Unix/Linux

Unix/Linuxdddddddd 

ddd 

hmli@ustc.edu.cn, lihm@qibebt.ac.cn 

ddddddddddddddddddddddd 

2009d12d 

ddd (ddddddd) Unix/Linuxdddddddd 2009d12d 1 / 173

dd 

1 Linuxdddddd 

2 ddddd 

3 ddddd 

4 dd 

5 Linuxdd 

6 Shelldd 

7 VI/VIMdddddd 

8 dddddd 

9 dddd 


9 dddd 

(ddddddd) Unix/Linuxdddddddd 2009d12d 3 / 173 


2 ddddd 

3 ddddd 

4 dd 


6 Shelldd 


8 dddddd

Linuxdddddd 

Linuxddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

LinuxdddddddddddddddLinuxdddddddd 

dddddGNUddddddddShelldddddddddd 

ddddddddddddddddddEmacsddddddd 

GNU(GNU’s not Unix)ddddddRichard Matthew 

Stallma-RMSdddddLinuxdddddddGNU/Linuxdd 

dddddddddddLinux 

Linuxdddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddddddddddd 

dddUnixdddddddddd Unixddddddddd Unix 

dddddddddd Linuxddd 




1991dddddddLinus TorvaldsddddddddddUNIX 

ddddddddddLinuxdddddddddddddddd 

dddddLinusdddddd LinuxddInternetdddddd 

ddddddddddhackddddddddddddddd 



LinuxddddddddddddddddddddddLinuxd 

ddddddddddddLinuxddddGPL(GNU General 

Public License)ddd GNUdddddddd 

LinuxddddddddddddddddIBMdINTELdCAd 

ORACLEdddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddd 


Linuxdddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddLinuxdddd 


Linuxdd I 

ddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dOSIddddd 


dddddddddddddddddddddd 


ddd 

ddddddddLinuxdddddddddddddddddd 

ddLinuxdddddddddddddddddddddddd 


ddddddd 

dddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


dddddddddddddddddddddddddLinuxd 

ddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


Linuxdd II 

dddddddddddddddddddLinuxdddd 

ddddddddLinuxdddddddddddddddddd 


dddddddddddddddd 


dddddddddddddddddLinuxddddddddd 


ddddddddMaemodddd AndroiddChrome OSddd 

ddddMoblin 


Linuxddddd 

Kernel dddddddddddddddddddd 

Shell dddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddBashdCshdTcshdKshdZsh··· 

Utility ddddddddddddd 


Linuxdddddddd 

ddddddddd 

dddd.ddddd|ddddddd.ddd-patchd 

dd 

2.5.19-6 ddddd 

2.6.20 d dddd 

ddddddddd2009d12d14dddd2.6.32.1 

Linux-kerneldddddhttp://www.kernel.org/ 


Unix/Linuxdddddddd 

dddddddd 

LinuxdArch, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo, Mandriva, Red 

Hat Enterprise Linux Server (RHEL), Slackware, SUSE Linux 

Enterprise Desktop (SLED), SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 

(SLES), OpenSuSE, Ubuntu, ... 

Unixd 

dddBSDdFreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, ... 

ddUnixdIBM AIX, HP UX, Sun Solaris, OpenSolaris 1 , Mac OS 

X 2 , SGI IRIX, ... 

LinuxdBSDddddhttp://distrowatch.com/ 

1 SunddddCDDLdddd 

2 d FreeBSDddddMach dddddd 


9 dddd 



2 ddddd 

3 ddddd 

4 dd 


6 Shelldd 


8 dddddd

ddddd 

ddddddd 

dddd 



ddddddd 

ddddddddXdd 

dddddsshdtelnet 

sshd 

Linuxddd$ ssh UserName@HostName 3 

Windowsdddddputtydddsshdddddd 

telnetd 

$ telnet HostName 

dddddexitd 

3 HostNameddddddddddddIPdd 


ddddddddpasswddyppasswd 

ddddddddddddddpasswd 

ddNIS 4 ddddddddddyppasswddddddddddd 

dddpasswddd 

4 ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


ddddd 

ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dman commandd 

command options arguments 

ddd []ddddddddddd|dddddddddddd 

$ dddddddddddddddddddrootdd#dddd 

$ mail −f newmail 

ddddddd 

dd dd 

-ddddd 

$ mail −f newmail $ mail − f newmail 

dddddddd 

$ mail −f newmail $ mail newmail −f 

ddd 

$ who −m −u $ who −m−u 

$ who −mu $ who −m u 


dddd 

dddddddddddBash(> 3.0dd) dddd Shellddddd 

Shelldddddd 

dShellddddddddddddddd 

Shellddddd 

dddddddddddddCommand not Found 

dddddddddddddd\dddddddddddd>d 

dddd 


ddddddd 

ddddd 

dddddddddd 

ddddddd 

ddddd 

dddddddd 

dddddddd 

ddddd 

dddddddddd 


9 dddd 



2 ddddd 

3 ddddd 

4 dd 


6 Shelldd 


8 dddddd

ddddd 

ddLinux ddddddd 

ddddddddd 

dddddddddddd 

dddddddddd 

ddddddddddddddddddd 


ddddddddd 


Linuxdddddddd 

dd dd 

/ Linuxdddddddddddd 

/bin 

Binarydddddddddddddddd lsdcpddddddd Shellddbashd 

/boot dd vmlinuzdinitrd.imgdddddddddddddddddd 

/dev dddddddddddddddsda 

/etc 

passwdddddddddddd 

/etc/x11 X Windows Systemddddd 

/home dddddddd 

/lib dddd /bind/sbindddddddddddddddddlibrary 

/lib32 ddd 64 dddddd 32 ddddd 

/lib64 ddd 32 dddddd 64 ddddd 

/mnt ddddddddddddddd/mnt/cdromddddddd 

/opt dddddddddddddddddddddd 

/proc 

psdddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

/root ddddddd 

/sbin ddddddddddddd 

/tmp 

Temporarydddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

/usr dddddddddddddddddd 

/usr/bin ddddddddddd grepdmkdird 

/usr/doc ddddddddddd 

/usr/include dddd Cddddd header dd 

/usr/include/X11 dddd X Windowsddddd header dd 

/usr/info GNUdddddd 

/usr/lib(/lib64) ddd 

/usr/lib(/lib64)/X11 dddd X Windowsdddddd 

/usr/local ddddddddddddd 

/usr/man dddddddddd 

/usr/sbin ddddddddddd nfsstat 

/usr/src ddddddddd 

/usr/X11R6/bin dd X Windows Systemddddd 

/var 

Variable,dddddddddddddddlog 


ddddddd 


ddddddddddddddd 


ddddddddddddddddd 


dddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddd/dddddddddddddddddddddd 



dddd 


dddddd 

dddddInodeddddddddddddddddddddd 


dddddddddd 


dddd 

ddddddddddddddd$d@dddddddddddd*d?d>d

ddddddd 

dddddddddddd ls −lddddddddddddddddd 

ddddd 

dddddASCIIddddddd -ddddd 

−rw−r−−r−− 1 root root 39599 Mar 8 12:15 x.sh 


ddddddddd -ddddd 

−rw−r−−r−− 1 root root 69599 Mar 8 12:25 x 

dddddd dddddd 

drwxr−xr−x 2 root root 4096 Aug 2 2006 bin 

ddddd 

dddddddbddddd 

brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 1 Jan 30 2003 /dev/hda1 

ddddddddcddddd 

crw−−−−−−− 1 root root 4, 1 Jul 31 13:49 /dev/tty1 

ddddddddddddddddddddd lddddd 

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Sep 30 2008 c −> /mnt/c 

dd file ddddddddd 


dddd 


ddddddASCIIdddd 


ddddddd 

dddddddddddddddddddd 


dddd 

dddddInode/ddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddd 

InodedddInodedddddInodeddddddddddd 



ddddd 

ddddddddd 

dddddd/d˜dddd/home/hmli/linux 

ddddddd/d˜ddddddddd/home/hmliddd 

linuxdddddd 


dddddd 

lsddddddddd 

pwddddddddddd 

cdddddddddd 

mkdirddddddd 

rmdirddddd 


dddddddls 

lsdddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ls [OPTION]... [FILE]... 

ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 5 d 

-addddddddddddddd.dddddddddddd 

ddddddd.ddddddd..d 

-ldddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


-Rddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

-tddddddd 

-Sddddddd 

-rddddd 

–color[=WHEN]dddddddddddddddddWHENd 

ddalwaysddd neverdauto 

5 dddddd 


dddddddlsdd 

ddddddddddddddddddddd 

$ ls −la 

✞ 

total 16 

drwxr−xr−x 4 root root 4096 Jan 1 11:28 . 

drwxr−x−−− 11 root root 4096 Jan 1 11:27 . . 

drwxr−xr−x 2 root root 4096 Jan 1 11:27 dir1 

drwxr−xr−x 2 root root 4096 Jan 1 11:28 dir2 

✡✝ 

dddddddddvddddddddddd 

$ ls /boot/v∗ 

✞ 

−rw−r−−r−− 1 root root 2078016 Nov 17 09:28 vmlinuz−2.6.31−hmli 

−rw−r−−r−− 1 root root 2138528 Dec 8 11:11 vmlinuz−2.6.32−hmli 

✡✝ 

✆ 

✆ 


dddddddddpwd 

pwddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

$ pwd 

✞ 

/home/hmli 

✡✝ 

ddddPWDddddddddOLDPWDdddd cdddddd 

dddddddddddddechoddddddd 

$ echo $PWD 

$ echo $OLDPWD 

✆ 


dddddddddcd 

cdddddddddddddddddddddddcd [−L|−P] [dir] 

dddddddd 

cd dirnamedddddddirnameddd 

cd ˜usernameddddd usernamedddd 

cd ˜/dirnameddddddddddddddirnameddd 

cd −dddddddddddddddd 

cd ..dddddddd 

cd ../..dddddddd 

cdddddddddddddddd 


dddddddmkdir 

mkdirdddddddddddd 

mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... 

dddddd 

-pdddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddd $ mkdir −p 1/2 

-mddddddddddddddddddddddddchmod 

dddddd $ mkdir −m 700 3 


dddddrmdir 

rmdirdddddddddddddddddddddddd 

rmdir dirnameddd dirnamedd 

-pdddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddd $ rmdir −p 1/2 

rmdirddddddddddddddrmdd 


dddddd 


cpdddddddd 

mvdddddddddd 

rmdddddddd 

lnddddddddd 

finddddddddd 

locatedddddddd 

whichdddddddd 

touchdddddddddd 


ddddddddcp 

cpdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST 

ddddd 

-addddddddddddddddd 

-fddddddddddddddd 

-idddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddd 

-pdddddddddddddddddddddd 

-rdddddddd 


dd/ddddddmv 

mvdddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST 

ddddd 

-idddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddd 



ddddddddrm 

rmdddddddd 6 ddddddd 

rm [OPTION]... FILE...ddddd 


-idddddddddddddddddd 

-rddddddddddd 

dddddd-ddddddd‘-foo’ddddddddddd 

rm −− −foo 

rm ./−foo 

dddddcpdmvdddddddddddddddddd 

6 ddddddddddddddddddddd 


dddddddddln 

lndddddddddddddd 


dddddddddddddd 


ddddddddddddd 

dddddd 

ln [options] source [dest] 

ddddd 

-dddddddddddd 

-fddddddddddd 

-idddddddddddddddd 

-sddddddddddddd 


dddddfind 

findddddddddddddddddddddddd 

find [−H] [−L] [−P] [−D debugopts] [−Olevel] [path...] [expression] 

pathddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dd 

expressiondddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddd 


finddddd 

-atime ndddn*24ddddddddddd 

-ctime ndddn*24ddddddddddd 

-amin ndndddddddddd 

-cmin ndndddddddddd 

-emptyddddd 

-name nameddddddddddddddddddddd 

-iname namedddddddddddddddddddddd 

-type xddddddddddddddddxdd 

dddddddd 

fddddddddd 

cddddddddddd 

bdddddddddd 

pddddddddd 

lddddddddd 

sdddddddd 


finddd 

dd/homedddddd7ddddddddddd 

$ find /home −atime +7 −print 

dd/usr/srcdddddddcoreddddddddd 

$ find /usr/src −name core −exec rm {} \; 

dd/homedd.jpgdddddddd100KBdddd 

$ find /home −name ”∗.jpg” −size 100k 

ddddddddddd755ddddddddddd755d 

$ find . −type d ! −perm 755 −exec chmod 755 {} \; 


dddddddddlocate 

dddddddddddddddddddddlocate 

ddddddddlibmkl intelddddd$ locate libmkl intel 

✞ 

warning : locate : warning : database /var/lib/slocate/s 

locate .db ' is more than 8 days old 

/opt/intel/Compiler/11.0/083/mkl/lib /32/libmkl intel .a 

/opt/intel/Compiler/11.0/083/mkl/lib /32/libmkl intel . so 

/opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/mkl/lib /32/libmkl intel .a 

/opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/mkl/lib /32/libmkl intel . so 

✡✝ 

dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddd 8dddddrootdddd updatedbddddddd 

ddddddd 

✆ 


ddddddddwhich 

whichdddddddddddddddddddmpif90d 

$ which mpif90 

✞ 

/opt/mpich2−1.2/bin/mpif90 

✡✝ 

whichdddddddddPATHdddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddecho $PATHddddd:dddddddddd 

✞ 

/usr/ local /bin :/ usr/bin :/ bin :/ opt/mpich2−1.2/ bin :/ opt/mpich2/bin 

✡✝ 

✆ 

✆ 


dddddddddtouch 

touchddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dd 

touch [OPTION]... FILE... 

ddddd 


-adddddddd 

-cddddddddddddddddddd 

-t [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss]dddddddddddddddd 

$ touch −t 01201500 file1 


ddddddddd 

catdddddddd 

pastedddddddddddddddddd 

moreddddddd 

lessddddddd 

headddddddddd 

taildddddddddd 


ddddddddcat 

catddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddddd 

cat [OPTION]... [FILE]... 

ddddd 

-bddddddddddddddddddddddddd1dd 

dd 

-Eddddddddddd$ddd 

-ndddddddddddddddddddddd1dddd 


catdd 

d catdddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddd 

$ cat dddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddd 

dddddd>dddd file1dfile2dddddddddd 

file3d 

$ cat file1 file2 > file3 

dddfile3ddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddddd >>dd >dddddddddddd 

ddddddddddd 


dddddddpaste 

pastedddddddddddddddddddddddd 

paste [OPTION]... [FILE]... 

ddddd 

-d, –delimiters=LISTddLISTddTABs 

-s, –serialddddddddddd 

ddd 

file1dddddd file2dddddd 

✞ 

1 a 

2 b 

3 c 

✡✝ 

ddpaste file1 file2dddd 

✞ 

1 a 

2 b 

3 c 

✡✝ 

ddd (ddddddd) Unix/Linuxdddddddd 2009d12d 50 / 173 

✆ 

✆

dddddddmore 

moredddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


more [−dlfpcsu] [−num] [+/pattern] [+linenum] [file ...] 

ddddd 

+/ddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddd 

+ddddddddddd 

-nddddddnd 

-cdddddddddddddddd 

ddddd 

ddddd 

/patternddddd patternddd 

vdddddddddd 

ddddd 

qddd 


moredd 

dddfile1dddd123ddddddddddddddddd 

$ more +/123 file1 

ddddfile1ddddd 10dddddddddddddddd 

$ more −c −10 file1 


dddddddless 

lessdd moreddddddddddddddddlessdddddd 

dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddqddddddddvddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddddddd lessdman lessdddddddddd 


dddddddddhead 

headdddddddddddddddddd10dddddddd 

head [OPTION]... [FILE]... 

-c NddddNddd 

-n NddddNd 

-Ndddd Ndddd 

$ head −20 file 


ddddddddddtail 

taildddddddddddddddddd10dddddddd 

tail [OPTION]... [FILE]... 

ddddd 

-c NddddNddd 

-n NddddNd 

-Ndddd Nd 

-fdddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


$ tail −f myjob.log 


dddddddddcommddiff 

commdddddddddddd 

diffdddddddd 


dddddddddddcomm 

commdddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddd 

comm [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 

OPTIONdddd 

-1dddddddddddddddd 

-2dddddddddddddddd 

-3dddddddddddddddddd 


commdd 

file1dddddd 

✞ 

file2dddddd 

main ( main ( 

{ { 

printf(”Hello !\n”); 

} } 

✡✝ 

printf(”Good!\n”); 

d commdddddddddddddddddddddd 

comm −12 file1 file2 

✞ 

main ( 

✡✝ 

{ 

} 

✆ 

✆ 


ddddddddddddiff 

diffdddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

diff [OPTION]... FILES 

ddddd 

-cddddddddddddddd 

-C ndddddddddddnddd 

-rdddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddd 

n1 a n3,n4 

n1,n2 d n3 

n1,n2 c n3,n4 

a-dddd-dddc-dd 

adddcddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dd 

dddn1 a n3,n4dddddddddddddddddddddn1 

dddddddddddddn3dn4dddd 


diffdd 

file1dddddd 

✞ 

file2dddddd 

1main () 1 main () 

2{ 2 { 

3 printf (” Hello !\n”); 3 int n,m; 

4} 4 n=10; 

5 5 printf(”%d\n” ,m=n∗10); 

6} 

✡✝ 

ddddd 

$ diff file1 file2 

dddd 

✞ 

3 ,5c 3 ,6 

5 printf(”%d\n” ,m=n ∗10); 

>6} 

✡✝ 

✆ 

✆ 


dddddd 

chmodddddddddddddd 

chownddddddddd 

chgrpddddddd 


dddddddd 

ddddd 

✞ 

rwx rwx rwx 

user group others 

✡✝ 

✆ 

ddddd 

rddddddddd 

wddddddddd 

xddddddd 

ddd 

rddddddddddd 

wdddddddddddddd 

xdddddddddddddddd 


dd 

dddd 

dddddddd 

user group others 

dd rwx rw- r– 

ddd 111 110 100 

ddd 7(4+2+1) 6(4+2+0) 4(4+0+0) 

ddd−rw−r−−r−− 644 

ddddrwxr−xr−x 755 


dddddddchmod 

chmodddddddddddddddddddd 

chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... 

MODEddd 

uddddddd 

gdddddd 

oddddd 

addddd 

+ddddd 

-ddddd 

=dddddddddddddd 

ddddd 

-vdddddddddddd 

-cddd -vddddddddd 

-Rddddddddddddddddd 


chmoddd 

dddfiledddddddddddd 

$ chmod 777 file 

ddddddfiledddddddddddd 

$ chmod 644 file 

ddddddddd 

$ chmod a+w file 


$ chmod o−wr,g−wr file 

ddddddddddd 

$ chmod o=r file 


dddddddumask 

ddumaskdddddddddddddddddd 

umask [−p] [−S] [mode] 

modedchmodddddddddmode d lsddddddddddd 

ddd777-lsddd 

ddddddddddddddddumask 077dddddddddd 

ddd−rw−−−−−−− 600 

ddddrwx−−−−−− 700 

dddddddddddddddddShelldddddddddd 

bashd˜/.bashrc 


dddddddddchown 

chowndddddddddddddddddd 7 ddddddd 

chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... 

ddddd 

-vddddddddddd 

-cddd -vdddddddddd 

-Rddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddddddhmlidhmlidddddnicdd 

$ chown −R hmli:nic dirname 

7 dd rootddddddddddd 


dddddddchgrp 

chgrpddddddddddddddddddd 8 ddddddd 

chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... 

ddddd 

-vdddddddddddddddd 

-cddd -vdddddddddd 

-rddddddddddddddddddddddd 

8 dd rootddddd 


9 dddd 



2 ddddd 

3 ddddd 

4 dd 


6 Shelldd 


8 dddddd

dd 

dddd 

dddd 

dddddd 

dddd 

nohup 

dddd 

dddddd 


dddd 


Linux ddddddddddddddddPIDdddddddd 

ddddddddddddPPIDddddddd 


dddddddd 

dddddddddd 





ddddddd 

dddPIDd ddddPPIDd 

201 1 

206 201 

207 206 


dddddps 

psddddddddddddddddddddddps [options] 

ddddd 

-addddddd ttydddddddddd 

-fdddddddddd 

-rddddddddddd 

-o formatdddddddd 

-udddddddddd 

-xddddddddddddd 


psdd 

dddddddddddd 

$ ps −e 

$ ps −ef 

$ ps −eF 

$ ps −ely 

d BSDdddddddd 

$ ps ax 

$ ps axu 

dddddd 

$ ps −ejH 

$ ps axjf 

ddddddd 

$ ps −eLf 

$ ps axms 


psdd 

ddddddddd 

$ ps −eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label 

$ ps axZ 

$ ps −eM 

dddd rootdddddddd 

$ ps −U root −u root u 

ddddddddddddd 

$ ps −eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm 

$ ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm 

$ ps −eopid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan 

dd syslogddddddd 

$ ps −C syslogd −o pid= 

ddddddPIDdd 42dddddd 

$ ps −p 42 −o comm= 


ddddddpstree 

pstreeddddddddddddddpstree [OPTIONS] 

ddddd 

-addddddddddd 

-hdddddddddddddd 

-ndddddddddd 

-pdddddddddd 

ddddd 

✞ 

init−+−acpi fakekeyd 

|−atd 

|−avahi−daemon−−−avahi−daemon 

|−console−kit−dae−−−63∗[{console−kit−dae}] 

|−cron 

|−fail2ban−server −−−4∗[{fail2ban−server }] 

|−gdm−−−gdm−+−Xorg 

| '−x−window−manage−+−2∗[FvwmAuto] 

| |−FvwmIconMan 

| |−FvwmPager 

| |−FvwmTaskBar 

| |−firefox −bin−+−mplayer−−−mplayer 

| | '−9∗[{ firefox −bin }] 

| '−ssh−agent 

✡✝ 


✆

dddddkilldkillalldpkillddd 

killd killalldpkillddddddddd 

ddddd 

ctrl−c 

kill 

killall 

pkill 

ddddd 

kill 

killall 

pkill 


dddd 


$ ps −f 

✞ 

UID PID PPID ···TTY ···COMMAND 

hmli 206 201 ···1 ··· bash 

hmli 209 206 ···1 ···vim x. txt 

✡✝ 


ddddddddddkill 206 

dddddd9dddddddddkill −9 206 

ddddvimd killall vim 

ddddvimdpkill vim 

✆ 


dddddddddddddnohupd& 

dddddddddddddddddddddddddddnohupd 

dddddddddddddnohup COMMAND [ARG]... 

$ nohup ls −R l > out & 

$ nohup ls −R l & 

ddddddddddd&ddddddddddddd 

$ ./myprog >myprog.log & 


ddddddddddddfgdbg 

ddddddd&ddddddddddddddddShelldd 

dddddddddddbgdddddddddddddd 

dddddddddd fgd 


dddddddddtop 

topdddddddddddddCPUddddddddddddd 

top −hv | −bcHisS −d delay −n iterations −p pid [, pid ...] 

ddddd 

-bddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

-d delaydddddddddddd 

-nddddddd 

-u|U usernameddddusernameddddd 

-p PID,PIDdddddddddddd 

ddddddddtopddddddd 

1ddd1ddddd CPUdddd 

hdddddddddddddddd 

cdddddddddd 

d|sddddddddd 

F|Oddddddd 

n|#dddddddddd 

Mddddd/SWAPdddddd 

qddd 

zddddddddd 

dddIBM AIXddd topasdHP UXdtopdglance 


dddddddatedcal 

dddddddddddddddated 

ddddddd$ date 

ddddddddd$ date +%Y−%m−%d\ %H:%M:%S 

ddddddddddddd 

✞ 

#!/bin/bash 

#Program: son−age 

# Author: HM Li 

# Date: 09−10−05 

#Comment:dddddddddd 

BIRTH=$(date −d ”2009−08−25 13:56:00” +%s) 

NOW=$(date −d ”$(date +%Y−%m−%d %H:%M:%S)” +%s) 

AGE=$(($(($NOW − $BIRTH))/3600/24)) 

echo −eddd”\e[35;1m$AGE\e[0m”dd 

✡✝ 

✆ 

dddd cald 

ddddddddd$ cal 

dd2012dddddddd$ cal 2012 


dddddddddtime 

dd timeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

CPUddddCPUdddd userdsysduserddddddddddddd 

dddddddddddddsysddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddd 

user+sysdddddddddddd CPUdddddddddddd CPU 



ddddd CPUdddddddddd 

ddddddddddddddd CPUdddddddddd 

real−(user+sys) 


real∗number of processors−(user+sys) 

ddd 

$ time ./myprog 


dddclear 

cleardddddddddddddddddddddddd 


ddddddddreset 

ddddddddddddddddddddd resetddddddd 


dddddddecho 

ddechodddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddecho [SHORT−OPTION]... [STRING]... 

-nddddddddddddddd 

-edd \ddddddd\ddddd 

-Edddd\ddddddddd 

ddddd 

$ echo $LD LIBRARY PATH 

$ echo ”This is a command.” 

$ echo This is a command. 

$ echo −n ”Enter data−>” 

$ echo −e ”\e[35;1mPATH\e[0m”=$PATH 


dddddddgrep 

grepdddddddddddddddddd 

grep [OPTIONS] [−e PATTERN | −f FILE] [FILE...] 


ddddddddddddd 

ddddd 

–color[=WHEN]dWHENddneverdalwaysdautoddddd 

dddddGREP COLORdddddddd 

-cddddddddddddddd 

-e PATTERNddddddddddd 

-idddddddd 

-nddddddddd 

-vdddddddd 

-ldddddddddddddd 

ddddd 

dddddddddvimdddd$ ps axu | grep vim 

dddddddddsubroutined .f90 ddd 

$ grep −i subroutine ∗.f90 


LinuxdWindows ddddddddos2unixdunix2dos 

dddddddddWindows(DOS)ddddddd\r\ndddddddd 

ddUnix/Linuxdddd\nddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddddddddddd dos2unix|fromdosd 

unix2dos|todosddddddddd tofrodosdddddddddddddd 

$ file filename 

✞ 

filename : ISO−8859 text 

✡✝ 

✆ 

ddd Windowsddd 

$ unix2dos filename 


✞ 

filename : ISO−8859 text , with CRLF line terminators 

✡✝ 

ddd Linuxddd 

$ dos2unix filename 


✞ 

filename : ISO−8859 text 

✡✝ 


✆ 

✆

ddddddddddwc 

wcdddddddddddddddddwc [OPTION] filename 

ddddd 

-cddddddd 

-ldddddd 

-wdddddd 

dd/etc/passwddddd 

$ wc −l /etc/passwd 


dddddseq 

seqddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddd 

seq [OPTION]... LAST 

seq [OPTION]... FIRST LAST 

seq [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST 

ddddd 

-f, –format=FORMATddddd 

-s, –separator=STRINGdd STRINGdddddddd\\n 

-wddddd 

ddddddd 

$ seq 6 12 

$ seq −w 6 12 

$ seq 6 0.5 12 

$ seq −s , 6 12 

dddddtest01.dat-test10.datdddddd 

$ for i in $(seq −w 1 10);do touch test−$i.dat;done 


dddddddping 

pingddddddddddddddddddddd 

$ ping 202.38.64.1 

✞ 

PING 202.38.64.1 (202.38.64.1) from 202.38.64.1 : 56(84) bytes of data . 

64 bytes from 202.38.64.1: icmp seq=1 ttl =255 time=0.092 ms 




−−− 202.38.64.1 ping statisti cs −−− 

4 packets transmitted , 4 received , 0% loss , time 2997ms 

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.019/0.038/0.092/0.031 ms 

✡✝ 


dddddddddpingd 

✆ 


dddddddtraceroute 

tracerouteddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

$ traceroute www.g.cn 

✞ 

traceroute : Warning : www. g . cn has multiple addresses ; using 203.208.37.104 

traceroute to www. g . cn (203.208.37.104) , 30 hops max, 46 byte packets 

1 local−gw (202.38.64.126) 0.241 ms 0.180 ms 0.188 ms 

2 wlt (202.38.64.59) 0.165 ms 0.145 ms 0.135 ms 

3 210.45.224.251 (210.45.224.251) 1.644 ms 0.768 ms 0.757 ms 

4 202.112.53.225 (202.112.53.225) 0.488 ms 0.697 ms 0.644 ms 

5 ∗ ∗ ∗ 

✡✝ 

dddddddddddddddd202.112.53.225dddddddd 

ddd 

✆ 


dddddddfinger 

fingerddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddShellddddddddddddddddd 

finger [−lmsp] [user ...] [user@host ...] 

ddd 

$ finger hmli 

✞ 

Login: hmli 

Name: Li HuiMin 

Directory : /home/nic/hmli 

Shell : /bin/bash 

Office : hmli@ustc . edu . cn 

On since Wed Dec 16 19:38 (CST) on pts/10 from 202.38.64.91 

On since Wed Dec 16 19:39 (CST) on pts/11 from 124.16.151.106 

3 seconds idle 

No mail . 

No Plan . 

✡✝ 

✆ 


dddddddman 

manddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddd 

NAMEddddddddd 

SYNOPSISdddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddd [ ]ddddddddd [ ]dddddd|dddd 

ddwho [OPTION] ··· [ FILE — ARG1 ARG2 ] 

DESCRIPTIONdddddddddddddddddd 

OPTIONddddddddddddddddd 

ddddd 

[section]dddd[section]dddddddd[section]dmandd 

dddddd1dddd1PdPosixddd2dddddd3ddd 

dd3PdPosixddd4dddddd5ddddddddd6dd 

dd7ddddddd8dddddddd9ddddd 

-addddd [section]dddd 

-Lddddddddddddd $ man −L zh CN.GBK man 

ddddMANPATHdd manddddd 


ddinfodddinfo/pinfo 

infod pinfodddd info dddddddddman dddddd 

pinfod infodddddddddddddddddddd 

info [OPTION]... [MENU−ITEM...] 

pinfo [options] [infopage] 

dddddddddpinfodddddddinfodddddddddd 



ddddddddd–help|-hd 


-h 

-help 

–help 

-H 

-? 


ddddddddddu 

dudddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

du [OPTION]... [FILE].. 

ddddd 

-hddddddddddd 

-sddddddd 

du −h /home/hmli/data/ 

✞ 

590M /home/hmli/data/surface/old 

926M 

34M 

/home/hmli/data/surface 

/home/hmli/data/asem 

2.8M /home/hmli/data/line/old 

105M 

/home/hmli/data/line 

1.1G /home/hmli/data/ 

✡✝ 

✆ 


ddddddddf 

dfddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddd 

df [OPTION]... [FILE]... 

ddddd 

-B Block-Sizeddddddddd 

-hddddddddddddd1Kd234Md2Gd 

-Hdd 1000ddd 1024dddd 

-Tddddddddd 

-lddddddddddddddNFSddddddd 

ddd 

$ df −h 

✞ 

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on 

/dev/sda1 19G 17G 790M 96% / 

tmpfs 442M 0 442M 0% / lib / init /rw 

udev 10M 284K 9.8M 3% /dev 

tmpfs 442M 0 442M 0% /dev/shm 

/dev/sda2 92M 31M 57M 35% /boot 

/dev/sda4 73G 60G 8.8G 88% /home 

✡✝ 

✆ 


dddddddScreen 

ddddddddSSHdtelentdddddLinuxddd 

ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddftp 

dddd 




ddddddddddddGNU ScreenddScreendddddddd 


dd 


screendd 

dddd 

dd Screendddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


ddddddddddddddddddddddddd screen −rdd 


detachddddddddddddddddddScreenddddddd 

ddddddddddddd VNCdddd 

ddd 

d Screendddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


dddddddddddddddddScreenddddddddddd 



dddd 

Screendddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 




Screendddd 

ddddddd screenddddd Screen 

screen −rdddddddddScreendddddddddddd 

dddddddddd 

✞ 

There are screens on: 

here are several suitable screens on: 

10219.pts−7.HM Li 

10181.pts−7.HM Li 

There is no screen to be resumed. 

✡✝ 

(12/15/09 14:34:14) (Detach 

(12/15/09 14:34:10) (Detach 

dddddd $ screen −r 10181.pts−2.HM Lidddddd 

✆ 


screendddddd 

dddScreendScreendddddddddddddd 

d screen −rdddddddddddddd 

ddddd 

ddddddd 

dddddddShell 

dd Shellddd 

dddddddShell 

dddddddShell 

dddddShell 

dddScreendd 

ddddScreendddShelldddddd exitdddd 

Shellddddscreendddddddddddddddd 


dddddddftp 

ftpddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ftp [−pinegvd] [host [port]] 

dddddd 

ftp Host 

ftp User@Host 

ftp User:Passwd@Host 

dddddddd 

dddddddls 

dd/dddddddget/mput 

dd/dddddddput/mget 

ddddddddmkdir/rmdir 

ddddddelete 

ddddddbin 

ASCIIdddascii 

dddddddopen 

dddquitdbye 

dddddddddpromptdmputdmgetdddddddddd 


dddddhelpdhelp CMD 


ddddddddddlftp 

lftpdd ftpdddddddddddddddd 

lftp [−d] [−e cmd] [−p port] [−u user[,pass]] [site] 

lftp −f script file 

lftp −c commands 

d ftpdddddddddddd 

dddddddmirror 

dddddddmirror -R 

dddddcatdzcat 

ddddddd!CMDddd!ls 

dddddddddSlftp ftp://url 


dddddddwget/curl/axel 

wgetdcurldddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


dddddwget −c http://url 

ddhttp://vcd.gro.clinux.org/doc/usr 01.htmld 

http://vcd.gro.clinux.org/doc/usr 15.htmld 

$ curl −O http://vcd.gro.clinux.org/doc/usr [01−15].html 

axelddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddddd 

$ axel −n 2 http://scc.ustc.edu.cn/zh CN/article/46/4b29ea78/4b29ea92.pdf 


9 dddd 



2 ddddd 

3 ddddd 

4 dd 


6 Shelldd 


8 dddddd

Shelldd 

ddd 

ddddddd 

dd 

ddd 


Shelldd 

ShelldddddddddddddddddddddddShelld 

dddddddddddddddddInteractived 

ShelldddddddddddddddddBatchddddddd 

ddShelldddScriptddddddddddddShelldddd 


ShellddddddddddddddddddddddddShell 

dddddddddddddddShellddddddddddd 


Shelldddddd 


ddddddddddddd 



ddShellddCshdTcshdKshdBashddddddddBashdd 

ShelldddddddddLinux Cdddddddd 31. Shellddddd 

ddddddddddddd 


Bashdddd 

Bashddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddd 

/etc/profiledddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddd 

/etc/bash.bashrcdddddddddddddddddd 

/etc/bash.bash.logoutddddddddddddddddddd 

˜/.bash profiledddddddddddddddShellddd 

˜/.bashrcddddddddddddddddd 

˜/.bash logoutdddddddddddddddddd Shelldd 

dddd 


dddddddddd 

ddddddd? 

ddddddd* 

dddddd[ ] ! [ - ] 


dddddddd 

ddddd0d 

ddddd1d 

ddddddd2d 


dddddddd> 

ddddddcommand < filename 

ddddddcommand > filename 

ddddddcommand 2> filename 


command &>filename 

command >&filename 

command >filename 2>&1 


ddd| 

dd |dddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


cmd1 | cmd2 

dddddddddddddshddddd 

$ ps axu | grep sh | wc −l 

dddddd |dddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddd 


ddddddd 

dddddddddddddddddddddddddShell 


$ ls /boot/vdddddddd/bootdd vdddddd 

dd 

$ passddddddpasswddd 


dddaliasdunalias 

aliasdddddddddddddddddddd 

alias psl='ps aux | grep'ddd psl shddddddps aux | grep sh 

ddddddddddShelldddddddddddddddddd 

ddddd˜/.bashrcdddddd 

ddddddd unaliasddd unalias psl 


˜/.bashrcdd 

✞ 

# ˜/.bashrc : executed by bash(1) for non−login shells . 

umask 022 

alias ls='ls $LS OPTIONS' 

alias ll ='ls $LS OPTIONS −l ' 

alias la='ls $LS OPTIONS −lA ' 

alias l='ll ' 

alias cp='cp −i ' 

alias mv='mv −i ' 

alias rm='rm −i ' 

MPIROOT=/opt/mpich2 

export PATH=$PATH:$MPIROOT/bin 

export MANPATH=$MANPATH:$MPIROOT/share/man 

. /opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/ bin/ifortvars .sh ia32 

✡✝ 

dd#ddddddd 


✆

Shelldd 



ddddddShell dddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddd 

ddddddShelldddddddddddddddddddd 

dddd 

Shelldddddddddexportdddddddddddddddd 



dddd 

dddddddddddddenvdddddddddddddddd 


dddddddddd 

man dddddMANPATH=/opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/man/en US:/opt/mpich/share/man 

ShelldddSHELL=/bin/bash 

dd TERMddTERM=xterm 

dddd 

LIBRARY PATH=/opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/lib/ia32:/opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/mkl/lib/32 

FortranddddddFPATH=/opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/mkl/include 

dddUSER=hmli 

dddddd 

LD LIBRARY PATH=/opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/lib/ia32:/opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/mkl/lib/3 

CddddddCPATH=/opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/mkl/include 

ddddUSERNAME=hmli 

ddddddd 

PATH=/opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/bin/ia32:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/opt/mpich/bin 

dddddPWD=/home/hmli/tex/linux 

dddddLANG=zh CN.GBK 

ddddddHOME=/home/hmli 

ddddLOGNAME=hmli 

ddddddINCLUDE=/opt/intel/Compiler/11.1/059/mkl/include 

ddBashddddd ˜/.bashrcdddddexportdddddddd 

dddddddbindddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddd˜/.bashrcddddexport PATH=$HOME/bin:$PATH 



dddd 


dddd 

dddddddddd 

VAR=string 

dddddddd 

unset VAR 

ddddd 

VAR=$VAR1”xxx”$VAR2 

ddddddd 

ddddd $dd $VAR 

ddddddd 

echo $VAR 



ddddd`d$() 

ddd `d$()dddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddDATEddddddddd 

DATE=`date` 

DATE=$(date) 


ddddd$(()) 

$(())dddddddddddddd 

VAR=2 

SUM=$((VAR+3)) 

echo $SUM 


ddddd\ 

d Cddddd\dShellddddddddddddddddddd 


dddddd 

$ echo $SHELL 

$ echo \$SHELL 


ddddd’d” 

d CddddddShellddddddd 'dddd”ddddddd 


ddddddddddddddddddddddddd\ddd 


ddddShellddddddddddddddddddd 


dddddd 

\$ddddddddddd 

ddd‘ddddddd 

\$dd $dddd 

\‘dd ‘dddd 

\”dd ”dddd 

\\dd \dddd 

dddddddddddddddd \ dddddddddddd 

ddddd 

echo '$SHELL' 

echo ”$SHELL” 


dddddtestd[ 

dd testd[ddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddExit Status d 0ddddddddddddddExit Status d 1 

ddddCdddddddddddd 

dddddddddddddd [dddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddddd $VARd-gtd3d]d [dddddddd 

ddddddddddddtestd[ddddddddddddd test 

ddddd ]dddd [dddddddddddddddddd 

[ -d DIR ] dd DIRdddddddddddd 

[ -f FILE ] dd FILEddddddddddddd 

[ -z STRING ] dd STRINGdddddddd 

[ -n STRING ] dd STRINGdddddddd 

[ STRING1 = STRING2 ] dddddddddddd 

[ STRING1 != STRING2 ] ddddddddddd 

ARG1dARG2dddddddddddd 

ddddOPd-eqdddd-neddddd 

[ ARG1 OP ARG2 ] 

-ltdddd-ledddddd-gtdddd 

-geddddddddddd 


dddddddddd 

d Cddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

[ ! EXPR ] EXPRdddddddddddddddd!ddddd 

[ EXPR1 -a EXPR2 ] EXPR1dEXPR2dddddddddddddddd-addddd 

[ EXPR1 -o EXPR2 ] EXPR1dEXPR2dddddddddddddddd-oddddd 


if/then/elif/else/fidd 

d CddddddShelldd ifdthendelifdelsedfidddddd 

dddddddddddddddddddddddShellddddd 

✞ 

#! /bin/sh 

echo ”Is it morning? Please answer yes or no.” 

read YES OR NO 

if [ ”$YES OR NO” = ”yes” ]; then 

echo ”Good morning!” 

elif [ ”$YES OR NO” = ”no” ]; then 

else 

fi 

exit 0 

✡✝ 

echo ”Good afternoon!” 

echo ”Sorry, $YES OR NO not recognized. Enter yes or no.” 

exit 1 

✆ 


case/esacdddd 

caseddddd Cdddswitch/casedddesacdd caseddddd 

ddCddd casedddddddddddddddddShellddd 

caseddddddddWildcarddddddddddddddddd 

ddddd ;;ddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddd esacdddddddCdddddbreakddd 

✞ 

#! /bin/sh 

echo ”Is it morning? Please answer yes or no.” 

read YES OR NO 

case ”$YES OR NO” in 

yes|y|Yes|YES) 

echo ”Good Morning!”;; 

[nN]∗) 

echo ”Good Afternoon!”;; 

∗) 

echo ”Sorry, $YES OR NO not recognized. Enter yes or no.” 

esac 

✡✝ 

✆ 


for/do/donedd 

Shellddd forddddd Cddddddddddddddddd 

d foreachdddddd 

✞ 

#! /bin/sh 

for FRUIT in apple banana pear; do 

echo ”I like $FRUIT” 

done 

✡✝ 

ddddddnode1dnode100dddddd 

✞ 

#! /bin/sh 

for i in $(seq 1 100) 

do 

done 

✡✝ 

ssh node$i hostname 

✆ 

✆ 


while/do/donedd 

whileddddCdddddddddddddddddddddd 

✞ 

#!/bin/bash 

#Program: monitor.sh 

# Author: HM Li 

# Date: 09−12−14 

#Comment: Monitor CPU and Memory 

while [ 0 ] 

do 

date 

echo −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 

echo ”RUSER PID %CPU COMMAND %MEM SZ” 

ps −o ”%u %p %C %c” −o ”%mem,size” −U mgbouc,muxd,heyong | sort −nr −k 5 | head −n 10 

sleep 10 

done 

✡✝ 

ddddddddddddddddd killddd 

✆ 


ddddddddd 

dddddddddShelldddddd 

$0 ddd Cdd mainddd argv[0] 

$1d$2... dddddddddPositional Parameterdd 

ddd Cdd mainddd argv[1]dargv[2]... 

$# ddd Cdd mainddd argc - 1ddd#ddddddd 

$@ dddddd ”1” ”2” ...ddddddforddddindd 

$* dddddd ”1”c”2”c. ..dc d Shellddd IFSddddddddddddddd 

$? dddddd Exit Status 

$$ dd Shelldddd 


ddddddshift 

ddddddd shiftddddddd shift 3ddddd $4dddd 

$1dddd $5dddd $2ddddd $1d$2d$3ddd$0dddd 

ddddd shiftddddd shift 1dddd 

✞ 

#! /bin/sh 

echo ”The program $0 is now running” 

echo ”The first parameter is $1” 

echo ”The second parameter is $2” 

echo ”The parameter list is $@” 

shift 

echo ”The first parameter is $1” 

echo ”The second parameter is $2” 

echo ”The parameter list is $@” 

✡✝ 

✆ 


dd 

d CdddddShellddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddd 

✞ 

#! /bin/sh 

foo(){ echo ”Function foo is called”;} 

echo ”−=start=−” 

foo 

echo ”−=end=−” 

✡✝ 

dddddddddd {ddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddd }ddddddddddddd ;d 

ddd foo()ddddddddddddddddddddddddddd foo 

dddddddddddddd foodddddddd Shellddddddd 

dddddddddddddddShelldddddddddddddddd 


d Cdddd mainddddddddddddddddddddddd 

Shelldddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddddddddddddddddd $0d$1d$2dddd 


dddddd $0d$1d$2dddddddddd returndddddd return 

ddddddddddddd Exit Statusd 


✆

dddd 



ddddddd 

✞ 

#! /bin/sh 

is directory () 

{ 

DIR NAME=$1 

if [ ! −d $DIR NAME ]; then 

return 1 

else 

return 0 

fi 

} 

for DIR in ”$@”; do 

if is directory ”$DIR”; then : 

else 

echo ”$DIR doesn't exist. Creating it now...” 

mkdir $DIR > /dev/null 2>&1 

if [ $? −ne 0 ]; then 

echo ”Cannot create directory $DIR” 

exit 1 

fi 

fi 

done 

✆ 


✡✝

9 dddd 



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3 ddddd 

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6 Shelldd 


8 dddddd

ddddddddddVIMdEmacs 

ddddddddddddddddddd EmacsdddddVIMdd 


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dddddddddd VIddddddddddddddddd 

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ddddddddddd mp3dddddddddddddd 

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ddddVIMdd Bram MoolenaarddSeven Habits of Effective 

Text Editingdddddddddd 

http://124.16.151.186/docs/doc-main.php?dir=linux 


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Bram Moolenaar 80dddddddddVIdd Steviedddd 

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dddVIMdVi IMitationdddddddd1992d1.22ddd 

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dddddddddddddICCFddddddddddddd 

ddddVIMdddddd Help poor children in Uganda!dd 



VI/VIMdd 

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dddddddddddddddddddddddddd”2dd”ddd”dd”ddddd ”dj”dddddddddd 

ddddddddddddd/ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


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ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddddddddddddddddddVIMd”dddd”ddddddddddddddddd 

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dddddddddddddddddddWindowsddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddddddddVIMdddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

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dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd”:”dddddd”/”d”?”dddddddd 

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ddddddddddddddd”:visual”dddd Exddddddddddddddd 


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ddddddddddddddddddddd VIMdddd”dd”d 

dddddddVIMdddddddddddddd”dddd”ddd 

dddd ”aw”dddd(a word)d”as”dddd(a sentence)d”ap”d 

ddd(a paragraph)dddddddddd”d2as”ddddddddd 

dddddddd ”apU”dddddddddddd 

dddddd 

dddddddddddddctrl-odddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddddddVIMdddddd 

dddddd 

dddddddddddddctrl-oddddddddddddddd 

dddddddddddddddVIMddddddd 

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ddddd ||dddddddddddddd

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dddddddddd 

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dddddvimdiff 

vim −dddddd vimdiffdddddddddddddddddd 


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ddddd dadi 

dddd dddddddd 

ddddd d 

dddddddd dd:w filedddd 

ddVIM dd:qdddd 

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dddd 

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beamerddddddddddddddd 

map :set pasteo\begin{frame}{}\end{frame}2k 

d ddddddddddddddddddddddd{}ddd 

ddddddd 

✞ 

\begin{frame}{} 

 

\end{frame} 

✡✝ 

✆ 


VIMdd 

VIMdddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddddd 

dddddCddddddddddvim myprog.cdddd myprog.c 


✞ 

/∗ 

∗ ================================================================== 

∗ 

∗ Filename: myprog. c 

∗ 

∗ Description : 

∗ 

∗ Version : 1.0 

∗ Created : 2009d12d16d21d00d15d 

∗ Revision : none 

∗ Compiler : gcc 

∗ 

∗ Author : YOUR NAME () , 

∗ Company: 

∗ 

∗ ================================================================= 

∗/ 

✡✝ 

✆ 


VIMdd 

dddddddd˜/.vimrcddddddVIMddd”ddddd 

✞ 

syntax on ” dddddd 

set hlsearch ”dddddddddddd 

filetype plugin on ”dddddddddddddCdFortrandddd 

filetype indent on ”dddddddddd 

set nocompatible ”ddddddddddd 

set backspace=indent , eol , start ”ddbackspacedddddddd 

set autoindent ”dddddd 

set textwidth=0 ”ddddd0dddddddd 

set backup ” dddddd 

set bdir=˜/tmp/vim ”dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

set viminfo='20,\”50 ”dddddddddddddd 

set history=50 ”dddddddd 

set ruler ”dddddddddd 

set ts=4 ”tabstopddd tabdd 

set sw=4 ”shiftwidthddddddddddddddd 

” The following are commented out as they cause vim to behave a lot 

” different from regular vi . They are highly recommended though . 

set showcmd ”dddd 

set showmatch ”dddd 

set ignorecase ”ddddd 

set incsearch ”dddddddddddddddddddddd 

set autowrite ”ddddddddddd 

set encoding=2byte−cp936 ”dddddd2byte-cp936dd 

let fortran have tabs=1 ”dddddd Fortran 77ddddd tab 

✡✝ 


✆

VIMdddddddvimtutor 

ddddddvimtutorddddddddVIMdddddddddd 


VIMddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


dddddddddddddddddvimddddddddddddd 

dddd 

dddddddddddd 25-30ddddddddddddd 


dddddd(dddddd”vimtutor”dddddddddddddd 

dddd)d 





9 dddd 



2 ddddd 

3 ddddd 

4 dd 


6 Shelldd 


8 dddddd

awkdd 

awkddddddddd Alfred AhodPeter WeinbergerdBrian 

Kernighandddddd 

awkdUnix/Linuxdddddddddddddddddddd 

awkddddddd SNOBOL4dseddMarc Rochkindddddddd 

dddddd yaccdlexddd Cddddddddddddd 

awkdddddddddddddddddddd Unix Shelldddd 

awkdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


awkdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 



ddddddd 


awkdd 

awkddddddddd 

✞ 

awk '{pattern + action}' {filenames} 

✡✝ 

✆ 

patternddawkddddddddddddddddd 

actiondddddddddddddddddd 

dddd{}dddddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddddddd 

patterndactiondddddd ''ddd 


dddawk 

✞ 

awk −F: '{ print $1 }' /etc/passwd 

✡✝ 

✆ 

dddawkdddddddddddd/etc/passwd dddddd 

ddd printddddddddddddddddstdoutd 

dddddddddddddddddddCdd 

print $1dddddddddddddd 


seddd 

d UNIX/LinuxdddddddddddddVIdVIMdEmacsdjed 






ddsed(stream editor for filtering and transforming text)d 

sedddddddddUNIX/Linuxddddddddddd 


sedddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


ddddddddddddsedddddseddddddshelldd 

ddddddddddd 


GNU sed 

dLinuxdddddddseddddddddGNU sed 

dddLinuxdddddddddddddGNU sed 

GNU sedddddddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddPOSIX seddddddddddd 

GNU seddd sedddddddddddddddddddddd 

ddddddd 


seddddd 



dddddddddddddstdoutddddddddddd 

dddd-iddddddddddd 


seddUnix/Linuxdddddd 

Unix/Linuxdd seddddd 

cat sed ':' 

cat -s sed '/./,/ˆ$/!d' 

tac sed '1!G;h;$!d' 

grep sed '/patt/!d' 

grep -v sed '/patt/d' 

head sed '10q' 

head -1 sed 'q' 

tail sed −e ':a' −e '$q;N;11,$D;ba' 

tail -1 sed '$!d' 

tail -f sed −u '/./!d' 

cut -c 10 sed 's/(.){10}.∗/1/' 

cut -d: -f4 sed 's /(([ˆ:]∗):){4}.∗/2/' 

tr A-Z a-z sed 'y/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/' 

tr a-z A-Z sed 'y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/' 

tr -s ’ ’ sed 's/ +/ /g' 

tr -d ’\012’ sed 'H;$!d;g;s/\n//g' 

wc -l sed −n '$=' 

uniq sed 'N;/ˆ(.∗)n1$/!P;D' 

rev sed '/\n/!G;s/$.$$.∗\n$/&\2\1/;//D;s/.//' 

basename sed 's ,.∗/,,' 

dirname sed 's,[ˆ/]∗$ ,,' 

xargs sed −e ':a' −e '$!N;s/\n/ /;ta' 

paste -sd: sed −e ':a' −e '$!N;s/\n/:/;ta' 

cat -n sed '=' | sed '$!N;s/\n/ /' 

grep -n sed −n '/patt/{=;p;}' | sed '$!N;s/\n/:/' 

cp orig new sed 'w new' orig[/code:1:739eb4cef5] 


ddddddgnuplot 

Gnuplotddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 


dddddgnuplotddddddddddddddddddddd 

dddddgnuplotdddddddddddddddddddddd 



dddddddddddddddWYSIWIGdddddddddd 

dddddddddddddddddddddgnuplotdddddd 


Gnuplotdd 1986dd Colin KelleydThomas Williamsdddd 


1989d1990ddddddddddgnuplot 2.0ddddddd2009 

d 9dddd4.2.6d 

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-gnuplot/index.html 

http://www.gnuplot.info/ 


dddd 

dddddddddddddgnuplotdddelectron.demd 

✞ 

A(jw) = ({0,1}∗jw/({0 ,1}∗jw+p1)) ∗ (1/(1+{0,1}∗jw/p2)) 

p1 = 10 

p2 = 10000 

set dummy jw 

set grid x y2 

set key default 

set logscale xy 

set log x2 

unset log y2 

set title ”Amplitude and Phase Frequency Response” 

set xlabel ”jw ( radians)” 

set xrange [1.1 : 90000.0] 

set x2range [1.1 : 90000.0] 

set ylabel ”magnitude of A(jw)” 

set y2label ”Phase of A(jw) ( degrees )” 

set ytics nomirror 

set y2tics 

set tics out 

set autoscale y 

set autoscale y2 

plot abs(A(jw )) , 180/ pi ∗arg (A(jw)) axes x2y2 

✡✝ 

ddd 

$ gnuplot electron.dem 


✆

ddddddGDL-GNU Data Language 

dddIDL (Interactive Data Language)dddddddIDL 6.0dd 

dddddddddddd gdldd GDLddddddddd 

✞ 

device ,decomposed=1 

plot , sin(findgen (360)∗! dtor ) , color='ff00ff ' xl , $ 

title='Sin(x) ' , xtitle='x ' , ytitle='sin (x) ' , linestyle=2 

✡✝ 

✆ 

ddddd 

device,decomposed=1dddddddddddd 

sinddddd 

findgen(360)dddddd0ddd 359dddd 

!dtorddddddddddd 

colordddddd 

titleddddd 

xtitleddd Xddd 

ytitleddd Yddd 

linestyleddddddd 

dddhttp://gnudatalanguage.sourceforge.net/ 


dddddddd 

C/C++dFortranddddGCC 

dddmatlabddddoctave 

ddddddgelementaldgperiodic 

ddddddddddddddddQalculate! 

ddddddddddwcale 

ddWindowsdwindigdddddddddg3data 


dd dddd 

ddddd 

ddBBS Linuxddd 

http://bbs.ustc.edu.cn/cgi/bbsdoc?board=Linux 

ddddddLinuxdddddd 

http://www.newsmth.net/bbsdoc.php?board=LinuxApp 

ddddddLinuxdddddddd 

http://www.newsmth.net/bbsdoc.php?board=LinuxDev 

LinuxSirdhttp://www.linuxsir.org/ 

ChinaUnixdhttp://www.chinaunix.net/ 

Linuxddddddddddd 

http://www.linuxsir.org/bbs/showthread.php?t=199479 


http://www.linuxsir.org/bbs/showthread.php?t=204304 


9 dddd 



2 ddddd 

3 ddddd 

4 dd 


6 Shelldd 


8 dddddd

dddd 

ddddddddd 

dddhttp://scc.ustc.edu.cn 

ddd0551-3602248 

dddsccadmin@ustc.edu.cn 

dddddddd 

dddddhttp://124.16.151.186 

dddddhttp://scc.qibebt.cas.cn 

ddd0532-80662613 

dddscc@qibebt.ac.cn 

dddd 

dddhttp://staff.ustc.edu.cn/~hmli/ 

ddd0532-80662613 

dddhmli@ustc.edu.cndlihm@qibebt.ac.cn 

dddddddddddd

Unix/Linux

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