabonuco, Colorado, Elfin, and Palm. It was hypothesized that a
diverse community of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) prevails across the life zones of El Yunque.
The objective of this study was to ascertain the richness and distribution of AOA communities along
microclimates throughout the elevation gradient. Genomic DNA was extracted from soil samples
collected in June 2005. AOA communities were characterized with terminal restriction fragment length
polymorphisms of the archaeal ammonia-onooxygenase gene (arch-amoA) amplified from soil samples.
A total of 249 phylotypes (TRF) were detected (representing 224 different TRF’s). TRF abundance
ranged among forests from 191 (palm), 31 (Colorado), 20 (Tabonuco), and 5 (Elfin). A total of 209
phylotypes appeared once in the samples, representing 93% of the communities. Similarity analysis,
based on the Sorensen’s index, showed great diversity (ranging from 0-96%) without geographical
clustering. The TRFLP analysis presented a broad diversity of archaeal communities through the
microclimate of El Yunque. According to the Sorensen's similarity index, diversity appears to be driven
by the microclimate of each forest. That suggests that the AOA communities found in the tropical forest
take part of a specific microclimate that provides the nutrients they need in a more convenient form. By
comparing microbial diversity along this gradient, a contribution was made to the understanding of the
general properties that underlie the dynamics of ecosystems.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF ENDOLYSIN FROM THE BACTERIOPHAGE E79TV-2 ON
ESCHERICHIA COLI AND PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Karla M. Casillas Pagán, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Hongwei D. Yu, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards
School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium and opportunist pathogen associated with cystic
fibrosis and biofilm formation. There are few antibiotics on the market today which can effectively treat
P. aeruginosa infections, necessitating alternate treatment strategies. E79tv-2 is highly lytic bacteriophage
infecting P. aeruginosa strains. E79tv-2 possesses two proteins, endolysin and holin, that contribute to
lysis of the host cell. Holin is a small protein that accumulates in the membrane and allows for
permeabilization, while endolysin is responsible for the digestion of the peptidoglycan layer. Previous
reports have suggested that endolysin alone is sufficient for cell lysis in certain bacterial strains. In this
study, standard cloning and molecular techniques were used to identify and analyze the effects and
robustness of endolysin from E79tv-2 on the P. aeruginosa strain and E. coli strain DHα. Western blot
analysis was also performed to confirm the presence of the protein. Based on sequence analysis, the
endolysin gene was identified and successfully cloned into pHERD20T. Over-expression of endolysin
from the plasmid vector pHERD20T did not result in cell lysis in either P. aeruginosa or E. coli. Western
blot analysis confirmed the presence of the endolysin protein. Based on these results, cell lysis of P.
aeruginosa and E. coli requires the production of both endolysin and holin proteins. (Supported by the
Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and the S.T.E.M. Fellows
Grant).
63

INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF Wt1 IN SPINAL NEURON DEVELOPMENT
Leonardo M. Cheverez Abril, Gina Cordero Hernández, Inter American University, Bayamón, Puerto
Rico.
Dr. Timothy Hendricks, Inter American University, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Dr. Martyn Goulding, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California.
The murine Wt1 gene encodes a DNA-binding protein that is required for normal embryonic
development. The human ortholog of this gene is frequently mutated in several types of cancer,
particularly Wilm’s tumors. Wt1 is alternatively spliced into several isoforms, some of which may have
distinct functional roles such as the regulation of the cell cycle and participation in mRNA splicing
complexes. Here we show that Wt1 is expressed in dI6 interneurons in the mantle layer of the developing
spinal cord. We hypothesize that Wt1 regulates the cell cycle in this newly described expression domain.
To better understand the function of this gene in these cells we have performed real-time PCR to
determine the ratio of Wt1 isoforms in the developing spinal cord. Our preliminary results indicate a
marked increase in a Wt1 isoform that is associated with repression of the cell cycle. This might suggest
the role of Wt1 is the long-term maintenance of a post-mitotic state in newly post-mitotic dI6 spinal cord
neurons. These analyses will shed new light on the normal function of Wt1 so that it may be better
understood in a disease state.
EFFECT OF ANTIPROLIFERATIVE DRUGS (ABQ-48, ABQ-95 AND NBQ-95) IN THE
PROTEIN SIGNALING OF CARCINOMA CELLS
Víctor L. Correa Rodríguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Beatriz Zayas, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Cytochrome c is a protein that participates in the electron transport chain inside the mitochondria as an
electron shuttle. However, cytochrome c can stimulate cell death when released from the mitochondria to
the cytosol inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death). Certain drugs can stimulate apoptosis when they
interact or bind to DNA. The drugs used in this research were benzazolo quinolinium (BQ) salts, which
are heterocyclic and have a positive charge that facilitates their interaction with cell organelles. The drugs
also affect topoisomerase I activity. Studies have shown that nitro BQs (NBQs) show intercalative
properties with DNA, forming complexes that block protein synthesis. The BQs used in this research are
ABQ-48, ABQ-95 and NBQ-95. A-431 cells are treated with these drugs at IC-50 concentrations. Results
demonstrate that cytochrome c levels in mitochondria decrease along with an attenuation in
topoisomerase I and II activity. The proteins are extracted with the “Mitochondrial/Cytosol Fractionation
Kit” by Biovision, and protein levels are observed through Western Blot technique.
64

ISOLATION OF PATHOGENS AND DRUG RESISTANT GENES FROM CROWS AND THEIR
ENVIRONMENT
Sheila Cubero-Rodríguez, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Marilyn C. Roberts, David No, DEOHS, Jack DeLap, School of Environmental and
Forest Sciences, John M. Marzluff, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Environmental Health
Research Experience Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
The objective of this study was to determine if pathogens could be isolated and antibiotic resistant
bacteria and genes in crow feces and their environments (urban wastewater and agricultural cow feces)
could be detected. Crows were captured at wastewater and agricultural locations under UW IACUC
approval and feces were obtained. Primary and secondary wastewater samples were collected and crow
feces obtained from agricultural lands. Twenty-six samples were processed (crows n=20 [14 urban; 6
agricultural], dairy barns n=2 and wastewater n=4) using classical culture methods for Campylobacter
spp., E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus
aureus [MRSA] and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and drug resistant bacteria. In the urban setting,
through culturing, Campylobacter spp. was identified in 21% crows vs 25% wastewater while at
agricultural sites 33% crows vs 50% cows; Salmonella spp. in 14% vs 75%; S. aureus urban 7% vs 0%
and agricultural 50% vs 50%; and VRE in urban 14% vs 100% and agricultural 33% vs 0%. Culture of
antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria ranged from 29-57% in the urban crows and 50-100% in
wastewater and 17-100% in agricultural crows and 50-100% of cows. Percentage of PCR positive
samples for antibiotic resistant genes in urban crows vs wastewater were identical for macrolide resistant
genes mef(A) and erm(B) [33%], and tetracycline resistant genes tet(B) [67%], and tet(Q) [33%] while in
agricultural areas macrolide resistant genes between crows at 17% and 50%-100% in crows and
tetracycline resistant genes tet(B) 50% vs 100%, and tet(Q) 0% vs 100%. The pilot study identified four
pathogens and a variety of drug resistant genes in both crow populations. There seemed to be differences
in what the crows carried in their feces depending on where they lived (urban vs agricultural) but the total
number of samples were too low to determine if this was a real trend.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PUPILLARY UNREST WITH RESPIRATION AND HEART
RATE
Dwayne Davis, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia.
Research Mentors: Dr. Gang Yao and Ben Davis, University of Missouri, Colombia, Missouri.
Pupillary unrest, scientifically known as hippus, is the continuous fluctuation, constriction and dilation of
the pupil even in steady illumination. The pupil is innervated by the autonomic nervous system and its
oscillation is controlled by the parasympathetic and sympathetic modulation of the iris muscles. A link
has been shown between respiratory patterns and pupillary oscillation, as well as heart rate variability.
This study examined the connection between the frequencies of breathing rate, heart rate, and pupillary
oscillation. During normal, slow and deep breathing, pupil size, breathing rate, and heart rate were
measured. Using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) the frequency spectra of each parameter (pupil size,
breathing rate, and heart rate) were analyzed. Pupil size was measured using two high-speed infrared
cameras in a binocular pupillogram recording system, and a pressure sensor was used to measure
breathing rate. A correlation was observed between breathing rate, heart rate, and pupil oscillation
frequency. This effect was more pronounced during the slow deep breathing trial. Further study will
focus on the dynamic properties of the pupil measuring Pupillary Light Reflex (PLR) during controlled
breathing.
65

LEAF LITTER FUNGAL BIOPROSPECTING FOR BIOFUEL APPLICATION
Caroline I. Delgado Carrillo, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Sharon A Cantrell, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Leaf litter is the main component of the plant biomass that reaches the forest floor and due to the process
of decomposition nutrients is released to the soil, which then is recycled. Leaf litter decomposition is a
successional enzymatic process, with cellulose important in the early stages followed by later activation
of peroxidase and phenol oxidase, which are required for lignin degradation. The specific objectives are
to isolate fungi from leaf litter using general and specific culture media, and conduct cellulose, lignin and
xylan degradation assays. The methodology consisted of taking leaf litter from four forest types at El
Yunque National Forest (Tabonuco, Palm, Palo Colorado and Elfin). The particle filtration technique was
used to isolate fungi using different general growth media (50% PDA, 50% MEA, 50% MEA + 5%
NaCl). Fungal isolates were purified and screened for potential cellulase, xylanase, peroxidase and phenol
activity using cellulose agar, remezol blue agar (for lignin) and xylan agar. Isolates were identified using
morphological and molecular characters. 127 potential fungal bioprospects were isolated. So far, 57
isolates for cellulose, lignin and xylan degradation had been tested. All these isolates were able to grow in
all tested media. Of these 57 isolates, none showed lignin degradation, 25% were able to degrade
cellulose and 49% were able to degrade xylan. These results were expected because xylan is easier to
degrade than cellulose and lignin. Multiple isolates of fungi that could be used to further explore their
potential used in biofuel production were expected to be obtained.
FAUNA DIVERSITY IN THE HABITATS SURROUNDING THE ARECIBO OBSERVATORY
IN THE NORTHERN KARST OF PUERTO RICO.
Nohelysmarie Delgado Olivo, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. María Barberena, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
The karst region in Puerto Rico covers 27.5% of the terrestrial surface and is divided into North and
South areas. This region harbors native and endemic animal species, some of them being threatened or in
critical status. Nevertheless, few studies have addressed the biodiversity status of the karst fauna. As a
consequence, the forest habitats surrounding the Arecibo Observatory in the northern karst were studied
with the objective of building an inventory of the fauna diversity associated to these habitats. For this,
several field trips were made to the Arecibo Observatory lands to visit four areas: vegetation under the
reflector, forest, vegetation surrounding the photometer and the staging area. In each area observed
organisms were registered, and a butterfly net was used, taking a soil sample and scouting the area in
active research to collect animals. Collected organisms were placed in labeled vials with alcohol. A total
of 168 individuals were found, 41 were present under the reflector, 50 in the forest, 74 in the photometer
and 3 in the staging area. These individuals represented a total of 13 orders, 8 were present under the
reflector, 11 in the forest, 10 in the photometer and 2 in the staging area. Isopoda only occurred in the
forest, Diplopoda was unique to the vegetation under the reflector and Phasmatodea to the vegetation
surrounding the photometer. These data suggest that animals associated to these areas include unique and
common organisms. This is an ongoing project, and additional data is being collected.
66

SEARCH FOR SWEETNESS: TISSUE SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION IN STEVIA
REBAUDIANA
Emanuel García, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Seema Dhir, Department of Biology, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley,
Georgia.
Srinivasa Chaluvadi, Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
Stevia [Stevia rebuaidana (Bertoni); family: Asteraceae] is widely grown for its sweet leaves. Stevia
yields diterpenoid steviol glycosides, which are about 300 times sweeter than sugar. Stevia plant organs
contain different amounts of steviol glycosides, which decline in the following order: Leaves, flower,
stems, seeds and roots (Bondarev et al., 2003). Some genes and pathways involved in steviol biosynthesis
are already elucidated. Comparison of whole trascriptomes from each of those organs will provide clues
into several more genes involved in steviol glycoside production. In this study, targeted and non-targeted
approaches were adapted to assess differential expression of known genes and whole transcriptome
respectively. Towards this goal, RNA was isolated from various tissues such as young shoots, mature
shoots, young leaf, mature leaf and roots. Semi quantitative RT-PCR analysis was carried out to find
relative accumulation of steviol biosynthesis pathway genes such as SrUGT82C2, SrUGT74G1 and
SrUGT76G1. The samples for illunima sequencing were also submitted at Georgia Genomics Facility.
This poster describes RNA isolations, RT-PCR analysis of known genes involved in steviol biosynthesis
and methodologies used for RNAseq analysis of whole transcriptomes from various stevia tissues. This
present study, after RNAseq analysis is completed, will help identify novel genes, which are modulated
during steviol glycoside biosynthesis. EST-SSR markers may also be identified to determine superior S.
rebaudiana genotypes and to aid in the Stevia breeding program.
OPTIMIZATION OF ALGAE CULTURE FOR OIL PRODUCTION
Jean G. García-Díaz, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
BO
Research Mentor: Dr. José R. Pérez Jiménez, Universidad del Turado, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Global warming has become one of the greatest threats to environmental stability in the world today. The
emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) produced with the burning of fossil fuels is thought to be the major
cause of atmospheric pollution and climate change; therefore, scientists are searching for new cleaner
alternatives to the use of fossil fuels as an energy source. Algae are being proposed as an ideal F2
generation biofuel source due to characteristics that could potentially make them more efficient than any
other type of renewable biofuel source. They are carbon neutral, require less land mass to grow, they have
high growth rates; e.g., doubling in 24h, and produce 15-300 times more oil for biodiesel production than
traditional crops on an area basis. The objective of this study was to optimize conditions for lipid
production within microalgae in order to achieve high density and high productivity. Certain growth
parameters were used as parameters that can potentially directly affect lipid production. The effects of
light intensity variations, different organic carbon sources (including nitrogen and glucose) and pH
balance were investigated. Algae were cultivated in 125 mL elermeyer flask and four different species
were used including Nannocloropsis oculata, Chlorella vulgaris, Isocrysis galbana, and Botryococcus
braunii. Each species was chosen based on its high lipid content under normal growth conditions. Optical
density measurements were taken with the Eppendorf BioPhotometer plus TM three times per day to record
density variations. Growth rate was increased in the algae Botryococcus braunii when supplemented by
an initial glucose concentration of 2.5 g/L; adversely, the effect of this glucose concentration on
Nannocloropsis oculata was a longer lag phase, thus the adequate amount of the specific carbon source
that is required in order to achieve optimization varies with species. In the species Chlorella vulgaris and
Isocrysis galabana, changes in light exposure, intensity, and temperature induced faster growth rates in
both species.
67

AMYLOID BETA INTERFERENCE WITH ZINC NEUROTRANSMISSION AND ITS
POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION TO NEURODEGENERATION IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Brenda González-García, University of California, Irvine, California.
Research Mentor: Dr. Jorge A. Busciglio, University of California, Irvine, California.
Amyloid beta is found at the synapses and causes neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid
beta binds to zinc released at synapses during neurotransmission. Previous research has shown that zinc
released in neurotransmission enhances inhibitory signaling pathways and reduces excitatory signaling,
which may result in seizure activity. It has also been found that patients with Alzheimer’s disease
experience an increase in seizure activity. It was hypothesized that once amyloid beta binds to zinc, there
is an excess of excitatory signaling that produces seizure activity as neurons receiving irregular signaling
degenerate. Previous research had shown that with the removal of zinc, amyloid beta plaques do not
localize at the synapse. Therefore, to test our hypothesis, the hippocampus of both wild type mice and
zinc knockout mice were analyzed as the hippocampus had high levels of zinc neurotransmission. The
zinc knockout mice had been genetically altered to lack the protein transporter (ZNT3) responsible for
loading zinc into the synaptic vesicles that are released in neurotransmission. In the knockout mice, a
search was made for aberrant sprouting in dentate granule cells located in the hippocampus. Aberrant
spouting is a sign of seizure activity not expected to be observed in the wild type mice. The method for
the experiment was to perform immunohistochemistry to label synaptoporin in axons to study whether the
dentate granule cells were sending mossy fibers axins in the molecular layer rather than the hilus where
they belong. It was expected to see mossy fibers producing aberrant sprouting in the molecular layer
rather than the hilus in knockout mice. In conclusion, it was hypothesized for this continuing project that
the amyloid beta interfering with Zinc neurotransmission may contribute to neurodegeneration in
Alzheimer’s disease.
EVOLUTION OF FLIGHTIN EXPRESSION IN INSECTS
Maxine N. González Vega, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Jim Vigoreaux, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
Flight is a key innovation largely attributed for the evolutionary and ecological success of insects. Wing
motion is driven by muscles that are found in the thorax and are classified as direct flight muscles, the
ancestral type, and the more recently derived indirect flight muscles (IFM). Three of the four most
speciose insect orders (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera) possess IFM and elucidating the evolution
of this muscle type is paramount to understanding the mechanisms underlying insect diversification and
speciation. Here, an examination was made of the expression of flightin, a 20-kDa myosin-binding
protein that in Drosophila melanogaster has been shown to be essential for flight. While in D.
melanogaster flightin is expressed exclusively in the IFM, its expression within other dipterans and other
higher order insects is more widespread. Primers were used for a highly conserved region of flightin to
determine the presence of flightin RNA in dissected heads, thoraces, abdomens, and legs of adult insects
from different orders: Diptera: Psychodidae, the mothfly; Hymenoptera: Apidae: honeybee, Vespidae:
wasp; and Hemiptera: Coreidae: leaf footed bug. Results to date show that in basal dipterans flightin is
IFM-specific.
68

ROLE OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 5 WITHIN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
SHELL DURING ENVIRONMENTAL-ELICITED COCAINE CONDITIONING
Verónica González-Calderón, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Carmen S. Maldonado-Vlaar, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) within the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) has been
implicated in modulating psychostimulant reward. mGluR5 subtypes are associated with Homer proteins,
a family of synaptic proteins that anchor mGluR1/5 at the excitatory synapse and that may mediate the
effects of cocaine conditioning. Previous evidence proposed that the Homer protein family has an
important role in memory and learning processes during cocaine exposure. However, how this protein
affects the environmental elicited cocaine conditioning still remains unknown. These experiments
examined the effects of blockade of mGluR5 subtype within the NAc shell, especially on the expression
of this drug conditioning, and the protein expression patterns of mGluR5 and Homer1b/c during
environmental-elicited cocaine conditioning. It was hypothesized that blocking mGluR5 subtypes within
NAc shell would impair associative learning responsible for the cocaine conditioning state, therefore
producing an enhancement of mGluR5 and Homer1b/c at synaptosomal membrane fraction. Rats were
implanted with cannula within NAc shell, and separate groups were exposed to a multimodal environment
within activity chambers that signaled cocaine (paired) or saline (controls, unpaired). Prior to placing the
animals in the chambers, rats received systemic injections of saline or cocaine for 10 consecutive
sessions. On the test session (Day 12) separate groups of animals were infused within NAc shell with 2.5,
12 or 25nmol/.5µl/side of MPEP, an mGluR5 antagonist. Blockade of mGluR5 subtype with 2.5nmol
showed no significant difference in the total move time and in the vertical plane movement. In contrast,
mGluR5 blockade with 12nmol or 25nmol decreased conditioned locomotion in the paired groups. These
results suggested that mGluR5 within NAc shell played a role in the expression of a conditioned response
elicited by cocaine use. Biochemical studies revealed that mGluR5 and Homer1b/c expression does not
changed during the development of cocaine treatment. Taken together, these results suggest a role of
mGluR5 during cocaine conditioning. Moreover, cocaine conditioning may be modulating the activity of
mGlur5 intracellular cascade proteins other that the receptor itself or Homer1b/c.
LAPATINIB AND NERATINIB: USING COMBINATION DRUG THERAPY TO ADVANCE
THE EFFECT OF THE TREATMENT OF HER2 POSITIVE BREAST CANCER
Kendra K. Hearn, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
Research Mentor: Dr. Atanasio Pandiella, Center for the Investigation of Cancer, Salamanca, Spain.
There are 4 receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in the ´HER´ or ErbB family: EGFR, HER2, HER3, and
HER4. This family of receptors is involved in many cellular function including growth, division and
apoptosis. The regulation of ErbB can occur in subregions of the membrane and are vital to the continued
health of the cell. These RTKs are known for their involvement in many forms of cancer. The study of
HER2 positive breast cancer accounts for approximately 20% of breast cancers, and has been noted as
one of the most aggressive forms of the disease. In this study, 3 different pharmaceuticals, trastuzumab, a
monoclonal antibody, as well as lapatinib and neratinib (intracellular inhibitors), are used in various
concentrations to assess the aggressiveness of each. Using two cell lines known for their HER2 positive
receptors, SKBR3 and BT474, these drugs were tested to find which solutions are most effective. For
each cell line present, different concentrations were tested in the same environments for 3 days. After 3
trials for each concentration and cell line, data was collected and results have shown combination
treatments have proved more effective in cell death.
69

ADSORPTION OF CALCIUM IN COCOA BEAN SHELLS MEASURED WITH ION-
SELECTIVE ELECTRODES
Leonardo J. Hernández-Torres, Michelle Z. Torres-Toledo, Carlos A. Mejias-Cruz, Pontificia Catholic
University, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Alvaro J. Peña-Quevedo, Pontificia Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Caffeine is associated with adsorption of many metals in solution. Its capability to form metal complexes
is well known. Cocoa is a fruit that contains theobromine and caffeine, and both compounds have strong
similarities; therefore, both compounds are capable of trapping metal in their structure. In recent studies,
cocoa beans and chocolate were associated with calcium adsorption in the body. This study was focused
on measuring the presence of calcium in different parts of a cocoa plant grown in Puerto Rico: leaves and
shell beans. Also, this research presents how much calcium can be adsorbed depending of the conditions
of the cocoa products. Simple and useful methodology for the analysis of cocoa products will be
presented.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE GENOTYPE SPECIFICITY OF CHEMICAL CUES IN
DAPHNIA DENTIFERA
Stephanie A. Hernández, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
Research Mentor: Dr. Meghan Duffy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Predators must eat prey in order to obtain energy, yet prey must avoid predation in order to avoid death.
Often prey are presented with a dilemma—avoiding being eaten can cause a reduction in fitness. As a
result, prey often only mount defenses in response to cues produced by predators. Previous studies have
found that prey can distinguish between cues from predators fed conspecifics vs. predators fed
heterospecifics. This experiment took this investigation one step further to test whether Daphnia dentifera
reacted differently to chemical cues produced by predators fed individuals of the same genotype vs.
individuals of different genotypes. The experiment compared clones exposed to “self” Chaoborus
kairomones (D. dentifera exposed to kairomones coming from Chaoborus fed that same genotype), and
clones exposed to “non-self” Chaoborus kairomones (D. dentifera exposed to kairomones coming from
Chaoborus fed a different D. dentifera genotype). Three life history traits were measuredicluding: (1) day
of first reproduction, (2) number of offspring, and (3) growth, measured as change in body size. Limited
evidence was found that D. dentifera can distinguish between chemical cues coming from predators fed
different genotypes. Moreover, this experiment suggests that D. dentifera does not display a stronger
response to congenotypic chemical cues than to heterogenotypic chemical cues.
70

VALIDATION STUDY ON POTENTIAL CERVICAL CANCER GENES IDENTIFIED BY
NOVEL MICROARRAY DATA ANALYSIS STUDY
Luis E. Irizarry-Nieves, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Clara E. Isaza, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Our research group has been analyzing publicly available microarray data as a multiple criteria
optimization (MCO) problem. One of the methods that can be used to solve a MCO problem is Data
Envelopment Analysis (DEA). By using DEA, it is possible to find which genes change the most their
expression between the conditions being compared in a microarray experiment. This work started with a
set of genes selected through DEA applied to cervical cancer microarray data. A comprehensive literature
search was undertaken to investigate the role of these genes, aiming to bridge data— and
mathematically—driven results with biological meaning. DEA was applied to two cervical cancer
microarray data bases and 53 genes were selected as changing significantly their expression between
normal and cancer tissues. Literature searches were performed for each one of the genes to find out if they
and/or their products had been reported previously as playing roles in cervical cancer, or in other type of
cancer. The information for the selected genes was obtained using Pubmed and genecards. This work
concentrated in the following information: alternate names, brief description of function, cancers related
to the gene, previous uses as a therapeutic marker, and indirect relations to cancer. The results show that 9
of the 53 genes identified have not been associated with a cancer before; making them interesting leads to
follow. There were 45 instances of a gene being directly related to a cancer, 50 instances where a gene
had been used as a therapeutic or prognostic marker and 41 instances where the genes had an indirect
relation to cancer. This study supports the analysis of microarray data as an MCO problem. It shows that
there is still useful information that can be obtained from the available data, and presents 9 genes not
associated with cancer before that are worth of further investigation.
A COMPARISON OF THE CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF VERNONIA AMYGDALINA AND
PACLITAXEL ON ESTROGEN RECEPTOR POSITIVE BREAST CANCER CELLS
Alvaro S. Laham Bauzó, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Roderick McDowell, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi.
Cancer is best described as a set of diseases in which normal cells escape the control mechanisms that
regulate growth and development in humans. There are many types of cancers, but the focus was ductal
carcinomas and lobular carcinomas, or commonly known as breast cancer. Breast cancer is the second in
cancer related deaths of women in the United States. Why breast cancer occurs is not yet fully understood
but there are a variety of contributing factors known. Cancer treatment includes chemotherapy, radiation
therapy, hormone therapy and surgery. These treatments may cause undesirable side effects in patients,
and therefore, improvements are necessary to better treatment outcomes and life quality. Previous studies
have shown that extracts from the native Nigerian edible plant Vernonia amygdalina (VA) possess antiproliferative
effects before cancerous cells with estrogen receptors (ER+). Paclitaxel (TAX) is also very
aggressive on cancerous cells but it can also damage healthy cells. The objective of this research was to
use Trypan Blue, MTT 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and Thymidine
Incorporation (3[H]-thymidine) in vitro assays to assess and compare in detail the effects of VA and TAX
combined and by themselves on MCF-7 breast cancer cells to determine cell proliferation and viability.
71

PREDICTION AND SIMULATION OF METABOLIC INTERACTIONS IN ARTIFICIAL
MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS
Wesley J. Marrero Colón, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Daniel Segre, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Most microorganisms in nature belong to complex communities where they constantly interact with other
microbial species. Understanding and predicting these interactions is an important open challenge
relevant to many disciplines, ranging from metabolic engineering to human infectious diseases. A
promising approach towards this goal is to extend existing systems of biology approaches for predictive
modeling. In particular, genome-scale models of metabolism can be used to predict the growth rate and all
the internal and exchange metabolic rates (fluxes) of a microbe, e.g. with the approach of flux balance
analysis (FBA). Recent extensions of flux balance models have been used to predict whether a given pair
of microbes would display a cross-feeding interaction during growth on appropriately designed media. In
addition, the prototype of a platform for Computation of Microbial Ecosystems in Time and Space
(COMETS) has been built to perform spatio-temporal simulations of dynamical processes in microbial
ecosystems. This work extends and applies these frameworks to address specific questions about
mutualistic interactions in microbial ecosystems relevant for metabolic engineering and bioenergy
applications. In particular, the focus was on: (i) the pair of organisms Shewanella oneidensis and
Lactococcus lactis, which has promising potential for novel applications in wastewater treatment and
bioremediation, and (ii) interactions involving methylotroph organisms such as Methylobacterium
extorquens. This organism is able to grow on compounds such as methane and methanol which have
gained increasing interest, since methanol can be produced from diverse renewable sources and represents
a valuable feedstock for biotechnological applications. The approaches and predictions resulting from this
work should be broadly applicable to understanding inter-microbial interactions in different types of
microbial communities.
A GENE DRIVE SYSTEM FOR GENETIC CONTROL OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION
Kelcie L. Martin, University of California, Irvine, California.
Research Mentor: Dr. Anthony A. James, University of California, Irvine, California.
Best
Poster
Gene drive systems in mosquitoes are being developed as part of a genetic strategy to control malaria
transmission. These strategies will allow the introgression of an autonomous or self-mobilizing effector
gene into wild mosquito populations at rates faster than Mendelian inheritance. A construct has been
designed for integration into the mosquito genome consisting of key components of the piggyBac
transposon, tissue- and stage-specific promoters and effector genes. This construct, present at high
frequencies in wild mosquito populations, is expected to disrupt malaria transmission and lower human
morbidity and mortality. A transgenic line of Anopheles stephensi was engineered to express the
piggyBac transposase in the mosquito germ line using the nanos gene promoter. This line was crossed
with a strain of mosquitoes carrying a non-autonomous insertion of a construct expressing the transgene
to monitor movement by looking at different phenotypes using the marker genes encoding Discosoma sp.
Red (DsRED) and Enhanced Cyan Fluorescent Protein (eCFP). The resulting double-transgenic
mosquitoes were outcrossed with wild-type An. stephensi and the majority of the progeny displayed
parental expression phenotypes. However, several phenotypes with varying patterns of expression unlike
the parents were also identified. The exceptional phenotypes could result from mobilization of a
transgene from one locus to another in the genome. Gene amplification will be used to verify the novel
chromosome location of any putative remobilized constructs. These studies are expected to demonstrate if
the transposon is capable of remobilization, thus validating the basis for an autonomous gene drive
system.
72

THE EFFECTS OF ABSCISIC ACID ON THE STRUCTURE OF SL08G07
Olivia C. McReynolds, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
Research Mentor: Dr. Armando Albert, Spanish National Research Council, Spain.
SL08g07 is a protein involved in the stress response of tomatoes. The protein is known to be a dimer.
Abscisic acid, a known plant stress hormone, was shown to form a complex with sL08g07 and show
marked differences in crystal structure. The crystal structures of the sL08g07 and the resulting sL08g07-
ABA complex provide insight into the differences between the two molecules.
AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED GENETIC TRANSFORMATION IN VALERIA
(VALERIANA OFFICINALIS L)
Adriana M. Mejía Montañez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Sarwan Dhir, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia.
Valeria (Valeriana officinalis L.) is a hardy, perennial, flowering plant used as a herbal medicine. The
roots contain a compound, Valerian, an excellent remedy for anxiety, nervous tension and insomnia.
Tissue culture and molecular engineering have provided rapid methods to develop desirable varieties of
cultivated plant species. Transient expression has a wide range of applications in molecular biology. The
goal of this work was to establish an optimal transient expression system using Agrobacterium for T-
DNA gene delivery into different explants from which the whole plantlets can be regenerated. Leaf
explants derived from one-month-old seedlings of in-vitro-grown Valeria plants were infected by A.
tumefaciens carrying a binary vector that harbors a gusA gene and an nptII gene. The infected leaf
explants were incubated for three days before they were subjected to gusA histochemical assay. The
transformability was determined as the percentage of leaf explants expressing the gusA gene and as the
intensity of gusA expression per responsive leaf explant. Parameters tested in this study included -
different acetosyringone, Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) and Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) concentrations used
during the incubation period, the length of the pre-culture period of explants prior to infection, different
bacterial density (OD) and duration of immersion periods. The results based on transient gusA gene
expression of explants suggested that one month old leaf explants inoculated for 60 minutes with 0.4 OD
and 150 um acetosyringone, 60 um AgNO3, and 0.25 um CaCl2 showed 80-90 % transformation
efficiency. Therefore, the investigation of factors that influence T-DNA delivery is an important first step
in the utilization of Agrobacterium in the transformation of Valeria tissue. [This research was supported
by grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF Grant DBI#1004764) at Fort Valley State
University, Fort Valley, GA 31030].
73

REPLICATION FACTORY OF A PLUS-STRAND RNA VIRUS, ALFALFA MOSAIC VIRUS
(AMV)
Omayra Méndez Solís, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Sue Loesch-Fries, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
The plus-strand RNA [(+) RNA] viruses include many important plant and animal pathogens. They share
a similar life cycle and genome organization. It is important to elucidate the mechanisms by which these
viruses form replication complexes in order to better understand both human and plant disease. The aim
of this project is to determine how a plant (+) RNA virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, forms its replication
factories. Replicase proteins, P1 and P2, assemble with host proteins and virus RNAs, to form the
replication complex, which ultimately localizes to the tonoplast. In this study, individual fluorescentlytagged
virus proteins and mixtures of tagged-viral proteins and RNAs were expressed in Arabidopsis
thaliana protoplasts and observed with confocal microscopy. The P1-GFP fusion protein accumulated on
structures in the cytoplasm marked by FM4-64 styryl dye but not on the tonoplast with arabidopsis
protein, AtNRAMP3. Expression of GFP-P2 alone resulted in fluorescence throughout the cytoplasm but
when expressed with P1 it co-localized with an endosome/multivesicular body (MVB) marker, Rha1-
mcherry. This suggests that P1 directs the assembly of AMV replication factories by recruiting P2 and
other components to the MVBs and then this complex moves to the tonoplast via the endomembrane
system.
BACTERIAL BIODEGRADATION OF ISOBUTYLIDENE DIUREA
Emely Morales Colón, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Lawrence Wackett, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The objective of this study was to determine if pathogens could be isolated and antibiotic resistant
bacteria and genes in crow feces and their environments (urban wastewater and agricultural cow feces)
could be detected. Crows were captured at wastewater and agricultural locations under UW IACUC
approval and feces were obtained. Primary and secondary wastewater samples were collected and crow
feces obtained from agricultural lands. Twenty-six samples were processed (crows n=20 [14 urban; 6
agricultural], dairy barns n=2 and wastewater n=4) using classical culture methods for Campylobacter
spp., E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus
aureus [MRSA] and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and drug resistant bacteria. In the urban setting,
through culturing, Campylobacter spp. was identified in 21% crows vs 25% wastewater while at
agricultural sites 33% crows vs 50% cows; Salmonella spp. in 14% vs 75%; S. aureus urban 7% vs 0%
and agricultural 50% vs 50%; and VRE in urban 14% vs 100% and agricultural 33% vs 0%. Culture of
antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria ranged from 29-57% in the urban crows and 50-100% in
wastewater and 17-100% in agricultural crows and 50-100% of cows. Percentage of PCR positive
samples for antibiotic resistant genes in urban crows vs wastewater were identical for macrolide resistant
genes mef(A) and erm(B) [33%], and tetracycline resistant genes tet(B) [67%], and tet(Q) [33%] while in
agricultural areas macrolide resistant genes between crows at 17% and 50%-100% in crows and
tetracycline resistant genes tet(B) 50% vs 100%, and tet(Q) 0% vs 100%. The pilot study identified four
pathogens and a variety of drug resistant genes in both crow populations. There seemed to be differences
in what the crows carried in their feces depending on where they lived (urban vs agricultural) but the total
number of samples were too low to determine if this was a real trend.
74

ASSESSMENT OF VEGETATION BIODIVERSITY IN THE KARST FOREST SURROUNDING
THE ARECIBO OBSERVATORY LOCATED IN THE NORTHERN KARST OF PUERTO
RICO
Ivia I. Moreno Rosado, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. María F. Barberena-Arias, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
The term karst describes a type of rock formed by calcium carbonate that dissolves in the presence of
acidic water. In Puerto Rico the karst region covers approximately 27.5% of the surface of the island
(about 244.285 hectares) where forests contain more tree species per unit area when compared to other
areas in Puerto Rico. Currently 27 species of plants living in the karst region of Puerto Rico are officially
endangered while other 120 species of vascular plants are considered to have critical populations. Even
though this region contains a high diversity of organisms, few studies have assessed the diversity of
forests surrounding the Arecibo Observatory. As a consequence, the objective of this project was to begin
a description of the flora associations inhabiting this area. For purposes of this project, the study was
conducted in the area of the northern limestone, known as "marginal karst" specifically in the forest
surrounding the Arecibo Observatory. The specific objective was to initiate an inventory of the forest
flora and endemic or endangered species. Two field trips were made and an active exploratory search was
made. In each area the search was conducted for one hour. It was found that the flora of this forest
contains species characteristic of humid climates, rich in ferns and shrubs. Some species endemic and
endangered were identified. The endemic species include (Cassia mirabilis) Chamaecrista glandulosa,
(Roble Cimarron) Tabebuia haemantha and (Cupey) Clusia krugiana. This is an area less disturbed, a
factor that could be of great importance for the conservation of this species. This information will be used
as part of a study that will be developed in the biodiversity of the karst forest ecosystem in Puerto Rico.
IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MURINE PEYER’S PATCHES: IMPLICATIONS FOR
ORAL VACCINE DELIVERY
Héctor A. Nieves Figueroa, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Nicholas J. Mantis, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York.
The gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) are sites of continuous antigen sampling and presentation in
the intestinal mucosa. However, the sampling of antigens and microbes is not indiscriminate, as only
certain antigens are captured and internalized by a specialized network of dendritic cells (DCs) that reside
near the follicle associated epithelium (FAE). The focus in this study was to understand how antigen
sampling occurs. Based on the literature, it was hypothesized that members of the so called C-type lectin
receptor family play a role in antigen sampling by DCs. To address this hypothesis, Peyer’s patches (PP)
were surveyed for C-type lectin receptors using confocal microscopy and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR.
It was found that several C-type lectins such as Dectin-1, Langerin and SIGN-R1 were detected in PP. To
understand the mechanism of sampling, fluorescent labeled yeast derived β-glucan particles were used as
traceable markers for uptake by PP cells. It was found that these are taken up by DCs just below the FAE.
Future studies with this research will identify which C-type lectin receptors are involved in the uptake of
these particles. Understanding the immune mechanisms of uptake and processing by PP DCs will allow
for the development of better strategies to approach the challenges of oral vaccination. Additionally, the
β-glucan particles may be used as possible delivery vehicles that can trigger both systemic and mucosal
response.
75

MEASURING IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT IN LARVAL AMPHIBIANS TO UNDERSTAND
AGE-DEPENDENT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION BY RIBEROIA ONDATRAE (CLASS
TREMATODA)
Johanna M. Sosa, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Pieter Johnson and Dr. Bethany Hoye, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
Riberoia ondatrae, a trematode, is one of the major contributors to amphibian malformations. Infection
with Riberoia during limb development may result in the amphibian developing deformities such as
multiple limbs, skin webbing, missing limbs and total suppression of limb development. Johnson et al.
(2011) found that the age and the stage of development of these amphibian hosts influenced the
probability of infection and the resulting infection intensity, both decreasing with amphibian
development. A change in the composition of the innate immune system could be a possible explanation
for these age dependent malformations. It was hypothesized that the variations in the degree of infection
and pathology within different stages of development of larval amphibians may be explained by the
relative abundance of certain cells of the immune system. To assess this hypothesis, tadpoles of the
species Pseudacris triseriata were exposed with Riberoia ondatrae cercariae (n=20), extracted from
already infected Planorbella snails. Different types of leukocytes were counted from blood smears
collected from tadpoles at different time points of development. Controls were compared within each
stage to Riberoia exposed individuals to examine the immune response to infection. The results of the
success of infection per stage confirmed the hypothesis, as younger tadpoles were more susceptible to
infection than older tadpoles. However it was found that the innate immune system was not developing
across the stages and that there was a null response to parasite exposure.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NITRO-SUBSTITUTED
BENZAZOLO[3,2 A]QUINOLINIUM CHLORIDE SALTS (NBQS) DRUGS AGAINST
BACTERIAL STRAINS
Joanie Nina, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Christian Vélez, Gloricelys Rivera, Dr. Osvaldo Cox and Dr. Beatriz Zayas, School of
Environmental Affairs, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Benzazoloquinolinium salts (BQs) have previously shown they are able to produce cytotoxic effects on a
variety of cancer cell lines specifically in the human epidermoid A431 cells. Members of this novel
category of unnatural alkaloids include the nitro-substituted benzazolo[3,2-a]quinolinium chlorides
(NBQs) that have demonstrated activity as anticancer agents. In this study, the antimicrobial potential of
several NBQs was tested against different bacterial genera of both gram-positive and gram-negative
types. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drugs was performed using
different concentrations. Susceptibility tests were examined using the disk-diffusion (Kirby-Bauer)
method. NBQ-95 exhibited inhibition against Gram positive strains at 3mM and 5mM and NBQ-106
presented activity only at 5mM dose. Results of this study indicate the dose dependent inhibition and
potential use of these drugs as antimicrobial agents. Further analysis of the synergistic effect of NBQs
with additional chemical compounds and doses will elucidate dose response mechanisms.
BO
76

PRODUCTION OF RECOMBINANT THERMOSTABLE PYROCOCCUS FURIOSUS ALPHA-
AMYLASE IN E. COLI FOR STARCH HYDROLYSIS
Ashley Norris, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia.
Research Mentors: Drs. Ayalew LigabaMichael and Bertrand Hankoua, Delaware State University,
Dover, Delaware; and Drs. Sanjeev Chandrayan and W. W. Adams, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia.
Starch is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. The
conversion of starch to glucose during various industrial applications such as bio-ethanol production is
performed at high temperatures (above 75°C) under which mesophilic enzymes cannot function.
Therefore, highly thermostable enzymes obtained from hyperthermophilic microorganisms (with an
optimum temperature of 100°C or above) such as archeal Pyrococcus furiosus hold great significance in
industrial starch liquefaction and saccharification. Gene sequence coding for Pyrococcus furiosus α-
amylase has been previously isolated in the Adams lab at the University of Georgia. However,
recombinant α-amylase has not been produced in E. coli to characterize the properties of the enzyme for
further utilization in developing transgenic bio-ethanol feedstock such as cassava with self-processing
starch. Development of starch with self-processing characteristics via recombinant DNA technologies will
help eliminate the cost of adding commercial microbial starch-processing enzymes during bio-ethanol
production. In this study, P. furiosus α-amylase gene was amplified from Pyrococcus furiosus genomic
DNA and cloned into a protein expression vector (pET-24a (+), Promega) in frame with the polyhistdine
tag. The resulting expression vector was transformed into E. coli DH5α then purified for sequencing.
Vector containing the authentic P. furiosus α -amylase gene sequence was used to transform BL3 E. coli
cells for protein extraction. The recombinant α -amylase protein was purified on Ni-NTA His binding
columns loaded with HIS binding resins. The activity of the purified protein in hydrolyzing starch from
corn, potato and cassava was characterized based on final glucose yield using the Glucose Peroxidase
Assay (Sigma). The outcome of this research will provide a foundation for future research in the lab
aimed at enhancing starch self-processing ability of bioenergy crops such as cassava.
77

THE ROLE OF APURINIC APIRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE 1 (APEX-1) IN CONTEXT
FEAR CONDITIONING MEMORY
Selma Oliveras Ramos, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Sandra Peña and Dr. Adrinel Vázquez, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
Memory processes can be defined as the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences.
Extensive evidences suggests that learning a new behavior and acquiring information involve the
activation of specific subcortical structures in the temporal lobes, such as the hippocampus and the
amygdala. The mechanisms of long-term memory storage in the brain are not well known, although the
immune system which uses V(D)J Recombination is familiar. The immune and the nervous systems have
the challenge of generating memory. In the immune system, V(D)J recombination generates millions of
immunoglobulin and T-cell receptors, creating specific immune memories against millions of antigens. In
the brain, millions of memories should be stored within millions of neuronal networks. Molecular factors
from the V(D)J machinery, originally thought to be exclusively expressed in the immune system, have
been also to be expressed in the brain. It was previously reported that DNA recombination/repair
processes play a role in aversive memory formation. It was hypothesized that APEX-1 plays a role in
LTM formation of Context Fear Conditioning. In contextual fear conditioning, Mice were placed in a
chamber and three foot-shocks of 0.75 mA for 2s were delivered at 2, 3 and 4 min. Mice stayed in the
chamber 30 seconds after the last shock and immediately moved to their home cages. Once trained,
animals were decapitated at one hour post training and their brains were rapidly dissected to obtain the
tissue of the hippocampus and the amygdala. To measure if APEX-1 was expressed during training in the
brain, Real-Time PCR was conducted.
BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS OF SNARE PROTEINS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Greisha L. Ortiz-Hernández, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research mentor: Dr. Ramón Jorquera, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
The fusion of intracellular membrane in eukaryotes requires SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide
sensitive-factor attachment protein receptor) proteins that form different complexes bridging the two
membranes. Three proteins form a highly stable SNARE complex: synaptic vesicle SNARE
synaptobrevin, and the plasma membrane SNAREs sintaxin-1 and SNAP-25. The SNARE complex is
disassembled by binding to SNAPs (soluble NSF attachment proteins) and NSF (N-ethylmaleimide
sensitive factor) through the ATPase activity of NSF. The SNARE complex consists of a parallel fourhelix
bundle that is formed by the SNARE motifs of the three neural SNAREs. The role in synaptic
exocytosis and targeting in clostridial neurotoxins were demonstrated by genetic experiments. The
SNARE motifs of sintaxin-1 and synaptobrevin are adjacent to the transmembrane regions, which bring
the vesicle and plasma membranes close together and this suggests that this assembly provided the energy
required for fusion. Through the study of bioinformatics, genome sequencing, identification of key genes,
identification of gens function, prediction of 3D structures, and pair-wise comparison of genes are made.
From this bioinformatics work one can extend knowledge to these proteins found in humans that have
been shown to be associated with neurological diseases like Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Schizophrenia.
78

LINKAGE OF THE STRINGENT RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTIC TOLERANCE IN
ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS
Jackeline Palencia Berberena, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Best
Poster
Research Mentors: Jessica K. Kaifasz and José A Lemos, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of
Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive pathogen of global concern due to its association with hospitalacquired
infections. The ability to treat infections has been complicated by the emergence of antibiotic
resistance among E. faecalis. Recent studies suggested that bactericidal antibiotics trigger a chain of
metabolic events resulting in intracellular accumulation of lethal amounts of reactive oxygen species
(ROS). Moreover, recent work showed that the stringent response (SR), a bacterial stress response
mediated by the alarmone (p)ppGpp, protected Gram-negative bacteria against bactericidal antibiotics by
activating oxidative stress defenses. The SR is a bacterial response to nutritional starvation resulting in a
metabolic shift from growth mode to survival mode. Previously, the lab revealed that two genes, relA and
relQ, are key mediators of the SR in E. faecalis. In this study, killing rates induced by the cell wall
inhibitor vancomycin and the DNA gyrase inhibitor norfloxacin in E. faecalis OG1RF and derivative
mutant strains lacking relA (relA), relQ (relQ), or both genes (relAQ) were monitored. Exposure to
antibiotics was performed under static, shaking, or anaerobic conditions to determine if environmental
oxygen has an impact in antibiotic-induced killing rates. Shaking cultures suffered the fastest rate of
antibiotic killing, while those grown anaerobically showed the slowest rate of killing. Stimulation of the
SR with mupirocin, an inhibitor of isoleucine t-RNA synthetase, resulted in enhanced survival of
antibiotics in OG1RF and ∆relQ, but conferred minimal protection to the (p)ppGpp 0 relAQ strain. A
fluorescent probe used to measure the presence of hydroxyl radical demonstrated that production of
radical mirrors norfloxacin-induced killing rates for OG1RF, ∆relA, and ∆relQ. However, hydroxyl
radical production did not account for the rapid killing of ∆relAQ. These results provide evidence that
endogenous production of ROS is directly implicated in antibiotic-mediated cell death and that antibiotic
tolerance is dependent on activation of the SR.
NATURAL VARIATIONS OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN THE MODEL GREEN ALGA
CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII
Ashley Parmer, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia.
Research Mentor: Dr. Wayne Riekhof, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a biochemical and genetic model organism which has been used
extensively to study photosynthesis, flagellar motility, and recently, lipid metabolism. In this work, the
neutral lipid accumulation properties and fatty acid composition of standard laboratory strains and wild
strains were obtained from Chlamydomonas genetic stock center at the University of Minnesota.
Additionally, wild Chlamydomonas-like algae were isolated by single colony purification from water and
soil samples collected from various locations around the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The wild strains
and lab strains were cultured and compared to other true Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains using lipid
extraction, separation by several chromatographic methods, and fatty acid analysis by gas
chromatography. Extracting and analyzing the lipids from these strains showed that the C. reinhardtii
strains have variations in the contents of triglycerides. The fatty acid composition of these strains were
identified and quantified by gas chromatography. Strains from the genetic stock center and the strains
isolated from around UNL produced varying amounts of the fatty acids (carbons: double bonds)16:0,
16:1, 16:2, 16:3, 16:4, 18:0, 18:1 18:2, 18:3 and 18:4. This study shows that there are natural variations in
triglyceride content and fatty acid composition in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
79

CONSTRUCTION OF SMALL RNA LIBRARIES OF COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS
VULGARIS) DURING RUST FUNGAL INFECTION FOR DEEP SEQUENCING
Jennifer M. Potter Birriel, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Venu Kalvacharla, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most important edible food legume in the world. Rust in
common bean is caused by Uromyces appendiculatus, a fungal pathogen which under severe conditions
accounts for 13 to 100% of the yield loss in common bean production worldwide. Small RNAs are
flexible repressors of gene expression in plants, animals, and many fungi, inducing silencing through
homologous sequence interactions. The goal of this project was to develop better resources (procedures,
protocols) for understanding small RNAs in common bean through library construction to enable
availability of useful sequence data to compare genomes, gene expression, functions, and validate other
sequence data. The literature was surveyed and commonly used approaches were used for understanding
small RNA’S. Total RNA was obtained from inoculated plant tissue, the total RNA was reverse
transcribed into cDNA and the cDNA was validated with PCR using primers from the constitutively
expressed common bean gene, cons7. The next step was the specific isolation of small RNAs from these
tissues and to subsequently sequence these libraries through Illumina sequencing. The findings show
promise that developing a small RNA library will allow to determine if any small RNAs influence gene
expression during fungal infection.
VALIDATION OF OLIGODENDROCYTE MARKERS FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN
NEURAL STEM CELLS
Joel B. Ramkhelawan, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. José L. Roig-López, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
The use of human neural stem cells (hNSC) in vitro presents new opportunities to examine the cellular
and molecular mechanisms of early development of the CNS. Yet, understanding the mechanisms by
which hNSC cells differentiate into distinct cell types remains a challenge of neuronal stem cell biology.
The main two branches in which they divide are neuronal and glial lineages. The focus of this study was
on validating biomarkers of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Oligodendrocytes are the non-neuronal cells
responsible for trophic support and myelination in the CNS. Their development from the NSC and
Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs) is complex. The precise utilization of biomarkers is key to
unraveling in vitro and in vivo differentiation. Immunofluorescence is used as a tool to detect the presence
of developmental markers. Evaluating the commercially available antibodies is an important first step in
achieving this goal. There is a need to demonstrate that they are specific, selective, and their results are
reproducible within laboratory needs. Preliminary results demonstrate consistent and reproducible results
for O2, a transcription factor used as a marker of the initial stages of OPC differentiation. A process that
is taking place is the testing of the immune reactivity of antibodies for Nkx 2.2 and Nkx 6.1 and other
transcription factors that transiently appear during initial development of OPC. These differentiation
biomarkers will eventually allow for further understanding of how epigenetic factors, such as genomic
methylation, can change the differentiation potential in cells derived from hNSC.
80

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: USING OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION TO DETERMINE
THE EXPECTED DEGREE OF ARTHRITIS
Kymber Rías, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
Research Mentor: Dr. Mark Maloney, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
It was of interest to determine whether splenocytes from WT or CD38 KO mice would display a higher
level of osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclasts are cells that make holes in bones and remove some things.
The greater the number of osteoclasts in joints, the greater the expected degree of arthritis. The purpose of
immunization in these experiments is to alter placement of the normal population of cells in the body, as
the bacteria that are injected attract many cells to the injection site. A few cells stay at the site of injection,
but many of them move to the secondary lymph tissue and to the bone marrow. These cells include GR1+
CD11b+ cells, regulatory neutrophils, monocytes, and immature myeloid cells that are likely to contain
osteoclast precursors. With no immunization, the highest peak of osteoclast precursors is seen on the 10 th
day after injection. This makes it the ideal day to collect the cells and begin experimentation. The 3
different cocktails contained different combinations of the following: M-CSF, RANK-L, CXCL12, and
AMD3100. The purpose of M-CSF is to serve as a growth factor for monocytes. RANK-L usually binds
to RANK. In normal bone there are cells that are positive for RANK-L. These are usually stromal cells in
the bone marrow. The RANK-L helps them to get active and differentiate. The role of CXCR4 is for
movement of cells from one place to another. Addition of this substance is expected to cause a greater
number of cells to differentiate. AMD3100 inhibits the attachment of CXCL12 to CXCR4, which is
thereby expected to inhibit differentiation to osteoclasts.
IS FLIGHTIN EXPRESSION RESTRICTED TO THE INDIRECT FLIGHT MUSCLES IN ALL
DROSOPHILA SPECIES?
Karoline Ríos-Rodríguez, Maxine González, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Jim O. Vigoreaux and Mr. Pedro Álvarez-Ortiz, University of Vermont,
Burlington, Vermont.
Diptera is an insect order that includes mosquitoes, true flies, midges, gnats and other insects
characterized by a single pair of metathoracic wings. Diptera, as well as three other insect orders, possess
asynchronous, indirect flight muscles (IFM), a muscle type found only insects which is characterized for
its high power output. Appearance of this muscle type is credited with contributing to the evolutionary
success of insects but little is known about how the IFM evolved. Insight into this question can be gained
by studying the expression of flightin; a myosin-binding protein of 20kD that in the fruit fly, Drosophila
melanogaster, is expressed exclusively in the IFM. This protein is fundamental for thick filament
assembly, stability and integrity of the sarcomere. Mutations in flightin generally result in flight
impairments, but do not affect viability. In contrast to D.melanogaster, flightin is expressed during larval
stages of the mosquito, suggesting that within the Dipterans flightin is not IFM specific. This result
prompted the investigation of whether flightin evolved into an IFM-specific protein only in the
Drosophila genus. To address this question, an RT-PCR analysis is being conducted of RNA isolated
from dissected tissues of species of Drosophila that evolved from a common ancestor approximately 50
million years ago, including D .borealis, D. mercatorum and D. funebris.
81

BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES OF THE ARSENATE RESPIRATORY REDUCTASES
AMONG NON-FIRMICUTES BACTERIA
Coral M. Rivera Sánchez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. José R. Pérez Jiménez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Arsenic is a toxic element found in nature which affects human health by causing different types of
cancer as well as neurological diseases and skin disorders. Arsenic is an odorless, colorless and tasteless
toxin capable of being dissolved in water. For these reasons, arsenic species are almost impossible to
detect when present in food, water and gases. Recent discoveries have shown that some bacteria can
transform arsenic species into more toxic compounds through reductive mechanisms. Dissimilatory
arsenate-reducing prokaryotes (DARPs) respire arsenate, mobilizing arsenic into water. The non-
Firmicutes DARPs represent several phylums in Chrysiogenes arsenatis, Geobacter lovleyi, G.
uraniireducens, Halanaerobiaceae sp. strain SLAS-1, Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum, S. barnesii, S.
carboxydovorans, Shewanella sp. ANA-3, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Wolinella succinogenes. The
goal of this project was to strengthen screening tools with a new method in order to examine the
prevalence and diversity of DARPs in nature through the employment of bioinformatics analyses. The
prevalence of DARPs in nature is being assessed by the presence of the arrA gene among microbial
genomes. The arrA gene from Sulfurospirillum barnesii was subjected to blast analyses among non-
Firmicutes genomes (1470). The highest homology was found for three genomes: Wolinella succinogenes
(71%), Shewanella putrefaciens (74%), and Shewanella sp. ANA-3 (74%). Shewanella species
demonstrated large centers of divergence in the middle (~80% coverage). Less homology was detected at
nucleotide level than the amino acid sequence. The arrA genes are highly divergent to find sites that flank
central islands of difference to support a new detection method. Conserved sequences are useful
biomarkers to ascertain prokaryotes capable of arsenate respiration; this will allow to monitor the risk of
arsenate mobilization in nature.
82

TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY FUNCTIONS OF MAMMALIAN AP-ENDONUCLEASE
(APE1/REF-1) IN NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA
Juan P. Rivera Rodríguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Shiladitya Sengupta, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston Texas.
Non-small cell lung carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is resistant to
conventional therapies. Mammalian AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1), a key DNA based excision repair
protein which is essential for cell survival and proliferation, is overexpressed in most tumor tissues and
cancer cell lines and is invariably associated with their chemo-drug resistance. Apart from its central role
in DNA repair, it has important roles in transcriptional regulation. Given its transcriptional regulatory
functions and its essentiality in cell proliferation and drug resistance, it was hypothesized that APE1
regulates a multitude of genes linked to cell proliferation and drug resistance. Human lung
adenocarcinoma cell line A549 was used in this study. Exponential growing cells were transfected with
siRNA targeted against APE1 mRNA or control siRNA with Lipofectamine 2000 following
manufacturer’s protocol. Whole cell extracts were isolated, total protein quantitated and run on SDS-
Polyacrylamide Gel for Western blot analysis. The levels of APE1 and α-tubulin (housekeeping, loading
control) in APE1-siRNA transfected and control cells were measured with APE1 antibody (α-APE1) and
α-α-tubulin, respectively. Western blot analysis confirmed significant APE1 deficiency after APE1-
siRNA transfection. Total RNA in three biological replicates from control and APE1-knockdown cells
was isolated by using Qiagen Rneasy Mini kit, quantitated, quality checked and given to the Institute’s
Molecular Genomics Core Facility for GeneChip microarray analysis using Affymetrix HGU133 Plus 2.0
array. The raw data were obtained as individual CEL files that contained measured intensities and
locations for an array that has been hybridized to a particular RNA sample. Theaffy package of
Bioconductor, free, open source software that is primarily based on statistical R programming language
for data analysis was used. Data analysis was performed via the following sequence: (i) reading in probe
level data, (ii) background correction, (iii) normalization, (iv) probe-specific background correction, and
(v) summarizing the probe set values into one expression measures. The different samples containing
normalized probe set intensity values were then grouped into control and APE1 knockdown cells. Log
ratio of intensity values and p values (Student T Test) were calculated for each Probe IDs and were then
uploaded to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) suite. This study enabled to dissect transcriptional
regulatory functions of APE1 for a diverse set of genes involved in multitudes of cellular pathways. A
significant number of genes in cell proliferation and cell cycle pathways that are affected by APE1
depletion which could have a profound effect in sustained cell proliferation and drug resistance were
identified. Validation of these genes by RT-PCR in a panel of lung cancer cell lines and lung
adenocarcinoma patient samples is among the future plans in this project.
Funding sources: This research was funded by (i) CPRIT Summer Undergraduate Program in
Computational Cancer Biology, training grant award RP 101489 from the Cancer Prevention & Research
Institute of Texas (CPRIT), (ii) training fellowship from Keck Center for Quantitative Biomedical
Sciences of the Gulf Coast Consortia on the Computational Cancer Biology Training Program (CPRIT
No. RP 101489), (iii) Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine Pilot Project and NIH RO1 CA148941 (to
KKB) and (iii) NIH RO1 ESO8457, RO1 CA53791 (to SM).
83

MANGROVE ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES INCLUDE 50% OF UNIQUE SPECIES IN
JOBOS BAY NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE
Anivonne Robert Santiago, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Mangroves develop in coastal areas providing habitat for organisms, such as arthropods, that play a
significant role in several ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling through herbivory, seed dispersal,
detritivory, predation and pollination. In Puerto Rico, mangroves are threatened by urban development,
natural disturbances and sea level rise. Despite their importance, arthropod biodiversity in mangroves is
scarcely known; as a result, the aim was to establish arthropod biodiversity in mangroves and surrounding
habitats, and determine if they are a unique community. For this, terrestrial arthropods were studied in
mangroves and surrounding forests in two seasons, wet (September-October 2011) and dry (March 2012).
The surrounding habitats included areas in several stages, such as inactive agricultural fields, early
abandonment (~5 y), planted and naturally recovered habitats (~15 y), and >40 y forests. Two sampling
methods were used: branch clipping and butterfly nets. Collected arthropods were placed in a labeled vial
with alcohol. Arthropods were sorted, counted and identified to order. Arthropod abundance and richness
was highest in the >40 year old forest when compared to the other habitats, but species composition was
different among habitats. Arthropod species composition in the mangrove forest was ~50% similar to the
dry forest, as well as trophic composition. Arthropod abundance and richness in mangroves was not as
high as expected possibly because mangrove extreme conditions (such as high salinity) limit arthropod
abundance. These data suggest that mangroves are extreme habitats that exhibit an arthropod community
composed of common and unique species.
CHARACTERIZATION AND LOCALIZATION OF GLYCINERGIC NEURONS IN THE
MOUSE BRAIN STEM
Astrid M. Rodríguez Negrón, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Manuel Miranda, Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical
Research Center, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas.
The neurotransmitter glycine functions as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain stem,
cerebellum and spinal cord, where is contained within synaptic vesicles of glycinergic neurons. However
the location of cell bodies, neuronal projections and connections are undefined to date. While the
presence of glycine, the glycine transporters GlyT1, GlyT2 and the vesicular glycine transporter VIAAT
may define a glycinergic neuron, little efforts have been made to investigate these neurons. To better
identify and characterize these glycinergic neurons, we prepared primary cultures from the brain stem and
the retina, using a transgenic mouse that expresses the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of
the GlyT2 promoter. After several 3-15 days in culture, we subject these cells to immunostaining with
GlyT1 and GlyT2 antibodies followed by identification of glycinergic neurons by fluorescence
microscopy. The results suggest the identification of three populations of GFP-positive neurons: those
positive for GlyT1, other population containing GlyT2 and the third population devoid of either glycine
transporter. Given that GFP expression is controlled by the GlyT2 promoter and to explain the absence of
the glycine transporter in some neurons, experiments are underway to characterize these GFP-positive
neurons.
84

MORPHINE ON ACTIVITY AND SIMPLE LEARNING
Natalia C. Santiago Merced, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Ilsun M. White, Department of Psychology, Morehead State University, Morehead,
Kentucky.
Morphine (opioid) is a narcotic that throughout the years has been used as a pain reliever which acts
directly on the central nervous system. In the present study, the effects of morphine on locomotors
activity and simple learning were examined. Wistar rats were used, and their activity pattern was
measured following acute morphine and during withdrawal. In adolescent rats, acute morphine suppressed
activity (hypoactivity) during the first 15-20 min, with a different pattern between sexes--a greater
suppression in females than males. During withdrawal, morphine groups showed a lower activity,
compared to controls. However, morphine-treated females moved more than morphine-treated males. The
data suggest that although morphine-induced hypoactivity is similar on sex difference, it may exist during
acute and withdrawal phases, with a greater suppression during acute state and less suppression during
withdrawal. Given that females tend to show a greater sensitivity to pain, gender differences in this study
suggest a greater susceptibility to morphine and vulnerability to subsequent addiction in females.
MAPPING THE GENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN A RAT MODEL OF
METABOLIC SYNDROME
Kamil M. Suliveres Caraballo, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Anne Kwitek, University of Iowa, Iowa.
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin
resistance and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Using rat models of MetS (LH and LN
strains), the aim of this project was to map both physiological and transcriptional regulations underlying
the syndrome. To identify genetic loci influencing phenotypes underlying MetS, a genome wide scan was
performed using R/QTL in an F2 intercross between LH and LN. This study reports the mapping of gene
expression, or expression (e)QTL using the R/eQTL package. RNA-seq were performed in livers from 36
individuals from the intercross to identify the eQTLs. Linkage analyses identified eQTL with significant
logarithm of odds (lod) scores. Permutation tests were performed, which determined the genome-wide lod
threshold at 5% significance was 3.89 and at 1% significance was 4.82. The R-square correlation between
SNP genotype and gene expression phenotype for each gene was analyzed. 75 eQTL at 1% significance
and 126 eQTL at 5% located on 16 of 20 rat chromosomes were identified. Often several SNPs in a single
QTL interval are significant for the same gene. An eQTL on rat chromosome 17 that regulates the
expression of multiple genes is being investigated. It is possible that these genes share a common
transcription factor which is affected by genetic variation on chromosome 17. EQTLs are genetic loci
likely to influence precursor pathways and cofactors of the metabolic syndrome. Identifying these in the
rat could lead to translational studies to determine their role in the human MetS.
85

EFFECT OF SUBRETINAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON FGF2 LEVELS IN RETINAS
OF RCS RATS
Silvia D. Vaca, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
Research Mentors: Dr. Machelle Pardue Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta Georgia.
Dr. Vincent Ciavatta. Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Best
Poster
Leading causes of inherited blindness include Retinitis Pigmentosa and Age-Related Macular
Degeneration, both due to photoreceptor death. They affect 200,000 and 25 million people worldwide,
respectively. (Chopdar, 2003, Halm, 2002). One neuroprotective strategy is administration of subretinal
electrical stimulation (SES) through an implant microphotodiode array (MPA) (Peachey, 1999). Previous
studies showed that SES leads to prolonged cell function, due to possible neuroprotective effects of
increased fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) mRNA expression (Pardue, 2005, Ciavatta, 2009). It was
hypothesized that the FGF2 protein levels were greater in retinas treated with SES through active
implants compared to non-active implants and controls in RCS rats. The goal was to develop
neuroprotective therapies for clinical treatments. This study investigated whether SES caused
upregulation of FGF2 protein in retinal tissue. RCS rats, models for photoreceptor death, were implanted
at P21 with an MPA or a non-active device and compared to naïve controls. Retinal tissue was analyzed
after four weeks via western blots. The trephine covering the implant was separated from the excess tissue
and homogenized in RIPA buffer. The gel for the western blots was loaded with 20 µg of sample and ran
for one hour at 200V. The membrane was blocked with 5% nonfat milk, probed with FGF2 primary
antibody in 5% BSA at 4 o C overnight, and a goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:5000). After applying
chemiluminesence, the film developed for ten seconds. Higher FGF2 protein levels were observed in
active retinas compared to non-active and naïve controls. Furthermore, higher FGF2 protein levels were
observed in trephine tissue compared to excess. Results were congruent with the hypothesis, suggesting
that SES administered through MPA upregulates FGF2 protein and is highest directly over the implant.
Since FGF2’s neuroprotective effects may prolong cell function, upregulation of FGF2 protein expression
is promising for neuroprotective therapies.
COMPLEMENTATION OF A CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII LOW OIL MUTANT
STRAIN
Milton Williams, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia.
Research Mentors: Dr. Christoph Benning and Bensheng Liu, Michigan State University, Lansing,
Michigan.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a species of microalgae used in laboratories as a model organism for
genetic and biochemical studies. Due to its sequenced genome it is an ideal candidate for genetic
manipulation and can provide more information into the use of microalgae as a feed-stock for bio-diesel.
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is a type of lipid which has a higher energy density compared to ethanol and
carbohydrates. It is able to be converted into bio-diesel and can be introduced directly into engines with
little treatment. Studies have shown that under certain stresses, such as nitrogen deprivation,
chlamydomonas accumulates high levels of TAG. Chlamydomonas strain A10 is a mutant strain with
roughly 7K base pairs missing from its genetic sequence due to the random insertion of plasmids. Three
genes are impacted in A10, leading to a low oil phenotype and a growth rate estimated to be half that of
the wild type strain. Using glass bead transformation, I performed the complementation of 2 mutated
genes in A10 respectively as well as determined lipid phenotypes of the mutant compared to wild type
algae.
86

BIO-MATHEMATICS
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
EFFECTS OF POPULATION STRATIFICATION ON INFERENCES OF MARKER EFFECTS
AND ASSOCIATION TESTS
Best
Anna C. Flores Maddox, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Poster
Research Mentors: Dr. Gustavo de los Campos, Dr. Hemant Tiwari and Dr. José Fernández, University
of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.
Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have reported unprecedented numbers of variants associated
to important human traits and diseases, this information can be used to uncover genetic risk factors
leading to important medical conditions. Commonly, the association between markers and phenotypes is
assessed using Single Marker Regression (SMR). However, the effects of individual variants on genetic
risk may be affected by Population Stratification (PS). A commonly used approach to account for PS
consists of expanding the SMR with inclusion of Principal Components (PC); this approach accounts for
possible additive effects of PCs. However, it does not consider the possibility that the effects of individual
variants change across subgroups within a population. Using a collection of wheat lines which are known
to exhibit great degree of PS, we evaluated the extent to which the effects of markers may be modulated.
Our baseline model ignores the effects of PS, in a second model PS was accounted by including additive
effects of the first 2 PC’s. Finally, we considered a third model which accounts for additive and
interaction effects of markers and PC’s. We found more markers exhibiting significant interaction (94, out
of 1,279 markers tested in Model3) than markers exhibiting significant main effects (24, out of 1,279
main effects tested in Model3). A large percentage (29%) of markers exhibiting significant interactions in
Model 3 did not exhibit significant main effect in Model2. In summary, there was substantial evidence
that additive effects of markers are modulated by genetic background.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR SILVER NANOPARTICLES BACTERIA GROWTH
INHIBITION
Ramon E. Miranda Merced, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Luis F. De La Torre, and Dr. Oliva M. Primera-Pedrozo, Universidad
Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
In recent studies there have found that metallic nanoparticles have some great antimicrobial effects,
especially the silver nanoparticles over E. coli. The goal of this study was to develop an accurate
mathematical model to predict the bacterial growth inhibition of E. coli in the presence of silver
nanoparticles. An experimental group was created that consisted of a broth of E. coli in the presence of
silver nanoparticles and a control group of E. coli broth without the silver nanoparticles. The Optical
density (OD) values of the two groups were measured every 15 minutes as an estimate of bacterial
growth. The collected data was used to compare the experimental group versus the control group and it
was used to create a logistic regression to estimate the bacterial growth rate. As a result, the mathematical
model was able to predict the bacterial behavior and the rate of bacterial growth inhibition of E. coli in the
presence of silver nanoparticles.
87

BEYOND THE NULL HYPOTHESIS: DETECTING BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT
PATTERNS IGNORED BY TRADITIONAL STATISTICS
Ismael Orengo Sánchez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Declan McCabe, Vermont EPSCoR; Saint Michaels College, Burlington, Vermont.
Channelization structures such as bridges and box culverts divide streams and rivers into three areas: the
upstream area, the channelized area, and the downstream area, with the potential to cause perturbation on
benthic communities. Our study 2011 study of four Vermont streams revealed that the channelized area
had drastically reduced macroinvertebrate abundance, evenness, and species richness. Moreover, richness
of the most sensitive taxa in the channel was affected but not dramatically. Using standard statistical
approaches, we were limited in our ability to detect changes using an alpha value of 0.05. For some time,
social scientists have measured standardized effect size (SES) of differences between means as a
complementary approach to standard null-hypothesis testing. SES expresses differences between means in
units of standard deviations. SES is being increasingly used by behavioral ecologists but is rarely
measured in biomonitoring studies. We have measured SES (Cohen’s d) for the differences between
bridged stream reaches and the upstream and downstream reaches of the same streams. Because of the
inherent variability in stream samples, and the limited number of available stream sites for this studies,
standard inferential statistics frequently failed to detect differences between the streams. However SES
values for declines in benthic metrics between upstream communities and communities living under
bridges. This study illustrates the importance of reaching past the binary and arbitrary p > 0.05 cutoff and
looking at important biological differences between sites.
A MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE HUMAN BODY:
GOLDEN RATIOS, SYMMETRY AND NEOCLASSICAL CANONS
Emmie M. Román Meléndez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Karen R. Ríos-Soto, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The concept of beauty and attraction has been of interest throughout history. For humans, there are
different physical and biological factors that can be associated to attractiveness such as: pheromones,
movements, genes, etc. Schmid et al. (2008) studied the attractiveness of human faces using measurable
factors such as symmetry, golden ratios and neoclassical canons. Scientific studies that relate such factors
to the human body are very limited. In this work, geometrical relations were used to establish and identify
symmetry, golden ratio and neoclassical cannons in the human body. The goal was to create an
experimental design to quantify the attractiveness of the human body. Landmarks in the human body were
used to identify the most important measurements that lead to characterize the attractiveness.
88

BIOLOGICAL REACTION NETWORK MODELING AND SIMULATION WITH
STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Edgardo L. Vázquez Rodríguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Murat Marcak and Dr. Michael Maharbiz, University of California, Berkeley,
California.
The field of synthetic biology has been progressing as biologists and theorists collaborate to engineer new
systems that either mimic phenomena found in nature or demonstrate other useful behaviors. Biochemical
reactions are inherently stochastic and this necessitates the use of Monte Carlo simulations before any
effort to proceed with experimental implementations. However, there often is a large disconnect between
these Monte Carlo simulations and the deterministic models on which the designs and analyses are
usually based. In this project, the spectrum of modeling and simulation techniques between ordinary
differential equations (ODEs) and Stochastic simulations were examined, in particular focusing on
stochastic differential equations (SDEs) using the Langevin approximation.
89

CHEMISTRY
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
THE USE OF UV/VIS SPECTROSCOPY, MULTIVARIATE CURVE ANALYSIS, AND DATAN IN
THE STUDY OF HG +2 COORDINATION TO 4-THIOURACIL (4TU)
Best
Kiersten D. Bethea, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina.
Poster
Research Mentor: Dr. Mufeed M. Basti, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina.
Organism intoxication by organic and inorganic mercury has been shown to cause significant effects on its cells
including the cell's level of RNA, and the RNA base composition. 4-Thiolated uridine (S 4 U) is one of the
naturally-occurring nucleoside modifications in the tRNAs of most organisms. Previous studies have shown that
this compound coordinates strongly to heavy metals. Other studies have shown that Hg +2 tightly binds to tRNA
when it contains S 4 U. Thus, exposure an organism to Hg +2 could have significant toxic effect on its tRNA
molecules. This study carefully examined the 4-thiolated uracil (4TU) coordination to Hg +2 . The coordination was
monitored in 1/1 (v/v) water/acetonitrile using UV/vis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. MATLAB
was used to calculate the number of species in solutions, and to calculate the UV/vis spectrum of the 4TU/Hg +2
complex. Mass spectrometric study of 4TU/Hg +2 coordination indicates the simultaneous formation of 1/1
(M +2 + L" ^ ML + ; Ki) and 2/1 (ML + + L ^=7 ML 2 + ; K 2 ) complexes. The simultaneous formation of the two
complexes and the dominance of the 1/1 complex in the latter steps of the titration suggest that Ki> K 2 , which is
consistent with the previously reported coordination of Cd +2 and Ni +2 to S 4 U. The +1 charge on the 1/1 and 2/1
complexes implies that in the 1/1 complex 4TU is in the R-C-S" (L) tautomeric form, and in the 2/1 complex
one 4TU is in the R-C=S (L) tautomeric form and the other is in the R-C-S- (L) form (Figure 1). UV/vis data
were acquired using constant-volume, constant [Hg* 2 ] method. Using UV/Vis data and Datan program, logKx
and log K 2 values were calculated to be 5.743 and 4.75, respectively.
MOLECULAR MODELING CALCULATIONS OF Α, Β-UNSATURATED ESTERS
Katherine Calderón Mojica, Laysa M. Claudio González, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto
Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Mirna Rivera-Claudio, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico,
Humacao, Puerto Rico.
The α, β-unsaturated esters have been studied via molecular modeling calculations of infrared spectra and
potential energy surface using the Gaussian program with basis set B3LYP/6-31G* and hf/6-31(d,p). The
E and Z isomers containing alkyl, halogen, cyano or silyl groups were investigated to study their
electronic effect and vibrational movements. Some IR spectra were compared with experimental data.
90

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VERTICALLY ALIGNED SINGLE-WALLED
CARBON NANOTUBES TO BE USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW RADIATION
SENSORS
Alejandra Cartagena Sierra, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. José Ducongé, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Since the landmark paper of S. Iijima on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), there have been relevant research
efforts on this new material. This great interest has been due to their unique mechanical, electronic and
chemical properties and their potential applications as field emitters, development of new composites and
conductive coatings, in energy storage, thermal materials, catalyst supports and many other applications.
The growth of aligned CNTs is paramount for many of these applications that are fully exploited. That is
the reason why during the last few years many research groups have been focused on the design of new
methods for controlling the CNT morphology. At present, two different fabrication methods for
obtaining vertically aligned CNTs are being normally used: (i) the direct growth by thermal catalytic
chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) and (ii) the screen-printing technology from a paste mixture of CNTs.
Nevertheless, these approaches have clear limitations and, in the case of the screen-printing process, the
use of organic additives is a serious problem for their application in opto-electronic technology. In this
research, a method for the synthesis of vertically aligned SWCNTs, based on the use of a mixture of Co II
and Mo II salts as catalyst precursor , is being reported. In this case, the growth is achieved by CVD using
alcohol as a carbon source. The characterization of the synthesized material has been carried out by
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing that vertically aligned SWNTs (VA-SWNTs) are
agglomerated in different cross sections of the silicon wafers. This material will be the basis for the
design and development of new sensors for ionizing radiation.
NMR CALCULATIONS OF ESTERS
Laysa M. Claudio González, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Mirna Rivera Claudio, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico.
The esters have been studied via molecular modeling calculations of the potential energy surface and
13C-NMR using the Gaussian Program with basis set TMS B3LYP/6-311*G (2d,p) GIAO and hf/6-
31(d,p). For the α,β-unsatured esters the functional group in β-position can be bromine, cyano,
trimethylsilyl, thiol among others in order to study their effect.
91

CELL CULTURE ANALYSIS OF HEPG2 CELLS ON SAMS
William N. Dade, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina.
Research Mentor: Dr. Debasish Kuila, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North
Carolina.
Researchers have shown that delays in drug toxicity screening and the cost of the screening itself cost
drug developers over a 100M USD. The quest for better ways of accomplishing drug toxicity screening
and food pathogen development has led scientists to look at alternatives like the use of mammalian
hepatocytes. Using self assembled monolayers (SAMs) on indium tin oxide (ITO) as cell culture
platforms is a promising area of in vitro cell culture studies that is gaining popularity. This is mainly due
to the transparent and conductive nature of ITO. Also, the ability to assemble different groups of ligands
in a specific pattern on ITO is a major advantage of this technique. In this research 3-
Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) were used as a linker to deposit gastrin releasing peptides (GRP)
on ITO. The resulting SAMs was used to grow HepG2 cells in an attempt to investigate the proliferative
properties of APTES-GRP on ITO. Results from cells seeded for 48, 72 and 96 hours indicated that,
HepG2 cells grown on GRP proliferated better than in the cell culture dish (polyethylenephtalate).
TRANSITION STATES OF DBT MOLECULE AT THE MOS2/CO9S8 INTERFACE: FIRST
PRINCIPLES
Svetlana Gelpi Domínguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Manuel A. Ramos, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas.
BO
Sulfur removal in crude oil is one of most important applications when designing catalytic material to
target hydrodesulphurization reactions. This particular study comprehends the quantum computational
calculations for the transitional states during the HDS reaction in the molecular model of MoS2/Co9S8,
which is a theoretical molecular model to describe the synergic contact between both crystallographic
structures. Results produced using the exchange correlation Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof(PBE) functional
indicate the existence of endothermic and exothermic transitions during the attachment of DBT
molecules. In addition, it proves that promotion (addition of Co, Ni) provokes the electronic configuration
of electron donor from Co into Mo, which allows the attachment of DBT molecules onto the MoS2 slabs
efficiently.
92

THE MICROBIAL DIVERSITY OF THE DEEP SUBSURFACE: ISOLATION AND
IDENTIFICATION OF THE THERMUS SPECIES
KaNesha M. Gillyard, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
Research Mentors: Dr. Esta van Heerden and Dr. Kimberley Jackson, University of the Free State,
Bloemfontein, South Africa.
Previous phylogenetic studies have shown high abundance of the Thermus species in extreme
environments. In addition, 16S rRNA libraries have confirmed the presence of the Thermus species in the
South African Star Diamonds mine. Culture-dependent and culture-independent methods are used to
analyze the microbial diversity of the mine community. Therefore, the isolation and identification of the
Thermus species was attempted from soil and fissure water samples collected from the Star Diamonds
mine. Culture-dependent microbiology and culture-independent metagenomics were applied in order to
isolate, identify, and conduct biodiversity studies respectively. Specifically, the isolation and
identification methodology rely heavily on cultures cultivated in rich media and gram staining followed
by genomic DNA extraction, PCR, and bioinformatic techniques. Furthermore, the biodiversity studies
focused on the fissure water were applied through metagenomics with three domain screening, PCR, and
denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The results obtained thus far suggest a diversified bacterial
environment in the soil with the presence of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria in addition to
the domain screening results suggesting the presence of eukarya and bacteria in the water sample. In
essence, the microbial diversity of the Star Diamonds mine was successfully assessed based on the results
obtained. However, the work to isolate and identify the Thermus species from the soil and fissure water
samples is still ongoing.
OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS USING CYTOCHROME P-450 ON
BACILLUS AND PAENIBACILLUS SPP. SURVIVING IN SAN JOSE LAGOON
Johannys Jiménez Collazo, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Ángel R. Arcelay, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
San Jose Lagoon is part of the San Juan Estuary Bay System. This brackish lagoon with high organic
matter and unstable environmental conditions has no direct access to the sea. This lagoon is frequented
and used by recreational fishers; however, recent studies by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
indicated that sediments, water and aquatic organisms contain certain levels of pollutants that can affect
human health. In addition, there are artificial depressions of up to 35 feet in the San Jose lagoon, which
have created anoxic areas in the lagoon. This condition affects its water quality and aquatic life. This
research work was conducted with the aim of evaluating the potential metabolism of pelagic bacteria at
the bottom of the San Jose lagoon. Strains from the bottom of the San Jose lagoon with gram ±
characteristics have been identified and purified. These strains were identified by fatty acids composition
provided by the Microbial I.D Company. The results show three different species: Paenibacillus
marcences, Paenibacillus lentimorbus and Bacillus agaracharens. To demonstrate the cell viability to
metabolize, a colorimetric assay was used to measure the REDOX reaction using 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium
chloride (TTC) to produce the by-product formazan. The results showed a negative reaction
that indicates that the pelagic strains obtained from the lagoon do not reduce to metabolize TTC. Those
results were corroborated using the P450-Glo luminescent assay to measure the activities of the
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme on the native strains. Therefore, it was deduced that the strains from
the bottom of the lagoon do not metabolize xenobiotics from those of the surface. To demonstrate this, the
cells were exposed to the organic compounds toluene and naphthalene in 1µ/1mg concentrations every 24
hours for one week. In conclusion, by using the CYP450 the oxidative metabolism of the xenobiotic on
the native strains of the lagoon was demonstrated.
93

THERMAL INACTIVATION STUDIES ON GLUCOSE OXIDASE AS A SURROGATE FOR
RICIN
Diorella M. López González, Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Alvin Lee, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Chicago, Illinois.
A toxin surrogate can be defined as a substance that possesses similar chemical properties to a toxin, but
lacks toxicity. Ricin, composed of an enzyme (A-chain, 30kDa) linked by a disulfide linkage to a lectin
(B-chain,35kDa), is a potent cytotoxin found in the seeds of the castor bean plant, Ricinus communis, that
inactivates eukaryotic ribosome specifically and irreversibly, promoting cell death by inhibiting protein
synthesis. Glucose oxidase and ricin share similar structural properties and their enzymatic activity can be
measured before and after the thermal treatment but lacks toxicity. The objective of this study was to
evaluate and validate the use of glucose oxidase as a potential surrogate to measure ricin inactivation by
thermal based food processing techniques so that the effects of such processes can be better characterized
to provide the food industry a way of mitigating the risk posed by ricin. A Microthermics High
Temperature Short Time (HTST) Pasteurizer was used to produce pasteurization conditions (72˚C, 30 s
hold) and the activity/degradation of glucose oxidase was measured using Amplex Red Glucose/ Glucose
Oxidase Assay Kit (Invitrogen). Results obtained from the study showed thermally treated samples had
little or no glucose oxidase enzymatic activity. Future studies will include the evaluation of ricin
enzymatic activity using similar processing conditions
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING DIFFERENT REDUCTION AND
CAPPING AGENTS AND THEIR TOXICITY WITH E. COLI
Ricardo Lorenzana Gómez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Oliva M. Primera-Pedrozo, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Nanotechnology is one of the most promising and prospering branches of modern science. Silver
Nanoparticles (AgNPs) have antibacterial and fungi properties, also even though is a metal is safe and
non-toxic to animal cells but highly toxic to Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The bacteria that
was used was the Escherichia coli or E. coli for short, which is a Gram-negative bacteria found in the
intestines of endotherms or warm blooded animals. The main objective of the present research is to
synthesize Silver nanoparticles using different capping and reducing agents and to analyze how the
capping influenced in the growth of E. coli. Four syntheses of Silver nanoparticles were prepared using
capping and reducing agents; citrate, hydroxilamine, and sodium borohydride as reducing agents and
citrate, and PVP as capping agents. AgNPs were purified by centrifugation processes at 6000 rpm and
13,200 rpm for 120 min. E. Coli was grown in Luria Bertiani (LB) Broth and was incubated overnight at
37 C o . The initial optical density (OD) was 0.025 for the control and bacteria exposure test tubes. Tubes
were incubated for 5 hours at 37 C o . After 5 hours, 200µL of purified AgNPs were added to the bacteria
exposure test tubes and the OD values were measured for 5-7 hours. The bacteria growth was not affected
by the presence of Silver Nanoparticles. In some cases, it was observed that the bacteria grew even more
than the control tube. The results demonstrated that the concentration of the nanoparticles was too low to
have an impact on the bacteria at 0.025 initial OD. Ongoing experiments are addressed to monitor the
toxicity of the E. Coli in less OD initial values and using a carbon-rich capping agents as dextrose to
assure the interaction of the bacteria with the capped-silver nanoparticles.
94

ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTICANCER PROPERTIES OF THE PUERTO RICAN PLANT
SIMAROUBA TULAE
Elsa M. Luciano Núñez, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Claudia A. Ospina, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
The purpose of this study was to detect potential sources of antimicrobial and antitumor compounds from
endemic and native plants. The objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anticancer
activity of extracts and pure compounds from Simarouba tulae plant. This plant belongs to the
Simaroubaceae family which has been studied because of its antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antileukemic,
anti-feedant and antiviral activities. The leaves were collected, dried and extracted with a
mixture of CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH (1:1). The resulting crude extract was suspended in water and extracted with
solvents of different polarities. The crude and chloroform extracts were tested against Gram-positive (S.
aureus, S. saprophyticus, and B. cereus) and Gram-negative (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) bacteria and
three breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, ZR-75-1 and T47D). The crude extract showed antibacterial
activity against S. aureus (MIC = 31.3 μg/mL), S. saprophyticus (MIC = 125 μg/mL) and K. pneumoniae
(MIC = 500 μg/mL) as well as the crude and chloroform extracts exhibited anticancer activity (GI >90%)
against MCF-7 and T47D cell lines. Based on these result, it was concluded that this plant extracts
showed antimicrobial and anticancer activity and merit a closer investigation in order to identify the
chemical compounds responsible for these bioactivities. This work was supported by the Institute of
Interdisciplinary Research (IIR) and Dean of Academic Affairs of University of Puerto Rico at Cayey.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE ENDEMIC PLANT
SIMAROUBA TULAE
Reynaldo J. Morales Rodríguez, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Claudia A. Ospina, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Information regarding endemic plants of different counties is usually limited. This team focused on the
study of native plants from Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. Species of the genus Simarouba are known to
have antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-leukemic, anti-feedant and antiviral properties. Simarouba
tulae, which is an endemic species of Puerto Rico, showed the most cytotoxic activity in previous studies.
The hexane extract of this plant exhibited anticancer activity (GI >90%) against MCF-7 and T47D cell
lines. In the present study, the hexane extract was purified and analyzed using column chromatography in
order to isolate and identify the active compounds. Experimental methodology and the results will be
presented.
95

SYNTHESIS OF CADMIUM SELENIDE QUANTUM DOTS AND GOLD NANOPARTICLES
AND CYTOTOXICITY STUDIES ON A-431 CELLS
Luis M. Ortiz, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Oliva M. Primera-Pedrozo, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
In recent years, cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe QDs) have brought recent attention to their optical
properties, such as their fluorescence, which is valuable to use as biological markers. Another type of
nanoparticles widely used in biomedical imaging and diagnostic tests includes gold nanospheres. CdSe
QDs are toxic, unless they are covered with a biocompatible material, such as silica, which alone can be
used as a cell marker, drug delivery system and a way to fight cancer. Gold has been reported to be toxic
and size dependent. However, the comparison of both materials on A-431 cells is not well discussed. The
main objective of this research was to synthesize CdSe QDs and gold nanoparticles in water and evaluate
the citotoxicity on A-431 cells. A room temperature synthesis in aqueous solution of CdSe quantum dots
was done as well as an aqueous synthesis of gold nanospheres. Both nanoparticles were purified by
centrifugation process and re-dipersed in water. Characterization tests such as electron microscopy, XRD
and UV-VIS were conducted. UV-VIS demonstrated that gold NPs have an absorption peak at 514 nm
and CdSe and an absorption peak at 528 nm. After characterization, A-431 cells were exposed to both
nanoparticles and incubated for 24, 48 and 72 hours. After incubation, Presto Blue Essays were conducted
to evaluate cytotoxicity. Results demonstrated that CdSe QDs are highly toxic compared to gold
nanoparticles. Current research is focused on the encapsulation process of CdSe QDs with a silica coating
to decrease the citotoxicity.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE CYTOTOXIC PLANT
CROTON DISCOLOR
Katia Yari Rodríguez Berríos, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Claudia Ospina, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Plants are an important source of bioactive compounds. A very extensive flora, including native and
endemic plants which may contain metabolites that present some type of biological activity, can be found
on the island of Puerto Rico. Croton discolor is a native species of Puerto Rico, found mainly in the
southwest coast of the Island, specifically in Guánica. The purpose of this research was to determine
cytotoxic activity of Croton discolor using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. The general methods used during
the investigation were: the collection of the plant, the preparation of the crude extract, biological testing
and finally chemical analysis. The methods used to conduct the chemical analysis consisted of
spectroscopic and chromatography techniques. The crude and hexane extract using the Brine Shrimp
Lethality Test were also evaluated. The bioassay results showed that the extracts of the leaves of Croton
discolor exhibited LC 50 values below 200 mg/mL and the most promising activity of the leaves was
displayed by the crude extract with LC 50 112 μg/mL, and the hexane extract with a LC 50 132 μg/mL.
According to these results, Croton discolor is considered as cytotoxic; therefore, it is necessary to conduct
more research in order to identify the compounds responsible for this effect.
96

SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOSPHERES – REDUCED BY CDSE QDS: NEW SERS
SUBSTRATES FOR BIOMOLECULES DETECTION
Marcos R. Rodríguez-Torres, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Oliva Primera-Pedrozo, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe QD’s) has brought the attention of researchers due to their great
optical properties, such as their photo bleaching-proof fluorescence, which is useful as biological markers
or sensors. Other common used nanoparticles are gold nanoparticles (NPs) due to good optical properties
for biomedical imaging and diagnostic tests. These optical properties make them attractive sensors and
are commonly used as substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). SERS is a potent
spectroscopic technique for detecting very low concentrations of analytes. SERS technique can enhance
detection factors of 10 6 to 10 11 or higher, under well controlled conditions. Because of these properties of
both NPs, a new synthesis was proposed combining each one. Au NPs synthesis was proposed using
cadmium selenide as a reducing agent. A 0.01M hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) hydrate (HAuCl 4 3H 2 O)
solution was reduced in 40mL of water using a small amount of CdSe QDs solution in a very short time.
NPs showed a sharp absorption peak at 535nm on UV-Visible Spectroscopy indicating monodispersed
NPs. These NPs were very sensitive detecting a small concentration of adenine as a test biomolecule in
solution and solid deposited NPs. Results demonstrated that Au-CdSe reduced NPs can be used as SERS
substrates to detect very low concentration of biomolecules in solution.
GOLD NANOPARTICLES AS CATALYSTS IN DIBENZOTHIOPHENE OXIDATION
REACTIONS: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION
Weyshla A. Rodríguez Rodríguez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Brenda Torres, Dr. Maryam Zarei, Dr. Russell Chianelli, and Dr. Manuel Ramos,
Materials Research and Technology Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas.
Gold clusters or nanoparticles, which exhibit characteristic electronic properties due to their size, could
behave like an electron donor or acceptor depending on their chemical environment because of their
shield orbital arrangement. Wet chemical processes were performed to achieve gold catalyst nanoparticls
(NPs) using potassium tetrachloroaurate(III) hydrate as the gold source, sodium citrate and sodium
borohydrate as reducing agents. The resulting gold-NPs were applied in dibenzothiophene (DBT) model
oxidation reactions using decalin as the solvent because of their importance in the removal of sulfurs in
crude oil. The products of the oxidation process were analyzed by XRD, SEM and FTIR characterization
techniques. A computational work using Density Functional Theory Methods will be performed as a
future work in order to theoretically explain the active sites and mechanisms of the catalyst in the model
reactions. Another future work would be the use of this catalyst to perform real field reactions on crude
oils.
97

THE MULTIPLE LEVELS OF REPRESENTATION AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH
STUDENTS’ UNDERSTANDING ABOUT REDOX CONCEPTS
Joshua I. Rosario-Sepúlveda, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Zuleika Medina, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Students have difficulty connecting and transferring information between the three representations
(macroscopic, sub-microscopic, and symbolic), hindering their understanding of chemistry concepts.
Studies have found that students’ performance is based regularly on problem-solving using algorithms
and memorization of facts, and not on the analysis and reasoning of scientific concepts. A hands-on
activity including the three representations was implemented at an undergraduate institution to investigate
if the hands-on activity is more effective than traditional instruction in increasing students’ understanding
of redox concepts. A developmental assessment instrument was developed and used to measure the
effectiveness of the activity in students’ conceptual understanding of redox concepts. The instrument
presented scenarios on redox reactions linking different representations, and the given responses were
ranked in terms of chemical understanding. The results suggest that the hands-on activity had a positive
impact in promoting student understanding of some of the concepts involved in redox reactions and
interconnection of the three representations.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC METHYLEMERCURY EXPOSURE ON VGCCs AND GLUTAMATE
RECEPTORS IN THE CEREBELLUM AND BRAINSTEM OF MICE
Michelle Z. Torres-Toledo, Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Alexandra Colón-Rodríguez and Dr. William D. Atchison, Department of
Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a very dangerous compound of mercury, its acute and chronic exposure can
cause severe irreversible damage to our central nervous system. Some of the symptoms that can be
developed as a result of MeHg poisoning are: Paratesia (loss of touch sensation in some parts of the body)
and ataxia (incoordination of the voluntary movements). One of the principal targets of MeHg in the CNS
is the cerebellums,where MeHg leads to loss of the cerebellar granule cell layer (Atchison W, et al. 1994).
The brainstem is also an essential piece in our CNS and there is no study about the effects of the MeHG
exposure on the ion channels in the brainstem. That is why this project is about this structure and the
cerebellum that is a structure where the MeHg effects are already known. This study will allow for a
comparison of how MeHg causes alterations in the MRNA expression of susceptible targets in one of the
main affected brain regions and in one that has not been the subject of many studies. Total RNA was
isolated from the cerebellar and brainstem tissue of two groups of Balbc mice. One group was the control
(water) and the other group was exposed to 6.25 ppm MeHg ad libitum (in the water). Reverse
transcription was performed in 2mg of total RNA, and quantitative real time PCR was used to measure
the expression of the voltage gated calcium channels a 1A , a 1B ,a 1C , and a 1E subunits, and the AMPA
receptor GluR 2 and GluR 3 subunits. The calculations were made following the 2∆∆Ct method in which
each gene was normalized to the internal control GAPDH. The results showed that MeHg caused a
decrease of the α 1 subunits studied with greater effect on the α 1a in both the brainstem and the cerebellum.
The effects in the AMPA receptor GluR 2 subunit in the cerebellum was the opposite as the effect in the
brainstem, because the GluR 2 in the cerebellum decreased but in the brainstem there was increment in the
expression. MeHg did not cause any alterations in the expression of the GluR 3 subunit in the brainstem,
but in the cerebellum there was decrease of the expression of this gene. It was concluded that the MeHg
had the capacity to cause alterations in the cerebellum and in the brainstem (VGCC and AMPA receptor).
98

COMPUTER SCIENCES
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
ASSESSMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL THINKING ACHIEVEMENT IN GRADE SCHOOL
THROUGH THE USE OF THE ALICE® PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT
Irisber Alequín López, Inter American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Yvonne Avilés, Inter American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
Technology is nowadays an essential part of education. For those who study Computer Science, many
studies have demonstrated the use of the Alice programming environment as an excellent tool to learn
programming fundamentals and understand many programming concepts. Alice is an animation tool that
provides for the creation of interactive virtual worlds. It allows the user to write simple programs to
animate objects in those worlds. One important concept developed through the interaction with the tool is
that of an algorithm. It is necessary to provide a detailed sequential description of the actions of the
objects within the virtual world to create the desired outcome. Acquiring knowledge of algorithms also
develops computational thinking skills. This approach can be suitable for teaching children, who are
mostly interested in games, animated stories and drawn to graphic formats. For this, Alice is considered
an excellent tool for teaching young students algorithms. This project attempted to measure improvement
in computational thinking skills in elementary school children through the use of the Alice programming
environment. Challenging the students to create a game or story required them to develop algorithms and
acquire knowledge of fundamental computational structures, as are conditions and loops. This new way of
thinking and solving problems may be applied throughout all courses and improve student academic
performance. In order to measure computational thinking skills, various tests were designed to measure
levels of problem solving skills before and after experiences with the Alice environment.
WEB-BASED TESTING FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Elizabeth Barbosa Caraballo, Inter-American University, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Gary Laguna, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California.
As the World Wide Web has evolved, so have web-based applications. Early web applications were
relatively simple with limited variability and interactivity, but present day web applications are typically
comprised of hundreds to thousands of dynamic and variable software components. Software testing of
web applications has lagged behind the explosive growth in size and complexity of the applications
themselves. The magnitude and scope of todayʼs webbased applications require testing tools that can
operate in the web realm and need to be flexible, repeatable, and can be automated. Testing is an essential
step in the development process necessary to enhance, maintain, and validate software. Selenium is a
great choice to meet these needs for web-based applications. Selenium is an open source web-based
integrated testing tool and framework based on the associated testing language Selenese. In this study,
Selenium allowed for the creation of tests for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratoryʼs Taurus
Environmental Information Management System (TEIMS). TEIMS is an extensive collection of webbased
applications for managing environmental information and processes. Selenium was used to develop
hundreds of tests for many dozens of TEIMS web pages. Upon completion of each test, the test was
exported to Python and test suite “wrappers” were created. The wrapper Python scripts allowed to execute
tests in groups using the Selenium Web Driver. The final outcome of this work turned testing for the
TEIMS project from a manual, time-consuming task to an easier to manage collection of automated tests
that can be executed on demand with little effort. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S.
Department of Energy at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-
07NA27344. LLNL-ABS-563811.
99

DESIGNING THE PRAYING MANTIS ROBOT
Ramón A. Cardona Moreau, Inter-American University-Metro, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Best
Poster
Research Mentor: Dr. David S. Touretzky, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
During the summer of 2011, work was started on the development of a robot inspired by the praying
mantis insect. The mantis uses its front legs for both locomotion and prey capture and feeding.
Explorations are being made on a similar approach to shape a new platform for mobile manipulation. Last
year the focus was on the middle and back legs of the robot, for which a five degree of freedom (DOF)
design was achieved. This design included a gimbal system to form three intersecting axes of rotation at
the hip to imitate a ball-and-socket joint. Unfortunately, this resulted in an oversize hip, with somewhat
limited range of motion. This is one of the areas being addressed in 2012, by replacing the single point of
rotation with a more conventional and compact mechanism. A crucial aspect in the middle and back leg
design is to allow the robot to stand in a “rest” position without applying any load on the servos. This will
conserve power and the increase servos’ operating life. For this, work is focused on the middle, back and
abdomen assembly. Work has also been started on the foreleg design. As before, the leg is being
stimulated by constructing a three-dimensional model in SolidWorks, then importing that model into the
Mirage simulator, part of the Tekkotsu robotics framework. An inverse kinematics solution is being
created and integrated to the framework to specifically work with the mantis robot. A functional prototype
is being built using Robotis Dynamixel MX-64 servos, ABS plastic, and a mix of off-the-shelf and
custom metal components such as bearings and axles. For testing purposes a series of behavior sequences
for the leg will be programmed to better understand the effectiveness of this design.
ANALYSIS OF NEXT GENERATION OF AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
Carlimar Collazo Torres, Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Yvonne Avilés, Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
In past years, the National Airspace System best known as NAS has been congested with more aircraft
than it has been stipulated. At any given moment there could be 5,000 planes in the air; a number that is
expected to be doubled by the year 2025. In response, Congress mandated the Federal Aviation
Administration to improve the “NAS” under a program called “NextGen” to accommodate the future
growth of the system. Next Generation Air Transportation System best known as “NextGen” is the
transformation of how airplanes will traverse the sky. It affects all of us, from the pilots that fly the
planes, the passengers who enjoy the flights and also the controllers who ensure safety. It represents an
evolution to a more safe, secure, efficient and greener system. To help transform the Air Traffic Control
(ATC) System support, a larger volume of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)
airplanes that increase efficiency was created. This is a new surveillance technology designed to help
modernize the air transportation system. This project presents an analysis of the technology used in this
new system of air traffic management within the Next Generation Air Transportation System.
100

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF RUNTIME COMPLEXITY FOR SORTING ALGORITHMS
ON A SPARTAN 6 SP601 FPGA
Joseph Colón Villers, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Luis F. de la Torre, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
As of today, sorting is still one of the most studied and practiced topics in computer programming. In
addition, advances in technology have made sorting easier, faster, and more precise. However, the
problem has always been choosing the fastest and most efficient device and sorting algorithm. Past
investigations have revealed that sorting with microprocessors is better, faster, and more precise- even
though not much- over sorting with Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), due to Hertz (Hz)
capacity. On the other hand, the FPGA has an advantage: it does one work at a time, and it does it fast.
This work compares the performance of five sorting algorithms (Quicksort, Heap Sort, Merge Sort,
Bitonic Sort and Radix Sort) using the Spartan 6 FPGA versus a common desktop computer. Each code
was implemented in VHDL and C languages. The runtime of the sorting algorithms on both devices is
comparable, while the Hz capacity is not (the ratio of FPGA:Processor is 2:21). It is expected that a
FPGA with higher Hz capacity should outperform the processor.
EVALUATING RESILIENCE OF SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS THROUGH MEMORY
FAULT INJECTION
Sergio L. López Morales, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Marc Casas Guix, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,
California.
In the coming years, the number of cores contained in high performance computing machines is going to
increase by one or two orders of magnitude, which may decrease the architecture reliability and, thus,
make applications to finish their executions with a segmentation fault or, even worse, with a silent data
corruption. To study these issues, the development of tools to simulate such unreliable scenarios is
required. This project focused on developing a fault injector able to introduce bit-flips in memory buffers,
altering the expected programs’ behavior and, thus, analyzing their resilience against faults. While a
computation is being performed by the main program, the fault injector runs in another thread and
corrupts the memory changing values with a certain temporal rate. In general, there are many approaches
to inject soft faults, some of them implemented in the hardware level and some of them in the software
level. However, many of these techniques are expensive to perform; for example, the neutron beam fault
injection. That is why to develop a simple, cheap, but still meaningful fault injector, is a relevant and
important computer science problem.
101

DESIGN PATTERNS IN MPI PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
Roberto Luna, Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Jeffrey C. Carver, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Software Engineering is relevant today and will be very important in the future. Nowadays, there are
computations in which calculations are carried out at the same time. Parallel computing, a form of
computation, was included as part of Parallel Programming using Message Passing Interface (MPI)
Libraries. C Language and multithreading were implemented, where the thread had to share the resources
of a single core. Using MPI knowledge, the program “Game of Life” was created. Rules and purpose of
the program were provided. Design patterns were used on some of the research projects. After program
completion, some scripts were run and data was collected to draw some conclusions about programming
and the importance of design patterns. A conclusion from the study was that using design patterns before
starting a program will make the programming portion less complicated for the programmer.
DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL DATA MINING ENVIRONMENT FOR THE
ANALYSES OF MOODLE DATA
José R. Matagira Sánchez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Boris Delibasic, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
Data mining is an advanced data analysis and modeling process, successfully applied in many fields such
as science, business, security, financial institutions, healthcare, etc. It can be defined as the extraction of
knowledge from a data set and the further conversion of it into useful and understandable information for
later use in order to build predictive models. In this project, this concept was applied to educational data,
discipline known as educational data mining. The data was obtained from Moodle, which is an open
source Learning Management System and corresponds specifically to students of the University of
Belgrade in Serbia. Different attributes were selected regarding performance and time spent on
assignments, quizzes and forum participation on Moodle by courses. The data was extracted and then
transformed so it could be used to group the students according to their characteristics. These groups or
clusters were later analyzed in terms of the students’ utilization patterns of Moodle and their final grade in
the course. The next stage was to apply a decision tree algorithm to create a model able to predict
whether a student will pass or not any specific course. Using the results of the data mining process,
instructors can decide how to improve the learning materials and the help provided to the students through
Moodle. They would also be able to determine whether the utilization of an E-Leaning tool affects or not
the success or failure of the students and their learning process.
102

HARNESSING CYBERINFRASTRUCTURE FOR K-12 STEM EDUCATION
Cristina M. Morales Mojica, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Rachel Gordon, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Research Mentors: Rick Adrion, Florence Sullivan, Chris Hill, Nat Turner, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, and the University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts.
CESD Advisors: Dave Hart, Matthew Mattingly, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston,
Massachusetts, and the University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts.
Members of the University of Massachusetts together with members of MIT have developed learning
software called OWL Book using the existing framework of the online learning software OWL. The
OWL Book provides teachers with a more interactive and visual module for a unit. For this initial study,
one unit about the weather was created. The implementation of this unit and its impact on students was
studied in several different classes, and the results were analyzed using the methods of Learning
Analytics. Following the study, the design of the unit’s simulation was improved to help increase student
interest.
BROADENING AWARENESS OF COMPUTATIONAL THINKING SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
THROUGH THE USE OF THE ALICE® PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT
Richard J. Morales Camacho, Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Yvonne Avilés, Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
Computational thinking is a relatively new concept that strengthens the definition of computing, bringing
attention to the problem solving skills embodied and their benefits to society. One of the intricacies of
computational thinking is “algorithmic thinking,” which comprises a series of ordered steps to achieve a
goal or solve a problem. Acquiring these skills is fundamental for the accomplishment of many everyday
activities in all areas of society, education being one of these essential areas. The primary idea in
computational thinking is creating models of problems, which often entails a mathematical representation
of the problem – sort of like a story problem. Many studies have demonstrated the use of the Alice®
programming environment as an excellent tool to acquire computational thinking skills since it provides
for the creation of story problems. As an outreach in education, this project explores to disseminate the
concepts of computational thinking and the tools and principles to develop problem-solving skills through
the use of the Alice® program. A series of workshops using the Alice program were developed for
different community groups, including high school students, K-12 teachers and undergraduate college
students.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND PARALLEL MERGE SORT ALGORITHMS
Javier E. Parapar Ray, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Luis de la Torre, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Parallel computing is a currently revisited area due to the easy access to fast and inexpensive computing
systems and the emerging new commercial computing platform Amazon EC2. Parallel algorithms are
now in an increase use. Sorting parallel algorithms as Quick Sort, Merge Sort, and Inception sort are
frequently used in many applications. Parallel Merger Sort has been studied in parallel computation but it
has been used in a common way distribution using a half partition strategy (n/2). This research developed
a new technique to distribute the job in a considerable reduced number of processors. A mathematical
model for the run-time was developed including computation cost. This model was used to create a tool to
get the right balance between run-time vs. number of processors. This model allows to determine the
number of processors needed to perform the job efficiently and low-cost.
103

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF VARIABLE DUTY CYCLING OF ACCELEROMETERS ON
BATTERY LIFE
Francisco Pérez Laras, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Sean J. Barbeau, Center for Urban Transportation Research, the University of
South Florida, Florida.
The use of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets has increased through the years. These
smartphones carry many sensors that are used for pin pointing locations, reading magnetic fields and
determining orientation, among others. Mobile developers utilize these sensors, especially GPS and
accelerometers, for a variety of commercial, personal and research applications that depend on
determining the user’s current activity or location. These sensors can consume a substantial amount of
energy when turned on, and therefore they must be used intelligently by the application to preserve
battery life. This paper presents an evaluation on the battery impact of the accelerometer sensor being
sampled at a range of time intervals on an Android device. This experimentation will inform application
developers of the potential energy savings of variable accelerometer duty cycling strategies when
monitoring user’s behavior.
TEACHING ROBOTICS IN A THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISUALIZATION ENVIRONMENT
Joaquín A. Pockels Balaguer, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. David S. Touretzky, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
An important thread in robotics is the study of integrated robotic systems that combine perception,
navigation, and manipulation. These systems involve complex algorithms for dealing with threedimensional
data that can be difficult to analyze and challenging to teach. Tekkotsu, an open source
robot-programming framework available at Tekkotsu.org, is such a system. A 3D extension to Tekkotsu's
SketchGUI tool that displays both the robot's perceptions of the world and arbitrary user-specified shapes
for visualizing algorithms such as arm path planning was developed. The extension can display 3D
objects such as cylinders detected through the robot's vision system, and the position and orientation of
2D visual markers known as AprilTags. It allows for multiple 3D visualizations of some algorithms. For
example, arm trajectories for the 5-dof arm on the Calliope5KP robot can be displayed either as
sequences of axes shapes depicting the position and orientation of the gripper as it moves through the
workspace, or alternatively, as a sequence of bounding cubes for the segments of the arm, to show
selected poses that occur along the trajectory. In teaching, this tool allows students to compare the robot's
model of the environment with the actual environment, which can be known precisely if using a virtual
environment such as the one provided by Tekkotsu's Mirage simulator. Algorithms can be taught by
visualizing their results (such as the path planner's output) or the intermediate steps of their computations
(such as a search tree).
104

ANALYSIS OF SECURITY CODE REVIEW EFFECTIVENESS
Emanuel Rivera Castro, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. David Wagner, University of California, Berkeley, California.
With the rapidly increasing number of web applications, developers should be concerned with web
security vulnerabilities. It is essential in the development process to detect and correct these
vulnerabilities before they are released to the public. This research aimed to quantify the effectiveness of
software developers at security code reviews as well as determine the variation in effectiveness among
web developers. 30 developers were hired to conduct a manual code review of a small web application.
The web application supplied to developers had 6 known vulnerabilities, including three different types:
Cross-Site Scripting, Cross-Site Request Forgery, and SQL Injection. The preliminary findings are: 1)
none of the subjects found all confirmed vulnerabilities, 2) more experience does not necessarily mean
that the review will be more accurate or effective, 3) self-reported understanding of the codebase is not
indicative of how well the subjects could find the vulnerabilities, and 4) certain vulnerabilities went
unnoticed by all reviewers.
BUILDING A GUI FRAMEWORK FOR MODELING VEHICLE DYNAMICS FOR THE
SEMAPHORES VERSUS ROUNDABOUTS SYSTEM
Marcel Rivera Ayuso, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Juan Solá-Sloan, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Semaphores are located in almost any road you may travel. At certain hours of the day intersections
where semaphores are located can become quite congested. The congestion varies by location but the
most congestion happens in the metropolitan area. Congestion in these areas is unavoidable. As such
other alternatives have been thought to relieve the traffic congestion; one of those ways is the use of a
roundabout. In order to have a more objective view of the dilemma of which is more efficient the
semaphore or the roundabout the investigations end result will focus on creating a simple simulation of
both, and determine which one performed the best under certain criteria. This investigation will focus on
creating a GUI framework for the selecting simulation criteria and executing it. Also the framework will
have the ability to produce results, whether it is a semaphore or a roundabout. There are three types of
levels of traffic simulations: microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic [6][5][10]. This investigations
end result is the generation of a macroscopic semaphore versus roundabout simulator. This is only the
first step in the creation of a much larger project. In the future this simulator will have microscopic
capabilities.
SCENE DESIGN FOR THE SEMAPHORE VS. ROUNDABOUT SIMULATOR
Miguel Rivera Mediavilla, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Juan M. Solá Sloan, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
The Scene Design for the Semaphore VS Roundabout simulation is a part of the Roundabout VS
Semaphore Simulation investigation, which will be an application to simulate the behavior of cars under
semaphore intersections and roundabouts. The main interest of this investigation was the proliferation of
roundabouts in the streets of Puerto Rico, especially in the town of Guaynabo, where in some places there
have been changes in the streets from intersections with two lanes to one or two roundabouts in a one-lane
street. This technology could help greatly in the planning of new streets, or the remaking of old ones, as it
would tell which of the two implementations is better given the area, taking into consideration traffic
density, number of lanes, and number of entries and exits.
105

SCORE COLLABORATIVE EDITING SERVER ADMIN
Rafael Rodríguez Rivera III, Inter-American University, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Michael McCurdy, NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California.
Score is a planning tool developed by the Ensemble team at NASA Ames and currently used in Johnson
Space Center Mission Control to plan all operations aboard the International Space Station including all
astronaut activities. Multiple planners, including international partners, create and define the plan to the
minute that later they need to integrate to form a master plan. The next release of Score (version 2.2) will
have the ability to collaborate on the same plan and view the changes other planners are doing at the
moment. In order to facilitate this, multiple users will connect to a central planning server. To monitor or
see what sessions are available, which users are present, and see session messages or logs, server
administrators need to perform several methods to retrieve this information and manually refresh it. The
Score Collaborative Editing Server Admin provides access to all server information. This solution allows
the information to be automatically refreshed and have complete or filtered access to the information.
Depending on your user privileges, users can also restart or shutdown specific services.
FINDING THE CHARGE AND ITERATION USING THE BOLTZMANN RELATION
Álex R. Sánchez Escalera, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Ángel González, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Plasma is the fourth state of matter, better known among some scientists as the primary state of matter.
Plasma is formed by adding energy to a gas to break the internal bonds of its individual atoms, ionizing
these atoms and freeing the electrons. The following procedures were conducted in order to obtain the
information used in this project. Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) is a concept for retaining
plasma using an electrostatic field. The fields accelerate charged particles radially inward, usually in a
spherical but sometimes, in a cylindrical geometry. The Boltzmann relation is exceedingly important; its
importance on plasma describes the density of an isothermal charged particle fluid when the thermal and
the electrostatic forces acting on the fluid have reached equilibrium. Gauss Law is used to approximate
the voltage in the rings of the sphere. The charge distribution is random, varying between two ways of
distributing the charge. Two methods were used, randomizing the distribution of charge across all rings,
and randomizing it on each ring. The sphere with the largest amount of correctly charged points
represented the optimal distribution.
106

CONTROLLER FOR THE ROVER SPY TANK ROBOT USING MODERN DEVICES WITH
ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM
Víctor O. Santos Uceta, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Elio Lozano, University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
In recent years, mobile technology has increased exponentially with advances in low voltage
microprocessors and key components such as touchscreens and high-resolution cameras. The Android
operating system has had a boom in the market and offers numerous possibilities for this new era of
technology. The new possibilities offered by mobile operating system are almost unlimited; it has been
implanted into smartphones, tablets, automobiles, televisions, cable TV receivers, and even personal
computers. Today, most smart phones and tablets come with Android, they offer a wide variety of sensors
and devices such as GPS, Bluetooth, WIFI, gyroscope, light sensors, and temperature sensors. One great
possibility of today’s mobile devices is to control other devices such as modern remote cameras,
televisions, computers and even robots. The purpose of this research was to create a controller application
for the Rover Spy Tank robot unit, a robot that is characterized for having a video camera for telepresence
experience, night vision, and wheels for any direction movements, making it an excellent subject for
further research, and therefore contributing greatly to education, and science. The ultimate goal of this
research was to implement a simple and effective controller that will be easily accessible to users,
educators, scientists and companies to perform effective executions for their purposes through devices
with Android operating systems. This Controller is expected to be the basis for future research.
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EXTRA LAYER OF PROTECTION FOR WEB APPLICATIONS
Antonio Tapia Maldonado, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Pieter Van der Meer and Dr. Amirhossein Chinaei, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico/
The main purpose of this research project was to provide a web application an extra layer of security by
using plug-ins (plugins), also known as add-ins. An example of a plug-in would be Microsoft Office
which uses plug-ins to extend the abilities of its application by adding custom commands and specialized
features. Plug-ins depend on the services provided by the host application and do not usually work by
themselves. Conversely, the host application operates independently of the plug-ins, making it possible
for end-users to add and update plug-ins dynamically without needing to make changes to the host
application. Web applications are the inhabitants of the web. They are web based interfaces used by the
client or user. They work via a connection between the computer and the host of the application. This
connection allows one to communicate remotely with another computer. But like all man-made
constructs, these applications are not error free. Knowing that all web applications must have at least
some sort of error, third parties try to exploit these errors to obtain some sort of gain. The errors are
commonly referred to as vulnerabilities and the third parties in server-client communications are the
tabooed entities known as hackers. The weakest link in the scenario as described above is the client side
of the communication on a web application. Thus hackers target users because of insufficient security
measures when using a web application. This means that extra layers of protection need to be added to the
client side to protect the user. For that reason a Java scheme operator is proposed for HTML pages. The
plugin is supposed to be applied to small web applications because it may prove not so efficient to parse a
complex web page. The proposed plugin requires the preparation of special metafiles on the server
running only on a single domain. It must be limited to applications running on a single server because of
the same origin policy.
107

INTELLIGENT DEVICE MANAGEMENT IN DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY-BASED
MICROGRIDS
Ángel F. Vázquez González, Interamerican University, Metro Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Mariesa Crow, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Missouri.
In a combat theater, the use of indigenous electrical power networks to power a military forward
operating base camp (FOBs) is undesirable due to the potential unreliability of resources and the potential
for security breaches. The significant risk of intermittent blackouts and the vulnerability of physical
damage to the network could be catastrophic for military mission purposes. Therefore the military is
exploring the use of a distributed renewable energy-based of microgrid with different generation
sources such as renewable energy (wind, solar), ultra-capacitors, batteries, and diesel generator to provide
electrical power during deployment. All these resources operating together can reduce dramatically the
possibility of loss of electricity and increase the resilience of physical damage by using intelligent method
algorithms to manage all the devices. Intelligent power and energy management can fully utilize the
available renewable resources by balancing available energy, energy storage, and diesel generation to
meet the mission critical power demands in the base case. In this project, the effectiveness of a logicbased
energy management scheme was analyzed for maximum utilization of renewable resources and
decrease of dependence on fossil fuels.
AGENT-BASED MODELS OF NURSE BEHAVIOR TO EVALUATE THE MEDICATION
ADMINISTRATION PROCESS
Eliezer Vázquez-Vélez, Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. José Vidal, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
This investigation examines the procedures of a nurse in the hospital environment using agent-based
systems. The nurse behavior and decision-making process were observed to have a better understanding
of any flaws in the Medication Administration Process (MAP). Data was collected from each simulation
and was studied to discover flaws and/or errors in the process. The final result will be important with
proposals of new training and regulations to improve the MAP.
SIMULATED REMOTE ACCESS PANEL FOR AUTOMATED TESTING OF THE ARGUS
SYSTEM
Raúl Viera, University of Puerto Rico, Arecibo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dan Jones, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California.
Argus is a physical security system deployed at sites throughout the Department of Energy to protect
facilities where the consequences of intrusion are significant. This system includes intrusion detection and
access control. The Remote Access Panel (RAP) is the primary interface between the user and the Argus
system and is used by badge holders to access the secure facilities. The Argus Field Processor (AFP)
simulator is a collection of 250 virtual machines running the AFP software and various device simulators.
A simulation tool is needed to create large numbers of simultaneous events for testing extreme situations
between the RAP and the AFP. This includes a simulation of users using the RAP to read badges, to enter
PINs, to verify fingerprints and other authentication transactions. We developed a RAP simulator to run
command scripts to simulate user interaction from a physical RAP to the AFP. To evaluate the RAP
simulator, a command script scenario was developed and tested with the AFP simulator. With the
command scripts, we expect to automate the testing process for the RAP on the Argus system. This
simulation tool will allow the Argus Development and Quality Assurance (QA) teams to simulate real
world conditions for development and testing of the Argus security software.
108

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
DESIGN OF STREAM CROSSING STRUCTURES FOR WATER QUALITY
Laura V. Campos Maldonado, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Mark Roskos and Heidi Bunn, National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS-
USDA), Bangor Field Office, Bangor Maine, Maryland.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Professor, Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of
Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The process to design and construct a successful stream crossing structure must be done as precisely as
possible. NRCS engineers work on a stream crossing project from the beginning to the end. The first step
is to meet the farmer or landowner that owns the stream and discuss all the concerns at hand. After the
project gets certified that it will get funded, the engineer must go to the area of concern and determine its
location and start planning the stream crossings usage. When the site is checked, it must be surveyed in
order to create the stream’s cross-sections. The design may be completed by fixing minor errors and
presumptions that were not accurate. The final design is approved by a supervisor engineer and then
checked by the landowner to see if any other changes need to be made. If the landowner feels the design
meets his requirements, then it gets submitted and approved so that the landowner can hire a contractor to
begin the construction process on the stream crossing. Then the construction period begins and at the end
of the construction period, the engineer goes to the site for a final inspection and decides whether or not
the contractors did comply with the technical specifications. If everything complies with the design, the
engineer certifies the project so that it gets completely funded.
FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES FROM SPATHODEA CAMPUNALATA IN PUERTO RICO
José I. Cruz Rodríguez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. José R. Pérez Jiménez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
The introduction of the Spathodea campanulata in Puerto Rico took place in the late 20 th century. The
tree S. campanulata is part of the Bignoniaceae family and ever since it was introduced it has been
occupying unused agricultural areas. Because of its flower, the African tuliptree was introduced, and it
has been the only species to regenerate in the fields where sugarcane grew. After several years, this initial
domination decreased, and once the forest was restored, thanks to bats, birds and other organisms, native
species returned to undergrowth. The objective of this study was to determine the diversity of fungal
endophytes in Spathodea campanulata. Bark, flower, and leaves samples were collected from S.
campanulata in Puerto Rico. Pieces were cultivated in Malt Extract Broth 0.5X for 7-10 days at room
temperature. Bark and flower samples were cultivated in Malt Extract Agar 1.0x for 1 week at room
temperature. The fungi that grew the week after was isolated in Potato Dextrose Agar 1.0x for 1 week.
The leaf was cultivated in Malt Extract Agar 1.0x for 1 week at room temperature. Six different types of
fungi were found in the bark, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Trichoderma, Acremonium, Fusarium and
Paecylomyces. In the flower 3 different types of fungi were found: Aureobasidium, Aspergillus and
Cladosporium. The isolation for leaf samples, DNA extraction and TRFLP from samples is in progress.
A diverse endophytic fungi community was found in the invasive Spathodea campanulata. The
elucidation of endophytic fungi in invasive plants provides a source for biotechnological applications and
ecological understanding
109

DIVERSITY OF BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES FOR SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA IN
PUERTO RICO
Xavier E. Espada-Fuentes, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. José R. Pérez-Jiménez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
The Spathodea campanulata exotic species was introduced more than 5 decades ago as an ornamental
plant primarily for its colorful flower in Puerto Rico. The African tulip (S. campanulata) is recognized as
secondary forest species, as it tends to predominate in the mountains and valleys that in past decades were
farmland. Restoration of native species previously unable to germinate creates suitable and stable
conditions for their livelihood. This phenomenon is due to the dynamic microbial ecosystem. The goal of
this study was to determine the native diversity of endophytes in S. campanulata by taking samples of the
species that are important such as the flower, leaf and bark. The pieces were cultured in Tryptic Soy Broth
for 48 hours 0.5X at room temperature. Mixing the cultures wass subjected to a restriction polymorphism
terminal fragment length 16S rDNA-TRFLP and 16S rDNA sequencing of the isolated strains. With the
results obtained from the native microbial, the copious bacterial community was determined in the first
analysis and was found in the cortex with 157 phylotypes, followed by the flower and leaf with 51 to 21.
At its second and most recent analysis, more phylotypes were found in the prime of 46, leaf 53 and cortex
27. Detailed characterization is in progress for additional insulation. Interestingly a different endophytic
bacterial community was found in the exotic flower S. campanulata. The elucidation of endophytic
bacteria in invasive plants is a source for biotechnological and ecological understanding.
EFFECTS OF LOW-INTENSITY SUMMER STORMS ON MACROINVERTEBRATE
COMMUNITIES IN TEMPERATE STREAMS
Tatiyanna Le’Shea Hughes Meno, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Declan McCabe, Saint Michael’s College, Burlington, Vermont.
It has been predicted that climate changes will lead to increased frequency and intensity of storms in the
Northeastern United States. Urbanization increases the area of impervious surfaces that rapidly direct
storm water to streams in watersheds. These two factors in combination have been a cause of extreme
concern for Vermont's streams. Storms, precipitation, and the resulting water flow cause disturbance to
stream macro-invertebrates communities to a large scale. While macroinvertebrates have evolved with
disturbance, the human-modified disturbances just mentioned may have major impacts on the bentic
communities. To measure the effects of high water flow events on stream communities, samples were
collected before and after storms in four different streams. By comparing pre-storm and post-storm
communities in urban and forested watersheds, the combined effects of high flow and urbanization on
macrroinvertebrates were tested. It was determined that post-storm samples demonstrated biologically
important reductions in the abundance and species richness relative to pre-storm samples. These effects
differed between urban and forested streams and have important implications for the study of urban
stream syndrome as humans manage watersheds as climate changes.
110

THE ADSORPTION OF 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL AND PHENANTHRENE ONTO
DIFFERENT SIZED HEMATITE NANOPARTICLES
Norberto Mercado Miranda, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Yongsheng Chen, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Kungang Li, Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia.
Adsorption of representative toxic organic compounds such as phenanthrene and 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-
DCP) is being investigated because of the environmental implications that this toxic pollutants are going
to have on the environment as nano industries discharges increase into aqueous systems. Nanoparticle
(NP) production is expected to reach 58,000 tons by the year 2020. The sorption isotherm experiments
were conducted in triplicate batch experiments to determine the adsorbed concentration of these organic
compounds in 40, 60, 80 and 100 nm iron oxide (Hematite) nanoparticles and analyzed through Highperformance
liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results were modeled with the Freundlich adsorption
isotherm model. Adsorption kinetics showed that phenanthrene and 2,4-DCP took 1 hour to reach the
equilibrium adsorption. Adsorption experiments with the 2,4-DCP showed that the adsorption rate with
the iron oxide NP was very low due to the surface bond between them. Only about 3% of 2,4-DCP in the
mixture was adsorbed onto the hematite NP, compared with the adsorption rate of the phenanthrene which
80% got adsorbed into the NP surface. Dynamic light scattering results demonstrated that the size of NPs
have changed during the adsorption experiment from their original synthesized size. Based on the affinity
coefficient of adsorption capacity (K f ) the ranking goes as followed; 80.26 nm > 100.6 nm > 102.225
nm > 165.67 nm.
WATER RIGHTS AND CONSERVATION PRACTICES
Liz Marie Navas Pacheco, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: R Steve Cohoon PE, Area Engineer, Douglas, WY.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Professor, Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of
Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Water is a natural chemical substance that is key for an individual’s daily needs and survival. Water
covers 70.9% of the Earth’s surface; however, only 2.5% is freshwater and 0.3% is found in lakes, rivers
and the atmosphere. Not only is it necessary for humans, but also for biological life (plants, animals). Out
of that 0.3% of freshwater, 30% alone is used for irrigation. Agriculture irrigation is a key component to
produce food. Fifty years ago water was believed to be an infinite resource, since then the reality has
changed. Water presents ranchers and farmers with a significant challenge for not satisfying their
demands as expected. In Wyoming, water is considered a state property. There is a Board of Control
which has the responsibility of the distribution of water to landowners. There are also regulations to be
followed so that the individual can be entitled to a predetermined volume and ensure the appropriate use
of the resource. Water is a very valuable resource that is necessary not only for daily living but also for
production. Very seldom does one think about it as running out or even limiting the amount consumed.
Farmers and ranchers do not have the luxury of having unlimited water for their farming and they often
run out of the resource. There is a need to create awareness and make better use of this resource because
no one knows if it will be a limited resource in the future.
111

STUDENT CAREER EXPERIENCE PROGRAM (SCEP)
Julio E. Nazario Ruíz, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Elizabeth McMullen, Deputy Director of Engineering, USDA Forest Service,
Atlanta, Georgia.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Director, Civil Engineering, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The Student Career Experience Program provides work experience that is related to the civil engineering
field, let it be environmental engineering, facilities construction, construction and inspection of bridges
and dams, and the surveying and construction of roads inside the Forest Service. This program teaches
students the basic knowledge in each of these civil engineering fields, water systems operation
maintenance, the different levels of roads inside the forest, working with professional engineers on the
surveying of roads, the importance of bridge inspections, and using architecture to please the public in
recreational areas. Another important element in this program is that it introduces you to a healthy work
environment where everyone works together including civil engineers, fish and wild life biologists,
foresters, and archeologists for the good of the environment and the enjoyment of the people. It is a great
experience that includes an overview of what a civil engineer does in the Forest Service and the next
summer, students will be working under a civil engineer in a forest in the southern region, for more
hands-on experience.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND BIODEGRADATION
ON SOIL AND WATER QUALITY AT BOQUILLA AND MANZANILLO: CARTAGENA,
COLOMBIA
Xavier F. Nieves, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Julianne Vernon, City College, New York.
Mr. Vadim Acosta and Prof. Pieter Van der Meer, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Environmental deterioration and quality of coastal regions is a major global concern, mostly because they
result from direct human activity and have a great impact on aquatic life. Eutrophication, caused by
nutrient enrichment, is one of the greatest threats to coastal water quality. Boquilla and Manzanillo are
two different shorelines in which fisherman, locals and tourists frequently gather. However given the
current waste management system in Cartagena (natural bacterial bio-degradation in the Virgin Swamp
commonly known as “La Cienaga”, the numerous construction sites being developed and the large
agricultural population), it is suspected that both water and soil quality may be negatively affected. The
work done can be divided into two major components, field sampling and lab experimental work. The
sampling portion of the research is done via the employment of a global positioning system (GPS) in
which 60 points are distributed as follows: 30 on land and 30 in the shore perfectly aligned with each
other. The sampling locations are spaced 5 meters apart from each other. The experimental section
consists of the measurement of 9 important parameters: nitrate, ammonia, iron, pH, sulfate, dissolved
oxygen, fecal coliforms, phosphate and alkalinity. Digesting solutions used are HCl, KCL and DI water
depending on the parameter to be measured. The methods employed in sample analysis range from
spectrophotometric to qualitative test strips and HACH kits and EPA approved methods. Despite the fact
that concentrations suggest a non-health threatening environment, pollution is a major concern that may
affect wild and aquatic life if not monitored. Furthermore, data indicates that enough quantities of waste
matter are being degraded to affect water and soil chemistry near the shorelines. Given the recent
exponential urban development of Cartagena and the continuously growing population as evidenced by
the 2005 census, alternate waste management is imminent.
112

EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
Alma C. Ramírez Vélez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Dave L. Strayer, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York.
Trapa natans, commonly known as water chestnut, is an invasive aquatic plant native from Eurasia
introduced to the Hudson River in the late nineteenth century. Since then, it has changed the ecosystem by
forming floating mats of leaves that block entering light and cause oxygen depletion. Organisms that
depend on oxygen, light, or both have been threatened by T. natans. Therefore, the important question is:
how much light is needed to support a submerged ecosystem beneath a water chestnut canopy? It was
hypothesized that a submerged ecosystem will have a higher concentration on dissolved oxygen and
higher organism survival with a higher percentage of light entering. To test this, the percentage of light
entering in each of 11 different mesocosms was controlled and temperature and dissolved oxygen were
measured, as well as the growth and survival of several organisms. So far, the results suggest that at least
temperature and dissolved oxygen depend on the percentage of light entering the ecosystem.
STUDENT CAREER EXPERIENCE PROGRAM (SCEP) – USDA FOREST SERVICE
Hanniah L. Rodríguez Bartolomei, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Elizabeth McMullen, Deputy Director of Engineering, USDA Forest Service, Atlanta,
Georgia.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Director of Civil Engineering and Surveying Department,
University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
This internship experience was focused on applying the best available technologies in various fields,
which included programs such as the Environmental Engineering Program, the Roads Program, the
Environmental Compliance Audit (ECAP) and Hazmat Program, the Architecture Program, and the
Facilities Condition Surveys Program. The objective of the experience was to assist professional
engineers in performing technical and professional engineering duties, as well as assisting Regional
Engineering Program Managers in conducting field surveys, facility inspections, environmental audits,
and construction and maintenance inspections. Working in these areas, helped acquire practice in the
agency. The most significant accomplishment was conducting field surveys and inspections in order to
prepare engineering reports.
113

STUDENT CAREER EXPERIENCE PROGRAM WITH THE USDA FOREST SERVICE
Angeliz Vangas-Medina, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Elizabeth D. McMullen, Deputy Director of Engineering, U.S. Forest Service,
Atlanta, Georgia.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Department Director, Civil Engineering and Surveying
Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
This internship with the USDA took place in the Regional Office of the Forest Service at Atlanta, GA
under the Student Career Experience Program (SCEP). The program provided work experience that was
directly related to the academic program or career goals. It gave the student exposure to public service,
and also the opportunity of working with a multidisciplinary group of professionals such as
Administrators, Engineers, and Architects to do technical and basic engineering duties and learn about the
programs that withheld the needs of protecting and managing natural resources on National Forest System
lands. The agency provided a ten-week schedule that establishes the different topics and activities that ran
during each week. Different trainings gave an overview of the programs and the opportunity to assist in
conducting field surveys, facility inspections, environmental audits, and construction and maintenance
inspections. The programs were: Fleet Management, Environmental Engineering, Roads, Sustainability,
Environmental Compliance Audit (ECAP) and Hazmat, Bridges and Dams: Trail Bridge Inspections, and
Facilities Condition Surveys.
114

APPLIED MATHEMATICS
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
WHOLE GENOME PREDICTION FOR CLINICAL USE
Wilnerys Colberg Hernàndez, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
BO
Research Mentor: Dr. Emily Dhurandhar, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.
Whole Genome Prediction (WGP) is a decision tool that may be useful for personalized medicine.
Despite recent advances in technology for genomics, the capacity of the application of genetic data for
personalized medicine is very limited. WGP is a method that incorporates many thousands of SNPs into a
regression model and yields estimates for the contribution of markers to the overall variance for a
phenotypic trait. The aim was to evaluate the potential clinical utility of WGP even in cases with modest
prediction accuracy. R was used to simulate samples from a population, using realistic parameters from
the literature, to examine a scenario using WGP to predict percentage excess weight loss (PEWL) after
bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery was chosen because it varies effects, the cost is so high and it requires
a lot of commitment from the patients. Samples were collected from a truncated normal BMI distribution
for individuals with BMI greater than 35, and were sampled from a normal distribution of PEWL
following surgery. From the distribution of PEWL, a final BMI was calculated for each individual. A
function was also created to describe the relationship between BMI and lifetime risk of diabetes, and
WGP predicted PEWL with a correlation of 0.36 to reflect realistic accuracy of prediction. examined
various scenarios were then examined where WGP was used to choose those that would respond best to
surgery, with preventing future Type 2 Diabetes and adverse events as the outcomes of interest. In the
realistic context of finite resources, the prevention of Diabetes in the bariatric surgery population was
examined at several Predicted PEWL cutoff thresholds, above which individuals would be treated, below
which individuals would not be treated. Using a predicted PEWL, the threshold that resulted best in
preventing more cases of diabetes was at 80 PEWL, compared to treating all patients, with 24.7 cases
prevented. Similarly, with adverse events at the same threshold, 4 additional cases were prevented in
comparison to the scenario if no one would take the genomic test. It was shown that even with limited
prediction accuracy, utilizing WGP to select individuals more likely to lose weight can prevent more
cases of Type 2 Diabetes and have more successful outcomes of the surgery in the context of finite
resources, compared to the current scenario where all eligible patients are treated. WGP may be useful for
prediction of treatment response and complex disease traits in certain decision making scenarios, even
with limited accuracy
115

USING ACTIGRAPHY WATCHES TO MEASURE SLEEP ACTIVITY IN SUBJECTS WITH
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA
Dayanara Lebrón Aldea, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Jeffery Dawson, ISIB – Department of Biostatistiscs, University of Iowa, Iowa.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a disorder which partially obstructs the airway as a result of the
narrowing in the respiratory passage during sleep, causing loud snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness,
and disrupted sleep. It can be potentially fatal for overweight smokers. In this study, actigraphy watches
with built-in accelerometers were used to monitor sleep patterns over a 3-month period. Based on the
“low threshold” setting, these watches provided data which allowed a measure of sleep efficiency. To
date, 30 subjects with OSA and 16 healthy controls have completed the study. Approximately two weeks
after the beginning of the study, OSA subjects began using CPAP devices to treat their condition.
Consequently, comparisons were made between groups during the first seven days on study to measure
baseline differences, and sleep efficiency profiles were compared during the final month versus baseline
to assess within-group differences. It was found that the OSA group did, in fact, have less efficient sleep
patterns pre-treatment, but that these improved over the course of the study. The results suggest that the
actigraphy watches may be an important tool in monitoring sleep patterns in OSA patients, including
responses to treatment. The OSA study was funded by NIH grant R01 HL091917.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PAIRWISE ALIGNMENT
Luis M. Mestre Caraballo, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Luis F. de la Torre, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Pairwise Alignment is a method of two any-size sequences. The most relevant pairwise aligning programs
are ACANA, LASTZ, Ngila, and Dialign. These programs are the most efficient and accurate sequence
alignment programs related to the overall and constraint sensitive, and the running time. The purpose of
this research was to perform an analysis of these programs to determine the efficient and accuracy; to
perform this comparison the programs where tested in performance, sensitive and spend time using as
input different length of sequences selected in a range from 40 to 1000 characters. Each experiment was
run 50 times in a common desktop computer with an I3 dual core processor. As result ACANA appears to
be one of the faster and more consistent sequences alignment programs.
Best
Poster
116

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT’S ANALYSIS VS METRIC MULTI-DIMENSIONAL
SCALING: A STABILITY ANALYSIS
Taylor Rosemond, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North
Carolina.
Best
Poster
Research Mentor: Dr. Liping Liu, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University,
Greensboro, North Carolina.
Studying multiple sequence alignments can give very useful information about protein evolution in
homologous sequences. Each row in a multiple sequence alignment can be considered the outcome of an
evolutionary experiment in deriving a functional protein sequence. Each column in the alignment
represents a variable that can be described as a set of evolutionary constraints on that position. It was
necessary to refine the information the alignment gave by organizing the information into smaller more
concise groups. One method of doing this was metric multidimensional scaling. Metric Multi-dimensional
Scaling (MDS) is a statistical method that helps extract orthogonal subsets of variables that describe these
constraints. This research used a computer program to perform multidimensional scaling, analyzed the
data output, and determined the accuracy of the groups given by the multidimensional scaling. The
number of groups yielded from the program corresponded to the major divisions in the phylogenetic tree.
It was concluded that Metric Multi-dimensional Scaling is an effective tool that can supplement the
phylogentic tree in identifying homologous sequences.
ENTANGLEMENT ENTROPY AND QUASICRYSTAL STRUCTURED GROUND STATE OF
QUANTUM SPIN CHAINS
Asia Wyatt, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
Research Mentor: Dr. Peter W. Shor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Expanding on the concepts in the paper “Criticality without frustration for quantum spin-1 chains,” it is
possible to construct a Hamiltonian whose ground state exhibits one-dimensional quasicrystal structure.
The spin states were labeled using 7 symbols. The interactions given by the Hamiltonian ‘implement’ 18
rules affecting the spin states. Once the zero energy ground state, or null space, of this Hamiltonian is
understood through the superposition of spin chains, the entanglement entropy from the combinatorial
structure of the ground state will be tried to be quantified. There seems to be an intimate connection
between these correlations and the Fibonacci sequence of numbers. The work is quantum information
theoretical and combinatorial in nature.
117

APPLIED PHYSICS
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
NEW METHOD TO FABRICATE NANOMATERIAL CATHODES FOR INTERMEDIATE
TEMPERATURE SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (IT-SOFC)
Veroleevelisse Carrión Calderón, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Santander Nieto Ramos, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Nanostructured particles of (Ba,Sr) 1-x Nd x (Co,Fe)O 3-δ (BSNFC) with controlled crystallinity, size and
morphology have been fabricated via cavitation methods. This is, to the best of the researcher’s
knowledge, the first time this technique has been used to synthesize this material which is of high interest
for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC). Nanomaterials play a key role in the
SOFCs, large surface area (nanopores) are needed for oxygen transport within the air electrode, as well as
hydrogen and water transport within the fuel electrode. In this research (Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 ) 1-x Nd x Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3-
(BSNCFO) (0.00 x 0.20) compound were synthesized by the chemical solution method, and
characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), the samples were submitted at a cavitation process and
after that structurally studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Submicron particles composed of
nanosized crystallites of (BaSr)Nd x (CoFe)O 3-δ were obtained for cavitation process times less than 10
hours. The decrease of the large particles of SBNFC found after if different hours of processing to nm in
length. It can be seen that the images showing nanoparticles as little as 30 nm in length of BSNFC
synthesized with our equipment after more hours of processing (10 h). The results indicated that a topdown
method for fabrication of nanoparticles for IT-SOFC was developed.
DURABILITY STUDY OF POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES
Jennifer L. Gil Acevedo, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
BO
Research Mentor: Dr. Li-Piin Sung, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland.
Nanoparticle filled polymeric composites are used in a variety of applications in the construction,
building, automotive, and aerospace industries to increase the life cycle performance of products.
Differences in the nanoparticle dispersion of these composites affect their durability when exposed to
weathering conditions over time. To determine the correlation between degradation due to weathering and
particle dispersion, nano-titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) filled acrylic urethane (AU) polymer films of different
dispersions were exposed to simulated weathering condition of high intensity ultraviolet (UV) radiation
on the NIST SPHERE (Simulated Photo degradation Via High Energy Radiant Exposure) at 55 and
0% relative humidity over a period of four weeks. Physical changes in surface morphology and
mechanical property changes in degraded polymer samples were measured and analyzed using laser
scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and tensile testing with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
instrument. Generally, samples with poor particle dispersion exhibited the most severe degradation, while
samples with good particle dispersion showed the least severe degradation. To understand how the UV
radiation affected the whole samples or only on the surface of the samples, the mechanical properties
measured by tensile testing were also compared to the surface mechanical properties measured by
nanoindentation in the same exposure condition. The results of this experiment will be compared to
previous studies in the nano-filled polymer system in different exposure conditions and provide the
fundamental understanding for the improvement of nanoparticle filled polymeric composites.
118

INERTIAL ELECTROSTATIC CONFINEMENT PLASMA CHARACTERIZATION
Ramón Rivera Varona, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Ángel González Lizardo, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
In this work, plasma with air and helium as fuel are observed by the position inside the chamber and
cathode. Air plasma densities of 7.7 x 10 9 cm -3 and an electron temperature of 19.9 eV were reached and
were measured. Using a Single Langmuir probe, the center measurements of density and temperature
were 4.6 x 10 9 cm -3 and 48.1 eV respectively. It was observed that in the center the density was lower
than near the cathode and with the Helium gas as fuel the same tendency was observed. While the
temperature got closer to the cathode, it became smaller and an increment of the density was obtained.
That explains how the ions were accelerated to the center because of the negative bias applied to the grid,
so it had fewer electrons in the center and the major electron density was obtained in the cathode
boundary area willing to get inside the sphere. This energy distribution and consequent beam-beam type
reactions, plus lack of cyclotron radiation due to the elimination of magnetic fields, made the IEC
attractive for burning advanced fusion fuels. In future works, optical measurements of intensity versus
wavelength will be measured to know furthermore the tendency of Inertial Electrostatic Confinement
Plasma.
FABRICATION OF NANOPARTICLES AS CATHODE FOR INTERMEDIATE
TEMPERATURE SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (IT-SOFC)
Edaris Rodríguez Izquierdo, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Santander Nieto Ramos, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
On the most critical challenges facing the world is the development of clean, reliable, and efficient energy
conversion processes. The demand for energy will inevitably increase and this increasing demand must
not compromise the environment. Fuel cells are energy conversion systems that efficiently generate
electricity for stationary or transportation application from fuels like hydrogen or hydrocarbons. There are
various types of fuel cells. Among them, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are vey promising because they
offer flexibility in terms of the type of fuel. The challenges hindering SOFC commercialization arise from
their high operating temperature. Developing an SOFC able to operate in the so-called intermediate
temperature range (IT, 450-650 o C) are needed. Reducing the SOFC operating temperature leads to two
main problems: a decrease in electrolyte conductivity and an increase in electrode polarization losses,
because both the ion transport in ceramic electrolyte and the electrochemical reaction at the triple phase
boundary (TPB) are thermally activated processes. Nanomaterials play a key role in the SOFCs, large
surface area (nanopores) are needed for oxygen transport within the air electrode, as well as hydrogen and
water transport within the fuel electrode. In this research, the (Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 ) 1-x Nd x Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3- (BSNCFO)
(0.00 x 0.20) compound were synthesized by the solid state reaction method, and characterized by
powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), the samples were submitted at a cavitation process and after that they
were structurally studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that a top-down
method for fabrication of nanoparticles for IT-SOFC was developed.
119

ASTRONOMY
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
OBSERVATIONS OF SOLAR ACTIVITY IN THE MID-INFRARED
Alexis Galarza De Jesús, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Laura Balmaceda, Complejo Astronómico El Leoncito, San Juan, Argentina.
Images of the Sun taken in the infrared band (8-14 microns) with a FLIR camera were analyzed in order
to see if there was a change in the Sun's intensity in some areas of interest. The areas of interest consisted
of sunspots and plages. The data analyzed here were obtained on March 13, 2012 using a ground-based
coeolast operating since 2006 at Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito (CASLEO, San Juan, Argentina).
An increase in intensity, indicating the occurrence of a flare, was observed starting at around 17:30 UT
and it was also detected in images of the solar disk taken from space at other wavelengths. The results
were compared with the changes in the X-ray flux provided by GOES-15 satellite.
120

ENGINEERING
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS MODELS TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL CANCER
BIOMARKERS GENES: CERVIX CANCER
Jorlys I. Alvarado-Morales, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Mauricio Cabrera Ríos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
In the identification of potential cancer biomarkers lies a significant contribution to characterize, detect
and understand the illness. In this research group, a novel method based on multiple criteria optimization
was proposed to detect potential cancer biomarker genes through the analysis of microarray data. More
precisely, the multiple criteria optimization problem was approached through a technique called Data
Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA is a nonparametric technique capable of identifying an envelope of a
set of solutions. This envelope is found following the desirable directions (minimization or maximization)
on each of the multiple criteria characterizing each solution. The prerogative in this method is that, if
genes (solutions) can be characterized through multiple criteria (say, p_values) to be optimized
(minimized in the case of the p_values), then finding the genes in the envelope of the set of genes
(formally known as efficient frontier), would detect genes with high probability of having biomarking
properties. There are several DEA formulations, formally called DEA models. In this research, six models
were compared according to their capability to detect cervix biomarker genes. Essentially, they were
compared using the total number of genes that they detected and the fraction of these genes that presented
biomarking properties. Throughout this study it was possible to appreciate the applicability of DEA and
its different models as a detection tool for potential biomarkers using microarray data. The results of this
study also pointed to the identification of genes that are robust across different models. The role of these
genes in cancer should be investigated with a higher priority for experimental validation. These results
can be used by cancer researchers to guide their search for cancer biomarkers with microarray
experiments supported by the strategy proposed by this group.
ALLOCATION RULES FOR LIFE CYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF
RENEWABLE JET FUEL
Best
Luis E. Álvarez Silva, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Poster
Research Mentor: Dr. Steven Barrett, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts.
Attempts to reduce green house gas (GHG) emission are often focused on reducing consumption or
engine efficiency. However, alternative jet fuels have the potential to reduce the (GHG) emissions from
aviation from a reduction in GHG emissions during extraction and production. Through techno-economic
and environmental analyses, the PARTNER laboratory has produced data that is used by the FAA for
policy assessment. The goal of this project was to model the impact of mass-producing these alternative
fuels. Proper assumptions for cost models, technology analysis and learning curve effects during scale-up
of facilities for unconventional petroleum, ultra low sulfur jet fuel (ULS), synthetic paraffinic kerosene
(SPK) created via Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) or hydroprocessing of renewable jet fuels (HRJ) were derived.
In addition, bottom-up and top-down approaches were compared in the (F-T) process for accuracy in
commercial scale facilities. Co-product allocation assumptions for life cycle GHG and water models were
consolidated and justified, and pathway footprints on GHG emissions and water consumption for possible
plant sites were analyzed. The results from this research will be included in a PARTNER report to advise
the FAA on future policies.
121

SYNTHESES OF CuInS 2 /ZnS AND CuInSe/ZnS CORE/SHELL SEMICONDUCTOR
NANOCRYSTALS
Nikole Ayala, Xavier Nieves, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Prof. Tomar Maharaj, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Uses of luminescent semiconductor core/shell nanocrystals (NCs) are attractive for their novel properties
and promising applications in photodynamic therapy. They also possess a cellular A-core with lower band
graph material; because of this, CuInS2/ZnS and CuInSe/ZnS quantum dots could serve as a suitable
luminescent emission. In an inert environment, the zinc sulfate, cooper indium and copper selenide
precursors were stirred and heated up to 240°C. A small sample of mixture was extracted every time the
mixture color changed. Each sample was observed under ultra violet light to show luminescence of
quantum dots. Both syntheses were analyzed with Leica mpv-sp microscope, which confirmed the
presence of spherical conglomerates. Also, a UV absorption test showed a broad shoulder with a trail in
the long-wavelength direction. The CuInS2/ZnS core/shell had a 200-250 nm absorption while the
CuInSe/ZnS core shell had 250 nm. X ray diffraction of both syntheses revealed that a core shell
structure was achieved.
MICROFLUIDIC AQUEOUS TWO-PHASE SYSTEM (µATPS) FOR BLOOD
FRACTIONATION
Edward M. Bello II, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.
Research Mentor: Jongyoon Han, PhD Masssachussetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
The successful separation of hematologic components (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) from whole
blood has innumerable applications in both clinical diagnosis and biological research. Current
methodologies for blood fractionation include differential centrifugation, which is time-consuming and
requires large sample volumes. Here, a simple microfluidic device utilizing an Aqueous Two-Phase
System (ATPS) with the goal of achieving blood fractionation based on the system’s intrinsic chemical
properties was developed. In theory, different cellular blood components have different affinities to one
phase over the other, and should migrate to a favorable position in the stream accordingly. The purpose of
our study here was to evaluate blood cell migration to different phases based on cellular chemical affinity
as well as the effects of flow conditions. For our experiments, white blood cells (monocytes), red blood
cells, and chemically inert microbeads of similar sizes were individually tested with conventional
macroscale methods and also in microchannels made of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using a standard
ATPS polymer solution, polyethylene glocol (PEG) and Dextran. The results clearly illustrated the effect
of flow rate; all cells and microbeads migrated only into Dextran phase at higher rates due to significant
inertial effect; they remained at the interface at lower rates Based on these preliminary results, it seems
that the force of diffusion on cells and microbeads due to chemical affinities is negligible compared with
the hydrodynamic forces (inertial and viscous) in the flow profiles of ATPS. Future work will include
careful characterization of channel dimensions and polymer concentration to better optimize the system.
122

AN EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF A HUMAN-SCALE WIND TURBINE USING
DIFFERENT BLADE MATERIALS
Bettina M. Benito Figueroa, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Prof. Giri Venkataramanan, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Research Assistant Mentor: Patricio Mendoza, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
University of Wisconsin students working at the Wisconsin Electrical Machines and Power Electronics
Consortium (WEMPEC) have built a wind turbine with different types of blades to analyze and compare
their performance and efficiency. The turbine uses a data logger to collect the raw data from the turbine to
provide the information needed to study the turbine and its capacity. The data obtained from the turbine
installed at the West Madison Agricultural Research Station (WMARS) over the last two years serves as a
way of determining the efficiency of the turbine in terms of converting wind to electrical energy. It is
therefore important to use an appropriate database system to work with the sampled data collected from
the wind turbine instruments. Data such as wind distribution, power generation, etc. is received from the
data logger so that it can be studied to better evaluate the turbine’s performance. To optimize the analysis
based on the information given by the turbine, a variety of algorithms have been modified and optimized
through the use of software programs. A graphical user interface has also been developed, providing
better access to data already received as well as permitting the comparison of various types of
information. These software improvements will serve as a basis for further data analysis critical to the
development of the human-scale wind turbine.
DYNAMIC GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE
EMITTING LASERS
Franiece D. Bennett, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia.
Research Mentor: Dr. Connie J. Chang-Hasnain, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California.
The incorporation of photonics with silicon CMOS can potentially lessen energy consumption of data
communication in microprocessors. Currently MOSFET’s are the primary signaling transmitters in
microprocessor communication. Incorporating lasers for the use of on chip communication between
transistors is ideal in lowering energy consumption. The effectiveness of interfacing both electronic and
optical components in a device requires testing, graphical representation with the use of Matlab, analysis,
and interpretation of the measured results. The testing therein monitors the change in voltage distributed
onto a device for a given pumped current and the plotting of the I-V curve in comparison to the correct
characterization curve of the electronic component. The optical setup incorporates the monitoring,
graphing, and interpretation of the light emitted from the laser components. The information collected
from the light output as seen by an InGaAs CCD camera versus the injected current embodies the data
needed to plot the L-I curve simultaneously with the I-V curve. Upon analysis of graphical results from
the supplied Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL’s), unsustainable fundamental modes were
made in the form of multi-modes and higher order modes from near field imaging. Modifications to the
optical cavity as well as heat-sink optimization are the prescribed solutions for sustaining a fundamental
mode with a wavelength of 1.55μm. Alterations in fabrication of VCSEL’s and nanolasers must be made
to achieve wavelength sustainability 1.55μm at varying current injection levels as characterized by
telecommunication specifications. It was anticipated with the assay and testing that the utilization of this
automated setup will characterize fabrication deficiencies in the lasers, thus aiding in the achievement of a
sustained fundamental mode.
123

CHARACTERIZATION OF POROUS SILICON FOR MICROPYROTECHNIC
APPLICATIONS
Alfredo Bermúdez Lozada, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Srinivas A. Tadigadapa, and Venkata Sharat Parimi, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
The high reactivity of nanoscale composites can be exploited to form a new class of energetic materials
known as nanoenergetic materials. Porous silicon (PS) is a nanoenergetic material that can store more
energy than conventional energetic materials and can be used in innovative ways to tailor the release of
this energy. This material attracts the attention of many researchers due to the possibility of developing
PS based devices. Due to its high energy density, PS can be integrated into microscale devices as an onboard
energy source and such integration is known as micropyrotechnics. Porous silicon is formed by
electrochemical dissolution of selective atoms in hydrofluoric acid based electrolytes, which results in
high surface areas ~ 1000 m 2 /g. The pore morphology is strongly affected by the etch parameters such as
electrolyte composition, current density, etch duration and also the substrate properties such as dopant
type and concentration. The changes in the porous structure strongly affect the reactive properties of
energetic composites formed. Flame propagation speeds were found to be up to three orders of magnitude
due to the variation in the porous structure. The goal of this project was to etch and characterize the
porous layers formed on substrates with different dopant types and concentrations. This information will
be used to adjust the etch parameters to yield samples with specific porous layer structure which will
enable a parametric study of the flame propagation to understand the important physical effects and help
formulate models to explain how the propagation rates can be tuned.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ELECTROSPRAY SYSTEM OF MOLTEN GLASS
Víctor F. Calderón Arrivillaja, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida.
Research Mentor: Dr. Paulo C. Lozano, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
As the demand for small satellites continues to grow, there is a need for small, light-weight propulsion
systems that can overcome the inefficiencies of mass and power that other propulsion systems present.
Ion electrospray propulsion is ideal for this purpose due to its high specific impulse capability, high fuel
efficiency, and miniaturized size. This propulsion system uses the electrospray technique, which is based
on the extraction and acceleration of molecular ions using a strong electric field. The approach of this
study was to use the electrospray technique to manufacture thruster emitters that contain planar emitters
with diameters in the range of ten to a hundred nanometers from porous glass. This system serves as a
self-replicating machine since it uses the same principles as those of electrospray propulsion systems. A
mathematical model for the behavior of molten glass was designed, which allowed researchers to
determine the dimensions of the system and other parameters, such as current, temperature, and viscosity
of molten glass. After the different components of the electrospray system were built, glass spheres were
put inside a stainless steel needle connected to a crucible in vacuum and were heated up using inductive
heating. A meniscus formed at the tip of the stainless steel needle. Next, an electric field was applied to
the meniscus to analyze the layer produced by this mechanism. The results of this study will be used to
further design nano-structured emitters on planar surfaces.
124

CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF WEATHER VARIABLES AND WIND POWER
GENERATION DATA
Joehan Carrasquillo, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Mandoye Ndoye, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California.
One way to obtain electric power is through the wind. Since wind-generated power is an unpredictable
source of energy, the analysis of the dependence between weather variables and wind-generated power is
necessary for better energy production forecasting. In this project, correlation analysis experiments were
performed to uncover data processing strategies that enhance the statistical relationship between
processed weather variables and wind-generated power. The enhanced statistical relationships would
facilitate more accurate data-driven forecasting.
BEFORE AND AFTER HIGHWAY SAFETY EVALUATION USING EMPIRICAL BAYES
APPROACH: A CASE STUDY IN INDIANA
Davis Chacón Hurtado, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. John Haddock, Laura Slusher, and John Habermann, Indiana LTAP, Civil
Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Alberto Figueroa Medina, Professor, Civil Engineering and Surveying, University
of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Nowadays highway safety has become a primarily concern in different agencies. There are more than 1.1
million fatalities every year worldwide as a consequence of road crashes. In the U.S., 94% of
transportation fatalities occurred on highways, accounting for more than 30,000 annual deaths (2010) and
more than two million injuries annually (1993-2006). For that reason, several efforts were implemented in
order to reduce highway fatalities and serious injuries on all public roads. The Highway Safety
Improvement Program (HSIP) established by the SAFETEA-LU in 2005 required the development of a
statewide strategic plan for safety improvements. HSIP is divided into three components including:
planning, implementation and evaluation. This study was focused on the third component which aims to
determine the effectiveness of such improvements. In that sense, the main objective of this study was to
evaluate the effectiveness of safety improvements at a rural intersection in Indiana using the Empirical
Bayes method, the Safety Performance Functions (SPF) and Crash Modification Factors (CMF) provided
by the Highway Safety Manual. The first step was to determine values associated with safety in the
before period taking into account traffic data, geometric characteristics, and the SPF for the base
condition. The second step was to determine the values associated with safety in the after period without
the improvements and adjusted to the after traffic volumes. Using an adjustment factor and the expected
frequency in the before period, the expected frequency in the after period was calculated and compared
with the observed crash frequency. The results showed that the treatment results in an effectiveness of
about 79% for the period of analysis. The historic trend in the number of crashes represented about 93%
of the result and the influences attributable to the entity “traits” were about 7%. In conclusion, this study
demonstrated valuable benefits from the implementation of the HSIP for this case study. Additionally, it
was verified that the Empirical Bayes approach is accurate to predict the number of crashes accounting
for the regression to the mean bias.
125

DEGRADATION TRENDS OF GRANITE AND TRAP ROCK RAILROAD BALLAST
Ángeles C. Chaparro Bosque, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Erol Tutumluer, Associate Professor, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign,
Illinois.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Puerto
Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
This research study was focused on the investigation of properties and engineering behavior of railroad
ballast materials obtained from different source quarries. The objective was to better understand property
degradation and fouling behavior of ballast aggregates. Properties like aggregate type and gradation (size
distribution) of the rocks were studied in the laboratory after subjecting the samples to a Los Angeles
Abrasion (LAA) test. The test subjects samples to forces comparable to ballast in railroad tracks due to
heavy train loads. This study was therefore intended to provide a better understanding of railroad ballast
behavior and the knowledge of which type of aggregate provides the best quality ballast, thereby reducing
cost of railroad maintenance. Results showed that a higher content of fouled material was found with
increasing turns in the LAA machine. The samples quality was determined by ranking the material in
terms of their fouling content using a new index, Ballast Degradation Index (BDI). BDI was calculated
with fouling indices and LAA number. Results showed that aggregates have different properties
according to their origins and composition.
ADVANCED POWER QUALITY MONITORING AT THE UW-MADISON MICROGRID
Shalimar Colón Rodríguez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Patricio Mendoza, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Research Assistant Mentor: Prof. Giri Venkataramaran, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
A microgrid is a reliable small system of electricity that can generate, distribute, and regulate energy to
neighborhoods, schools, hospitals, industries and other areas, located nearby. It can be connected to an
existent electric grid and can work separately from this electrical grid (island mode) as well as use a smart
switch. The University of Wisconsin-Madison created a microgrid that consists of two generation systems
connected to various loads. In order to obtain power quality measurements, this system has SEL relays
connected to it that only allow the monitoring of local quantities at a specific location. The purpose of the
study was to to obtain voltages and current measurements in every node and branch of the system with
precise time stamp. In that way, it is possible to measure phase angle and local frequency of the voltage
and currents in each node and branch. Therefore, as part of the project, it was important to develop
proficiency in basic microgrids, monitoring and control of power systems in general, deploying database
systems for energy analysis purposes and software development for the microgrid. The goal of this project
was to provide instantaneous phasor quantities, as well as power quality metrics in both on- and off- line
fashion. That means, visualize synchronized phasor measurements of various power quantities in the UW-
Microgrid.
126

FEASIBILITY OF RESIDENTIAL WIND ENERGY GENERATION IN PUERTO RICO
Rachid Darbali Zamora, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Best
Poster
Research Mentors: Prof. Pieter Van der Meer and Prof. Agustín Irizarry Rivera, University of Puerto
Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
In Puerto Rico, the rising cost of electrical energy from fossil fuels has created the necessity to use other
energy sources for electricity generation. It is no secret that the wind is one of the most abundant
renewable energy sources in the world and that its ever growing application towards energy generation is
environmentally friendly and helps reduce harmful emissions that contribute to pollution. Wind
generation can contribute to achieve energy security. Wind energy is an endogenous and clean source of
energy. Due to high population density, urban spread, lack of a land use plan and the ever-growing
concerns for the safety of flora and fauna, large-scale commercial wind generation has met with
increasing public opposition. Recent available wind speed data from the Caribbean Coastal Ocean
Observing System (CariCOOS), collected in the West, South, East and North of Puerto Rico, have been
analyzed to help select a small set of residential wind turbines capable of operating in this wind regime.
An economic analysis and net present value (NPV) of the energy produced in selected locations was also
performed.
BIOMETRIC ACCESS CONTROL FOR PRIVACY PRESERVATION IN REMOTE
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD ACCESS DURING PRE-HOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE
José R. Díaz Palacios, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Prof. Amirhossein Chinaei, and Prof. Pieter Van der Meer, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagǜez, Puerto Rico.
Patient information is essential to providing a proper and efficient health service. Modern hospitals keep
track of patient’s records in electronic form called Electronic Health Records (EHR). However, EHR are
considered exclusive to the hospital environment and so neglect patients in an emergency situation in a
pre-hospital environment. Therefore, a fingerprint scanning system is proposed that allows medical
personnel to access a version of a patient’s EHR before arriving at the hospital. The system consists of a
USB fingerprint scanner, a Tablet PC for mobility and a database. It works as follows: patients from any
hospital pay a visit to their respective medical centers to create their emergency EHR version. After this
data has been logged into the database and if that person becomes a patient in an emergency situation, the
emergency medical technicians (EMT) will be able to access the attributes of a patient's EHR needed to
save his/her life while at the same time maintaining the patient’s identifiable information private.
127

A LOW-LOSS VOLTAGE ACTUATED SWITCH USING METAL-POLYMER
NANOCOMPOSITE
Daniel Drew, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Research Mentors: Prof. Jeffrey Lang, Prof. Vladimir Bulović, Department of Electrical Engineering &
Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The electronics industry faces a serious challenge as it attempts to decrease transistor size following
Moore’s law; the extremely high energy usage per bit of information manipulated has already placed
practical limits on device design and currently stands as the one of the largest obstacles towards further
miniaturization of electronics. A zero-leakage switch on the nano-scale would help to decrease the
amount of energy lost per cycle as we escape from basic transistor physics in an effort to continue device
scaling into the foreseeable future. This research focuses on a voltage actuated switch created using a
polymer, PDMS, highly doped with nickel microparticles in order to make it piezoresistive. Previous
work in this area saw issues with poor particle dispersion, high necessary strain, and low levels of
repeatability. These problems were remedied via surface functionalization of the nickel with a
methoxysilane, refined device design and fabrication techniques, and optimization of material proportions
in the composite. The results show an overall positive outlook for the future of this approach in creating a
nano-scale low loss switch.
THE IMPROVEMENT OF PHOTOSYSTEM I DEPOSITION USING A SPIN-COATING
METHOD
Karla M. Dumeng Monroig, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Kane Jennings and Dr. Darlene Gunther, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee.
Photosystem I (PSI) is a photocatalytic protein complex that drives photosynthesis in green plants and
cyanobacteria. PSI extracted from plants and deposited onto a surface can convert solar energy to
electrical energy. Previous methods, such as vacuum-assisted assembly, face challenges when depositing
PSI onto an active electrode, including lengthy deposition time and controlling the coverage and
uniformity of the PSI film. Here PSI, which is extracted from the spinach leaf, was deposited onto a gold
substrate by spin-coating for the first time in order to optimize the coverage of the PSI layer. The spincoating
method consisted of adding an aqueous solution of PSI onto a gold substrate and then rotating it
to remove the water from the system, obtaining a thick film of PSI that can be rinsed down to a dense
monolayer. Electrochemical experiments using a 3-electrode cell show that photocurrents of ~50-100
nA/cm 2 were obtained for samples with thicknesses of ~40-80 Å. The spin-coating method provided
improved uniform deposition of PSI, in an order of magnitude faster than vacuum-assisted assembly, and
created a consistent light-induced current. For future work, thicker films of PSI will be deposited with the
aim of increasing the photocatalytic response of the system.
Best
Poster
128

NITRIDING TO POWER BOT ON IRON WEAPON
Norman I. Fabre Martes, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Ángel González Lizardo, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
The universe is 99% plasma, the fourth state of matter. The focus of this study was to use basic
knowledge of plasma to upgrade the weapon of a robot to obtain a better performance against an
opponent. Plasma nitriding was used to transform the mechanical properties of material. The parameters
of plasma, such as density, pressure, voltage and others, were applied to create an optimum weapon that
could handle any type of impact and in that way would protect the unit. When the difference on the
Rockwell Hardness tester was compared, the material submitted to the plasma nitriding went from an
average of 18 HRC to 20.5 HRC, successfully obtaining a 2.5 HRC gain.
CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE TO BENEFIT BIO-SYSTEMS
AND BODIES OF WATER GUÁNICA RÍO LOCO WATERSHED SPECIAL PROJECT 2010
Jasmine I. Figueroa González, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Rolando Collazo, Civil Engineer, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service,
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Academic Mentor:Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Puerto
Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The Guánica Bay and its coral reefs have been severely damaged by sediments due to soil erosion as a
consequence of land use conversion from sugar-use and by poorly managed land-use practices. These
sediments reach the bay through runoff or river discharge from the Río Loco River, which is the largest
river draining into the bay and which suffers moderate bank erosion in many areas. This research has
focused on the design and construction process of land conservation practices in farms in the southern
area of Puerto Rico. Natural Resource Conservation Services Puerto Rico (NRCS), in partnership with
other agencies, such as the Department of Natural Resources, have taken the initiative to restore this area,
beginning with the Río Loco Watershed Project. NRCS’ work seeks to address Local Action Strategies
(LAS) related to land based sources of pollution by reducing loss of coral reef cover through the
promotion and application of watershed and land use management practices on agricultural lands. The
application of engineering conservation practices such as Irrigation Water Reservoir (Code 436), Grassed
Waterway (Code 412) and Water and Sediment Control Basin (Code 638) are essential to improving the
water and bio-systems of the bay. The main purpose is to control water runoff and the water that flows out
of Río Loco. This will prevent erosion and crop damage. Controlling these waters also help reduce the
amount of sediment deposits that reach the bay, thus protecting coral reef systems.
129

A DYNAMIC SWARM FORMATION AND SEPARATION APPROACH TO ARTIFICIAL
POTENTIAL FIELD COLLISION AVOIDANCE
Miriam A. Figueroa Santos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Saad Biaz, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
Path planning and collision avoidance for unmanned aerial systems (UAV) has been a growing area of
research because of their increasing importance in both the civilian and military aviation sectors. This
study introduces a method for implementing dynamic swarm formation and separation within an artificial
potential field (APF) framework for collision avoidance. Bivariate normal APF functions were combined
with field limit functions to form the basis of a collision avoidance system. Swarm rules were then
implemented to allow for flexible close formation flight of clustered UAVs that were headed towards
clustered waypoints. Vehicles in close formation flight patterns ignore each other's APFs and effectively
combine their fields in order to decrease unnecessary APF interference with other UAVs in the airspace.
MODULAR SOFTWARE COMPONENTS FOR EARLY INTEGRATION AND EXPLORATION
OF COMPONENTS DEVELOPED FOR FUTURE ESA MISSIONS
Hector Y Franqui Pagán, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Luisa M. Lara López, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Spain.
During recent years, the research conducted by the European Space Agency (ESA) has increased,
launching satellite missions such as Mars Express, Rosetta, Venus Express, among others. As part of a
developing project called Cosmic Vision and to answer its first theme, “What are the conditions for planet
formation and the emergence of life?”, the EChO (Exoplanet Characterization Observatory,
sci.esa.int/echo/) mission is created to characterize atmospheres of planets outside the solar system and
determine if there are suitable conditions for life in them. The project, part of EChO, consists of
developing simulators for data processing systems to integrate and explore new equipment needed in the
development of instruments and components required for the mission. To achieve that, a FPGA (Field
Programmable Gate Array) board with the RTEMS (Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems)
was used and loaded into the board to simulate a real micro-controller with many high-level software
functionalities programmed in Java. They became then a set of independent modules with a flexible
command interpreter, a housekeeper and a serial communication module capable of sending/receiving
data. The completed modules were manually translated into C++ so they can be compiled for use on the
RTEMS Operating System. Because of some technical problems with the FPGA, a simulated
environment for the RTEMS OS complete with working network ports was used for testing the complete
modules. If successful, those integrated modules as described will form the foundation for future
development of equipment that will operate the mission's instruments and components.
130

ASSESSING MODELING PARAMETERS FOR COLUMN BASEPLATES USING GENETIC
ALGORITHM
Michelle García, University of California, Irvine, California.
Research Mentor: Dr. Farzin Zareian, University of California, Irvine, California.
Limited research has been done towards the modeling of behavior of column base connections even
though they are very common structural components. From that partial research analytical models have
been developed; however, such computer simulations tend to have a rough match to the actual data. The
aim of this research was to assess baseplate modeling parameters for baseplate analytical models that are
capable of capturing the behavior of such components in different loading regimes. The structural
modeling software used is the Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, OpenSees, and
Matlab was used for Genetic Algorithm, GA, and optimization. While using Matlab, a genetic algorithm
module was used to calculate three baseplate modeling parameters. At this time, results show that the GA
module can generate promising estimates of baseplate modeling parameters. The simplified baseplate
model in OpenSees will help fit the experimental data provided by NEES to find the parameters of a
bilinear material with Genetic Algorithm.
DIURNAL TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON DATALOGGERS, ETI LOAD CELLS AND
VIBRATING WIRES
Nitza M. García, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Albert Jachcik, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.
The accuracy in the data collection process is very important for atmospheric sciences, particularly when
it comes to snowfall measurement. This study was designed to measure the effect of varying temperatures
on Campbell Scientific dataloggers, ETI gauge load cells, and GEONOR gauge vibrating wires. These
tests will determine what effect varying temperatures have on precipitation measurements. This
experiment was performed in NCAR’s cold chamber. A special enclosure was designed to house the
instruments and allow the temperature to be varied from 30 o C to −12 o C. The control location was
outside the thermal chamber and the test location was inside. During the tests, either the datalogger would
be maintained at the control temperature, or the load cell/vibrating wire to determine the effects that
varying temperature has on each of the components. The first scenario was with the load cell and
vibrating wire inside of the thermal chamber; and the test datalogger exposed to the cold environment.
Contrary to this one, the second scenario was with the test datalogger inside of the thermal chamber, and
the load cell and vibrating wire exposed to the cold environment. The experimental results of the first
scenario showed that there was a correlation between the accumulation measurements of the load cell and
vibrating wire with the varying temperatures to which these instruments were exposed; the correlation
values were 0.965 and 0.996, respectively. The experimental results of the second scenario showed that
there was a correlation of -1 between the measurement of the load cell and the varying temperatures of the
test datalogger. However, the vibrating wire did not show correlation with the varying temperatures of the
test datalogger with an R-squared value of 99.9%. The general results showed that the temperature
variations do affect the measurements of the load cell and vibrating wires. However, when just the
datalogger temperatures vary, only the measurement of the load cell is affected. It is recommended that
the datalogger temperature should be kept constant at field sites to reduce the effects of this problem.
131

CENTRIFUGE TESTING TO EVALUATE SEISMIC LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ON
BURIED RESERVOIR
Christian G. Hernández Negrón, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Shideh Dashti, Assistant Professor, Geotechnical Centrifuge Facility-Department of
Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying,
University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) has planned to change its system of
emergency water storage to meet water quality regulations and protect reservoirs from exposure to
environmental contaminants. Buried reservoirs will be constructed at the Headwork Spreading Grounds.
Los Angeles, with its surrounding active faults, faces a high seismic risk. Hence, these new structures
must be designed to safely withstand the forces of an earthquake. Of particular interest are the total lateral
earth pressures (static and seismic) and bending moments acting on the reservoir walls. These forces are
currently not well-understood in geotechnical engineering practice. The objective of this study was to
generate well-documented case histories on the seismic response of these structures under controlled
conditions in the geotechnical centrifuge. When physically modeling a soil-structure system on the
centrifuge, realistic confining pressures can be replicated in a small scale model that is more costeffective.
This is important because soil response is highly dependent on the stress state in a non-linear
manner. While the model is spinning under increased gravity, the shake table applies 1-D earthquake
loads to the base of the container in flight. Displacement transducers, pressure sensors, strain gauges, and
accelerometers were used to monitor the response of the soil and structure at key locations. These
centrifuge tests served two goals: 1) provide insight into seismic soil-structure-interaction near buried
reservoirs; and 2) provide data to calibrate and validate numerical models that are then used for the design
of these structures. All procedures were properly carried out in the laboratory to meet the objective
outlined above.
PRELIMINARY DOME DESIGN SIZING TOOL
Ruben Jaca, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Stephen W. Richardson, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama.
Prof. Pieter Van der Meer and Prof. Jayanta Banerjee, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Domes are used for the end closure of pressurized cylindrical shells for aircraft, missile, and space vehicle
structures. For this study, a preliminary design dome sizing tool is developed using Excel, which can
calculate the weight, and identify geometric profiles and stress distributions of a family of domes for
aerospace applications, including launch vehicle tankage, and orbital pressure vessels. Uniform internal
pressure (neglecting any head pressure contributions), typical aerospace aluminum alloy properties,
existing and historical launch vehicle diameters, and a 1.4 safety factor are some of the assumptions that
were made to obtain a comparison between the families of ellipsoidal domes. The Dome Sizing Tool was
validated by conducting a stress analysis with Pro- E.
132

USING SODIUM SPECTRA FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN A COUNTERFLOW
FLAME
Daniel J. Jaimes, University of California, Irvine, California.
Research Mentor: Dr. Derek Dunn-Rankin, University of California, Irvine, California.
The relationship between temperature and the spectral response of sodium has long been used as a nonintrusive
method for determining the thermal characteristics of flames. Originally, the sodium D line
reversal method for temperature measurement was shown to be reliable, widely applicable, and able to
provide unsteady temperature information. The procedure discussed here describes a modified yet
similar, non-intrusive sodium-based technique for acquiring temperature profiles in a laminar
water/air/methane flame. In this case, a tungsten filament halogen lamp is calibrated using blackbody
radiation theory and electrical resistivity principles in order to establish a relationship between power
input and filament temperature. In the experimental setup, the calibrated lamp is used as the light source
and is projected opposite a spectrometer lens, with the target flame between the source and lens. The
thermal excitation of the sodium species in the flame is characterized by significant irradiance measured
by the spectrometer at 589.0 and 589.6 nm; these so-called D-lines correspond to a bright yellow color.
When the light from the tungsten filaments at these same wavelengths is no longer brighter than the light
from the flame sodium, Kirchoff’s law establishes that the corresponding lamp temperature is equivalent
to the flame temperature. Since the lamp light traverses the flame, the measurement is a depth integrated
average that is particularly useful in steady and one-dimensional flames. Overall, the goal of this
experiment is to provide a cost effective, non-invasive method of acquiring bulk temperatures of such
flames.
PROXIMITY SENSING AND WARNING TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION FOR HEAVY
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATION
Michael Kuku, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
Research Mentor: Dr. Jochen Teizer, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
The construction industry is annually among the leading industries in the U.S. related to workplace
fatalities, but the industry only employs 8% of the workforce. The atmosphere of a construction jobsite
often requires workers and equipment operators to work at close proximity. In 2010 the construction
industry accounted for 17.4% of all workplace fatalities. 17.5% percent of these fatalities resulted from
workers being struck by an object or construction equipment. These fatalities are a result of non-visible
areas (blind spots) for equipment operators, because equipment operators are unable to see ground
workers at certain locations around large pieces of equipment. The primary objective of this research was
to review and evaluate the capabilities of current and emerging proximity detection and warning systems
to provide alerts when heavy construction equipment and workers are in too close proximity to each
other. This research presents fundamental analysis of the implementation of several types of proximity
detection/warning systems that provide workers with a “second chance” if another safety best practice is
disregarded. These proximity warning systems included Radar, Geographical Positioning Systems (GPS),
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Magnetic Marking Fields, and vision detection devices including
video cameras in combination with other proximity detection and warning systems. Experimental trials
and reviews will show capabilities of proximity sensing and warning technologies to provide alerts to
equipment operators at different pre-determined proximity alert ranges. The results suggest that safety can
be improved on construction jobsites by implementing real-time proximity sensing and warning
technology.
133

STUDENT AND CAREER EXPERIENCES PROGRAM WITH THE USDA FOREST SERVICE
Josué López Alejandro, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Elizabeth McMullen, Deputy Director of Engineering, USDA Forest Service, Regional
Office (Southern Region) Atlanta, Georgia.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Director, Civil Engineering Department, University of
Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The USDA Forest Service, in partnership with the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, has developed
an agreement to have students experience the Forest Service mission. This agreement is called the Student
Career Experience Program (SCEP). The Forest Service works closely with the public to provide it with
recreational opportunities, environmental education, and good natural resources such as timber, minerals,
and wildlife. In addition, the Forest Service coordinates closely with other federal, state, and local
agencies in fighting wild fires on federal lands. Today, the Forest Service is focused on the full range of
values that Americans and foreign visitors want from forests and grasslands - from experiencing outdoor
wonders to exploring the treasures of the National Forests. The SCEP agreement provides for federal
work experiences directly related to the student’s educational program and career goals. It has the
potential for noncompetitive conversion into the Federal career service. It also provides students with an
overview of the entire agency and all of the professional duties related with a Forest Service civil
engineering career. Involving students in active participation with professional engineers is the principal
methodology for the program. The following are activities carried on during the internship: Conducting
meetings/workshops/training with the professional engineers. Identifying goals and objectives. Typical
areas include environmental issues, resource sustainability, hazardous material management, roads,
bridges and facilities. Conducting a series of visits to many places to see engineering work in progress.
Comparing topics learned in the classroom with the work done in the field. Making documentation related
with the work. For example, this summer two Operations and Maintenance Manuals for recreation areas
were written as well as a letter of recommendation related to an inspection, progress reports for daily
work and other related documentation. After all of these activities, the students become qualified
engineers for work in the Forest Service. In conclusion, after 2 full summers, they receive the job offer
and all the necessary experiences to be good professional engineers. Finally, they comply with the agency
goal and expectations making new friends, and all kinds of new experiences for their own benefit as
persons and as professionals playing a role in society.
134

OPEN SOURCE, ARDUINO-BASED, TEMPERATURE MONITORING AND HAZARD
AVOIDANCE SYSTEM FOR A HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING CENTER
Reynaldo López Roig, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Marvi Teixeira and Prof. Félix Nevárez, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico,
San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Monitoring the temperature on an HPC (High Performance Computing) Center is critical for everyday
operation. Hot temperatures can lead to equipment deterioration and malfunction. Commercial
temperature monitoring systems that can be easily implemented often come with additional cost and
decreased functionality, with limited expandability and customization options. In order to address the
shortcoming of such commercial systems we developed a low cost solution. Our proposed temperature
monitoring device features low power-consumption, low profile and is capable of operating reliably and
making autonomous decisions regarding safe operating conditions. If unacceptable temperatures are
detected, the system determines whether a partial or a full system automatic shutdown is necessary. The
decision is based on user-defined boundaries and the HPC administrator is notified through e-mail and
SMS messages. This system offers increased levels of customization by offering users a wide range of
options when programming the device. Because it is open source, it can be easily modified to fit the
requirements of any HPC center.
This work was partially supported by DOD grant: 58923-CS-REP, Award # W911NF1110180.
TESTING THE INTEGRITY OF STEEL GRAVITY FRAMES SUBJECTED TO LARGE
VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS: CONNECTION COMPONENT AND BOLT TESTS
Stephanie López Cruz, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Jonathan Weigand, Graduate Student, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Professor, Department Director, Civil Engineering,
University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Researchers at the University of Washington (UW), Purdue University (PU) and the University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) have been studying the behavior of steel gravity frame systems during an
event in which a column collapses or loses its ability to support gravity load. In this situation, alternate
load paths must be developed to support the gravity load and prevent the collapse of the structure. At UW
various connection geometries, including single shear plate, bolted angle and top-and-seat connections
were tested. Preliminary results showed that single plate shear connections failed by bearing on or tear out
of the bolts through the shear plate or beam web. Also, with each additional bolt, the return on strength
diminished. Bolted angle failures depended on the thickness of the angle, and they achieved larger
rotations than shear plates before their initial failure. A bolt test was also designed to test the capacity of
the bolts used during the connection tests. Results showed that these bolts had a higher shear capacity
than their specified shear strength.
135

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW DYNAMIC NANOINDENTATION TECHNIQUE TO
DETERMINE THE VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF BONE
Luis O. Lozada-Algarín, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. George M. Pharr, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Bone is a complex material with microstructural features at several length scales. Its mechanical
properties are affected over time by aging and diseases like osteoporosis that result in signifcant health
costs and quality of life issues. The purpose of this research was to characterize the mechanical properties
characterization in human bones for donors ranging in age from 20 to 99. The hypothesis for this study
was that “viscous energy dissipation plays a significant role in a bone’s resistance to fracture, and that
bone’s viscoelastic behavior will be influenced by hydration status.” Bone tissue, and particularly
hydrated bone tissue, is a viscoelastic material. To measure the viscoelastic mechanical properties, a new
dynamic nanoindentation technique was developed. It consisted of penetrating the sample with a diamond
indenter to the desired maximum load with a small oscillating load superimposed on the primary load
signal at different frequencies. Through an appropriate analysis, this can be used to measure the capacity
of the material to store and dissipate energy. As part of the research, 20 nanoindentations were made in
dry human bone. The experiments showed that the storage modulus is not affected by the increase in
frequency, but the loss modulus decreases with an increase in frequency. Experiments were also
performed in water as a first step toward future experiments to be conducted in wet human bones. The
experiments in water showed that the initial indenter contact with the water surface produces a reduction
in stiffness caused by meniscus formation around the tip due to surface tension.
FLEXIBLE AND PROTECTIVE BIO-INSPIRED ARMOR SYSTEMS
Eduan E. Martínez-Soto, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Stephan Rudykh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
The understanding of the mechanics of composites plays an important role in the design of protective
structures. The focus of this work was specifically on biologically inspired scale-armors presented at
fishes. The aim of this research was to identify optimal geometrical arrangements that can gain flexibility
and protection. These systems are characterized by volume fractions, geometrical parameters, and
mechanical properties, among others. To this end, finite elements (FE) based on code were developed and
different configurations were analyzed. Parallel to this, an analytical model was developed. These
approaches shed light on the governing parameters and their role in overall material performance. Next,
these finding were compared with the experimental results of 3D printed prototypes. This research will
enable a good understanding of the complex structure and help in the future of protective materials at the
macroscopic level, for example, helping in the development of more tough and flexible human body
armors. The results of these experimental, numerical and analytical methods are presented.
136

HYDROGEN GAS FROM WASTE WATER: THE STUDY OF HOW ORGANIC WASTE CAN
BE REPURPOSED AS RENEWABLE ENERGY
Jenine N. McKoy, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia.
Research Mentor: Dr. Domingo Guinea, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.
The study of alternative energy is extremely important for life and human survival on earth. As time has
progressed, the need for energy has increased in astonishing rates. In order to meet the increasing demand
of the last two centuries, the world has been relying solely on non-renewable energy sources, primarily
fossil fuels, as sources of power. As the extraction and use of non-renewable energy has increased, the
environmental consequences of the overuse have also taken a devastating toll on the Earth. Now that the
demand is an all time high, fossil fuels are being depleted and the effects of non-renewable energy is
having an adverse effect on the balance of earth’s system, advancements toward alternative energy are
imperative for the future. Alternative energy is the only option that will have the ability to efficiently
power a high energy demanding future, while ceasing adverse effects on the planet. In recent years, with
the knowledge that renewable energy reserves are being depleted, alternative renewable energy sources
are in high demand; ultimately, the process of extracting hydrogen gas from waste water, in order to serve
as fuel, serves as a advancement towards alternative energy sources. This research project involved the
interdisciplinary study of environmental engineering or environmental problem solving, in order to study
how waste water byproducts from industrial fields can become fuel resources, and can be used to
ultimately produce hydrogen gas. In order to study findings and data, a series of strategic and specific
trials and modeling, accompanied with newly engineered apparatuses that involve the electrolysis and gas
analysis process, were instrumental in this project. The data generated specifically honed in on the
quantity and efficiency of the hydrogen gas production process as the waste concentrate composition
varied. Ultimately, the results produced will show the potential, efficacy and efficiency of hydrogen gas
as alternative energy resources.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A PARTICLE TRACKING ALGORITHM FOR CODAR HF RADARS
IN THE MONA PASSAGE
Humberto Mercader, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: André Amador, Prof. Miguel Canals, Prof. Jorge Corredor, Prof. Julio Morell, Prof.
Pieter Van der Meer, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The purpose of this study was to implement a particle tracking algorithm intended for search and rescue
operations (SAROPS) as well as forecasting sea surface dispersion of pollutants in the Mona Passage.
The Mona Passage is an important transport route between the Atlantic and the Panama Canal; also, it is
known to have rough sea states consistently. David Kaplan’s particle tracking Matlab routines were
adapted to use sea surface current data acquired by two high-frequency (HF) radar stations located on the
west coast of Puerto Rico. First, the Geometric Dilution of Precision was computed to assess geometric
errors in the measurements and to establish a quantitative threshold to filter unreliable data. Initial
analysis of results revealed that vector derived data from CODAR HF radars considerably agreed with
particle movement for each time step. Additionally, a graphical user interface was developed to accept
initial coordinates and dates of multiple particles as input to plot a set of corresponding trajectories on a
Google Maps view of the Mona Passage. After further refinement of the particle-tracking algorithm for
CODAR HF radar sea surface current measurements, the algorithm on other surface current measurement
models such as NCOM AMSEAs and ROMS was expected to be implemented.
BO
137

ON-CHIP VAPOR DETECTION USING MULTIPLEXED POLYMER COATED MICRO
RESONATOR SENSORS
Schatzi C. Miranda, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Ali Abidi, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
This project focused on the characterization and profiling of different polymers for their use on an on-chip
optical gas sensing device. The sensor is Silicon on Insulator (SOI) substrate with an array of microring
resonators, each with polymer cladding. When analytes are present in the environment, the polymer film
coating the devices absorbs them; this results in a change in thickness and refractive index of the polymer
film. By monitoring the resonance spectra of the polymer at a fixed wavelength, a resonance spectral shift
can be observed. This shift is indicative of an increase or decrease in the reflected intensity due to
polymer/analyte interaction. In order to improve on the device’s response time, resolution and sensitivity,
four distinct polymer response patterns to an analyte were studied. Polymer coating onto the devices was
carried out by using a precision inkjet printer in a clean room environment. A confocal microscope and a
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were employed to image and take measurements of drop diameter
and volume approximations. A profilometer was used to measure polymer film thickness. the experiments
carried out were presented in order to improve polymer film homogeneity and control the thickness of the
polymer dropped onto our device. Results demonstrated that the thickness and diameter of the film are
dependent upon the surface energy of the substrate; a hydrophobic surface is more favorable for film
formation. By adding a non-sticky hydrophobic monolayer onto the substrate, drop size was reduced by
41.6% allowing for a more controlled precision printing onto our devices. Results will also demonstrate
that film diameter is proportional to the amount of drops that are put onto the substrate and its relationship
is on a ratio of 5:1.
DIRECT LINKING OF MAGNETIC NANOANTENNAE TO NEURONS
Moisés Montalvo Lafontaine, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Best
Poster
Research Mentor: Dr. Polina Anikeeva, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can facilitate remote cell manipulation by radio-frequency heating of the
ion channels on cellular membranes. In order to deliver local heating, the MNPs need to be attached
directly to the ion channels. In this project, a generalized protocol for bio-functionalization of MNPs of
tertiary ferrites MeFe2O4 (Me=Mn, Co, Ni) was developed. Confocal microscopy in live mammalian cell
cultures was used to establish the effectiveness of the protocol. Finally, the heating properties of the
functionalized MNPs in solution as well as in the live cell cultures were assessed.
138

EMBEDDED-CONTROL FOR BALL & BEAM SYSTEM
Reinaldo L. Mulero Nieves, Alexander Ortiz Rivera, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Gerson Beauchamp, Prof. Manuel Jiménez, and Prof. Pieter Van der Meer,
University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
The MSP430-FG4618 microcontroller (MCU) from Texas Instrument was used to create an embedded
system with the objective of controlling the Ball & Beam System from Quanser Inc. The Ball & Beam is
one of the modules in the Process Instrumentation and Control Laboratory of the Electrical and Computer
Engineering department in the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagűez, and is currently used as a learning
tool to implement the Control System theory offered by the courses of Digital Control Systems
(INEL5508) and Introduction to Control Systems (INEL4505). Currently the realization of the controllers
that are designed for the course project are done by using MATLAB/Simulink through a data acquisition
card, but in the industry and real world applications, embedded sytems are mostly used to implement
control systems. The purpose of the research was to create a functional prototype that will serve as the
foundation for a new course project with the objective of providing additional software and hardware
knowledge to students enrolled in the Digital Control System course. Details of the embedded design
control system are presented. The results of the continuous and discrete time designs were successful in
controlling and regulating the behavior of the Ball and Beam System and within the desired characteristic
responses.
INDIRECT MOLYBDENUM-CATALYZED OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS
Arnaldo A. Negrón Marty, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Professor Klavs F. Jensen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
Visible spectroscopy and gas chromatography (GC) are being employed to study the role of a
molybdenum (VI) catalyst in the oxidation of alcohols. Small-scale batch reactions were performed to
accurately measure the kinetics of catalysis. Initially, benzyl alcohol was used as a model substrate to get
first insight into the mechanism of the reactions and analyze the product selectivity. This model system
showed successful alcohol oxidation and the transient appearance of a blue catalyst intermediate
supported the mechanistic hypothesis of the reaction. In a next step, cyclohexanol oxidations were
performed to study the ketone production therein. As expected, this reaction showed a higher selectivity
than using benzyl alcohol, and a sustainably high reaction rate. This was rationalized by a test reaction, in
which we found that the catalyst can be poisoned by carboxylic acids, which are absent in the
cyclohexanol case. A potential application of these results is the enhancement of nylon-6 monomer
production, where a high ketone-to-alcohol ratio is desired. Furthermore, the developed reaction has the
potential to be scaled-up in a continuous way, for the production of large amounts of product.
139

WINGTIP VORTEX REDUCTION USING FLOW DISRUPTIVE AND FLOW ENABLING
WINGTIP DESIGNS
Jonathan Nieves Meléndez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Research Mentors: Dr. Jayanta Banerjee and Prof. Pieter Van der Meer, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagűez, Puerto Rico.
Wake turbulence has been the reason for many delayed commercial airline flights and the cause of several
unfortunate accidents on the runways. This effect comes from the airflow passing over and under an
aerofoil and rolling of the wingtip causing a spiral flow that can reach high velocities, low pressure and
high internal forces. This is referred to as wingtip vortex. If wingtip vortices could be reduced the effect
should be a smaller period of wake turbulence succeeding a commercial airplane’s takeoff or landing, and
therefore safer and quicker takeoffs and landings for other airplanes. Using 3D Modeling Engineering
Software, it was possible to recreate a commercial airline’s wing design for evaluation, using other simple
computer rendered designs of wingtip attachments to understand the effects of different types of design.
Two groups were assigned for evaluations which were the flow disruptive tips and the flow enabling tips.
The flow disruptive one had the idea of using design to counteract the vortex flow and accelerate the
instabilities within the flow so that it would quickly dissipate. The flow enabling one would instead
facilitate the vortex flow so that the process would begin earlier hoping to reduce the life span of the
vortex. Using CDF software to test the different wingtip designs it was possible to compare the vortex
generation on each one. The flow disruptive one did shorten the life span of the vortex but generated
many more with erratic behavior. The flow enabling one was much more efficient in reducing the wake
turbulence close to one third of the original wingtip design. Comparing these results using wingtips that
facilitate the airflow rolling from the tip of the wing could potentially improve current airplane designs to
increase the number of aircrafts that could launch and be airborne at a given moment. Further research to
study the effects of these designs on drag and fuel efficiency is recommended.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF NEW MUSICAL TRANSCRIPTIONS IN
PUERTO RICO
José M. Orellano Vega, Joel Corporán, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Joan Torres, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The study of music and its aspects has always intrigued people everywhere. Throughout time, music has
been an expression of self and communication of feelings, ideas and thoughts to others more than
anything else. Not everyone may agree on which category of music is the best, but it is certain that
everyone likes at least one type of music. To be able to express oneself through music, one needs to have
some kind of knowledge of music, even if it is general. Moreover, to play an instrument or sing, the
ability to read and/or compose music is a necessity. Not everyone shares this ability, and for those who do
not and want to be able to express themselves through music, it is really difficult to do so. One of the
areas of musical development that can contribute most to an individual’s musical knowledge is music
transcription. Not many people are looking for an answer that can resolve problems with music
transcription and unknown chords that cannot be identified. However, the results are something that can
be found while seeking for answers based on new knowledge. To find an answer to this unresolved
problem as described, information on every subject involving the behavior of different frequencies acting
together will be investigated and tested using several electronic measuring devices. It is expected that for
example, new approaches for identifying chords electronically will lead to the development of newly
patented products in Puerto Rico. The intent is to locate the development and production of these new
musical transcripts in West Puerto Rico, where the concepts and the discoveries of new musical
knowledge have been and still are originating! The global demand for these new musical transcripts is
expected to be on a massive scale, a phenomenon never seen before.
140

DETERMINING THE HEADWAY AND SATURATION FLOW RATE FOR TRANSIT BUSES
AT A SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION
Alisa V. Ortiz Colón, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Rahim F. Benekohal, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Department Director, Civil Engineering and Surveying,
University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
This research illustrates the ideal values of headway and saturation traffic flow rate. These factors were
measured by implementing the Highway Capacity Manual 2010 method, which consists of visually
observing and analyzing traffic flow movement at a signalized intersection. This research work portrayed
that passenger car headways increase from first to second position in queue. In addition, when the traffic
queue reached saturation in the middle and right lane, the values for saturation flow rate for passenger
cars were 1,627 and 1,676 vehicles per hour per lane, respectively, at the study site. This study also
displayed that transit bus headways were approximately 1.3 times longer than passenger car headways.
Based on these results, it is believed that the proposed values will help adjust and improve the
intersection’s capacity design criteria currently used.
MORPHOLOGY CONTROL VIA SUBSTRATE PATTERNING IN ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS
Idaliz M. Ortiz Martínez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Baskar Ganapathysubramanian, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) are photovoltaic devices that utilize a polymer-fullerene blend for solar
power conversion, rather than crystalline silicon - as in traditional solar cells. This unique configuration
offers advantages that differentiate them from inorganic designs; this includes lightweightness, flexibility,
and a more economical means of mass-production. Unfortunately, OSCs suffer from relatively low
efficiencies and short lifespans, preventing them from commercial success. However, recent studies have
shown that the performance of these devices strongly depends on the polymer/fullerene microstructure.
This suggests that effectively tuning the morphology may lead to higher efficiencies. Though complete
control remains elusive, different methods have been developed, including thermal annealing, solvent
annealing, and the addition of various additives. Another promising approach is through substrate
patterning; or introducing a pattern of surface energies onto the substrate before thermal or solvent
annealing. Success in related fields indicates that this may be an effective means for influencing the
morphology. To carry out this research, a validated computational framework developed to model a
binary system undergoing thermal-induced and substrate-induced phase separation was used. Its use was
to quantify the effects of substrate patterning on the morphology and subsequently determine the capacity
for morphology control towards higher efficiencies in organic solar cells.
141

VARIABLE ENERGY ANALYZER ENCHANMENTS AT THE PUPR PLASMA
LABORATORY
Alexander Pellicier Tossas, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Ángel González Lizardo, Dr. Edbertho Leal, Polytechnic University, San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
The main problem with the Variable Energy Analyzer (VEA) probe is the frailness of this instrument
when changing the mesh that could be burned. The complication arises when the technician has to
remove the grids from the probe to replace the photographic mesh of 500 ipl. In order to do so, the probe
needs to be completely disassembled and by doing so, it is possible to damage any of the pieces of the
probe. With the use of the Pro-Engineer C.A.D. software, it is possible to redesign this probe in order to
make it more efficient and easier to work with. With Pro-Engineer, it has been possible to design new
ideas for this probe that could help further plasma research and the use of the Variable Energy Analyzer.
Now the Plasma Laboratory of the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico has a new model of a Variable
Energy Analyzer. The design meets all the requirements of the Plasma Laboratory in order to manufacture
the new parts and modify those that need any modification.
EFFECT OF NITRIC OXIDE ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RED BLOOD CELLS
USING MICROFLUIDIC ANALYSIS
Pablo J. Pérez Pereira, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Sha Huang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Red blood cells (RBCs) are a very important element in human bodies. One of their functions is to
transport oxygen throughout our body. Also, the RBCs can synthesize nitric oxide (NO) when exposed to
physical changes that alter their mechanical properties. Some studies have been able to relate the effect of
(NO) with the deformability of the RBCs, indicating that it affects their mechanical properties. The
change of these properties was analyzed by observing the RBCs as they pass through a microfabricated
device. Also in this project it was necessary to use different concentrations of NO. In the devices, each
RBC had to pass through obstacles that would alter and change their mechanical properties. At the time,
the velocity of the RBCs was measured and plotted in terms of the concentration of NO they were
exposed to. Finally, a dose dependant curve was created that could determine the deformability of the
RBCs in relation to the NO concentration.
142

MEASUREMENT, INSTRUMENTATION, CONTROL & AUTOMATION USING
MODULARIZED SENOR CUBES
Ramiro Piñón Martínez, the University of Texas, El Paso, Texas.
Research Mentor: Dr. Ian Hunter, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The MICA (Measurement, Instrumentation, Control, and Analysis) Project, supported by the MIT
D'Arbeloff Fund for Excellence in Education, consists of the design, creation, and implementation of a
line of sensors assembled in smart, ultraportable “cubes” (25 mm per side) that are linked and wirelessly
controlled from a remote computer. The system is intended to be simple enough for educational purposes
while at the same time accurate enough for laboratory research. The goal of this work was to successfully
implement two new sensors: The Force Sensor and Distance Measurement Sensor. The sensors were
successfully implemented and accomplished the high resolution needed for its research applications. A
small biomechanics study was performed using the EMG and Force sensor of the cubes, were the results
give insight into the versatility and power of the MICA cubes for research applications. In the process, a
highly accurate device to manufacture the MICA cubes was developed. 10 micrometers of precision were
accomplished for this device, providing for the effective and efficient assembly of the final version of the
MICA cubes.
IMPROVED SUSTAINABILITY OF THE MODERN TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART
Orniz J. Quiñones Rivera, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr.=. Jayanta K Banerjee and Prof. Rubén E. Díaz, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The following work focuses on improving the sustainability of Abiomed’s Abiocor total artificial heart.
Problems of power efficiency, heat generation due to misalignment of the Transcutaneous Energy
Transfer (TET) coils, and ergonomics were analyzed. Alternatives for a more efficient energy converter
were compared. It has been found that solenoid actuators offer higher power efficiency, but introduce
other complications such as magnetic interference and possible air leakage, causing thromboembolism.
Consequently, no improvements were made to the heart mechanism, and efforts were focused on the TET
system. A biological heat transfer model, including TET components interaction, was developed using a
Finite Element Method (FEM) software. Using thermal dissipation requirements of the model analysis, a
structural support unit, featuring air forced convection, was designed around the TET outer coil. Better
coil alignment and heat removal properties of the TET system where achieved, along with a more
ergonomic battery belt arrangement.
INVERSE METAMODELING
Jean C. Rivera Nazario, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Mauricio Cabrera-Ríos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Metamodeling implies the use of an empirical model to represent data from another model, the last one
usually coming from a simulation. Typically, the empirical model is fixed by establishing parameters that
can be obtained by a minimization of squared errors within a fixed experimental region. In this work, an
inverse approach was taken: one in which the experimental region varied so that a metamodel with fixed
parameters had the best possible fit. The wider region was where these conditions were satisfied. There
are several potential applications for this development, including genetic sequence alignment or the
search for areas of control models with the physical and chemical industrial processes.
143

FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF KICKING LEG, KICKING TYPE, AND KICKING AREA ON
SOCCER PLAYERS’ ACCURACY DURING DIRECT FREE KICKS
Jean C. Rivera Pabón, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: José A. Santiváñez Guarniz, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
In the history of soccer, free kicks have been a fundamental opportunity to determine the result of many
matches. Commonly, most teams have one or two free kick takers, designated depending on the side and
the distance from the goal to the free kick. There are different techniques to do a free kick such as push
kick or inside-of-the-foot kick, instep kick, and outside kick. The first two are usually used by amateur
and professional soccer players and the last ones are most likely to be used and mastered by elite free kick
takers such as Roberto Carlos and Juan Román Riquelme. Normally, most teams have at least one free
kick per match, where in some cases it is the only opportunity to score a goal. Therefore, before an
official game, the team coach needs to know kick technique, leg, and player that should be selected to do
a free kick according to the side and the distance from the goal. The purpose of this experiment design
was to determine the most viable player, kicking leg, and kicking techniques to score a goal when a direct
free kick occurs during a match. Research has been performed with Universidad del Turabo’s soccer team
and its four free kick takers (two right-handed and two left-handed players) selected by the coach. To
perform this experiment, four critical free kick areas were selected, where the players had to use the
following: two kicking legs (dominant and non-dominant legs), and two kicking types (push and instep
kick). The project team performed a Randomized Complete Block Design model to achieve its purpose.
The experimental results were that the kicking leg and the kicking type had a significant effect on the
accuracy of the kickers, and that players were more accurate using their dominant leg and the inside-offoot
kick. Tukey tests with 95% of confidence interval showed that the dominant leg and non-dominant
leg as well as the push kick and instep kick were significantly different. Finally, the research team
provided the coach with a recommendation of the most viable player to carry out the free kick according
to its location. According to the coach, these results and recommendations where favorable to his decision
making process of selecting the player and kick technique to execute free kicks during the matches of the
next college soccer season during the Liga Atlética Interuniversitaria (LAI) of Puerto Rico 2012-2013.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION CHARACTERIZATION OF PRIVACY PRESERVING
ALGORITHMS FOR PARTICIPATORY SENSING SYSTEMS
Nelson Rivera-García, Univeridad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Idalides Vergara, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
Participatory sensing is a new sensing paradigm where a group of users voluntarily gather, analyze, share
and report data of interest utilizing their mobile devices. Given the large number of cellular users, these
systems could be utilized to address or study issues or problems relevant to large populations. One of the
most important problems in participatory sensing systems is that of the privacy, i.e., users will not be
willing to participate if the system does not include privacy-preserving mechanisms. However, privacypreserving
mechanisms may consume a considerate amount of resources, particularly energy due to
additional processing and data transmission, resulting in another issue that may prevent users from
participating. This project investigated the energy consumption associated with the most important
privacy-preserving mechanisms available in the literature and the tradeoff between user privacy and
energy consumption. These algorithms were classified in three categories: anonymization, obfuscation
and encryption-based. Finally, the results revealed that the encryption-based algorithms consume
significantly more energy, followed by anonymization-based algorithms and the last were the
obfuscation-based algorithms.
144

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A GLASS FIBER REINFORCEMENT POLYMER
COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Xavier A. Rivera-Hernández, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. José A. Pincheira, Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Research Assistant Mentor: Gregory Walker, Civil Engineering Graduate Student, Mentor, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
In recent years, fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) have been used in an increased number of civil
engineering applications. Fiber Reinforced Polymer composites can be defined as a polymer matrix
reinforced with fibers to offer reinforcement in a specific direction. They are used for the strengthening of
the structures made of materials such as metals, timber, masonry, and reinforced concrete. The
mechanical properties for FRP composite materials are excellent; this is the main reason for the increased
interest in this material to be used in engineering applications. The purpose of this investigation was to
determine the tensile and compression strengths. The moduli of elasticity of the material were measured
through laboratory testing. The manufacturer requires testing of the flange and the web elements
separately of the T-shaped Cross-Section. An MTS Sintech 10/GL 10,000 lb Tensile/ Compression
machine was used to conduct the tests. The average measured tensile strength of the flange laminates was
103 ksi with a standard deviation of 8.8 ksi (specimens fractured within the gage length). The average
measured modulus of elasticity was 6070 ksi with a SD of 236 ksi. For the web specimens, the average
measured strength was 119 ksi. The average measured modulus of elasticity was 5498 ksi with an SD of
306 ksi. As it was expected, the measured tensile strength was higher than the typical structural steel used
in building construction (about 2 times higher), but its modulus of elasticity was only about one fifth of
that of steel. The method developed to test the samples in tension by adding short tabs within the grip
region proved to be a reliable procedure for determining the tensile strength of the FRP material resulting
in good repeatability and a low standard deviation of the data.
CONTROL ANALYSIS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION AND CONVERSION
FROM DIRECT TO ALTERNATE CURRENT
Yamil E. Rivera Santos, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Jingxin Wang, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.
This research presents an analysis and algorithms of a photovoltaic system. It includes models for a solar
photovoltaic array, maximum power point tracking, boost converter, space vector pulse width modulation,
three phase inverter and a filter. The photovoltaic devices face a number of unknown parameters which
are not mentioned in the datasheet. A method has been proposed in order to determine these parameters.
This provides a brief idea to design power electronics converters. These models are used to investigate the
variation of maximum power point with temperature and insolation levels. How to achieve high step up
DC/DC converters is the major consideration in the renewable power applications due to the low voltage
of PV arrays. A circuit model for open loop system was developed to achieve the PWM signal that’s used
to control the duty cycle of the boost converter using blocks in Simulink. This application was used to
provide DC power supply for inverter for grid-connected. The Space Vector Modulation Technique has
become the most important PWM technique to control a three-phase voltage source inverter. This study
proposes an analysis and implementation of this technique. The switching pattern generation and sector
identification for SVPWM is generated using Simulink. This switching pattern generated will reduce the
harmonic content and switching losses. An overview of a discussion about their importance in the
converters control systems is provided.
145

THE APPLICATION OF TIME MEASUREMENT ANALYSIS FOR METHODS IMPROVING
AND TIME STANDARDS DETERMINATION IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Amnerys Rodríguez Ocasio, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Jayanta Banerjee and Prof. Pieter Van der Meer, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
In the quality control testing areas are many elements which affect the production of material within the
industry. Elements that add a cost in the production area are reworks and scrap, inadequate product
specifications and lack of the resources. Cost is defined by the time spent re-testing materials, products
being reworked and scraped. Re-testing, scrap and reworks because redo of activities already completed
which result in none effective time and overtime costs to cover them. Each one of the areas where the
time and energy is not used in an efficient manner can be identified through systematical studies. In order
to reduce or eliminate the inefficient time is necessary to determine the principal causes. Some of these
causes can be an incorrect layout in the testing area, incomplete information of the products
specifications; testing equipment is not in optimal conditions and the need of a rigorous study of methods
and testing times. This research is based on the observations of the activities executed by the Quality
Control Laboratory chemists to obtain time costs, percentages of inefficient time (opportunity percent)
and all the necessary information to improve production and reduce additional costs. A time measurement
study will also be conducted inside the parameters of management methods. The obtained results will
determine the time standards based on the time effective activities of a manufacturing industry and
methods improvement will be made based on the observations.
SOFTWARE DESIGN FOR HIGH-SPEED SHOCK-DRIVEN EXPERIMENTS
Kevin J. Rodríguez, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Katherine Prestridge, Los Álamos National Lab., Los Álamos, New Mexico.
The Extreme Fluids Team of the Physics Division, P-23, specializes in high spatial and temporal
resolution experimental diagnostics. The team uses lasers to illuminate high-speed flows, and digital
cameras to record scattered light. A new facility has been built by the team over the past year, called the
Vertical Shock Tube (VST). The VST was built to study shock-driven mixing in a variable-density flow.
Because of the high-speed nature of the shock-driven flows being studied at the VST, high precision is
needed in the timing of the lasers and cameras. This involves the use of digital signal generators that are
controlled by a data acquisition computer running LabVIEW software. This allows microsecond accuracy
in equipment timing. In addition to timing accuracy, precision and accuracy in the placement of the
equipment is needed for spatial accuracy of measurements of both velocity and density fields. This
project’s focus is on developing software to control the digital delay generators’ signals to the diagnostic
equipment. A special language for instrumentation programming, called VISA, was used as an interface
between LabVIEW and the delay generators. The LabVIEW software is being designed to optimize the
user interface to make programming of the VST data acquisition as simple as possible for the
experimentalists. The goal of the project was to have a working interface for experiments that control the
position and timing of the cameras and lasers and that are compatible with the other subprograms being
used to control other elements of the operation of the VST.
146

EEG PATTERN CLASSIFICATION USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND
NEURAL NETWORKS
Leonardo Rodríguez Negrón, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Vidya Manian, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Understanding the effect of learning on the brain activity is one of the principal research areas in
neuroscience today. Brain plasticity, which is the capacity of the brain to change at the neuron level,
seems to account for new neural connections as the brain experiences learning. In this project, pattern
recognition techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Neural Networks were used to
find pattern differences between trained and untrained subjects in a specific task. Although with different
accuracy, both techniques were able to differentiate trained and untrained subjects.
PEDESTRIAN SAFETY STUDY ALONG SUNRISE HIGHWAY, NASSAU COUNTY
Rut M. Rodríguez Morales, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Tom Temistokle, Civil Engineer, CE-II, New York Department of Transportation
(NYSDOT), New York.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Department of Civil Engineering Director, University of
Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Walking is one of the most widely used methods of transportation and pedestrians are especially
vulnerable when involved in a collision with motorists. The Pedestrian Safety Study along Route 27,
Nassau County, focuses on the goal of performing and studying statistics of various factors of pedestrian
crashes that have occurred. The various factors studied include gender, time of year, light, weather, and
road surface conditions along with pre-crash contributing factors by both the pedestrian and the motorist.
These statistics are used to select which countermeasures can be made on the corridor and to help target
where improvements can be implemented. The principal objective of this study was to reduce the number
and severity of pedestrian crashes on Route 27 in Nassau County. The Tri-State Transportation
Campaign's analysis of the federal traffic fatality data reveals that the second most dangerous road in
Nassau County is Route 27, Sunrise Highway, with a total of seven deaths in the period of three years.
THE USE OF ALGORITHMS TO INCREASE PRODUCTION IN THE MODERN
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Omar Y. Sánchez Torres, Amnerys Rodriguez Ocasio, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto
Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Jayanta Banerjee, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Nowadays there is a major focus in “doing more with less” in the manufacturing industry. Industries are
focused on producing more quantities and more efficient products with less costs and having less trouble
or customer complaints. A principal cause that leads to production and economic loss is the decadence in
machining optimization, inadequate layouts and/ or poor operation of machinery. This research project
was based on machining that is one of the most commonly used processes in manufacturing. Relevant
information was considered such as salvage value, prices and material of the cutting tools in order to
determine the most appropriate factors for both cost and time optimal management. A key option
analyzed was to take a proper layout with the work-pieces integrated in one area or machine center to
reduce idle time. Technologically, algorithms will play an important role since they are part of the recent
advances. In this research, the different methods of machining optimization were compared. Also, modern
techniques and the technological advances were considered. From the results obtained, the most time and
cost effective methods were selected to obtain the procedure most suitable for the industry.
147

DATA LOGGING SYSTEM FOR SPACE ATMOSPHERIC BURST REPORTING SYSTEM
Carlos R. Torres Torres, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research MentorsMentors: Larry Casper, Jason Smith, Los Álamos National Laboratory, Los Álamos,
New Mexico.
When any kind of space instrumentation is designed, there are many different constrains that have to be
taken into account. One of the biggest design criteria is not doing any harm to the spacecraft. Some of the
things that may cause damage to the spacecraft are power and temperature getting out of their operating
ranges. That is why the system must be verified with actual measurement to make sure that the “do no
harm” criterion is properly met. Therefore, equipment such as the Ground Support Equipment (GSE) and
Space Atmospheric Burst Reporting System (SABRS) are used to help gathering valuable data from the
system. The Ground Support Equipment acts as a satellite host simulator emulating all the satellite host
functions including providing the same power levels. So as it is combined with SABRS, some actual
measurements can be verified to secure that there is no harmful damage caused to the spacecraft. This
process has been done manually in the past which took a lot of time. In this project, a programmable data
logger device was developed that will be constantly communicating with the equipment to monitor the
operational conditions of the system in real time. This data logger device allows verification of the
system’s measurements so that they can be characterized and compared with the design values to make
sure that the “do no harm” criterion is being met. The implementation of this programmable data logger
device significantly speeds up the space instrumentation design and implementation process by gathering
real time data of the system faster, analyzing it, organizing it and storing it in a data base for reference in
a quicker and more efficient way.
MULTICRITERIA OPTIMIZATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION FIELD
Giovanni Torres Suárez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Mauricio Cabrera-Ríos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Ever wondered how the crack on your wall or ceiling got there? If there is ever an earthquake or another
natural disaster, will your house be able to resist it? That crack you are worrying about most probably got
there due to the quantity of materials selected in the concrete mix used to build your house. The
compressive and tensile strength of any concrete structure is based on how one selects the coarse and fine
aggregates, cement, water ratios, chemical and mineral admixtures. By focusing on the concrete mix
itself, it is possible to help alleviate multiple problems that affect houses as well as every bridge, building
and road that has been built with concrete. Construction projects, however, always require considering
multiple criteria such as cost, manageability, time to deliver and ecological impact. It is expected that
multiple trade-offs arise with these performance measures. In this project, formal multiple criteria
optimization techniques were used to characterize trade-offs in construction projects involving normal
strength concrete to determine the best concrete mixes considering all important performance measures
simultaneously. The initial ideas are discussed here.
148

HIGH VOLTAGE PLASMA FORCE FIELD
Ricardo Ursulich Rivera, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Ángel González-Lizardo, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Force fields are an electromagnetic phenomenon that can reflect charged particles, whether those particles
are positive or negative, from any angle they approach it. This force field is achieved using high voltage
on one end and a good electric conductor on the other, with a small separation between them; this way, an
electric discharge is created between materials. This phenomenon is called an electrostatic discharge or
ESD. The ionized gas permits a flow of electrons to pass this electric field. With a rotating magnetic
field affecting the plasma’s electric field, a plasma force field is achieved.
ANOMALY DETECTION IN PORTS USING HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
Fernando L. Valverde Valle, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Vidya Manian, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Applying technology in port security applications is crucial for the detection of possible threats or illegal
activities. One of the most common problems that cargo suffers is tampering. This represents a danger to
society because it creates a channel to smuggle illegal and hazardous products. If a cargo is altered,
security inspections of that cargo should contain anomalies that reveal the nature of the tampering.
Hyperspectral images can detect anomalies by gathering information through multiple electromagnetic
bands. The spectrums extracted from these bands can be used to detect surface anomalies from different
materials. Based on this technology, a scenario was built in which a hyperspectral camera was used to
inspect the cargo for any surface anomalies. The spectrum of items, altered by different materials that can
be used to conceal illegal products, is analyzed and classified in order to provide information about the
tampered cargo. This process could enhance the current capabilities of security systems that are already
implemented, providing a more complete approach to detect threats and illegal cargo.
DEVELOPMENT OF MIRROR/CUSP PLASMA MACHINE ON A COMPUTER
ENVIRONMENT
Pedro Vargas Colón, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Ángel González Lizardo, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
The interest of this research was to develop a downscaled and improved version of the existing
Mirror/Cusp Plasma Machine. The development of the Mirror/Cusp Plasma Machine located at
Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico was a complex and time-consuming process when originally
developed. By utilizing Computer Aided Design and Simulation, the time required for development was
greatly reduced and provided a mean of simulating the machines’ performance before investing in
materials and machining. This provides a mean to iterate different machine geometries until the desired
parameters are maximized.
149

JAY AND JOAN KROC CORPS COMMUNITY CENTER
Jorge Wiewall Vélez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Leopoldo Vega, Civil Engineer, Project Manager, Omega Engineering Inc.,
Guayama, Puerto Rico.
Academic Mentor: Dr. Ismael Pagán Trinidad, Professor, Director of Civil Engineering and Surveying
Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
The goal of the project “Salvation Army Kroc Center” is to build a comprehensive community center in
Guayama, Puerto Rico. The vision is to create a center supported in part by the community, where
children and families would be exposed to different people, activities and arts that would otherwise be
beyond their reach. It is expected to be completed by December 2012. The center is located on
approximately six (6) acres and hosts the following: gymnasium, pool, water playground, basketball
court, a chapel/theatre, internet-based library, computer lab, and restaurant. The scheduling of the project
is proposed to be finished by the end of December of 2012. There have been various change orders during
the construction delaying its completion. One of the most important accomplishments was to have a
formal scheduling which is well documented for the whole construction process, which helps keep the
project under schedule.
EFFECT OF REPRESENTATIVE VOLUME ELEMENT SIZE AND SHAPE IN
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSES OF NANO-FILLER COMPOSITES
Johnny Lee Worthy III, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
Research Mentor: Dr. Raghu Pucha, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
Composites with nano-fillers are increasingly being considered for various applications. Both polymer
composites with nano-fillers such as carbon nanotubes, and graphite nanoplatelets and metal matrix
composites with nanofillers such as ceramic nanoparticles have been used. For example, much improved
electrical conductivities have been demonstrated in experimental polymer/CNT nanocomposites and
strength and ductility have been shown to be improved in experimental magnesium/SiC nanocomposites.
The enhancement of properties of nanocomposites is highly dependent on the dispersion and other
process parameters of the fillers in the matrix material. In order to understand and quantify the effect of
various process parameters, statistically Representative Volume Elements (RVE) are considered in this
work to model nanocomposites computationally. SEM images of various nanocomposite cross sections
have been analyzed in order to quantify process parameters. Both cylindrical and box shaped RVEs with
various sizes are considered to understand the effect of RVE shape and size on electrical and mechanical
characteristics of nano-filler composites using finite element analysis. Results on the effect of RVE size
and shape on percolation and electrical conductivity of polymer composites with various process
parameters and mechanical properties of metal matrix nanocomposites will be presented.
150

ABSTRACTS
BIOLOGY
PRE-COLLEGE STUDENTS
COMPARATIVE DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT SENSITIVITY OF
QUERCUS COCCINEA AND Q. ALBA
Nydiana Benítez Mangual, Isidro A. Sánchez School, Río Grande, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Allen C. Risk, Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky.
Tree growth can be affected by temperature, precipitation and drought. Each species of tree reacts
differently to drought. In this study, Quercus alba and Q. coccinea trees were cored, their annual rings
measured to the nearest 0.001mm,and were checked for accuracy with COFECHA, standardized growth
indices were generated with ARSTAN based on a 25 year smoothing spline, and their sensitivity to
drought was compared. Overall, Quercus coccinea was more sensitive to drought than Q. alba,
particularly when drought year growth was compared to that of the prior year and average growth.
Comparison of drought effects for both Quercus species showed that growth was depressed more on a
west-facing aspect than on the east-facing and south-facing aspects.
SEA URCHIN’S NEGATIVE RESPONSE TO PHOTOTAXIS TOWARDS RED SPECTRUM
Melanie Cruz Cruz, Antilles Military Academy, Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Clark Gedney, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Research Mentor’s Assistant: Mike Johnston, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Among the marine fauna, echinoderms are one of the most fascinating phylums to be studied.
Echinoderms are defined as marine invertebrates with tube feet and five-part radially symmetrical bodies.
Examples of echinoderms are sea cucumbers, sea stars, and sea urchins, among others. Sea urchins and
humans have genes in common. Among those genes, PAX6 was found and expressed in their tube feet.
Pax-6 is a gene that encodes the protein PAX-6 and acts a “master control” gene for eye development. It
was recently known that the sea urchins can detect light. Involved in this effects are the photoreceptors
PAX6 and Sp-Opsin4. The opsin protein shows that they can detect light, while the PAX6 shows that
there is a formation of eyes. In sea urchins, photoreceptors remain in their tip and base of the tube feet.
They are an essential part of echinoderms because they help these organisms to get food and move. In this
study, sea urchins were tested with different light spectra in a dark box that was specifically built for that
purpose. Their tube feet were isolated. Then, an amplifier was built and connected to the computer, in
order to receive the photo transduction from the capillary electrode that was introduced in the sea urchin
tube foot. As a result, there was a negative response to photo taxis towards the red spectrum, which
revealed thatthe sea urchin has a very primitive photosystem.
151

EFFECTS IN A JUVENILE POPULATION OF RATS INDUCED BY COCAINE, USING
ACTIVITY MEASURES AND LEARNING CAPACITY
Guillermo R. Díaz Ginés, University Gardens High School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Ilsun White, Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky.
Clinical and animal studies suggest that repeated exposure to cocaine and other psychomotor stimulants
can result in marked changes in the behavioral responses to the drug in humans and animals (Goeders et
al., 1997). If repeated cocaine administration to adolescent rats would disrupt activity and simple learning,
would there be a gender difference? Rats were administered a 100 mg/ kg cocaine dose during four
consecutive days, testing activity right after each administration. Consistent with previous report (Kalivas
and Duffy, 1993; Matin-Fardon, 2000; White et al, 1998), cocaine-treated rats in the present study
showed hyperactivity, peaking ~20-30 minutes post-administration. These results suggest that repeated
cocaine administration may yield a different activity pattern in males and females, with a greater
sensitivity to cocaine in males than females. Two weeks after the cocaine administration, simple learning
was tested running the FR5 program in four operant chambers. Rats treated with cocaine showed greater
deficits in simple learning, differential effects on runtime, time between lever-presses, may reflect
differential motivation, and that cocaine produced greater deficits or decrease in motivation in females.
152

EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF TITIN WITH FLUOROPHORE
Jenipher D. González Aponte, Bautista de Caguas Academy, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Clark Gedney and Mike Johnston, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Muscle is a soft tissue of vertebrate organisms. Muscle cells contain protein filaments that slide past one
another, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell. Muscles function
to produce force and cause motion. They are primarily responsible for maintenance of and changes in
posture, locomotion of the organism itself, as well as movement of internal organs, such as the
contraction of the heart. Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is anchored by tendons to bone and is used
to effect skeletal movement such as locomotion and in maintaining posture. Though this postural control
is generally maintained as an unconscious reflex, the muscles responsible react to conscious control like
non-postural muscles. A sarcomere is the basic unit of a muscle. Muscles are composed of tubular muscle
cells (myocytes or myofibers). Muscle cells are composed of tubular myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed
of repeating sections of sarcomeres, which appear under the microscope as dark and light bands.
Sarcomeres are composed of long, fibrous proteins that slide past each other when the muscles contract
and relax. Two of the important proteins are myosin, which forms the thick filament, and actin, which
forms the thin filament. Myosin has a long, fibrous tail and a globular head, which binds to actin. The
myosin head also binds to ATP, which is the source of energy for muscle movement. Myosin can only
bind to actin when the binding sites on actin are exposed by calcium ions. Titin is a giant protein that
functions as a molecular spring which is responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle. Titin is the
largest protein of the vertebrate striated muscle. The titin stand has a modular structure, and different
muscle tissue. Titin is a large abundant protein of striated muscle. An N-terminal Z-disc region and a C-
terminal M-line region bind to the Z-line and M-line of the sarcomere respectively so that a single titin
molecule spans half the length of a sarcomere. Titin also contains binding sites for muscle-associated
proteins so it serves as an adhesion template for the assembly of contractile machinery in muscle cells.
Considerable variability exists in the I-band, the M-line and the Z-disc regions of titin. Variability in the
I-band region contributes to the differences in elasticity of different titin isoforms and, therefore, to the
differences in elasticity of different muscle types. of the many titin variants identified, five are described
with complete transcript information available. The extraction of Titin was made using references from
other papers. A fluorophore is a fluorescent chemical compound that can re-emit light upon light
excitation. Fluorophores are sometimes used alone, as a tracer in fluids, as a dye for staining of certain
structures, as a substrate of enzymes, or as a probe or indicator. Using the fluorophore technique was
important for the receiving information about the reactions and behavior of titin with different solutions.
153

CORRELATION BETWEEN QUERCUS ALBA AND QUERCUS COCCINEA RING GROWTH
AND CLIMATE ON EAGLE LAKE FOREST
Natalie López Rodríguez, Inmaculada Concepción Academy, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Nydiana Benítez Mangual, Isidro A. Sánchez High School, Luquillo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Allen C. Risk, Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky.
Climate plays a primary role in tree development and growth and it is important to understand the
relationship between them to have an idea of how trees will react to future changes in climate. This
research compared the relationship between standardized ring width index in 18 Quercus alba (white oak)
and 16 Quercus coccinea (scarlet oak) with precipitation, temperature, and drought on Eagle Lake forest,
Morehead, Kentucky. Two samples were taken per tree and were dated using marker years to obtain
Eagle Lake forest age. After standardizing (ARSTAN) the tree rings’ width measurements, the
correlations between precipitation, temperature, and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and growth
for both Quercus species were determined. It was determined that the forest on Eagle Lake is 90 to 95
years old and that most canopy trees were established 72 to 92 years ago. Quercus alba had significant
correlations for precipitation during May, June, and the previous August while Quercus coccinea showed
significant correlation only for June. Temperature on Quercus alba showed a significant correlation in
June and no temperature correlations were found for Quercus coccinea. For drought, Quercus alba had
strong correlations in the summer and the months of May through October, Quercus coccinea presented
the same significant correlations except for October. Understanding these correlations determines how
trees were affected by past climate events and predictions can be made on how those trees may respond to
future climate changes.
THE POSSIBILITY OF A GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA DETECTION ASSAY BASED ON
LIMULUS AMOEBOCYTE LYSATE ENDOTOXIN DETECTION ASSAY
Kevin Joel Marrero Nieves, San Benito School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Clark Gedney, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
The “living fossil” Limulus Polyphemus, the American horseshoe crab, has remained nearly unchanged
for approximately 350 million years because of its primitive and relatively strong immune system that
offers opportunities for new research. In 1956, Dr. Frederik Bang discovered the clotting formed by the
Limulus Polyphemus blood once it interacts with the Vibrio sp. Gram-negative bacteria. In 1964, Dr.
Frederik Bang and Dr. Jack Levin discovered that the blood clotting protein is a secretory product from
the amoebocyte, the equivalent to the white blood cell in the human blood. Further studies proved that the
amoebocyte attaches to endotoxins produced by Gram-negative bacteria. Four years later, the
development for the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) is started after this blood reaction with
endotoxins was noted. After several years of testing and use, the LAL test becomes the standard test for
bacterial endotoxins contamination detection by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in 1983.
Today, LAL is a faster and accurate way to detect endotoxins inside a drug or vaccine as administered by
injection and ensures they are free of bacterial contamination, proving efficiency over the rabbit pyrogen
test. During this research project, five extraction of blood from different horseshoe crabs were conducted
in order to produce Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate and assess their sensitivity against Staphylococcus
aureus gram-positive bacteria and their secretory products. Different samples were conducted at different
concentrations of bacteria per volume of media or lysate. It was concluded that negative coagulation was
formed in samples of lysate with Staphylococcus aureus; therefore, more research needs to be conducted.
Different recombinant of the same bacteria tested with lysate and increase sensitivity of lysate are viable
options for further studies.
154

A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE SOCIAL WASP POLYBIA (HYMENOPTERA,
POLISTINAE)
Michelle Cristina Pérez Ayala, Notre Dame School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Mr. Luiz Fernando Fracassi Gelin, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
Research Mentor Assistant: Sara Helms Cahan, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
Polybia is a species-rich genus of social wasps with 59 recognized species occurring in the Neotropical
region. Those species were divided into 11 subgenera based on morphology and behavior without
phylogenetic knowledge. Previous analysis of the subgenera found Polybia to be monophyletic but did
not mention the relationships among the species. More recent analysis using a larger amount of data but
fewer species found a non-monophyletic Polybia as well as some non-monophyletic subgenera. In order
to answer if the genus and the subgenera are monophyletic, a phylogenetic analysis was performed with a
more extensive sampling of species. The phylogenetic analysis was based on two molecular markers: the
nuclear, protein coding long-wavelength rhodopsin and the mithocondrial cytochrome oxidase II.
Standard molecular techniques were used in order to extract and amplify the DNA. The PCR products
were then sent to Beckman Coulter Genomics for sequencing. Sequences were edited using the software
Geneious and exported for alignment in MAFFT. Finally, parsimony was used as the optimally criterion
for the phylogenetic analysis in the software TNT. For long-wavelength rhodopsin, 45 trees with 240
steps were obtained. These results showed that Polybia is not monophyletic based on long-wavelength
rhodopsin. However, the consensus tree is not well resolved. This is because long-wavelength rhodopsin
is a conserved protein coding gene and can be used to solve higher level relationships. In addition, the two
most specious subgenera (Myrapetra and Trichinothorax) are also not monophyletic. The analysis with
Cytocrome oxidase II gave two trees with 833 steps. The consensus showed Polybia, Myrapetra and
Trichinothorax were not monophyletic. This loci is helpful to solve lower species level relationships,
unlike long-wavelength rhodopsin. The combined analysis resulted in 20 trees with 1138 steps and found
Polybia monophyletic. Trichinothorax is not monophyletic in any of the analyses and Myrapetra is
monophyletic only in the combined analysis. To infer species evolutionary history it is better to use a
combination of genes, since individual genes are subject to independent events.
REPEATED METHAMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE ON BEHAVIOR OF ADOLESCENT RATS:
SEX DIFFERENCE
Jessica N. Pita Aquino, University Gardens High School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Ilsun White, Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky.
Repeated exposure to high doses of methamphetamine (METH) during development is known to cause
neurotoxicity, leading to enduring behavioral changes well into adulthood. The present study examined
behavior of adolescent rats, following repeated exposure to a moderate dose of METH; and also examined
sex differences. Wistar rats received METH (5mg/kg) or saline on postnatal days (PD) 44-47, once/day
and their behavior was measured during acute and withdrawal state, including locomotor activity, social
interaction, and simple learning. During acute state, METH decreased locomotion, whereas during
withdrawal, locomotor activity of METH group was greater than that of controls, with no gender
differences. Unlike high doses, a moderate dose of METH did not affect social interaction during
withdrawal, suggesting that high dose is required for disruption of social interaction. During withdrawal,
METH disrupted simple learning. Male METH group showed a decrease in response latency and run
time, reflecting impulsivity. However, female METH group showed a longer response latency and run
time, compared to male METH group, reflecting decrease in motivation. Sex difference in METH effects
on simple learning provides evidence that repeated exposure to METH during adolescence may lead to
differential learning deficits in males and females.
155

“YOU ARE WHERE YOU EAT”: BLOODMEAL ANALYSIS OF A BOLIVIAN CHAGAS
DISEASE INSECT VECTOR
Jessica N. Ríos Santiago, Santa María del Camino School, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Mr. David Lucero, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
Chagas disease is arguably the most serious infectious disease in Central and South America as well as
Mexico. It is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is transmitted via an insect vector that feeds
on vertebrate blood and is commonly referred to as the kissing bug. There are around 11 million of people
infected in Latin America and 14,000 deaths annually. Bolivia is the most affected country, where as
much as 18% of the population may be infected. The community of Zurima has one of the highest
infection rates in Bolivia and is mostly populated by indigenous people. The objectives of this project are
to understand the vector feeding and habitat preference to assist vector control and reduce the disease
incidence. Using bugs collected by the person hour method from >80% of the houses, DNA was extracted
from the insect abdomen. The extracts contained vector and blood meal DNA. Extracted DNA was
analyzed using real-time qPCR to assess feeding on humans, dogs and chickens. Results from the realtime
qPCR, were combined with spatial data (i.e., GPS house locations) using ESRI ArcGIS software.
The results indicated that infested and non- infested houses did not differ in proximity to roads. Thirty
percent of the insects had fed on dog, 69% on chickens and 1% fed on other animals. Furthermore,
infested houses had more dogs, chicken, sheep and pigs than uninfected houses. These results can be used
by local health officials and community members to develop vector control strategies.
EXTRACELLULAR CLUSTERING OF ESDN INDUCES ITS TYROSINE
PHOSPHORYLATION
Osvaldo D. Rivera González, Adianez School, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Bryan Ballif, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
The research conducted in this study aimed to further the understanding of the mechanism by which the
scaffolding protein ESDN (Endothelial and Smooth Muscle-Derived Neuropilin Like Protein) becomes
tyrosine phosphorylated. Specifically, the study demonstrated that ESDN clustered and became tyrosine
phosphorylated on its intracellular domain as a result of antibody binding. ESDN transcripts were
originally found in mammalian vascular smooth muscle cells, but have more recently been discovered in
mouse brain embryos. The structure of ESDN is similar to that of Neuropilins, which are protein receptors
active in neurons. Transcript location and the structural characteristics of ESDN support the notion that it
may play a role in brain development. Characterization of the signaling mechanism that is responsible for
tyrosine phosphorylation of ESDN will aid in the discovery of its natural ligand and overall function.
Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293) were transfected with a plasmid containing flag tagged ESDN.
These cells were then treated with two α-ESDN antibodies (SIGMA). Western blot analysis (α-flag/α-pY)
showed that both antibodies caused tyrosine phosphorylation of ESDN’s intracellular domain. Hydrogen
peroxide, a known phosphatase inhibitor, was used as a control to validate phosphorylation. HEK cells
were also treated with antibodies on a time course to determine if reaction rates were influential in
phosphorylation. Preliminary results showed that the time of antibody treatment did not create a
significant difference in the signal produced by phosphorylation. Future studies will include identifying
the natural ligand for ESDN and verifying if proto-oncogenic proteins like CrkL bind to antibody induced
tyrosine phosphorylated ESDN.
156

FLIGHT PROPERTIES OF DUAL HETEROZYGOTE DROSOPHILA EXPRESSING
FLIGHTIN NH2-TERMINAL AND COOH-TERMINAL TRUNCATED PROTEINS
Netsha J. Santiago González, Caguas Private School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Samya Chakravorty, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
Drosophila melanogaster, known to the world as the common fruit fly, has been widely used to study
genetics, physiology, behavior, and diseases over the years. The Drosophila thoracic Indirect Flight
Muscles (IFM), consist of the dorsal longitudinal and dorsal ventral muscles. Flightin, an IFM specific
protein, binds the myosin rod in the thick filament and is essential for IFM structural integrity and flight.
Previously, it was shown that by truncating the caroboxy(C)-terminus of flightin abolishes flight, whereas
truncating the flightin amino (N)-terminus renders the flies to fly, albeit with slight impairment. Here, a
dual heterozygote strain expressing both the N-terminus and C-terminus truncated flightin were created.
The dual heterozygote stain is shown to be flight capable but only as good as the flightin N-terminal
truncated homozygote strain. This indicates that the N-terminus truncated flightin is able to rescue
flightlessness of the C-terminus truncated line. This data also suggests that the flightin N-terminus is
required but not essential for flight, and that the relevant amino acid sequence for myosin binding and
basic flight resides on the rest of the flightin protein.
157

COMPUTER SCIENCES
PRE-COLLEGE STUDENTS
CHARACTERIZATION OF A HIGH RESOLUTION GRATING SPECTROMETER USING
THE LLNL FAST CALIBRATION FACILITY
Edrick J. Alvarado Rodríguez, C.R.O.E.M. School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Prof. Pieter Van der Meer, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,
California.
A recent experiment published in the latter half of 2010 suggested for the first time since the formulation
of the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED) by Richard Feynman the possibility that the QED may
not be complete. Incompleteness means that a new description of nature will be needed, with profound
implications for the understanding of reality. LLNL scientists are in the unique position to be able to carry
out experimental tests of QED at a level of accuracy that will provide a definite answer to the question of
completeness raised by the recent experiment. The experiment was conducted with the Lab’s high-energy
electron beam ion trap, dubbed SuperEBIT and requires 2 high resolution grading spectrometers. EBIT or
SuperEBIT is a device that creates and traps highly charged ions by injecting neutral atoms into a high
current density electron beam as a gas. The electron beam ionizes the neutral atoms, and traps them
radially. A series of 3 electrodes (drift tubes), each at a different electric potential, trap the ions axially.
By adjusting the beam energy, specific ion types can be created (up to bare nuclei) and excited. This is the
method used to trap the ions using SuperEBIT. Similar tests of QED have already been performed at
LLNL’s SuperEBIT using a single high resolution grading spectrometer. To quantify the improved
accuracy given by the second spectrometer, high resolution spectra have been measured with both the
spectrometers simultaneously. The results of these measurements are presented in this research.
SPICE SOLID PRECIPITATION INTER-COMPARISON EXPERIMENT
Ángel G. Andino Prieto, Santa Gema School, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Best
Poster
PC
Research Mentor: Eng. Andy Gaydos, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder,
Colorado.
The Solid Precipitation Inter-comparison Experiment (SPICE) project is a World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) program designed to develop better snowfall measurement methods. This project
will be continuously producing data, for the participants to access the data online. The aim of this project
was to add winter snow data from one of the SPICE participants - Canada CARE - to the existing SPICE
database, and make it available on the SPICE website. In this way users can view archived and real-time
data with time-series graphs online. The major task in this project was to create scripting language (PHP)
code to obtain and display data from the database on a website. Challenges to ingesting data were
overcome by utilizing existing codes. At the time of testing the interface, the website and the code as a
normal user were used to view the database and available data as graphs on the project website. The
successful development of the database and the PHP code were a significant upgrade to the SPICE
project.
158

WHYTE – WEB-BASED HYDRAULIC TEST EVALUATION TOOL
Anthony R. Bonilla Santiago, José Gautier Benítez, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Gary Laguna, Julia Britt, Zafer Demir, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, California.
WHYTE is a web-based application within the Taurus Environmental Information Management System
(TEIMS). WHYTE uses data from flat files to supplement the TEIMS database with hydraulic test data
for wells. This supplemental data includes test date, test type, pump flow rates, transmissivity, hydraulic
conductivity, and the quality of the data associated with the test. WHYTE also provides links to electronic
scans (pdfs) of the hardcopy test data.
LOG ANALYSIS OF COMPUTERS AND NETWORK COMPONENTS TO MONITOR
NETWORK SECURITY
Rafael Burgos Guntin, C.R.O.E.M. School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Richard Crowley, MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, Massachusetts.
Every day millions of cyber attacks occur around the world, and the best defense there is against these
attacks are firewalls. Firewalls are implemented by companies and individuals alike every day because of
their technical and financial convenience. This project worked with one of the few firewall flaws: its
monitoring process. In the case of the firewall implemented in the MIT Haystack Observatory, the
problem was that it produces about 1,100,000 lines of information daily, which made it virtually
impossible to analyze it in an efficient way. What this project is based on finding a way to make the
monitoring process a practical one. The idea was to make a program that would create daily twelve sorted
lists that are categorized by Network (61, 63, and 65), if it is “Port” or “IP” and if it is Destination or
Source. The main factor in the code that made it possible is the use of Regular Expirations that is
basically finding a pattern in the data. The other part of the project was to present all of the information in
a practical way, and what a better to work with plots. All the summarized information and plots are
updated automatically and displayed on the web. At the end of the day, the 1,100,000 lines of information
are an organized system of monitoring the firewalls.
SEARCHING FOR GEOSPACE DATA USING GOOGLE EARTH
Nishmar Cestero González, Episcopal Cathedral School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Javier Rodríguez, St. Mary’s School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Best
Poster
PC
Research Mentors: Bill Rideoout and Dr. Phillip Erickson, MIT Haystack Observatory. Boston,
Massachusetts.
Madrigal is a database that holds data from any ground-based instrument that studies atmospheric science.
It is used by MIT Haystack Observatory and other atmospheric science research labs to store and share
data from their experiments. Although it is a very efficient database, it currently has a text-based search
user interface. This makes it difficult to locate experiments with unknown dates. If we input a date for an
experiment that is not registered in the database we get a list of all the experiments under the selected
instrument. This tremendous amount of data is nearly impossible to filter through. Due to this, a program
that allows the user to input a set of ranges for the experiment dates and displays the location of radar data
was needed. In order to meet our objectives in time, we split the project into a two-part program coded in
Python. The first part of the program queries the Madrigal database and creates an INI file with the
required information. The next program uses the INI file to produce another file in KML format. Google
Earth can interpret the KML file to display radar wedges, or the location of radar data.
159

VIRTUAL DIARY APP FOR MOBILE ANDROID PHONES
Kalijah A. Chapman Sánchez, Julie A. Colón Martínez, Educación Bilingüe de Cidra School, Cidra,
Puerto Rico.
Anthony Crespo Ayala, CIMATEC School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Joksan Flores and Brenda Torres, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
A diary is a daily personal record of events, experiences and observations of an individual’s daily life.
Sometimes the individual does not want to forget something in particular for future recall. The purpose of
this project was to create a virtual diary application that would do everything a normal diary can do. In
order to do this, a series of steps were required to accomplish a successful project. First, the project was
defined as well as what was required for it to be a successful one (features and functions). Then to secure
the access to the diary, a password needed to be added to make it customizable. The third step was to
design every screen of the diary and its functions, implement and test each one. Because of the time
limitations, all the initial requirements of the application were not complied with, which is why as future
work more customization options were added such as font changing, font colors changing and addition of
images to the home screen. This mobile application is much better than a normal diary, and it is easier for
individuals to express themselves.
MUSIC INFORMATION MOBILE APPLICATION
Gabriela C. Cruz Vargas, Gloriana Burgos Soto, Home School, Humacao, Puerto Rico.
Ricardo E. Cruz Vargas, Home School, Las Piedras, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Joksan Flores and Brenda Torres, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
People who want to learn about music find that there are not enough applications that provide them with
the necessary information to serve their needs. The main goal in this project was to create a mobile
application that would satisfy this need. The App Inventor for Android developed by Google now
maintained by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was used to implement the project. The
implementation of this project involved basic concepts of programming and mobile design, and included
the design of every screen in paper, and the implementation and testing to ensure proper performance.
This application contains information about the music history, the sounds produced by common
instruments, about the history of some of the most distinguished musicians, as well as basic music theory.
Future work contemplates the intention to include additional information about theory and more
instruments sounds.
160

EXPLORING DATA MANAGEMENT FOR SMALL AND LARGE SCALE PROJECTS
Natasha García Vázquez, Dr. Juan J. Ozuna High School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Jason SooHoo, MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, Massachusetts.
One of the key parts of any project is the data that is being developed, researched, and analyzed.
Understanding the methods used to manage that data will reduce costs while providing the quality of
service and requirements needed for the overall project. There are various projects from software
development to large data analyses at MIT Haystack. A research about ways to store large amounts of
data as well as documenting methods on how to backup data was made. A deep exploration of current
standards of data storage, backup, and version control and how to implement/deploy them was also made
in order to also explore and look at RAID storage, Cloud storage, Onsite and offsite data backup
solutions. After exploring the different ways to manage data, a simple RAID calculator was developed to
assist researchers and engineers in calculating their data storage needs based on a set of parameters. This
calculator was later on modified on a web calculator by converting the python code into an HTML code.
Finally, a set of projects was evaluated at Haystack and recommendations were made on the best solution
for data management, looking at quality of service and cost efficiency.
SIMPLE PONG ANDROID GAME APPLICATION
Luis E. Hernández Couvertier, Home School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Miguel G. Argüelles Santiago, Home School, Juncos, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Joksan Flores and Brenda Torres, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
The motivation for this project was to create an interesting game for kids. “Pong” was chosen and was
modified. The App Inventor for Android developed by Google now maintained by the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) was used to implement the project. This platform is free and easy to use
from the point of view from the programming blocks and the home screen. The modifications consisted in
that each time the ball hit the paddle, it increased the speed making it a bit more difficult and more fun.
DRAWING MOBILE APPLICATION FOR KIDS
Valeria N. Hernández Couvertier, Jeremías R. Rodríguez Rivera, Home School, Caguas, Puerto
Rico.
Research Mentor: Joksan X. Flores and Brenda Torres, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Would it be nice if there was an application where kids can have fun and be creative while their parents
work or do their duties as grownups? The idea was to make a mobile application for children so that they
would not be bored while their parents are busy. Normally, parents will take coloring books and crayons
for the child or some other materials to entertain them. That is why this coloring book application is so
useful at moments when children are bored. This application consists of a coloring book with different
background pictures. The coloring is handled by touching the Smartphone’s screen and using different
colors provided by a color mixer in the screen. This application was developed using a simple step model
based on defining the project, establishing the requirements, preparing the design, implementing the
application and testing it. This experience helped the researchers to understand the basics of
programming, how to design a simple project and how to work in teams. A future work would include
some other child-educating functions such as numbers drawings, a color-mixing application and some
other applications.
161

BABY MAKER: A MOBILE APPLICATION FOR ANDROID SYSTEMS INTEGRATING
GENETICS
Valeria Lee Medina Bermúdez, San Antonio Abad School, Humacao, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Joksan Flores and Brenda Torres, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Many individuals have the curiosity of what physical characteristics their children will possess depending
on the couple's dominant and recessive characteristics. The Baby Maker App includes a series of
questions that will be answered by the user. The questions will ask both subject and partner
characteristics. Relying on their characteristics, the App will decipher what characteristics the child will
have. The main goal of this app was to satisfy the curiosity that users may have such as: will my child
have blue eyes, dark hair and be tall? Or will he or she be tan, red haired and have green eyes? The
principal objective of the Baby Maker App is to decipher what characteristics the child is going to inherit
before he or she is born, but also demonstrate the probabilities that the other characteristics have of
occurring. Before developing the App, Punnet Squares were built to determine which characteristic was
more dominant over the others. The probabilities of the other characteristics were calculated to determine
the chance of them being expressed in the baby. The MIT App Inventor was used to design the App.
UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING CURRICULUM APPLICATION
Jonathan Ortiz Pastrana, Costa Rica Vocational School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Adrian E. Gómez Castillo, Antonio Fernós Insern Vocacional School, San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Joksan Flores and Brenda Torres, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
The purpose of this project was to create an application that assists students in the enrollment process of
the different associate degrees in engineering. This program will allow students to choose the credits they
want to enroll in a semester. The target students must belong to “Universidad del Turabo” and need to be
between the first and the second year of the Associate Degree in Engineering. The application was made
for easy use in order to attract the attention of users. The program was based on logic using true and false
and a database was used to save the selected classes and the information. The work also included the
adding of some 180 labels and 125 checkmarks; this was a difficult task because a lot of programming
was involved. In the future, the ease to make other university applications will be added so as to make
more easy admissions and the addition of more curriculums to “Universidad del Turabo”.
162

THE MUSIC QUIZ APPLICATION
Luana M. Paredes Sánchez, Notre Dame School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
José R. Medina López, Aryam N. Rivera Ortiz, Home Schooling, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Joksan Flores and Brenda Torres, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
The Music Quiz Application is a simple application where the main point is to figure out an individual’s
age based on the music he or she listens to. The main inspiration to create this project was the interest in
music. The App Inventor for Android developed by Google now maintained by the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) was used to implement the project. This platform was used as a source for
the design and application programming. It was expected that the application would predict the user’s age
through the user's favorite music genres. Many variables and math equations were used to implement the
Naive Bayes Classifier method so that the application would do what was intended. The application
consisted of a little quiz where favorite music genres would be selected from a list and then the model
could be used before the app could tell the average age. At the end of the program the application
successfully worked as intended. As future work, different types of music sounds that could play different
songs would be included. Also, artists of the different genres would also be added so that the user could
choose his or her favorite ones and his or her age could be predicted more precisely.
UTILITY ARMY
Eduardo A. Sala Ramírez, Rafael Quiñones Vidal School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Javier E. Ortiz Pastrana, Costa Rica Vocational High School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Gerardo M. Argüelles Santiago, Home School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Joksan Flores and Brenda Torres, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
The Utility Army application is a very interesting application that contains 5 utilities in 1 application.
These utilities are very useful for some necessities that are shown up very rarely in daily life. The
purpose of this application was to satisfy people’s needs. Google App Inventor was used to work this
application, which was very helpful to understand the app inventor program. A process had to be followed
and the steps were written carefully when working with the programing. At the end almost all the utilities
were completed except for the Body Repair and Painting utility that was incomplete for only a few
details.
MEDIKAL: AN APPLICATION TO DIAGNOSE COMMON DISEASES
Luis E. Torres Rodríguez, Ykailah P. Núñez Núñez, Notre Dame School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Joksan Flores and Brenda Torres, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Medikal is all about a way to communicate and educate people about some common diseases and what to
do in case of emergency. The idea behind this application will create an easier way for society to know
what disease individuals have and a faster way to react to some health-related problems. When people
think they have some kind of disease, they can check in here and react in a faster way so they can prevent
future complications like infections or prolong the disease time. To create this program, the requirements
were defined and the goals and limitations were specified. As part of the design, a decision tree was
created and the program was based on binary decisions. The original idea was to create a quiz that using
yes or no questions, would determine the disease the person had, what to do in that case, and a list to look
for more information about fifteen of the most common diseases. The application was created
successfully and met the expectations of the creators. In the future, other elements to be added include a
historical record of some past diseases a person has suffered and a news feed that informs new diseases,
global epidemics and the necessary precautions to be taken.
163

CHEMISTRY
PRE-COLLEGE STUDENTS
SILICA SUPPORTED SILVER NANOPARTICLES CATALYST SYSTEMS FOR OXIDATION
OF DBT IN CRUDE OIL
Ashlie Santaliz Casiano, Episcopal San Andrés School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Manuel Ramos, University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas.
Best
Poster
PC
Metal nanoparticles (NP’s) have become a subject of intense interest in various fields of chemistry and
physics primarily because of their catalytic activity at their specific surfaces. Their catalytic activity
depending solely of their facts, it is recommended to achieve six-fold symmetry along with edge sites,
ideal places for the attachment of molecules. The aim of this project was to achieve the synthesis of NP-
Ag and their functionalization using silica to perform an oxidation model reaction of diobenzothiophene
(DBT) to diobenzenethiophene-sulfone. The DBT oxidation reaction was performed in a reflux system
using DBT and silica solved in decalin heated at 140°C with vigorous stirring for two hours. All reaction
products were identified by using Fourier Transmitted Infrared, FTIR; and Scanning Electron Microscope
techniques. Results indicate a catalytic activity when using these particular systems.
164

APPLIED PHYSICS
PRE-COLLEGE STUDENTS
UNIAXIAL COLD PRESSING OF CHALCOGEN-METAL COMPOUNDS FOR THERMO
ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS
Kevin A. Matos, María Teresa Piñeiro High School, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Hugo López, R.R. Chianelli, Materials Research and Technology Institute, University of Texas-El Paso,
Texas.
Research Mentor: Dr. Manuel Ramos, Materials Research and Technology Institute, University of Texas-
El Paso, Texas.
Uniaxial cold pressing to increase the density in powders seems to be a low cost and efficient route. The
aim of this study was to achieve high density by making pellets of chalcogenides compounds without
using binders that can cause alteration of the material’s thermoelectric properties. These properties are
Seebeck voltage, Thermal conductivity and Electrical conductivity. The characteristics of thermoelectric
activity can be measured by using a Z-meter instrument. Here, data is presented for two samples as
pelletized at room temperature and controlled atmosphere, using two sets of loads (force) of 4 and 7
metric-tons. The maximum densification attained with both samples was 80% of the theoretical value,
reflecting the efficiency of the method. However, some of the limiting factors could be direct oxidation of
surface, preferential crystal growth and grain boundary packing, provoking a poor electrical conductivity
between grains.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE RADIOACTIVITY IN AN OUTCROP OF OHIO SHALE IN
THE NORTHERN PART OF CAVE RUN LAKE
Daniel E. Rodríguez Torres, C.R.O.E.M. School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Ignacio Birriel, Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky.
In Kentucky, there is a radioactive rock called Ohio Shale, whose radioactivity was never measured
before. The purpose of this research is to inform the public that lives above the Ohio Shale how much
radiation they are receiving from that source. The Ohio Shale is a fragmented rock that is part of the black
organic shale family. An outcrop of Ohio Shale is found in the northern part of Cave Run Lake. This
outcrop is approximately 110 meters, but only 89 meters of it will be analyzed because at the edges of the
outcrop, the exposed Ohio Shale gets thinner until there is none. The outcrop is divided in 9 locations.
The GAMMA-SCOUT radioactive detector is used to measure the radioactivity of the different locations.
It is standard radiation detector with a halogen filled Geiger-Müller counter tube, with the option to
enable different shielding. The detector will be set with its counter tube completely exposed, and with a
logging interval of 1 hour. Four controls are used to compare its radioactivity to that of the Ohio Shale. If
any of the sampled locations counts are higher than that of the controls, that location will be considered
radioactive.
165

ANALYSIS OF SKY BRIGHTNESS DATA FROM THE CITY OF MOREHEAD, KENTUCKY,
FROM JANUARY TO JUNE 2012
Gabriela D. Talavera Santiago, Santa María del Camino School, Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Jennifer Birriel, Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky.
Light pollution is caused by excess light from any type of nighttime source. It affects flora, fauna, entire
ecosystems, and there is evidence on humans as well. This research studies the various forms of light
pollution and their consequences. It also discusses in depth the amplification of cloud coverage in the
night sky light and its effects. It also includes a comparison between the cloud coverage and the lunar
phases. For all of the experiments, results are presented in a tabular and graphical form. It also includes
future work.
166

ASTRONOMY
PRE-COLLEGE STUDENTS
INVESTIGATION OF CLIMATICALLY SUITABLE CONTAINER BREEDING HABITATS
FOR THE DENGUE VECTOR MOSQUITO AEDES AEGYPTI
Karielys Ortiz-Rosario, Antonio Fernós Isern Vocational School, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Andrew Monaghan, NCAR, UCAR, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado.
Dengue virus has become increasingly widespread throughout Central and South America in recent
decades. Dengue fever is usually characterized by symptoms such as fever, headaches, muscle, bone, and
joint pain, pain behind the eyes, widespread rash, nausea, vomiting, nose and gums bleeds, weakness, and
abdominal pain. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector that transmits the dengue virus to
humans. Aedes aegypti is somewhat unique among mosquitoes in that it breeds almost exclusively in
human-made containers, such as those found in yards and on patios. The overarching objective of this
project was to investigate whether the habitat of Aedes aegypti might shift or expand due to climate
change, by modeling the abundance of this mosquito as a function of climate, human behavior, housing
characteristics, and breeding container characteristics. In support of this goal, a regression model was
employed to estimate water temperature in different types of containers that were encountered in several
cities along the elevation transect to understand which containers may be more favorable for breeding in a
given city based on its climate. The model is driven by meteorological records collected in each city. It
was found that local climatic characteristics such as warm temperatures and abundant rainfall tend to have
the biggest impact on breeding conditions within containers, whereas the type of container is of secondary
importance.
PERFORMANCE OF THE SPAR GUIDER SYSTEM FOR THE NCAR BOULDER SPAR
Yesenia Marie Rivera-López, Antonio Lucchetti Vocational High School, Arecibo, Puerto Rico.
Best
Poster
PC
Research Mentors: Dr. Alfred de Wijn, Dr. Scott Sewell, High Altitute Observatory, NCAR, Boulder,
Colorado.
The chromosphere is a poorly understood region of the lower solar atmosphere. Many unpredictable solar
phenomena occur in this layer. Examples are flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which cause
major problems with communications and power systems on Earth. The Chromosphere and Prominence
Magnetometer (ChroMag) is an instrument for observing the chromosphere. It will be installed on the
sun-pointing Spar, which is a platform for point and track the Sun, in Boulder this fall. This research
project seeks to understand the pointing accuracy of the Spar Guider System and how it affects the
measurements and noise levels of the ChroMag observations. The method used requires knowledge of the
instrument design, the power spectrum of the Spar pointing error, and the gradients of the chromospheric
intensity. The power spectrum is based on an educated guess. The gradients are determined from
observations made by the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). A pointing-error induced crosstalk of
about 5 X 10 I (intensity) was found. The induced crosstalk is of the same magnitude as the intrinsic
photon noise of the measurement. Follow-up analysis is recommended with a measured Spar pointing
error power spectrum.
167

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
PRE-COLLEGE STUDENTS
EVALUATION OF TWO SNOW EVENTS AT THE NCAR MARSHALL FIELD SITE
Xavier E. Figueroa Muñiz, Bautista de Puerto Nuevo Academy, San Juan, Puerto Rico
Research Mentor: Ms. Jennifer Black, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder,
Colorado.
This investigation examined two significant snowfall events in 2011, using data from instruments
deployed at NCAR’s Marshall Field Site near Boulder, Colorado. Specific data used in this study
included temperature, relative humidity, wind speeds, present weather type, and the total amount of
accumulated liquid-equivalent precipitation. Previous studies have established that precipitation amounts
collected by gauges with different types of wind shielding will collect different amounts of snow. In this
study, two events with similar wind speeds were analyzed to determine if there was a consistent offset of
accumulation between a Double Fence Intercomparison Reference (DFIR)-shielded gauge and a Single
Alter gauge. It was found that the Single Alter gauge under-measured the total snow accumulation by
significant amounts in these cases. This highlighted the importance of investigating the under catch of
precipitation gauges in different wind shields to get accurate accumulation measurements during snow
conditions.
168

ENGINEERING
PRE-COLLEGE STUDENTS
HOW CAN THE STOMATOPOD ARM MOVE SO EFFORTLESSLY THROUGH WATER?
Edwin C. López Ramos, Dr. María Cadilla de Martínez High School, Arecibo, Puerto Rico.
Best
Poster
PC
Research Mentors: Dr. Clark Gedney & Michael Johnston, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Cavitation is a phenomenon that occurs when an object travels at high speeds under water, boiling the
water in its path during the process. Due to gravity, the water applies pressure to the vapors of the boiled
water, thus creating a vacuum. This vacuum is called a “cavitation bubble.” When cavitation bubbles
collapse, they can emit light, sound, and considerable amounts of energy. This energy is strong enough to
create wear and tear on metals, mostly on boat propellers and other sections of a boat. The objective of
this research was to control, diminish or eliminate this phenomenon. The research was focused on a
crustacean that can produce cavitation during a strike of its raptorial appendage and on how this arm can
move so effortlessly through water. This crustacean is known as the Stomatopod. As a solution for the
problem, a mechanical device was created to mimic the strike of the crustacean and study the fluid
dynamics of the creature’s arm. The speed of the arm was measured through light pulsations, and the
bending of the arm through water was measured with string gauges. The data was then pulled through
LABVIEW tm for further analysis.
IPAD APP FOR EOL FIELD PROJECTS
Osvaldo IV Massanet Ramírez, Bautista de Caguas Academy, Caguas, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Alison Rockwell, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado
Mobile information is quickly becoming predominant as more people use smartphones in their daily lives.
The Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL) is committed to using the latest technology and providing
comprehensive outreach material, both of which were accomplished by creating the EOL iOS application,
or “app.” This new outreach tool will allow mobile users to gain a broader perspective of EOL's global
scale by interfacing with a dynamic and interactive mapping display. The EOL Field Projects Map iPad
app is based on JavaScript (JS) and hosted on the EOL server. The app communicates with this server and
retrieves all the JS data through a web-based application. Inside the JS there is a Uniform Resource
Locator to the EOL Keyhole Markup Language file that displays all the locations of EOL's field projects
on a Google map using the EOL icon. Each icon is clickable to produce a pop-up balloon showing more
information about that particular project. This is how users can learn about the global scope of research
conducted through EOL field projects since 1984.
169

ABSTRACTS
BIOLOGY
GRADUATE STUDENTS
Α – ACTIN AS A MARKER FOR SKELETAL MUSCLE DAMAGE IN BRAZILIAN ATHLETES
Luz M. Cumba García, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Luiz Claudio Camerón, Universidade Federal Do Estado do Río de Janeiro, Brasil.
α – actin, a highly conserved protein that is involved in cell motility, structure and integrity, has been
tested to be a reliable marker of skeletal muscle damage in athletes because of sports injuries in previous
experiments. Its effectiveness and abundance in the muscle, where it represents > 20% of all cell proteins,
make it a promising candidate to be a specific marker for muscle injuries. The injury of skeletal muscle
fibers occurs as a result of an inappropriate training program or an inadequate physical condition. The
methods currently used to access biological diagnosis of muscle damage due to physical effort are based
on serum activity of sarcoplasmic enzymes such as creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, among
others. However, these methods have some limitations. The detection of small amounts of proteins that
are bound to intracellular structures indicates necrosis. Hence, alfa-actin has been used as biochemical
marker of cardiac muscle damage. The main objective of this study was to investigate the utility of α –
actin as a reliable and predictive marker of skeletal muscle damage, using the western blotting technique,
and improving the technique, to measure the release of α -actin into serum samples of world class athletes
from Brazil.
170

COMPUTER SCIENCES
GRADUATE STUDENTS
BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING OVER
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGES
Ollantay Medina Huaman, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Vidya Manian and J. Danila Chinea, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto
Rico.
Hyperspectral images represent an important source of information to assess ecosystem biodiversity. In
particular, plant species richness is a primary indicator of biodiversity. This work aimed to use spectral
variance to predict vegetation richness, known as Spectral Variation Hypothesis. A hierarchical clustering
method based on minimum spanning tree computations retrieved clusters whose Shannon entropy reflects
the species richness on a given zone. These entropies are expected to correlate well with the ones
calculated directly from field data.
COMPRESSED SENSING IN HYPER SPECTRAL IMAGING SYSTEMS
Gabriel E. Ramírez Ibañez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Vidya Manian, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Compressed sensing (CS) has attracted a lot of attention in recent years as a digital signal processing
technique for achieving dimension reduction by taking advantage of a signal’s sparsity. It allows for
simple compression by means of known measurement matrix. This method does not increase the need for
computational power at the compression end, and when dealing with images physical implementation at
the sensor could be made possible by using spatial light multiplexers like Texas Instruments (TI) digital
micro-mirror device (DMD). The DMD can affect the image in the same way as an inner product with the
measurement matrix (composed of 0’s and 1’s) by reflecting the individual pixels (light beams) towards
or away from a single point sensor. The simple compression is counter weighed by a higher level of
computation required for decompression or reconstruction. This makes the prospect of working with the
compressed version of the signal in implementations such as detection or classification much more
efficient. If an initial analysis shows nothing of interest, the signal need not be reconstructed. Many
hyper-spectral image applications are precisely focused on these areas, and would greatly benefit from a
compression technique like CS that could help minimize the light sensor’s complexity down to a single
pixel, lowering costs associated with the cameras while reducing the large amounts of data generated by
all the bands. The present study showed an implementation of CS that achieves compression in recursive
steps, making classification on an intermediate step possible.
171

APPLIED MATHEMATICS
GRADUATE STUDENTS
FLIGHTCREW MEMBER REST AND DUTY REQUIREMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF THE LAW,
ITS COST, EFFECTIVENESS AND ABILITY OF USERS TO REMAIN IN COMPLIANCE
Encarnación Bowry-Laing, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Research Mentor: Prof. Maria Fanqui, Inter-American University, San Juan Puerto Rico.
The Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) new rule is to prevent accumulations of dangerous amounts
of fatigue threatening aviation safety that can increase the risk of pilot error that could eventually lead to
an accident. The purpose of this research was to discuss the new requirement and to propose that effective
elimination of flight-crew fatigue will not be entirely accomplished due to known compromising factors
surrounding the industry; such as cost of implementation, aviation commuting culture, new pre
qualification flight time hours, pilot shortage, retirement age and non-inclusion of cargo pilots. It will
provide: 1- A scientific comprehension of fatigue’s detrimental effects on work performance in public
safety professions. 2- A background on the law. 3- An analysis of the law and the controversy
surrounding the Notice of Proposed rule (NPR). 4- It compares Europe and on a global scale through the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) where they stand in regards to eliminating fatigue in
flight-crew members. 5- An insight into how this new law will affect other public safety jobs such as
Flight Attendants, Aviation Mechanics, Air Traffic Controllers, and Hospital Residents. Also, a look at
the proposed regulations for the elimination of fatigue influenced by the new requirement. 6- External
analysis on factors inhibiting the effectiveness of the rule. To conclude, while the new requirement is a
step in the right direction, a discussion of potential fatigue avoidance improvements beyond minimum
requirements will be provided. Finally, until all extenuating circumstances are confronted and changed,
fatigue cannot be eliminated in its entirety.
172

STATISTICS-BUSINESS
GRADUATE STUDENTS
REGRESSION MODELS TO EXPLAIN THE BEHAVIOR OF CONTRABAND IN ECUADOR
Laura Torres-Velásquez, Universidad de Especialidades Espiritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Brenda Torres-Velásquez, Universidad de Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Ms. Marlene León, Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
During the last decades, the Republic of Ecuador has been suffering constant attacks to its maritime
transportation. Every day many shipments are confiscated due to illegal transportation of drugs. This
situation has made Government extra careful on exportations transactions. Despite Law Enforcement
Controls, by February 2012 2,000 kilograms of illegal drugs had been confiscated just in one port of
Ecuador. The importance of this study lies not only on the nature of this crime but also on its impact in
the economy of Ecuador. The aims of this study were: to determine a model that will explain and predict
the cases of maritime transportation affected by illegal cargo of drugs in the last decades in Ecuador, to
quantify the impact of contraband crime in the economy of Ecuador and to analyze the viability of new
protocols for the logistics process. Data came from the Ecuadorian Police Department and Government
Public Reports. Non-sensitive information about security protocols was obtained from BASC (Business
Alliance for Security Commerce). Regression models were implemented to explain confiscation
shipments by destiny port and type of ship through time. Results show that quantity in kilograms has a
high but stable behavior while its value in U.S. dollars is increasing. 6,400 kilograms of illegal drugs were
confiscated in 2009. The Russian Federation, Italy, the United States and Chile are the countries where
Ecuador sells near 67% of its exportable products. A feasibility analysis shows that security in maritime
containers can be improved but the cost is not affordable for all the companies in Ecuador.
173

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
GRADUATE STUDENTS
ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE REACTIVE PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS IN LAGUNA
CARTAGENA USING ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SOFTWARE STELLA
(V8)
Brenda C Torres-Velásquez, Yashira M Sánchez-Colón, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Marlio Paredes and Dr. Fred C Schaffner, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto
Rico.
Laguna Cartagena (LC) is a tropical freshwater wetland located in southwestern Puerto Rico that has been
impacted by unnaturally high nutrient loading, particularly phosphorus, since the latter half of the 20th
century. Laguna Cartagena’s current hypertrophic condition has attracted the attention of several
scientists interested in improving the lagoon’s habitat conditions and its restoration. Eutrophication leads
to excessive plant productivity that contributes to the wildlife habitat degradation and enhanced
greenhouse gas (methane) emissions. A first step in this analysis was the documentation of phosphorous
dynamics within the lagoon using data collected by Sánchez-Colón and Schaffner and analyzed in the
laboratory by Sanchez-Colón. The primary variables for this analysis are Soluble Reactive Phosphorus
(SRP) concentrations taken from samples of water entering and exiting LC at its inlet and outlet points,
and at three locations in the western, eastern and center sectors of the lagoon. Samples for all 5 sites were
collected in triplicate on 18 occasions from August 2010 to September 2011. STELLA (v8) was used to
model SRP dynamics based on the net amount of SRP (μg/L) in the system using a stock block, and two
main unidirectional flows to describe the SRP concentrations that enter and exit the system. Real data
were included in two converters that provide information on the main flows. Ordinary differential
equations are developed and solved. Modeling results are compared with real data collected from the
three points inside Laguna Cartagena.
174

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
GRADUATE STUDENTS
EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS OF EQUATORIAL SPREAD-F INITIATION PROBLEM
Sara R. Ávila O’Neill, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Marco Milla, Jicamarca Radio Observatory, Peruvian Institute of Geophysics,
Lima, Perú.
The equatorial Spread-F is an irregularity of the ionospheric plasma at the magnetic equator that
corresponds to the formation of plasma bubbles at F-region heights. The origin of this phenomenon is not
well understood and it is part of current research. Kudeki et al. [2007] have recently proposed that the
principal controlling factor of Spread-F initiation at the equatorial region is the eastward thermospheric
winds. In order to reach their conclusion, Kudeki et al. derived and analyzed a third order differential
equation that takes into account the proper physics of the equatorial ionosphere. The problem was posed
as an eigenvalue problem and solved numerically applying two numerical methods, the finite difference
method (FDM) and finite element method (FEM). Although the solutions show clearly the role of the
thermospheric wind, the solutions had some convergence issues since they do not converge uniformly
when the size of the grid is reduced. The goal was to revisit the problem applying similar numerical
techniques but using a python-based eigenvalue solver and then address the convergence problem.
175

ENGINEERING
GRADUATE STUDENTS
METAMODELING STUDIES ON SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION
Mary C. Acosta Cervantes, María G. Villarreal Marroquín, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez,
Puerto Rico.
Research Mentors: Dr. Mauricio Cabrera-Ríos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
José M. Castro, Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Ohio.
Oscar L. Chacón-Mondragón, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico.
The aim of this work was to compare different metamodeling techniques embedded in a simulation
optimization method originally proposed by Villarreal and Cabrera-Rios. The simulation optimization
method included nineteen cases of test functions and four metamodeling variants: saturated regression,
second order regression and artificial neural networks (ANN) with two levels of hidden neurons. The
problem of selecting ANN architecture for time series forecasting was approached using the simulation
optimization method along with the winning metamodelling strategy. All pertinent results are reported
here. These results provide evidence of the competitive performance of the proposed simulation
optimization method and enhance its viability for computational experiments with long running times.
MECHANOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF ZnFe 2 O 4 AS A FUNCTION OF “BALL TO POWDER
RATIO” (BPR)
Jari R. Cabarcas Bolívar, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Oswald Uwakweh, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
Mechanochemical reactions of ZnO and α-Fe 2 O 3 were carried out in a planetary mill to produce zinc
ferrite (ZnFe 2 O 4 ) nanocrystallites at room temperature by using a “ball to powder ratio” (BPR) of 20:1
and 40:1, under identical processing conditions entailing initial addition of 0.6 mL of acetone as
surfactant with hardened stainless steel grinding materials. The average crystal sizes of the particles as
determined from X-ray diffraction measurements varied as a function of milling time, with the value of
7.36 nm achieved for the 35 hours milled materials. The diffraction peaks of the milled samples were
broadened, which can be the result of the reduced grain size and the atomic level strain introduced during
milling. The development of superparamagnetic behavior of the particles is confirmed by the presence of
a central peak in the Mössbauer spectra for 25h and 5h corresponding to BPR= 20:1 and BPR=40:1
respectively. This result has been explained on the basis that at a high BPR, the collision energy is high
and therefore leads to enhanced reduction in crystal size and the chemical reaction to single phase
ZnFe2O4 having the particle size dependent on superparamagnetic behavior.
176

THE ACTIVE SITES ON TERNARY PHASE MOLYBDENUM-BASED CATALYST
Noemí Domínguez Ruiz, University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas.
Research Mentor: Dr. Manuel Ramos, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas.
In the past 20 years, one of best catalytic materials for hydrodesulphurization reactions of crude oil has
been the transition sulfides MoS 2 , known also as the “workhorse” of the refinery industry. It has been
proven by this and other research groups that the MoS 2 laminar structure can increase its catalytic activity
when it is promoted with cobalt or nickel. The location of active sites seems to be at the rim and edge
sites, as demonstrated using Mossbauer spectroscopy and x-ray techniques. However, due to maximum
capability of these promoted systems Co(Ni)/MoS 2 to remove heterogeneous atoms (S, N, O), a search for
new catalytic materials has been an ongoing activity nowadays in the HDS community. The new family
of ternary phase catalysts is presented with special emphasis on their peculiar nano-structure as revealed
by the aberration corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques in order to depict
the active sites on this new catalytic material.
ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT IN PURELY INTEGER CYCLIC CONVOLUTION USING
FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS
Osvaldo Mangual Rodríguez, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Research Mentor: Dr. Marvi Teixeira, Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Time domain-based implementations of cyclic convolution are dramatically slower than Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) based implementations, but unlike FFT-based algorithms, time domain-based
implementations always give the exact integer result when the input is a sequence of integers. This is
critical in certain important applications. A sectioned algorithm that is suitable for parallel-recursive, as
well as serial-recursive implementations, is proposed. The algorithm, depending on the prime factor
decomposition of the signal length, breaks a one-dimensional cyclic convolution into shorter subconvolutions
that can be independently computed. A similar algorithm, the well-known Argawal-Cooley
Cyclic Convolution algorithm, provides this capability but requires the signal length to be factored into
mutually prime factors. By removing the co-prime constraint, this algorithm can be implemented
recursively on the same radix. Time domain-based, O(n 2 ), algorithms can be drastically accelerated using
this approach. When further improvement in speed is needed, the FFT-based implementations need to be
considered. Unfortunately, such implementations of purely integer cyclic convolution can be affected by
floating point round-off errors potentially leading to an incorrect integer result. To alleviate this problem
the precision maybe tried to be increased or an arbitrary precision scheme may be used. Some of these
approaches may not be available to the user, or may not solve the problem, or may be too slow. FFTs can
be conveniently used, within the proposed algorithm, to compute the shorter sub-convolutions. Because
of the shorter length, floating point round off errors are not as severe as when doing full-length FFT-based
implementations. Attainment of exact results has been confirmed by coding the proposed algorithm in
MATLAB and C++ using the FFTW. The disadvantage is an increased computational time compared to
the serial, full-length, FFT-based implementation. It was confirmed that the serial-recursive, FFT-based
approach is still much faster than the exact serial, or serial-recursive, time domain-based implementations.
177

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Faculty research mentoring is the main driving force behind the scientific products (posters and oral
presentations) presented in this meeting. Our greatest appreciation and gratitude to all the mentors from
colleges and universities from Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and the US mainland who took part in
Symposium 2012 by working and training the next generation of scientists whose efforts are presented in
this program, as well as to the many other faculty members from around the country who support the
Student Research Development Center and its goals and objectives. Our most sincere thanks are also
extended to the following individuals who helped to make this Symposium 2012 a reality.
Keynote Speakers:
Dr. Kika Friend, University of California, Irvine
Dr. Rafael Ramos, University of Texas-El Paso
Dr. Julius E. Scipre, Fort Valley State University
Dr. Renetta Tull, University of Maryland-Baltimore County
Workshop Presenters:
Dr. Luis de la Torre, Universidad Metropolitana
Dr. Sarwan Dhir, Fort Valley State University
Dr. Robert Kerr, Arecibo Observatory
Dr. Jerzy Leszczynski, Jackson State University
Prof. Wilson Lozada, Inter-American University-Barranquitas
Dr. Sharon Milgram, NIH Training Programs
Mr. Nicholas Natalizio, Universidad Metropolitana
Dr. Rafael Rodrigo, Arecibo Observatory-Universidad Metropolitana
Ms. Martina Trucco, Hewlett Packard
Exhibitors:
Georgia Institute of Technology
Arecibo Observatory
Iowa State University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
National Cancer Institute
Purdue University
University of California, Berkley
Stony Brook University
The Ohio State University
Universidad Central del Caribe
Judges and Chairpersons:
Albino, Edisa, CDI Laboratories
Asmar, Rima, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico
Avilés, Yvonne, Inter-American University-San Germán
Barberena, María F., Universidad del Turabo
Baylis, Anthony, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Calderón, Jeselyn, Universidad Metropolitana
Cox, Osvaldo, Ph. D., Universidad Metropolitana
Cubano, Luis, Universidad Central del Caribe
178

Cuello, Brenda I, M.D., Universidad Metropolitana
De la Torre, Luis, Universidad Metropolitana
Díaz, Carlos, Loma Linda University
Hendricks, Timothy, Inter-American University, Bayamón
Hernández, Gloricelys, Universidad Metropolitana
Jiménez, Gilberto, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
León, Julio, Universidad del Turabo
Linares, Serenella, University of Maryland-College Park
Melgarejo, Ricardo, Universidad del Este
Nieto, Santander, Universidad del Turabo
Ortiz, Josué E., Universidad Metropolitana
Pagán, Ismael, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
Peralta, Alvin, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
Primera, Oliva, Universidad Metropolitana
Ramos, Manuel, University of Texas-El Paso
Romero, Edwar, Universidad del Turabo
Tirado, José, Howard University
Valentín, Dorielys, Universidad Metropolitana
Van der Meer, Pieter, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
Vázquez, Waleska, Universidad del Turabo
Vega, José Alejandro, Ana G. Méndez University System
Vélez, María, Howard University
Zambrano, Luisa, University of Texas-Brownsville
Zayas, Beatriz, Universidad Metropolitana
Symposium Student Research Development Center Project Staff:
Dr. Gladys Bonilla
Dr. Luis de la Torre
Ms. Thelma Graniela
Ms. Zulma Irizarry
Ms. Ivette Miranda
Mr. Nicholas Natalizio
Ms. Wanda I. Rodríguez
Mr. Tomás Yan Melo
SUAGM Printing Office Personnel
Symposium Chairman:
Dr. Juan F. Arratia, Executive Director, Student Research Development Center, Ana G. Méndez
University System, San Juan, Puerto Rico
179

INDEX OF PRESENTERS
NAME INSTITUTION PAGE
Ariette Acevedo Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 41, 59
Mary C. Acosta University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 40, 175
Carlos A. Aguirre University of California, Irvine, California 41, 59
Irisber Alequín Inter-American University, San Germán 47, 98
Edrick J. Alvarado C.R.O.E.M. School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 55, 157
Jorlys I. Alvarado University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 50, 120
Luis E. Álvarez University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 50, 120
Ángel G. Andino Santa Gema School, Carolina, Puerto Rico 55, 157
Gerardo M. Argüelles Home School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 162
Miguel Argüelles Home School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 160
Sara R. Ávila Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 40, 174
Nikole Ayala University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 50, 121
Elizabeth Barbosa Inter-American University, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 47, 98
Edward M. Bello II University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 50, 121
Nydiana Benítez Isidro A. Sánchez High School, Luquillo, Puerto Rico 54, 150
Bettina M. Benito University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 50, 122
Franiece D. Bennett Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia 37, 122
Alfredo Bermúdez Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 50, 123
Kiersten D. Bethea North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 34, 89
Anthony R. Bonilla José Gautier Benítez School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 55, 158
Encarnación Bowry Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 39, 171
Jasmine Briscoe Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia 41, 60
Gloriana Burgos Home School, Humacao, Puerto Rico 56, 159
Rafael Burgos C.R.O.E.M. School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 55, 158
Jorge Bustamante, Jr. University of California, Irvine, California 41, 60
Jari R. Cabarcas University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 40, 175
Katherine Calderón University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico 45, 89
Víctor F. Calderón Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 50, 123
Giovanna M. Camacho Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 41, 61
Sarah Camerón Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 41, 61
Laura V. Campos University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 49, 108
Anamary Carazo Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 33, 62
Ramón A. Cardona Inter-American University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 47, 99
Joehan B. Carrasquillo Univeridad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 50, 124
Veroleevelisse Carrión Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 36, 117
Alejandra Cartagena Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 45, 90
Karla M. Casillas Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico 41, 62
Nishmar Cestero Episcopal Cathedral School, San Juan, Puerto Rico 55, 158
Davis Chacón University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 37, 124
Ángeles C. Chaparro University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 37, 125
Kalijah A. Chapman Educación Bilingüe de Cidra School, Cidra, Puerto Rico 56, 159
Leonardo M. Cheverez Inter-American University, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 41, 63
Laysa M. Claudio University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico 45, 90
Wilnerys Colberg Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 35, 114
Carlimar Collazo Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico 47, 99
Joseph Colón Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 47, 100
Julie A. Colón Educación Bilingüe de Cidra School, Cidra, Puerto Rico 56, 159
Shalimar Colón University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 51, 125
Víctor L. Correa Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 33, 63
180

NAME INSTITUTION PAGE
Anthony Crespo CIMATEC School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 159
Gabriela C. Cruz Home School, Humacao, Puerto Rico 56, 159
José I. Cruz Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 35, 108
Melanie Cruz Antilles Military Academy, Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico 54, 150
Ricardo E. Cruz Home School, Las Piedras, Puerto Rico 56, 159
Sheila Cubero Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico 41, 64
Luz M. Cumba Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 39, 169
William N. Dade North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 45, 91
Rachid Darbali University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 51, 126
Dwayne Davis Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia 33, 64
Caroline I. Delgado Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 41, 65
Nohelysmarie Delgado Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 42, 65
Guillermo R. Díaz University Gardens High School, San Juan, Puerto Rico 54, 151
José R. Díaz University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 51, 126
Noemí Domínguez University of Texas, El Paso, Texas 40, 176
Daniel Drew Virginia Polytechnic & State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 51, 127
Karla M. Dumeng University of Puerto Rico- Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 51, 127
Xavier E. Espada Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 35, 109
Norman I. Fabre Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 51, 128
Jasmine I. Figueroa University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 37, 128
Miriam A. Figueroa University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 51, 129
Xavier E. Figueroa Bautista de Puerto Nuevo Academy, San Juan, Puerto Rico 57, 167
Anna C. Flores Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 44, 86
Héctor Y. Franqui University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 37, 129
Alexis Galarza Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 50, 119
Emanuel García Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico 33, 66
Jean G. García Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 33, 66
Michelle García University of California, Irvine, California 51, 130
Natasha García Dr. Juan J. Ozuna High School, San Juan, Puerto Rico 56, 160
Nitza M. García Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 51, 130
Svetlana Gelpi Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 34, 91
Jennifer L. Gil University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 36, 117
KaNesha M. Gillyard Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia 34, 92
Adrian E. Gómez Antonio Fernós Vocational School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 161
Brenda González University of California, Irvine, California 42, 67
Jenipher D. González Bautista de Caguas Academy, Caguas, Puerto Rico 54, 152
Maxine G. González Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 33, 67
Verónica González Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico 42, 68
Kendra K. Hearn Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia 42, 68
Christian G. Hernández University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 37, 131
Leonardo J. Hernández Pontificia Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico 42, 69
Luis E. Hernández Home School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 160
Stephanie. Hernández Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 42, 69
Valeria N. Hernández Home School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 160
Tatiyanna L. Hughes Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 49, 109
Luis E. Irizarry University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 42, 70
Rubén Jaca University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 51, 131
Daniel J. Jaimes University of California, Irvine, California 37, 132
Johannys Jiménez Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico 45, 92
Michael Kuku Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 51, 132
Alvaro S. Laham Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 42, 70
181

NAME INSTITUTION PAGE
Dayanara Lebrón Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 49, 115
Diorella M. López Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico 45, 93
Edwin C. López Dr. María Cadilla de Martínez High School, Arecibo, PR 58, 168
Josué López University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 51, 133
Natalie López Inmaculada Concepción Academy, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 54, 153
Reynaldo López Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 52, 134
Sergio L. López Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 47, 100
Stephanie López University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 37, 134
Ricardo Lorenzana Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 45, 93
Luis O. Lozada University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 52, 135
Elsa M. Luciano University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico 46, 94
Roberto E. Luna Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico 47, 101
Osvaldo Mangual Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 40, 176
Kevin J. Marrero San Benito School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 55, 153
Wesley J. Marrero Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 42, 71
Kelcie L. Martin University of California, Irvine, California 42, 71
Eduan E. Martínez Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 37, 135
Osvaldo IV Massanet Bautista de Caguas Academy, Caguas, Puerto Rico 58, 168
José R. Matagira Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 47, 101
Kevin A. Matos María Teresa Piñeiro School, San Juan, Puerto Rico 57, 164
Jenine N. McKoy Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia 52, 136
Olivia C. McReynolds Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia 33, 72
José R. Medina Home Schooling, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 162
Ollantay Medina University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 39, 170
Valeria L. Medina San Antonio Abad School, Humacao, Puerto Rico 56, 161
Adriana M. Mejía Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 33, 72
Omayra Méndez Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 42, 73
Humberto Mercader University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 52, 136
Norberto Mercado University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 35, 110
Luis M. Mestre Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 35, 115
Ramón E. Miranda Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 43, 86
Schatzi C. Miranda Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 52, 137
Moisés Montalvo University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 52, 137
Cristina M. Morales University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 47, 102
Emely Morales Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico 43, 73
Reynaldo J. Morales University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico 46, 94
Richard J. Morales Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico 47, 102
Ivia I. Moreno Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 43, 74
Reinaldo L. Mulero University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 52, 138
Liz M. Navas University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 49, 110
Julio E. Nazario University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 49, 111
Arnaldo A. Negrón University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 52, 138
Héctor A. Nieves Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 43, 74
Jonathan Nieves University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 54, 139
Xavier F. Nieves University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 49, 111
Johanna M. Nifosi Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 33, 75
Joanie Nina Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 34, 75
Ashley Norris Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia 43, 76
Ykailah P. Núñez Notre Dame School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 162
Selma Oliveras Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico 43, 77
José M. Orellano University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 38, 139
182

NAME INSTITUTION PAGE
Ismael Orengo Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 45, 87
Alisa V. Ortiz University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 38, 140
Greisha L. Ortiz Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 43, 77
Idaliz M. Ortiz University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 52, 140
Javier E. Ortiz Costa Rica Vocational School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 162
Jonathan Ortiz Costa Rica Vocational School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 161
Karielys Ortiz Antonio Fernós Isern Vocational School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 57, 166
Luis M. Ortiz Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 46, 95
Jackeline Palencia Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico 43, 78
Javier E. Parapar Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 47, 102
Luana M. Paredes Notre Dame School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 162
Ashley Parmer Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia 43, 78
Alexander Pellicier Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 52, 141
Francisco Pérez University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 48, 103
Michelle C. Pérez Notre Dame School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 55, 154
Pablo J. Pérez Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 53, 141
Ramiro Piñón University of Texas, El Paso, Texas 53, 142
Jessica N. Pita University Gardens High School, San Juan, Puerto Rico 55, 154
Joaquín A. Pockels Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 48, 103
Jennifer M. Potter Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico 43, 79
Orniz J. Quiñones University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 53, 142
Alma C. Ramírez Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 35, 112
Gabriel E. Ramírez University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 39, 170
Joel B. Ramkhelawan Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico 43, 79
Kymber Rías Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia 43, 80
Jessica N. Ríos Santa María del Camino School, Carolina, Puerto Rico 55, 155
Karoline Ríos Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 44, 80
Aryam N. Rivera Notre Dame School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 162
Coral M. Rivera Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 44, 81
Emanuel Rivera Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 48, 104
Jean C. Rivera Nazario University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 38, 142
Jean C. Rivera Pabón Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 53, 143
Juan P. Rivera Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 44, 82
Marcel Rivera University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 48, 104
Miguel Rivera University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 48, 104
Nelson Rivera Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 53, 143
Osvaldo D. Rivera Adianez School, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico 55, 155
Ramón A. Rivera Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 50, 118
Xavier A. Rivera University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 38, 144
Yamil E. Rivera Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 53, 144
Yesenia M. Rivera Antonio Lucchetti Vocational School, Arecibo, Puerto Rico 57, 166
Anivonne Robert Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 44, 83
Amnerys Rodríguez University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 53, 145
Astrid M. Rodríguez Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 44, 83
Daniel E. Rodríguez C.R.O.E.M. School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 57, 164
Edaris Rodríguez Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 50, 118
Hanniah L. Rodríguez University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 49, 112
Javier I. Rodríguez Saint Mary’s School, San Juan, Puerto Rico 55, 158
Jeremías R. Rodríguez Home School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 160
Katia Y. Rodríguez University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico 46, 95
Kevin J. Rodríguez Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 53, 145
183

NAME INSTITUTION PAGE
Leonardo Rodríguez University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 53, 146
Marcos R. Rodríguez Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 46, 96
Rafael Rodríguez III Inter-American University, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 48, 105
Rut M. Rodríguez University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 38, 146
Weyshla A. Rodríguez Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 46, 96
Emmie M. Román University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 45, 87
Joshua I. Rosario University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico 46, 97
Taylor Rosemond North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 49, 116
Álex R. Sánchez Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 48, 105
Omar Y. Sánchez University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 53, 146
Ashlie Santaliz Episcopal San Andrés School, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 57, 163
Natalia C. Santiago Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 44, 84
Netsha J. Santiago Caguas Private School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 55, 156
Víctor O. Santos University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 48, 106
Kamil M. Suliveres Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 44, 84
Gabriela D. Talavera Santa María del Camino School, Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico 57, 165
Antonio Tapia University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 34, 106
Brenda C. Torres Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 39, 173
Carlos R. Torres Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 53, 147
Giovanni Torres University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 54, 147
Laura Torres Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo, Ecuador 40, 172
Luis E. Torres Notre Dame School, Caguas, Puerto Rico 56, 162
Michelle Z. Torres Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico 46, 97
Ricardo Ursulich Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 54, 148
Silvia D. Vaca Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 44, 85
Fernando L. Valverde University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 54, 148
Angeliz Vangas University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 49, 113
Pedro Vargas Polytechnic University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 54, 148
Ángel F. Vázquez Interamerican University-Metro, San Juan, Puerto Rico 48, 107
Edgardo L. Vázquez Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico 45, 88
Eliezer Vázquez Inter-American University, San Germán, Puerto Rico 48, 107
Raúl Viera University of Puerto Rico, Arecibo, Puerto Rico 48, 107
Jorge Wiewall University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 54, 149
Milton Williams Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia 44, 85
Johnny L. Worthy III Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 54, 149
Asia Wyatt Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia 49, 116
Best Poster Presenter
Best Oral Presenter
184

We gratefully acknowledge the support and sponsorship of the
AGMUS 2012 Research Symposium from:
National Science Foundation (NSF)
Grant #DMS-0822404
Grant #CNS-0940522
Ana G. Méndez University System
Waters Corporation