A Landowner's Guide to Careful Logging - the Ontario Woodlot ...
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong><br />
<strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong>
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
First Edition: January 2009<br />
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
A S S O C I A T I O N<br />
Copies of this guide are available from:<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Association<br />
275 County Road 44<br />
Kemptville, <strong>Ontario</strong> K0G 1J0<br />
© 2009<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Association<br />
Notice of Rights<br />
All rights reserved. This publication is not<br />
<strong>to</strong> be copied in whole or in part without<br />
<strong>the</strong> express written consent of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
<strong>Woodlot</strong> Association.<br />
ii
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Acknowledgements<br />
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong> is a collaborative effort of <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Association. We would like <strong>to</strong> thank <strong>the</strong> members of <strong>the</strong><br />
Technical Steering Committee and <strong>the</strong> many different organizations, loggers,<br />
foresters and landowners who contributed <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> development of this guide.<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
The <strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Association gratefully acknowledges <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
Trillium Foundation, an agency of <strong>the</strong> Government of <strong>Ontario</strong>, and <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of Natural Resources for <strong>the</strong>ir financial support of <strong>the</strong><br />
production and publication of this guide.<br />
Contribu<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
Many individuals donated time, advice and guidance <strong>to</strong> this project.<br />
Our thanks <strong>to</strong>:<br />
✥✥Frank Ahern, <strong>Woodlot</strong> Owner<br />
✥ ✥Steve Bowers, Huron Stewardship<br />
Council<br />
✥ ✥Tony Bull, <strong>Woodlot</strong> Owner<br />
✥ ✥James Burkhart, Edgewood Lumber<br />
✥ ✥Jim Eccles, J.H. Keeso & Sons Ltd.<br />
✥ ✥Bonnie Fox, Conservation <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
✥ ✥Jim Gilmour, <strong>Woodlot</strong> Owner<br />
✥ ✥Greg Greer, G.W.G. Resources<br />
Services<br />
✥ ✥Stew Hamill, Biologist<br />
✥ ✥Peter Hamil<strong>to</strong>n, Feric, a Division of<br />
FPInnovations<br />
✥ ✥John Hamley, <strong>Woodlot</strong> Owner<br />
✥ ✥Peter Hill, <strong>Woodlot</strong> Owner<br />
✥ ✥Peter Hynard, Forestry Consultant<br />
✥ ✥Pieter Leenhouts, <strong>Woodlot</strong> Owner<br />
✥ ✥Richard Marquart, <strong>Woodlot</strong><br />
Owner<br />
✥ ✥Laird Nelson, Forestry Consultant<br />
✥ ✥John Nolan, Forestry Consultant<br />
✥ ✥Jean-Peree Leduc, <strong>Woodlot</strong> Owner<br />
✥ ✥Steve Pitt, Lennox and Adding<strong>to</strong>n<br />
Community Stewardship Council<br />
✥ ✥George Sheffield, <strong>Woodlot</strong> Owner<br />
✥ ✥Dave Sexsmith, <strong>Woodlot</strong> Owner<br />
✥ ✥David Smallwood, Shelterwood<br />
Forestry<br />
✥ ✥Marvin Smith, Farm <strong>Woodlot</strong><br />
Specialist<br />
✥ ✥Mike Walsh, Parry Sound-Muskoka<br />
Stewardship Network<br />
✥ ✥Tedd Wood, <strong>Woodlot</strong> Owner<br />
iii
Members of <strong>the</strong> Technical Steering Committee include:<br />
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
✥ ✥Ed Czerwinski, Acting MFTIP Administra<strong>to</strong>r, <strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of<br />
Natural Resources<br />
✥ ✥Chris Lincoln, <strong>Woodlot</strong> Owner, <strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Association<br />
✥ ✥Wade Knight, Executive Direc<strong>to</strong>r, <strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Association<br />
✥ ✥Jeff Muzzi, Manager of Forestry Services, County of Renfrew<br />
✥ ✥Mark Richardson, Forester, Eastern <strong>Ontario</strong> Model Forest<br />
✥ ✥Terry Schwan, District Forester, <strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of Natural Resources<br />
✥ ✥Rob Spence, Forestry Consultant, Silv-Econ Ltd.<br />
✥ ✥Martin Streit, Stewardship Coordina<strong>to</strong>r, Leeds County Stewardship Council<br />
✥ ✥Peter Williams, Forestry Consultant, Williams and Associates<br />
Author: Bruce Byford, Arbex Forest Resource Consultants Ltd.<br />
Illustrations: Most of <strong>the</strong> illustrations in this guide were provided courtesy of <strong>the</strong><br />
Maine Forest Service. O<strong>the</strong>r illustrations were created by Kathryn Durst.<br />
Pho<strong>to</strong>graphs: The pho<strong>to</strong>graphs were provided courtesy of <strong>the</strong> following<br />
organizations and individuals (in alphabetical order): Bancroft/Minden Forest<br />
Company, Al Corlett, Cat Cybulski, Eastern <strong>Ontario</strong> Model Forest, Lanark/<br />
Mazinaw Forest Inc., Maine Forest Service, Jeff Muzzi, North Carolina Division<br />
of Forest Resources, Scott Reid, Martin Streit, Peter Williams, USDA Forest<br />
Service.<br />
Design and Layout: Mary Moore, Cedar Lane Studio,<br />
<br />
Edi<strong>to</strong>rial Review: Bruce Wells, Windfall Communications<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Contents<br />
Acknowledgements.................................................................iii<br />
Section 1.0 Introduction............................................... 1<br />
Section 2.0 Planning for Harvest Operations................... 3<br />
Section 3.0 Stream Crossings......................................17<br />
Section 4.0 Working Around Water.............................27<br />
Section 5.0 Access Roads..........................................35<br />
Section 6.0 Log Landings...........................................47<br />
Section 7.0 Skid Trails................................................51<br />
Section 8.0 <strong>Logging</strong> Operations..................................57<br />
Section 9.0 Post-Harvest.............................................69<br />
List of Appendices<br />
Appendix 1: Legislation and Regulation.....................71<br />
Appendix 2: Sources of Information and Assistance......75<br />
Appendix 3: <strong>Logging</strong> Damage <strong>Guide</strong>lines..................81<br />
Glossary of Terms......................................................83<br />
List of Tables<br />
Table 1: Recommended Buffer Zone Widths Based<br />
on Slope (degrees) for Watercourses.........................30<br />
Table 2: <strong>Guide</strong>lines for Assessing <strong>Logging</strong> Damage......82<br />
contents<br />
v
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
1.0 Introduction<br />
<strong>Woodlot</strong> owners harvest trees for many reasons: <strong>to</strong><br />
generate income; produce lumber or firewood for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
own use; create recreational trails for skiing, snowmobiling<br />
or hunting; improve wildlife habitat; or just <strong>to</strong> maintain <strong>the</strong><br />
health of <strong>the</strong>ir forest. Whe<strong>the</strong>r any of <strong>the</strong>se reasons apply <strong>to</strong><br />
you, one thing woodlot owners have in common is a strong<br />
desire <strong>to</strong> do what is right for <strong>the</strong>ir land — that’s why <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Association created A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong><br />
<strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong>.<br />
Most woodlot owners are not forestry or logging<br />
experts, yet <strong>the</strong>y are often involved in harvesting activities.<br />
This guide offers a clear, practical overview of careful<br />
logging practices, or CLPs, both for <strong>the</strong> novice and<br />
professional logger. However, it is not intended <strong>to</strong> be a<br />
definitive logging manual.<br />
Section 1.0<br />
The choice of silvicultural system (e.g., harvest and<br />
regeneration) depends on characteristics unique <strong>to</strong> each<br />
woodlot. This decision is influenced by fac<strong>to</strong>rs such as stand<br />
and site conditions, forest health, management objectives,<br />
markets, wood-processing requirements and <strong>the</strong> size and<br />
intensity of a harvesting operation. The breadth and range<br />
of <strong>the</strong>se fac<strong>to</strong>rs means that this CLP guide cannot answer all<br />
of your questions and that a number of silvicultural systems<br />
(selection cutting, shelterwood cutting or clear-cutting) may<br />
be appropriate for logging operations in sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>Ontario</strong>.<br />
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong> provides<br />
landowners with sound advice as <strong>the</strong>y make decisions<br />
<strong>to</strong> protect <strong>the</strong> health and integrity of <strong>the</strong>ir woodlots, while<br />
maximizing financial returns. It also identifies some of<br />
<strong>the</strong> relevant federal and provincial legislation, as well as<br />
regulations and municipal bylaws applicable <strong>to</strong> logging on<br />
private land.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
How <strong>to</strong> use this guide<br />
Throughout <strong>the</strong> guide, <strong>the</strong>re are “S<strong>to</strong>p Signs” that alert<br />
<strong>the</strong> reader <strong>to</strong> potential legal requirements, “Caution<br />
Signs” that point out important information that should<br />
not be overlooked and “Tips” <strong>to</strong> identify elements<br />
that may warrant fur<strong>the</strong>r consideration.<br />
Italicized words are defined in <strong>the</strong> Glossary of Terms.<br />
The appendices provide additional information under<br />
<strong>the</strong> titles of Legislation and Regulation (Appendix 1),<br />
Sources of Information and Assistance (Appendix 2)<br />
and <strong>Logging</strong> Damage <strong>Guide</strong>lines (Appendix 3).<br />
What are careful logging practices?<br />
Look for <strong>the</strong>se<br />
symbols for<br />
special alerts,<br />
information<br />
and tips<br />
<strong>Careful</strong> logging practices (CLPs) include a range of<br />
techniques and practices used by landowners and loggers<br />
<strong>to</strong> minimize damage <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> forest, soil, wildlife habitat and<br />
water. Examples of CLPs include directional felling of trees,<br />
erosion control measures on skid trails, tree protection for<br />
wildlife and <strong>the</strong> establishment of buffers near water.<br />
When properly implemented, CLPs benefit <strong>the</strong><br />
woodlot by:<br />
✥✥protecting and/or maintaining forest health and<br />
productivity by reducing site impacts and logging<br />
damage <strong>to</strong> residual trees and o<strong>the</strong>r vegetation;<br />
✥✥protecting and/or maintaining o<strong>the</strong>r forest values and<br />
features such as wildlife habitat, streams, woodland pools<br />
and wetlands; and<br />
✥✥maintaining <strong>the</strong> ecological functions of <strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
2.0 Planning for Harvest Operations<br />
This section describes two distinct kinds of woodlot planning.<br />
A woodlot management plan is a long-term, strategic<br />
document, which includes a detailed inven<strong>to</strong>ry of <strong>the</strong><br />
woodlot, <strong>the</strong> landowner’s objectives and a series of activities<br />
that will help <strong>to</strong> achieve <strong>the</strong>se objectives over time. A harvest<br />
plan is a one-time, technical document, written <strong>to</strong> plan a<br />
specific operation on <strong>the</strong> property, and ensures that harvest<br />
activities are well-thought-out prior <strong>to</strong> implementation.<br />
Section 2.0<br />
<strong>Woodlot</strong> management plan<br />
All woodlot owners<br />
should create, implement<br />
and maintain a woodlot<br />
management plan. A<br />
properly prepared and<br />
implemented plan will<br />
help woodlot owners <strong>to</strong><br />
maximize <strong>the</strong> ecological<br />
and economic benefits<br />
obtained from <strong>the</strong>ir forest<br />
property.<br />
Information on preparing a<br />
woodlot management plan can<br />
be found in A <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> Stewardship<br />
Planning for Natural Areas. Refer <strong>to</strong><br />
Appendix 2 <strong>to</strong> find out where <strong>to</strong> get a<br />
copy of <strong>the</strong> guide and for assistance<br />
in preparing a plan.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
The content of <strong>the</strong> management plan will vary according<br />
<strong>to</strong> ownership objectives, woodlot characteristics and <strong>the</strong><br />
financial resources available for <strong>the</strong> preparation of <strong>the</strong> plan.<br />
As a minimum, <strong>the</strong> management plan should contain <strong>the</strong><br />
following:<br />
✥✥a property and forest stand map;<br />
✥✥a description of <strong>the</strong> woodlot (including legal description)<br />
and its his<strong>to</strong>ry;<br />
✥✥a statement of <strong>the</strong> woodlot owner’s management<br />
objectives;<br />
✥✥information on <strong>the</strong> type, location and quality of resources<br />
in <strong>the</strong> woodlot (e.g., forest inven<strong>to</strong>ry, wildlife habitat,<br />
significant features); and<br />
✥✥a schedule of activities that are planned <strong>to</strong> take place,<br />
typically for a five- <strong>to</strong> ten-year period.<br />
Harvest planning<br />
Harvesting and o<strong>the</strong>r forest management operations (e.g.,<br />
tree marking or thinning) that are <strong>to</strong> be implemented in <strong>the</strong><br />
woodlot, are outlined in <strong>the</strong> schedule of activities section<br />
of <strong>the</strong> woodlot management plan. A second document,<br />
<strong>the</strong> harvest plan, provides much greater detail about <strong>the</strong>se<br />
operations. A harvest plan should ensure that operations are<br />
appropriate for <strong>the</strong> individual woodlot and are carried out<br />
according <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> landowner’s objectives, relevant legislation,<br />
principles of good forestry practices and recommended<br />
careful logging practices.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Section 2.0<br />
Proper planning for harvesting and <strong>the</strong> layout of roads, trails and landings<br />
will protect woodlot values and improve <strong>the</strong> financial bot<strong>to</strong>m line of <strong>the</strong><br />
logging operation.<br />
Engaging a reputable consultant and/or logger can help<br />
ensure that logging operations are conducted in accordance<br />
with good forestry practices and that o<strong>the</strong>r values in <strong>the</strong><br />
woodlot are protected and/or maintained.<br />
5
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Landowners<br />
should be aware<br />
that some forestry<br />
consultants work<br />
independently,<br />
while o<strong>the</strong>rs are<br />
employed by <strong>the</strong><br />
forest industry.<br />
When hiring a<br />
forestry consultant,<br />
landowners should<br />
seek out a member<br />
of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
Professional<br />
Foresters<br />
Association<br />
<strong>to</strong> ensure that<br />
professional<br />
standards are met.<br />
Before you start harvest planning, you need <strong>to</strong> evaluate your<br />
role in <strong>the</strong>se activities. Landowners possess a wide variety<br />
of skills and knowledge and have different interests and<br />
expectations of <strong>the</strong>ir role in forestry operations.<br />
Landowners who have been trained in forestry or logging<br />
may choose <strong>to</strong> carry out operations on <strong>the</strong>ir own. O<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
may choose <strong>to</strong> seek out <strong>the</strong> services of a well-trained and<br />
conscientious forest consultant and/or logger <strong>to</strong> assist <strong>the</strong>m<br />
with this process. This decision should be made before you<br />
begin harvest planning.<br />
Hiring a consultant<br />
Local forestry consultants can assist landowners in all<br />
aspects of woodlot management and planning. Consultants<br />
can provide expert advice, independent of <strong>the</strong> logging<br />
contrac<strong>to</strong>r. In many instances, forestry consultants will offer<br />
a range of services associated with logging, such as timber<br />
sales negotiation, timber valuation, operations planning,<br />
tree marking, road and trail layout and supervision and/<br />
or moni<strong>to</strong>ring of operations. They will also have knowledge<br />
of legislation and local forest conservation bylaws that may<br />
affect your harvest activities, as well as insight in<strong>to</strong> local<br />
markets and familiarity with local loggers.<br />
Professional forestry consultants can help you achieve<br />
your forest management goals and ensure that <strong>the</strong> forestry<br />
practices used in your woodlot will enhance its future<br />
condition and value. The <strong>Ontario</strong> Professional Foresters<br />
Association (OPFA) is responsible for <strong>the</strong> regulation of <strong>the</strong><br />
practice of forestry in <strong>Ontario</strong>. A list of OPFA members<br />
who provide consulting services is available on <strong>the</strong> OPFA<br />
website www.opfa.ca.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
In addition, a listing of forestry consultants and loggers is<br />
also available at <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Association’s Forest<br />
Services Direc<strong>to</strong>ry website www.ontariowoodlot.com.<br />
Section 2.0<br />
<strong>Guide</strong>lines for hiring consultants are similar <strong>to</strong> those<br />
applicable <strong>to</strong> hiring loggers and are outlined in <strong>the</strong><br />
section below.<br />
Hiring a logger<br />
Many landowners decide <strong>to</strong> harvest <strong>the</strong>ir woodlands on<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir own. <strong>Logging</strong> is physically demanding work that can<br />
be dangerous. It requires experience and care <strong>to</strong> ensure<br />
safe operations and <strong>to</strong> avoid damaging <strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
<strong>Careful</strong>ly consider all aspects of <strong>the</strong> harvest operation,<br />
including your knowledge and skill level, time and<br />
available resources (money and equipment). You should<br />
also look at your stand management objectives and <strong>the</strong><br />
value of your timber when considering whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>to</strong> log <strong>the</strong><br />
woodlot yourself, sell standing timber or contract logging<br />
services.<br />
A key step in maximizing future financial returns from <strong>the</strong><br />
woodlot is <strong>to</strong> minimize <strong>the</strong> damage <strong>to</strong> residual trees.<br />
When harvesting timber, <strong>the</strong>re is no substitute for a welltrained<br />
and conscientious opera<strong>to</strong>r.<br />
Remember, when selling timber, you are entering a buyer/<br />
seller relationship. The logger is buying raw material and<br />
reselling it. Like anyone in business, <strong>the</strong> logger needs <strong>to</strong><br />
buy low and sell high <strong>to</strong> make a profit. Know <strong>the</strong> value<br />
of your timber. If necessary, hire a qualified consultant <strong>to</strong><br />
provide an independent appraisal. Always obtain more<br />
than one bid <strong>to</strong> ensure that you get a fair price. Also, be<br />
sure <strong>to</strong> consider <strong>the</strong> following when hiring or contracting<br />
for logging services:<br />
If you decide <strong>to</strong><br />
cut timber yourself,<br />
it’s important that<br />
you understand<br />
<strong>the</strong> potential<br />
hazards associated<br />
with logging. Be<br />
sure <strong>to</strong> maintain<br />
your equipment<br />
properly, wear<br />
safety gear, carry<br />
a first aid kit, and<br />
most important of<br />
all, conduct work<br />
safely. It is strongly<br />
recommended that<br />
you never work<br />
alone. Also, be<br />
sure that family<br />
members (or o<strong>the</strong>rs)<br />
know where you<br />
are working.<br />
7
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Opera<strong>to</strong>r<br />
skill and<br />
care<br />
is one of <strong>the</strong><br />
most important<br />
determinants<br />
in <strong>the</strong> amount<br />
and severity of<br />
stand and site<br />
damage from<br />
harvesting.<br />
✥✥The suitability of logging equipment <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> woodlot site<br />
and stand characteristics.<br />
✥✥The level of on-site supervision during operations.<br />
✥✥The experience of <strong>the</strong> contrac<strong>to</strong>r (i.e., <strong>the</strong> number of years<br />
of experience harvesting in similar forest types).<br />
✥✥Are all forest workers trained and certified under<br />
<strong>the</strong> Cutter-Skidder Opera<strong>to</strong>r Program?<br />
✥✥Are portions of <strong>the</strong> operation subcontracted, and<br />
if so, are <strong>the</strong> subcontrac<strong>to</strong>rs qualified, supervised<br />
and insured?<br />
<strong>Logging</strong> is dangerous, physically demanding work that requires experience<br />
and care <strong>to</strong> ensure safe operations and <strong>to</strong> avoid damaging <strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
8
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
The following guidelines are applicable whe<strong>the</strong>r you sell standing timber or<br />
contract a logger <strong>to</strong> harvest your woodlot:<br />
✥✥Ask for and check references. When possible, visit woodlots harvested by<br />
<strong>the</strong> contrac<strong>to</strong>r.<br />
✥✥Use a legally binding contract. A contract that contains terms and<br />
conditions consistent with <strong>the</strong> objectives of your management plan<br />
will protect both your financial interests and your investment in forest<br />
management. See A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> Selling Standing Timber or<br />
contact <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Association for a sample contract.<br />
✥✥Ensure that all forest workers are trained (certified) and that <strong>the</strong> contrac<strong>to</strong>r<br />
has sufficient general liability insurance and a valid Workplace Safety<br />
Insurance Board (WSIB) clearance certificate. Obtain a WSIB clearance<br />
certificate for confirmation that <strong>the</strong> contrac<strong>to</strong>r is registered and has met <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
obligations.<br />
✥✥Insist that safety equipment be worn at all times and that a first aid kit and a<br />
spill kit are on site.<br />
✥✥Meet with <strong>the</strong> contrac<strong>to</strong>r on site, prior <strong>to</strong> operations, <strong>to</strong> discuss <strong>the</strong> harvest<br />
and clarify any misunderstandings or misconceptions.<br />
✥✥Hire a consultant <strong>to</strong> conduct <strong>the</strong> timber sale and moni<strong>to</strong>r <strong>the</strong> logging<br />
operation, or moni<strong>to</strong>r <strong>the</strong> operation yourself on a regular basis.<br />
Section 2.0<br />
When selling standing<br />
timber, get more than<br />
one bid <strong>to</strong> ensure that<br />
you receive a fair price.<br />
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong><br />
<strong>to</strong> Selling Standing<br />
Timber (<strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong><br />
Association) provides<br />
additional tips on selling<br />
standing timber, including a<br />
sample timber-sale contract.<br />
9
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Developing a harvest plan<br />
The harvest plan will cover six critical elements,<br />
which are described in <strong>the</strong> following sections:<br />
1) Stand prescriptions and tree marking;<br />
2) Boundary marking;<br />
3) Protection measures for sensitive features<br />
and sites;<br />
4) Planning access roads;<br />
5) Harvest timing; and<br />
6) <strong>Logging</strong> equipment.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> onset of harvest planning, it is critically important<br />
<strong>to</strong> walk <strong>the</strong> woodlot. This on-<strong>the</strong>-ground assessment of <strong>the</strong><br />
woodlot is used <strong>to</strong> develop all aspects of <strong>the</strong> harvest plan.<br />
It is recommended that this field assessment take place in<br />
spring or early winter when visibility in <strong>the</strong> woodlot is best.<br />
During <strong>the</strong> reconnaissance, take note of any sensitive<br />
features and sites (e.g., stick nests or shallow soils) and<br />
physical characteristics that may affect logging operations<br />
or o<strong>the</strong>r forest management activities (e.g., steep slopes or<br />
rock outcrops). Mark <strong>the</strong>se sites on a sketch map for use<br />
when preparing your harvest plan.<br />
Be sure <strong>to</strong> provide a copy of <strong>the</strong> harvest plan and sketch<br />
map, and discuss <strong>the</strong>se documents with your consultant<br />
and/or logging contrac<strong>to</strong>r before logging begins.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Section 2.0<br />
Tree marking involves <strong>the</strong> careful selection of trees for harvest. The<br />
tree marker must assess each individual tree and give consideration<br />
<strong>to</strong> a number of variables (e.g., regeneration, tree health, site<br />
conditions, wildlife habitat, diversity and <strong>the</strong> overall objectives of forest<br />
management) before a final decision is made whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>to</strong> leave <strong>the</strong> tree<br />
or mark it <strong>to</strong> be cut.<br />
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1) Stand prescriptions and tree marking<br />
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Lists of<br />
qualified<br />
tree markers are<br />
usually available<br />
through resource<br />
agencies (see<br />
Appendix 2).<br />
<strong>Woodlot</strong>s managed under selection or shelterwood<br />
harvest systems should be marked in accordance <strong>to</strong> a<br />
stand prescription prepared by a member of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
Professional Foresters Association.<br />
The stand prescription is a key document that provides<br />
guidance <strong>to</strong> tree markers about <strong>the</strong> number of trees <strong>to</strong> cut<br />
or retain (e.g., species or quality) for <strong>the</strong> future timber<br />
crop or for regeneration, as well as information about site<br />
protection and wildlife habitat. Tree marking must meet<br />
<strong>the</strong> intent of <strong>the</strong> stand prescription if management plan<br />
objectives are <strong>to</strong> be realized.<br />
The decisions made during tree marking will directly<br />
influence <strong>the</strong> long-term economic and ecological integrity of<br />
your woodlot. Because of this, tree marking should be done<br />
by certified tree markers.<br />
2) Boundary marking<br />
Contact your local<br />
municipality if you<br />
are working next<br />
<strong>to</strong> an unopened<br />
road allowance.<br />
Before starting operations, clearly mark all harvest<br />
boundaries with red paint. Place <strong>the</strong>se markings where<br />
harvest operations are planned near property lines and<br />
<strong>to</strong> identify internal harvest boundaries — areas of your<br />
property not included in <strong>the</strong> harvest. Use evidence such<br />
as survey markers, blazes and/or fences <strong>to</strong> assist with <strong>the</strong><br />
identification of property boundary lines.<br />
Care should be taken when marking near unopened road<br />
allowances <strong>to</strong> avoid penalties arising from cut trespasses.<br />
Natural boundaries, such as water and associated buffers,<br />
open fields or changes in forest cover, make excellent<br />
natural locations for internal harvest boundaries. Ensure all<br />
boundary marks are readily visible from all directions. Well-<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
marked boundary lines and a good map will help <strong>to</strong> avoid<br />
cut trespasses and/or o<strong>the</strong>r property damage.<br />
Section 2.0<br />
Only a licensed<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Land<br />
Surveyor can<br />
identify a property<br />
boundary.<br />
The Forestry Act requires mutual<br />
consent of both owners when<br />
harvesting boundary trees.<br />
Inform<br />
adjacent<br />
property<br />
owners of<br />
your logging plans<br />
and cooperatively<br />
locate and mark<br />
property lines.<br />
3) Protection measures for sensitive features and sites<br />
The harvest plan should identify, map and provide<br />
prescriptions (direction) for stand management. It should<br />
also protect sensitive features and sites, such as stick nests<br />
and shallow soils in <strong>the</strong> woodlot. Mark <strong>the</strong> boundaries<br />
of any buffer zones prior <strong>to</strong> harvesting and ensure that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y are visible from all directions. Confirm that all forest<br />
workers are aware of <strong>the</strong> sensitive features and sites in<br />
<strong>the</strong> woodlot and of <strong>the</strong> management requirements for <strong>the</strong><br />
protection of <strong>the</strong>se areas. Moni<strong>to</strong>r operations on a regular<br />
schedule <strong>to</strong> ensure that marked features are not damaged.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
4) Planning access roads<br />
There are a number of fac<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>to</strong> consider when planning<br />
forest access. First, consider whe<strong>the</strong>r access road<br />
construction is absolutely necessary. Instead of constructing<br />
a new road, use adjacent fields, existing trails or o<strong>the</strong>r forest<br />
openings. This will save money and reduce <strong>the</strong> risk of site<br />
damage or disturbance.<br />
When determining <strong>the</strong> type and length of road <strong>to</strong> be<br />
constructed, consider fac<strong>to</strong>rs such as <strong>the</strong> value of timber <strong>to</strong><br />
be harvested relative <strong>to</strong> road construction costs, <strong>the</strong> duration<br />
and season of <strong>the</strong> cut, haul truck and logging equipment<br />
requirements, safety, road maintenance costs and any water<br />
and wetland crossing requirements. Remember, well-planned<br />
road networks can be used for future logging operations<br />
and for o<strong>the</strong>r activities in <strong>the</strong> woodlot, such as trail riding<br />
and cross-country skiing.<br />
Identify on <strong>the</strong> sketch map <strong>the</strong> preliminary locations of any<br />
roads, skid trails and landings associated with <strong>the</strong> harvest<br />
<strong>to</strong> assist in operations planning. Be sure <strong>to</strong> consider <strong>the</strong><br />
locations of landings, roads and skid trails for future logging<br />
or o<strong>the</strong>r forest management activities.<br />
For more information on planning and constructing access<br />
roads, refer <strong>to</strong> Section 5.<br />
5) Harvest timing<br />
Choosing <strong>the</strong> right time of year <strong>to</strong> harvest can help <strong>to</strong><br />
minimize stand and site damage. <strong>Logging</strong> operations can<br />
also be timed <strong>to</strong> promote natural regeneration (by timing<br />
cuts with good seed crops or exposing mineral soil) or <strong>to</strong><br />
enable landowners/contrac<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>to</strong> take advantage of good<br />
market conditions for certain species or forest products.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Winter cutting can give excellent results. With frozen or<br />
snow-covered soil, <strong>the</strong>re are fewer access limitations in<br />
wet areas, and rutting and soil compaction is minimized.<br />
Visibility during operations is also increased by <strong>the</strong><br />
absence of leaves. This provides for safer operations<br />
when felling and skidding. However, cutting in winter is<br />
not without challenges, such as <strong>the</strong> potential for increased<br />
snow-plowing costs and poor working conditions in deep<br />
snow. <strong>Careful</strong>ly weigh <strong>the</strong>se fac<strong>to</strong>rs when determining <strong>the</strong><br />
best time <strong>to</strong> harvest.<br />
Section 2.0<br />
Depending on ground and forest conditions, logging<br />
should generally be avoided from early spring <strong>to</strong> late July.<br />
This avoids <strong>the</strong> potential for site damage (due <strong>to</strong> wet soils)<br />
and disruption of breeding activities of birds and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
wildlife. The risk of bark damage <strong>to</strong> residual trees from<br />
felling and skidding abrasions is also reduced; tree bark is<br />
highly susceptible <strong>to</strong> wounding during periods when trees<br />
are actively growing.<br />
For information on careful logging practices for skidding and<br />
harvest operations, refer <strong>to</strong> Section 7 and Section 8.<br />
Wet, low-forested<br />
areas should be<br />
harvested when<br />
<strong>the</strong> ground is<br />
frozen or during<br />
dry periods.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
6) <strong>Logging</strong> equipment<br />
It is very important <strong>to</strong> carefully match your choice of logging<br />
equipment with <strong>the</strong> characteristics of <strong>the</strong> woodlot and <strong>the</strong><br />
objectives in your management plan.<br />
Equipment choices<br />
also affect o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
operational<br />
considerations<br />
(such as <strong>the</strong> width<br />
of a road’s righ<strong>to</strong>f-way)<br />
and<br />
construction costs.<br />
Although it is <strong>the</strong> skill of <strong>the</strong> opera<strong>to</strong>r (and <strong>the</strong> care that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
take) that ultimately determines <strong>the</strong> condition of <strong>the</strong> forest<br />
after logging, <strong>the</strong> appropriate equipment should be used<br />
for <strong>the</strong> volume of wood <strong>to</strong> be harvested. Smaller equipment<br />
generally leaves less of a footprint in <strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
However, while small equipment may be lighter and more<br />
maneuverable, it often requires significantly more trips <strong>to</strong><br />
remove a given volume of wood than larger equipment<br />
does. This repeated travel may result in compacted soils,<br />
excessive rutting, basal scarring <strong>to</strong> trees and root damage.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
3.0 Stream Crossings<br />
Special care is required when planning, constructing and<br />
abandoning stream crossings. This ensures safe operations,<br />
controls costs, and protects water quality and <strong>the</strong> aquatic<br />
environment.<br />
Section 3.0<br />
Planning stream crossings<br />
When planning stream crossings, try <strong>to</strong> minimize <strong>the</strong><br />
number and length of <strong>the</strong> crossings. This strategy will<br />
reduce costs and will minimize <strong>the</strong> risk for negative<br />
environmental impacts on water quality.<br />
Locate potential crossing sites during <strong>the</strong> field<br />
reconnaissance <strong>to</strong> lay out <strong>the</strong> road and trail network.<br />
Always investigate a number of potential crossing locations<br />
<strong>to</strong> ensure that <strong>the</strong> best possible site is selected.<br />
When searching out potential crossing sites, look for areas<br />
where <strong>the</strong> stream has a narrow and relatively straight<br />
channel, a hard bot<strong>to</strong>m and level or gently sloping banks.<br />
Types of crossings<br />
Stream-crossing structures may be temporary or permanent.<br />
Temporary crossings that are used for a limited time reduce<br />
<strong>the</strong> environmental impacts associated with <strong>the</strong> construction,<br />
use and maintenance of a permanent crossing. Permanent<br />
crossings are constructed when long-term access is<br />
required.<br />
The most common types of crossing structures are culverts,<br />
bridges and fords. The type of structure installed is<br />
determined by fac<strong>to</strong>rs like stream size, peak water flow,<br />
stream bed material, requirements for fish movement, o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
aquatic habitat requirements, safety requirements and cost.<br />
Stream crossings<br />
must be in<br />
compliance<br />
with <strong>the</strong> federal<br />
Fisheries<br />
Act and <strong>the</strong><br />
Conservation<br />
Authorities Act.<br />
The Fisheries Act<br />
makes it illegal <strong>to</strong><br />
harmfully alter,<br />
disrupt or destroy<br />
fish habitat.<br />
Before starting<br />
any crossing,<br />
contact your local<br />
conservation<br />
authority (CA)<br />
or <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
Ministry of Naturl<br />
Resources (OMNR)<br />
office (if <strong>the</strong>re<br />
is no local CA)<br />
for advice and<br />
permits.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Crossing structures<br />
Talk <strong>to</strong><br />
a local<br />
forestry consultant<br />
or CA for<br />
assistance in<br />
determining <strong>the</strong><br />
type of crossing<br />
or structure that is<br />
most appropriate<br />
<strong>to</strong> your<br />
circumstances.<br />
Of all forest management activities, <strong>the</strong> installation, use and<br />
removal of water and wetland crossings have <strong>the</strong> greatest<br />
potential <strong>to</strong> impact water quality. Specific guidance on<br />
locating and constructing water crossings is provided in <strong>the</strong><br />
sections below.<br />
Rip rap or cobbles are larger s<strong>to</strong>nes used <strong>to</strong> stabilize<br />
culverts and prevent water from undercutting <strong>the</strong> culvert.<br />
<strong>Careful</strong> logging practices for locating and constructing<br />
stream crossings<br />
Regardless of <strong>the</strong> type of crossing or structure used, adopt<br />
<strong>the</strong> following procedures:<br />
✥✥Locate crossings where <strong>the</strong> soil is stable and not easily<br />
eroded.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
✥✥Keep <strong>the</strong> crossing as short as possible, while ensuring<br />
suitable abutment on each stream bank.<br />
✥✥Install <strong>the</strong> crossing at a right angle <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> stream channel.<br />
✥✥Do not obstruct water flow or fish movement during <strong>the</strong><br />
construction.<br />
✥✥Construct road approaches <strong>to</strong> crossing structures using<br />
fill instead of grubbing <strong>to</strong> minimize <strong>the</strong> potential for<br />
erosion. Ensure that <strong>the</strong> “no-grub zone” is at least <strong>the</strong><br />
width of <strong>the</strong> riparian buffer zone (see Section 4). Keep<br />
<strong>the</strong> approaches straight, level or gently sloping. Reduce<br />
erosion or sedimentation by applying crushed rock or<br />
gravel <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> approach.<br />
✥✥Grade any exposed soil <strong>to</strong> a stable angle and protect it<br />
from erosion by seeding and/or applying mulch.<br />
✥✥Use<br />
water bars, dips, cross drains or o<strong>the</strong>r diversion<br />
structures <strong>to</strong> reduce erosion near <strong>the</strong> crossing site. (See<br />
<strong>the</strong> sections below for guidelines on installing and<br />
removing <strong>the</strong>se structures.)<br />
✥✥Do not operate equipment in <strong>the</strong> stream during crossing<br />
installation or removal.<br />
✥✥Inspect crossings periodically for structural safety. Ensure<br />
that fish passage and water flow are not obstructed by<br />
blockages.<br />
✥✥Avoid construction work during wet wea<strong>the</strong>r or when <strong>the</strong><br />
soil is saturated.<br />
✥✥Use<br />
rip rap <strong>to</strong> stabilize culverts and prevent undercutting<br />
and erosion.<br />
Section 3.0<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Fords are <strong>the</strong> least expensive type of stream crossing.<br />
They should only be used during periods of low water<br />
flow and where <strong>the</strong> stream bed is comprised of stable<br />
material (i.e., rock or gravel).<br />
Fords<br />
A ford is <strong>the</strong> most basic and least expensive type of stream<br />
crossing. A ford uses <strong>the</strong> stream bed as part of <strong>the</strong> road or<br />
access trail.<br />
CLPs for locating and using fords<br />
Adopt <strong>the</strong> following careful logging practices:<br />
✥✥Locate ford crossings only where stream banks are<br />
low and gently sloping and where <strong>the</strong> stream bed is<br />
comprised of stable material (i.e., gravel or rock), with<br />
good load-bearing capacity.<br />
✥✥Fish spawning beds often occur at or near good ford<br />
crossings sites. Do not ford streams at <strong>the</strong>se locations.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
✥✥Where <strong>the</strong> stream bed is less stable, use rocks, logs<br />
or man-made materials (e.g., rubber mats) <strong>to</strong> support<br />
equipment.<br />
✥✥Construct and use fords only during periods of low water<br />
flow (i.e., when <strong>the</strong> water is less than 0.3 m deep).<br />
✥✥Keep equipment (that will use <strong>the</strong> ford) clean and well<br />
maintained.<br />
✥✥Protect approaches <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> ford with clean gravel, brush<br />
mats or o<strong>the</strong>r temporary surfacing materials <strong>to</strong> minimize<br />
<strong>the</strong> amount of mud and debris, which may be dragged<br />
in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> water by <strong>the</strong> equipment.<br />
✥✥When abandoning <strong>the</strong> ford, ensure that all material used<br />
<strong>to</strong> stabilize <strong>the</strong> stream bed is removed from <strong>the</strong> water.<br />
Additional information and guidelines for ford crossings<br />
are available on <strong>the</strong> Department of Fisheries and Oceans<br />
(DFO) website http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/regions/<br />
central/index-eng.htm.<br />
Section 3.0<br />
Obtain advice<br />
from your local<br />
CA before<br />
placing any<br />
materials in a<br />
stream. Make<br />
sure that materials<br />
are clean, will<br />
not erode and<br />
are non-<strong>to</strong>xic <strong>to</strong><br />
aquatic life.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Bridges<br />
Bridges may be temporary or permanent. The cost of<br />
installation and maintenance is directly related <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> length<br />
of time <strong>the</strong> structure will be used, <strong>the</strong> span it crosses and <strong>the</strong><br />
load it is intended <strong>to</strong> carry.<br />
Using a bridge is <strong>the</strong> most effective means <strong>to</strong> protect water<br />
quality. Bridges span <strong>the</strong> water, reducing <strong>the</strong> potential<br />
for sedimentation during construction, maintenance and<br />
abandonment.<br />
All bridge designs<br />
(portable and<br />
permanent),<br />
including<br />
abutments, need<br />
<strong>to</strong> be approved<br />
by a professional<br />
engineer.<br />
Portable bridges are becoming increasingly popular<br />
with landowners and loggers as <strong>the</strong>y offer several cost<br />
advantages. While initially more expensive than o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
crossing structures, portable bridges can be reused and<br />
are easier <strong>to</strong> install than traditional structures.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
CLPs for installing bridges<br />
The following careful logging practices are recommended<br />
for installing bridges:<br />
Section 3.0<br />
✥✥Set bridge abutments well back from <strong>the</strong> edge of <strong>the</strong><br />
stream.<br />
✥✥Construct <strong>the</strong> bridge higher than <strong>the</strong> approaching road<br />
or trail <strong>to</strong> prevent surface runoff from draining on<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
crossing structure.<br />
✥✥Use solid decking <strong>to</strong> prevent debris from falling through<br />
<strong>the</strong> deck in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> watercourse.<br />
✥✥Where <strong>the</strong>re is a risk of flooding, anchor temporary<br />
bridge structures.<br />
Culverts<br />
Culverts can be installed as ei<strong>the</strong>r temporary or permanent<br />
structures <strong>to</strong> cross a permanent or intermittent stream.<br />
CLPs for installing culverts<br />
Use <strong>the</strong> following careful logging practices <strong>to</strong> protect water<br />
quality when installing culverts:<br />
✥✥Size <strong>the</strong> culvert <strong>to</strong> handle peak water flow. Seek<br />
<strong>the</strong> advice of a forestry consultant <strong>to</strong> assist you in<br />
determining <strong>the</strong> appropriate culvert size.<br />
✥✥Install <strong>the</strong> culvert during a period of low water flow. This<br />
will reduce <strong>the</strong> impact on water quality and <strong>the</strong> potential<br />
for disrupting fish movement during culvert installation.<br />
✥✥Ensure that any fill material used does not extend beyond<br />
<strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> culvert.<br />
✥✥Install <strong>the</strong> culvert on compacted granular material. Ensure<br />
that at least ten percent of <strong>the</strong> pipe diameter of <strong>the</strong><br />
The same<br />
regula<strong>to</strong>ry<br />
requirements<br />
that apply <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
installation of a<br />
water crossing<br />
may apply <strong>to</strong><br />
its removal<br />
(including <strong>the</strong><br />
removal of<br />
a temporary<br />
crossing).<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
culvert is below <strong>the</strong> natural stream bed. This will facilitate<br />
<strong>the</strong> movement of fish through <strong>the</strong> pipe.<br />
✥✥Use rip rap around <strong>the</strong> culvert inlet <strong>to</strong> prevent water from<br />
eroding and undercutting <strong>the</strong> pipe.<br />
Culverts must be set in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> stream bed (bot<strong>to</strong>m<br />
illustration) <strong>to</strong> provide fish passage and reduce<br />
environmental damage.<br />
CLPs for abandoning a crossing<br />
Landowners may wish <strong>to</strong> maintain water crossings<br />
permanently <strong>to</strong> facilitate recreational activities or future<br />
forest management operations in <strong>the</strong> woodlot. In o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
circumstances, it may be advisable <strong>to</strong> remove <strong>the</strong> crossing<br />
<strong>to</strong> prevent possible negative environmental impacts, arising<br />
from <strong>the</strong> degradation of <strong>the</strong> crossing. Removing a crossing<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
also helps prevent trespassing. A landowner may also<br />
want <strong>to</strong> use <strong>the</strong> structure (e.g., portable bridge) at ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
location.<br />
Section 3.0<br />
In instances where a decision is made <strong>to</strong> remove a<br />
crossing, it is important <strong>to</strong> ensure that <strong>the</strong> crossing is<br />
properly removed and that <strong>the</strong> site is left in a suitable<br />
condition <strong>to</strong> prevent water quality problems associated with<br />
erosion and sedimentation. Use <strong>the</strong> following practices <strong>to</strong><br />
properly remove (close) a stream crossing:<br />
✥✥Remove <strong>the</strong> structure and all materials used in its<br />
construction below <strong>the</strong> high-water mark.<br />
✥✥Ensure that water flow on roads and trails is dispersed<br />
on<strong>to</strong> stable areas of undisturbed forest floor, away from<br />
<strong>the</strong> stream.<br />
✥✥Use brush, hay, grass or o<strong>the</strong>r materials <strong>to</strong> stabilize any<br />
exposed soil within <strong>the</strong> riparian buffer zone.<br />
✥✥Moni<strong>to</strong>r <strong>the</strong> crossing site periodically after abandonment.<br />
If erosion is occurring, take appropriate action, such as<br />
seeding or applying mulch <strong>to</strong> exposed soils, regrading<br />
and smoothing slopes <strong>to</strong> stable angles or applying<br />
gravel or brush mats on crossing approaches.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
4.0 Working Around Water<br />
In this guide, “water” includes lakes, rivers, streams,<br />
intermittent streams, open wetlands, woodland pools,<br />
seeps and agricultural drains. Special care and attention<br />
is required when cutting timber adjacent <strong>to</strong> water as <strong>the</strong>se<br />
areas (known as riparian areas), are particularly sensitive<br />
<strong>to</strong> site disturbance. This section of <strong>the</strong> guide provides CLPs<br />
for harvesting near open water and wetlands; Section 8<br />
provides CLPs for harvesting in treed swamps.<br />
Harvesting activities in riparian areas can take two<br />
approaches: riparian areas may be left and not harvested,<br />
or modified cutting may occur. The modified approach<br />
establishes buffer zones allowing some trees <strong>to</strong> be<br />
harvested while protecting and enhancing <strong>the</strong> ecological<br />
functions and habitats of riparian areas.<br />
Section 4.0<br />
Care<br />
should<br />
be taken<br />
when<br />
working in treed<br />
swamps (e.g.,<br />
stands of silver<br />
maple, cedar,<br />
black ash). Refer<br />
<strong>to</strong> Section 8 for<br />
more information.<br />
When working in or around wetlands<br />
and water, know which laws (e.g.,<br />
Fisheries Act, Conservation<br />
Authorities Act) apply <strong>to</strong> your situation. Permits<br />
and/or timing restrictions may also apply. Contact<br />
your local CA (or OMNR office if <strong>the</strong>re is no local CA)<br />
for information and guidance.<br />
Woodland pools are temporary pools of water that<br />
generally appear in <strong>the</strong> spring (vernal pools) from<br />
snowmelt or heavy rains; <strong>the</strong>y sometimes appear in <strong>the</strong><br />
fall of <strong>the</strong> year (autumnal pools).<br />
27
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Establishing buffer zones<br />
Seek <strong>the</strong><br />
advice<br />
of a forestry<br />
consultant or CA<br />
when establishing<br />
buffer zones.<br />
The decision whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>to</strong> establish a riparian buffer resides<br />
with <strong>the</strong> landowner. This decision should be made after<br />
due consideration of existing legislation and recognition of<br />
<strong>the</strong> ecological functions of riparian areas (wildlife habitat,<br />
maintenance of water quality and quantity, wildlife travel<br />
corridors, etc.). Also, <strong>the</strong> impacts of <strong>the</strong> planned harvesting<br />
system and physical site conditions (e.g., soil type, slope,<br />
type and size of <strong>the</strong> water body, sensitivity of <strong>the</strong> fishery,<br />
flow characteristics, etc.) should be considered.<br />
forest floor<br />
(leaf litter,<br />
wood, debris,<br />
and organic<br />
soil)<br />
normal high water<br />
steeper slope<br />
(wider)<br />
stream<br />
bank<br />
stream<br />
channel<br />
buffer zone<br />
trees, shrubs and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r plants<br />
gentle slope<br />
(narrower)<br />
Limiting <strong>the</strong> impact <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> bank of <strong>the</strong> watercourse, forest floor, trees and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r vegetation within <strong>the</strong> buffer area will help maintain <strong>the</strong> health of <strong>the</strong><br />
riparian area and <strong>the</strong> water quality. The width of <strong>the</strong> buffer area along <strong>the</strong><br />
watercourse is determined by <strong>the</strong> slope of <strong>the</strong> bank (i.e., steeper slopes [left]<br />
have a wider buffer area; gentler slopes [right] have a narrower buffer).<br />
28
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
It is common practice in forestry <strong>to</strong> establish a buffer with<br />
two distinct zones.<br />
1. Immediately adjacent <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> water’s edge, a nodisturbance<br />
zone is maintained where <strong>the</strong> forest floor<br />
and vegetation are left undisturbed.<br />
Section 4.0<br />
2. Outside of <strong>the</strong> no-disturbance zone, a larger buffer area<br />
is maintained where cutting is modified and equipment<br />
access is limited. (Refer <strong>to</strong> CLPs for Working around<br />
water and open wetlands and Maintaining forest cover<br />
in buffers for guidance).<br />
Toge<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong>se zones function <strong>to</strong> reduce <strong>the</strong> potential for<br />
negative environmental impacts on <strong>the</strong> riparian area, on<br />
<strong>the</strong> water and on watercourses (e.g., lake, stream, open<br />
wetland, spring, etc.).<br />
The water flowing from a seep is true groundwater, not surface<br />
runoff, and its temperature will generally remain relatively constant<br />
year-round. They are typically found along lower slopes and<br />
are very susceptible <strong>to</strong> soil compaction and rutting from logging<br />
equipment or ATVs.<br />
29
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
CLPs for establishing buffer zones around water and<br />
open wetlands<br />
Adopting <strong>the</strong> following CLPs will assist in protecting water<br />
quality and riparian and aquatic habitats.<br />
✥✥For lakes, rivers and streams, adopt <strong>the</strong> buffer zone<br />
guidelines presented in Table 1. Within <strong>the</strong> buffer,<br />
immediately adjacent <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> water’s edge, maintain a<br />
minimum 3-m no-disturbance zone. In <strong>the</strong> remainder of <strong>the</strong><br />
buffer, modify harvest operations by limiting equipment<br />
access and maintaining a minimum canopy closure. Buffer<br />
zones should be measured from <strong>the</strong> high-water mark.<br />
Table 1: Recommended Buffer Zone<br />
Widths Based on Slope<br />
(degrees) for Watercourses<br />
Slope (degrees)<br />
Buffer Zone<br />
Width (metres)<br />
0-8.5 30 m<br />
8.6-16.7 50 m<br />
16.8-24.2 70 m<br />
>24.2 90 m<br />
✥✥For open wetlands (i.e., bogs, fens and marshes),<br />
woodland pools, agricultural drains and intermittent<br />
streams, adopt a 15-m buffer zone. The width of <strong>the</strong><br />
buffer should be measured from <strong>the</strong> high-water mark.<br />
Within <strong>the</strong> buffer, immediately adjacent <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> feature’s<br />
edge, maintain a minimum 3-m no-disturbance zone. In<br />
<strong>the</strong> remainder of <strong>the</strong> buffer, modify harvest operations by<br />
limiting equipment access and by maintaining a minimum<br />
canopy closure.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
✥✥To protect seeps, adopt a minimum 3-m no-disturbance<br />
zone of undisturbed vegetation adjacent <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> feature.<br />
Section 4.0<br />
Streams have defined channels and banks and may flow<br />
year-round (perennial) or only during part of <strong>the</strong> year<br />
(intermittent).<br />
CLPs for working around water and<br />
open wetlands<br />
Timber harvesting can occur in riparian buffer zones with<br />
little negative environmental impact, provided that some<br />
basic guidelines are adhered <strong>to</strong> and that operations are<br />
conducted with care.<br />
Use <strong>the</strong> following CLPs <strong>to</strong> protect water and soil quality<br />
when logging in a riparian area:<br />
✥✥Log only during periods when soils are dry or frozen <strong>to</strong><br />
avoid rutting and erosion.<br />
✥✥Limit machine travel in <strong>the</strong> buffer <strong>to</strong> minimize soil<br />
disturbance and erosion. When feasible, use cables and<br />
a winch <strong>to</strong> extract timber.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
✥✥When cutting, keep felled trees and slash out of <strong>the</strong><br />
water. Avoid damaging <strong>the</strong> shoreline or exposing soils,<br />
which may erode in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> water.<br />
✥✥Avoid locating roads and landings in <strong>the</strong> buffer zone<br />
(except <strong>to</strong> access a water crossing).<br />
✥✥Do not allow ditches or o<strong>the</strong>r water diversion structures<br />
<strong>to</strong> drain directly in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> wetland or watercourse. Divert<br />
runoff on<strong>to</strong> undisturbed areas of <strong>the</strong> forest floor.<br />
✥✥Properly close all roads and trails leading in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> buffer<br />
zone (see Section 7).<br />
✥✥Do not fuel, service or wash equipment near water.<br />
Maintaining forest cover in buffers<br />
It is important <strong>to</strong> maintain adequate tree cover within <strong>the</strong><br />
buffer zone. Cutting <strong>to</strong>o many trees can lead <strong>to</strong> dramatic<br />
changes in <strong>the</strong> composition and structure of <strong>the</strong> forest.<br />
This may adversely affect <strong>the</strong> quality and quantity of water<br />
entering <strong>the</strong> riparian area, resulting in sediment entering <strong>the</strong><br />
aquatic feature and altering <strong>the</strong> hydrologic function of <strong>the</strong><br />
riparian area.<br />
Trees also deposit leaves, twigs and o<strong>the</strong>r organic material<br />
and debris in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> water, providing habitat, cover and food<br />
for aquatic life. Reductions in <strong>the</strong> amount of <strong>the</strong>se materials<br />
reaching <strong>the</strong> water can alter food supplies and habitats for<br />
fish and o<strong>the</strong>r aquatic life.<br />
Depending on <strong>the</strong> silvicultural prescription, it is<br />
recommended that a minimum of 50 <strong>to</strong> 70 percent canopy<br />
closure (trees greater than ten m in height) be maintained<br />
within <strong>the</strong> modified area of <strong>the</strong> buffer zone.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Section 4.0<br />
It is<br />
important<br />
<strong>to</strong> maintain<br />
a minimum of<br />
50 <strong>to</strong> 70 percent<br />
forest canopy in <strong>the</strong><br />
buffer area. This illustration<br />
provides an aerial view<br />
showing pre-harvest conditions of<br />
90 percent canopy closure (left) and<br />
after harvest, showing 60 percent canopy<br />
closure (right).<br />
33
CLPs for wetland crossings<br />
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Cross wetlands only when absolutely necessary and only<br />
after assessing <strong>the</strong> feasibility of all o<strong>the</strong>r options.<br />
Where crossings are necessary, exercise good judgment<br />
and care when locating and constructing crossings. Use <strong>the</strong><br />
following careful logging practices <strong>to</strong> plan and construct<br />
wetland crossings:<br />
✥✥Schedule harvest operations <strong>to</strong> cross wetlands when <strong>the</strong><br />
ground is frozen.<br />
✥✥The crossing installation should not restrict surface or<br />
subsurface water movement in <strong>the</strong> wetland.<br />
✥✥Use water-diversion structures <strong>to</strong> divert water off trails and<br />
roads, so <strong>the</strong>y do not drain directly in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> wetland.<br />
✥✥Moni<strong>to</strong>r <strong>the</strong> crossing site periodically after abandonment.<br />
If erosion is occurring, take appropriate action.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
5.0 Access Roads<br />
The fac<strong>to</strong>rs that determine <strong>the</strong> type and number of roads<br />
required for harvesting operations include: <strong>to</strong>pography,<br />
stand conditions, use of adjacent land, silvicultural system<br />
and <strong>the</strong> type of logging equipment <strong>to</strong> be used.<br />
Section 5.0<br />
Poorly planned and built forest access roads can create <strong>the</strong><br />
most lasting disturbance effect, associated with logging, in<br />
<strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
Improper<br />
construction<br />
practices can<br />
result in erosion<br />
problems,<br />
environmental<br />
degradation<br />
and higher road<br />
maintenance<br />
costs.<br />
35
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Types of access roads<br />
Access roads may be temporary or permanent. Temporary<br />
roads are least expensive <strong>to</strong> build. Permanent roads are<br />
built <strong>to</strong> a higher standard for year-round use and are much<br />
more expensive <strong>to</strong> construct and maintain.<br />
<strong>Woodlot</strong> owners and loggers can save money and<br />
reduce <strong>the</strong> potential for negative environmental impacts<br />
by using old access roads and trails in <strong>the</strong> woodlot. Walk<br />
<strong>the</strong>se roads and trails <strong>to</strong> determine: 1) if <strong>the</strong>ir layout can<br />
meet current needs; and 2) if <strong>the</strong>ir locations comply with<br />
<strong>to</strong>day’s more rigid environmental requirements with respect<br />
<strong>to</strong> crossing wetlands and o<strong>the</strong>r sensitive areas. Also, as<br />
a cost savings and environmental protection measure,<br />
consider using agricultural fields adjacent <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> woodlot as<br />
substitutes for roads, trails and landings.<br />
If new roads must be built, save money and protect <strong>the</strong><br />
environment by building <strong>the</strong> shortest road possible, with <strong>the</strong><br />
fewest number of water crossings. However, recognize that<br />
longer skidding distances increase <strong>the</strong> potential for stand<br />
and site damage during operations. This can also increase<br />
<strong>the</strong> cost of logging, and reduce revenues for <strong>the</strong> landowner.<br />
Be sure <strong>to</strong> budget adequate funds for road construction and<br />
maintenance. Roads that are well- built and maintained will<br />
reduce logging costs by:<br />
✥✥allowing trucks <strong>to</strong> haul heavier loads for longer periods of<br />
time (i.e., all seasons);<br />
✥✥allowing trucks <strong>to</strong> safely travel faster, reducing haul times<br />
and increasing efficiencies; and<br />
✥✥reducing road and vehicle maintenance costs associated<br />
with travel wear.<br />
36
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
CROWNED ROAD<br />
cut (slope)<br />
Surface drainage<br />
Section 5.0<br />
cross drainage<br />
Shaping <strong>the</strong> road (crown) will help move water off<br />
<strong>the</strong> road surface. This will keep <strong>the</strong> surface dry and<br />
structurally sound, prolonging periods of use and <strong>the</strong><br />
service life of <strong>the</strong> road.<br />
CLPs for access road construction<br />
Walk <strong>the</strong> proposed road and trail network with your<br />
consultant and logging contrac<strong>to</strong>r before construction starts.<br />
During this field assessment, do <strong>the</strong> following:<br />
✥✥Take note of any old roads, trails or natural openings<br />
that could be incorporated in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> road network or used<br />
as landings.<br />
✥✥Keep in mind <strong>the</strong> logging equipment and trucking<br />
requirements of <strong>the</strong> operation.<br />
✥✥Locate and mark control points, such as landings, steep<br />
slopes or rock outcrops.<br />
✥✥ Try <strong>to</strong> locate roads on well-drained soils and gentle slopes.<br />
✥✥Ensure that road and trail locations avoid unstable<br />
slopes/soils and areas where grades are in excess of<br />
ten percent.<br />
37
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
✥✥Ensure that all potential water or wetland crossing<br />
locations meet environmental protection criteria. (See<br />
Section 3 and Section 4 for guidance.)<br />
✥✥Identify all construction or erosion control requirements<br />
(i.e., <strong>the</strong> need for cut and fill or drainage structures).<br />
culvert extends<br />
beyond <strong>to</strong>e of hill<br />
2:1 slope<br />
1<br />
2<br />
(30°<br />
inlet headwall<br />
stabilize inlet<br />
and outlet<br />
flow dispersed at outlet<br />
culvert at +/- 30° angle<br />
Cross-drainage culverts are used <strong>to</strong> move water from<br />
a ditch on one side of <strong>the</strong> road <strong>to</strong> a ditch on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
side. Ensure <strong>the</strong> culvert is sized <strong>to</strong> handle peak flows and<br />
is properly sloped. O<strong>the</strong>r guidelines for proper culvert<br />
installation procedures and requirements are provided in<br />
<strong>the</strong> illustration.<br />
Consider <strong>the</strong> following careful logging practices when<br />
planning and building forest access roads:<br />
✥✥Permanent roads should be planned and constructed<br />
far in advance of being used. As a general rule, roads<br />
should be built, <strong>the</strong>n allowed <strong>to</strong> season for a winter and<br />
spring prior <strong>to</strong> use.<br />
✥✥Locate temporary winter roads in lowland areas and<br />
avoid hills.<br />
38
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
✥✥Locate temporary summer roads on sites with high loadbearing<br />
capacity (i.e., on coarse textured soils).<br />
✥✥Construct roads with a slight slope (one <strong>to</strong> two percent).<br />
Where grades are steeper, use diversions <strong>to</strong> move water<br />
off <strong>the</strong> road surface.<br />
✥✥Shape <strong>the</strong> road with a crown, an inslope or an outslope<br />
<strong>to</strong> drain water off <strong>the</strong> road.<br />
✥✥Construct <strong>the</strong> road and ditches in one operation.<br />
✥✥Keep excavated material out of ditches and ensure<br />
that it will not erode in<strong>to</strong> watercourses. Use temporary<br />
sediment barriers as required <strong>to</strong> minimize erosion.<br />
✥✥Stabilize permanent road surfaces with gravel, crushed<br />
s<strong>to</strong>ne or o<strong>the</strong>r material <strong>to</strong> help shed water and increase<br />
<strong>the</strong> road’s load-bearing capacity.<br />
✥✥Compact and shape fill <strong>to</strong> reduce erosion, minimize<br />
settling and increase load-bearing capacity.<br />
✥✥Corduroy<br />
soft areas on temporary roads with a brush<br />
mat or unmerchantable wood <strong>to</strong> prevent rutting, ponding<br />
and erosion.<br />
✥✥Keep road widths <strong>to</strong> a minimum.<br />
✥✥When crossing agricultural fields, beware of field tile.<br />
When necessary, cross fields parallel <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> direction of<br />
<strong>the</strong> tile. Also, following <strong>the</strong> edge of <strong>the</strong> field will avoid<br />
most of <strong>the</strong> drainage tiles.<br />
Corduroy<br />
trail<br />
Section 5.0<br />
39
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Grass and s<strong>to</strong>ne stabilized ditch<br />
U-shaped, grass stabilized ditch<br />
Ditches carry runoff from <strong>the</strong> road surface and uphill areas. Ditches that are<br />
U-shaped (right) or flat bot<strong>to</strong>med (left) are preferred over steeper V-shaped<br />
ditches because <strong>the</strong>y are more stable and promote slower water flow. It is<br />
important <strong>to</strong> keep ditches clear of debris <strong>to</strong> protect <strong>the</strong> road from flooding<br />
and erosion.<br />
40
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Water diversions and drainage structures<br />
Water diversions (water bars, broad-based dips, berms,<br />
ditches and cross-drain culverts) are used <strong>to</strong> divert water<br />
away from <strong>the</strong> road surface and <strong>to</strong> control water flow<br />
along <strong>the</strong> surface of a road. Install sufficient water<br />
diversions <strong>to</strong> move water off <strong>the</strong> road. This will protect <strong>the</strong><br />
road surface and structure. Construct <strong>the</strong> diversions so that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y divert water <strong>to</strong> undisturbed areas of <strong>the</strong> forest floor,<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r than directly in<strong>to</strong> water or wetlands. Moni<strong>to</strong>r <strong>the</strong><br />
diversions periodically <strong>to</strong> remove blockages and ensure<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y are functioning properly.<br />
Section 5.0<br />
ditch flow directed<br />
in<strong>to</strong> forest<br />
flow dispersed at<br />
outlet with rock<br />
and/or slash<br />
Never allow ditches (or o<strong>the</strong>r water diversions) <strong>to</strong><br />
drain directly in<strong>to</strong> water. Ensure that <strong>the</strong> diverted water<br />
flows on<strong>to</strong> a filter area of undisturbed forest floor, well<br />
away from <strong>the</strong> riparian area or watercourse requiring<br />
protection.<br />
There are a number of erosion control methods that can<br />
be adopted <strong>to</strong> control erosion and sedimentation during<br />
harvest operations. Illustrations and guidelines for various<br />
water diversion structures and erosion control techniques<br />
are presented in this Section and in Section 7.<br />
Ensure that all<br />
water diversions<br />
and water<br />
crossings are<br />
constructed<br />
<strong>to</strong> a standard<br />
compatible with<br />
planned logging<br />
equipment and<br />
loads.<br />
41
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Sedimentation controls<br />
When constructing water crossings or diversions, it is<br />
important <strong>to</strong> minimize <strong>the</strong> risk of sediment getting in<strong>to</strong> water<br />
or filter areas. Techniques and guidelines for sedimentation<br />
control are illustrated in <strong>the</strong> pho<strong>to</strong>graphs below.<br />
Silt fences can be used <strong>to</strong> minimize sedimentation during<br />
crossings or construction of water diversions. Ensure that<br />
<strong>the</strong> fencing material is secured <strong>to</strong> stakes and that fencing<br />
fabric is buried <strong>to</strong> a depth of at least ten cm on <strong>the</strong><br />
upslope of <strong>the</strong> fenceline.<br />
42
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Section 5.0<br />
Hay bales can be used as a temporary sediment barrier<br />
<strong>to</strong> prevent newly exposed soil from entering water or<br />
buffer areas. The pho<strong>to</strong> above shows a barrier made of<br />
straw bales and a silt fence.<br />
CLPs for road maintenance<br />
Proper maintenance will protect your road and water<br />
quality. Use <strong>the</strong> following CLPs <strong>to</strong> maintain road surfaces<br />
and <strong>to</strong> extend <strong>the</strong> service life of your road:<br />
✥✥Avoid using roads during periods of prolonged rain or<br />
thawing.<br />
✥✥Regularly inspect and clear blocked ditches and<br />
drainage structures. Replace damaged or failing culverts.<br />
✥✥Grade roads <strong>to</strong> maintain <strong>the</strong>ir surface shape. Try not <strong>to</strong><br />
mound surface material along <strong>the</strong> road’s edge because<br />
this will cause ponding and/or channel water on<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
road surface.<br />
✥✥Clear vegetation along a road’s right-of-way for safety<br />
and <strong>to</strong> ensure proper drying of <strong>the</strong> right-of-way.<br />
43
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
It is important <strong>to</strong> moni<strong>to</strong>r water crossings <strong>to</strong> prevent<br />
possible negative environmental impacts, arising from <strong>the</strong><br />
degradation of <strong>the</strong> crossing.<br />
CLPs for road closures and retirements<br />
Landowners may wish <strong>to</strong> maintain roads permanently <strong>to</strong><br />
facilitate recreational activities or future forest management<br />
operations in <strong>the</strong> woodlot. Alternatively, landowners may<br />
elect <strong>to</strong> close or retire roads in <strong>the</strong> woodlot <strong>to</strong> prevent<br />
negative environmental impacts, such as erosion and<br />
sedimentation. This will also help <strong>to</strong> reduce trespassing and<br />
costs associated with road maintenance.<br />
Abandoned and closed roads can contribute significantly<br />
<strong>to</strong> erosion and <strong>to</strong> sedimentation problems when <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
not retired correctly. Most erosion problems occur within<br />
two years of <strong>the</strong> road closure, prior <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> road naturally<br />
revegetating.<br />
Implementing proper road abandonment procedures will<br />
help protect <strong>the</strong> road surface and drainage structures for<br />
future use.<br />
44
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Adopt <strong>the</strong> following careful logging practices when<br />
abandoning or retiring access roads:<br />
✥✥Remove all temporary drainage and stream crossings.<br />
✥✥Ensure that crossing materials are not left in <strong>the</strong> stream<br />
and that <strong>the</strong> stream banks are stable.<br />
✥✥Shape road surfaces as necessary <strong>to</strong> maintain surface<br />
drainage.<br />
✥✥Construct water bars or o<strong>the</strong>r water diversions where<br />
surface runoff or cross drainage may cause erosion or<br />
sedimentation.<br />
✥✥Ensure that permanent drainage structures are functional<br />
and free of debris. Moni<strong>to</strong>r <strong>the</strong>se periodically.<br />
✥✥If necessary, construct berms or o<strong>the</strong>r barriers <strong>to</strong> restrict<br />
road traffic in <strong>the</strong> woodlot. Any berms or barriers<br />
constructed for this purpose should be built in a manner<br />
that does not pose a safety hazard.<br />
✥✥Stabilize and seed areas where <strong>the</strong> soil is exposed.<br />
5Section 5.0<br />
For long-term<br />
access a bridge is<br />
<strong>the</strong> most effective<br />
means <strong>to</strong> protect<br />
water quality.<br />
Bridges span <strong>the</strong><br />
water, reducing<br />
<strong>the</strong> potential for<br />
sedimentation<br />
during<br />
construction,<br />
maintenance and<br />
abandonment.<br />
45
Landings are <strong>the</strong> hub of a logging operation. Good planning and<br />
proper construction of <strong>the</strong> landing can improve logging productivity.
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
6.0 Log Landings<br />
Log landings are cleared areas where wood is piled,<br />
sorted or s<strong>to</strong>red before being loaded on<strong>to</strong> trucks.<br />
Section 6.0<br />
Special care must be taken when planning, constructing<br />
and using landings <strong>to</strong> ensure safe operations and <strong>to</strong><br />
minimize disturbance <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> residual stand and <strong>the</strong><br />
environment. If landings are not located properly or are<br />
poorly constructed, large areas of soil may be exposed or<br />
disturbed, leading <strong>to</strong> erosion and sedimentation problems.<br />
Hazardous materials, such as fuel and lubricants, are often<br />
s<strong>to</strong>red at landings. Routine machine maintenance and<br />
equipment repairs also take place at <strong>the</strong>se sites. Care must<br />
be taken <strong>to</strong> ensure accidental spills do not occur.<br />
Proper planning will ensure that <strong>the</strong> size and location of<br />
<strong>the</strong> landing is compatible with <strong>the</strong> harvesting system (e.g.,<br />
harvest hauling and loading equipment) and environmental<br />
requirements in <strong>the</strong> woodlot (e.g., landings should not be<br />
located near water).<br />
Upon completion of operations, landings should be<br />
decommissioned. These sites can be reforested or seeded<br />
<strong>to</strong> reduce erosion. They can also be left as an open area<br />
for wildlife or future logging operations.<br />
To help reduce <strong>the</strong> loss of productive land and wildlife<br />
habitat, try <strong>to</strong> minimize <strong>the</strong> size and number of landings.<br />
The number and spacing of landings is mainly a function<br />
of local site conditions, access roads and logging/hauling<br />
equipment requirements.<br />
Depending on operational requirements, it may be feasible<br />
<strong>to</strong> pile wood on <strong>the</strong> road right-of-way, ra<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>to</strong><br />
construct a new landing. If new landings are required,<br />
47
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Check<br />
with<br />
your local<br />
municipality or<br />
neighbour for<br />
permission <strong>to</strong> use<br />
open lands, such<br />
as fields and road<br />
allowances, for<br />
landings.<br />
consider locating <strong>the</strong>m in adjacent agricultural fields or in<br />
natural woodlot openings. Whenever possible, use landings<br />
from past harvesting operations.<br />
Identify landing locations before road construction or<br />
harvesting begins. Investigate a number of potential<br />
locations <strong>to</strong> ensure <strong>the</strong> best possible site(s) for <strong>the</strong> operation<br />
is selected.<br />
CLPs for constructing and using landings<br />
The following careful logging practices should be<br />
considered when constructing and using landings:<br />
✥✥Landings should be located by <strong>the</strong> logger and reviewed<br />
and approved by <strong>the</strong> landowner before operations begin.<br />
✥✥Landing locations should be clearly marked prior <strong>to</strong><br />
operations.<br />
✥✥Construct landings well away from water, buffer areas<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r sensitive sites. Select locations with firm, welldrained<br />
soils. If required, use temporary water barriers<br />
(e.g., hay bales) <strong>to</strong> limit erosion when constructing or<br />
using <strong>the</strong> landing.<br />
✥✥Lay out skid trails and roads so that water cannot flow<br />
in<strong>to</strong> or out of <strong>the</strong> landing. Use water bars, berms or o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
structures <strong>to</strong> prevent water from entering or exiting <strong>the</strong><br />
landing. (Refer <strong>to</strong> Section 5 and Section 7 for information<br />
on water diversions).<br />
✥✥Minimize soil disturbance when constructing landings.<br />
Simply clearing vegetation, ra<strong>the</strong>r than bulldozing down<br />
<strong>to</strong> mineral soil, will aid in <strong>the</strong> rehabilitation of <strong>the</strong> site after<br />
operations.<br />
✥✥Maintain <strong>the</strong> landing surface <strong>to</strong> keep water from ponding<br />
or channeling.<br />
48
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
✥✥After significant rainfall, allow <strong>the</strong> landing <strong>to</strong> dry<br />
before using it.<br />
✥✥Minimize <strong>the</strong> amount of wood waste at <strong>the</strong> landing<br />
and leave as much woody material as possible at<br />
<strong>the</strong> felling site.<br />
✥✥Keep a spill kit on site <strong>to</strong> soak up any lubricant spills<br />
or leaks. (See Section 8).<br />
✥✥Keep <strong>the</strong> landing clean and clear of garbage and<br />
debris.<br />
Section 5.0<br />
CLPs for landing abandonment<br />
Adopt <strong>the</strong> following careful logging practices <strong>to</strong> stabilize<br />
<strong>the</strong> landing after operations:<br />
✥✥Stabilize <strong>the</strong> site and prevent erosion by allowing <strong>the</strong><br />
landing <strong>to</strong> regenerate naturally or by applying seed,<br />
mulch or o<strong>the</strong>r materials.<br />
✥✥Plant grasses or shrubs <strong>to</strong> revegetate <strong>the</strong> landing, with a<br />
view <strong>to</strong> future use, or <strong>to</strong> provide wildlife food and cover.<br />
It may be necessary <strong>to</strong> prepare <strong>the</strong> landing site for<br />
planting <strong>to</strong> ensure an adequate seed bed.<br />
✥✥Moni<strong>to</strong>r <strong>the</strong> landing site periodically for erosion<br />
problems and maintain as necessary.<br />
✥✥Landings in agricultural fields should be cleared of all<br />
logging debris (e.g., blading off or using debris as<br />
firewood) at <strong>the</strong> end of harvest operations.<br />
Landings that<br />
are seeded and<br />
maintained as<br />
open areas can<br />
be reused with<br />
minimal cost and<br />
effort. Seeded<br />
landings also<br />
provide browse<br />
and cover for<br />
wildlife.<br />
49
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
7.0 Skid Trails<br />
Skid trails are used <strong>to</strong> move cut timber from <strong>the</strong> stump <strong>to</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> landing. Repeated trips are often made on <strong>the</strong> same<br />
skid trail; loggers must use care and skill <strong>to</strong> avoid rutting,<br />
erosion and damage <strong>to</strong> residual trees in <strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
Section 7.0<br />
Many of <strong>the</strong> planning principles and operational practices for<br />
forest access are applicable <strong>to</strong> planning and using skid trails.<br />
CLPs for planning and locating skid trails<br />
Planning skid trails is an important task and requires an<br />
understanding of <strong>the</strong> silvicultural objectives associated with<br />
<strong>the</strong> harvest. It is also important <strong>to</strong> have an understanding<br />
of <strong>the</strong> limitations and capabilities of <strong>the</strong> harvest equipment<br />
and <strong>to</strong> be familiar with <strong>the</strong> terrain and soil conditions of<br />
<strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
When planning skid trails, keep in mind that <strong>the</strong> amount<br />
of logging damage is directly proportional <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> number<br />
of trails. A skilled logger can minimize <strong>the</strong> number of trails<br />
and significantly reduce <strong>the</strong> potential for site and stand<br />
damage.<br />
Landowners<br />
should require<br />
<strong>the</strong> logger <strong>to</strong><br />
lay out <strong>the</strong> main<br />
skid trails before<br />
cutting begins.<br />
All trail locations<br />
should be subject<br />
<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> landowner’s<br />
review and<br />
approval.<br />
Proper skid trail<br />
layout improves<br />
<strong>the</strong> efficiency of <strong>the</strong><br />
logging operation,<br />
reduces <strong>the</strong> risk<br />
of damage <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
residual stand<br />
and soil and<br />
minimizes <strong>the</strong> loss<br />
of productive forest<br />
in <strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Adopt <strong>the</strong> following CLPs when planning and laying out<br />
skid trails:<br />
✥✥Whenever practical, locate trails outside of <strong>the</strong> woodlot<br />
or use existing trails when <strong>the</strong>y provide good access <strong>to</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> harvest area.<br />
✥✥Lay out skid trails <strong>to</strong> minimize <strong>the</strong> <strong>to</strong>tal number of trails,<br />
number of water crossings and skidding distances. If<br />
possible, place trails on <strong>the</strong> <strong>to</strong>p of <strong>to</strong>pographic con<strong>to</strong>urs.<br />
This will prevent erosion problems and provide safer<br />
operating conditions.<br />
skid trail<br />
water bars<br />
slash <strong>to</strong> disperse flow<br />
Install water bars <strong>to</strong> move water off <strong>the</strong> skid trail or<br />
access road. They are cost effective, and if properly<br />
placed and constructed, will provide adequate cross<br />
drainage and surface drainage. Construct dips deep<br />
enough <strong>to</strong> provide adequate drainage and wide<br />
enough <strong>to</strong> provide for <strong>the</strong> safe passage of vehicles and<br />
equipment. Placing gravel or crushed s<strong>to</strong>ne on <strong>the</strong> dip<br />
and mound is recommended <strong>to</strong> improve stability.<br />
52
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
✥✥Ensure that <strong>the</strong> location of main skid trails tie in<strong>to</strong> any<br />
proposed or existing log landings and access roads.<br />
✥✥Before cutting begins, flag main trails and identify any<br />
areas where additional skid trails may be required or<br />
where skidding may be restricted or problematic.<br />
✥✥Lay out new trails <strong>to</strong> access <strong>the</strong> harvest area by <strong>the</strong> most<br />
direct route.<br />
✥✥Be sure tree marking is complete before laying out skid<br />
trails in <strong>the</strong> field. This will ensure that <strong>the</strong> skidder will<br />
access <strong>the</strong> cut in an efficient manner and minimize <strong>the</strong><br />
potential for stand damage (by limiting machine travel<br />
through areas of unmarked timber).<br />
✥✥A good rule of thumb is <strong>to</strong> space skid trails at least 30 m<br />
apart. This spacing permits <strong>the</strong> winching of trees and<br />
reduces <strong>the</strong> amount of machine travel needed.<br />
✥✥Confine skid trails <strong>to</strong> where trees have been designated<br />
for harvest.<br />
✥✥Keep main trails straight or gently curving.<br />
✥✥Locate secondary and tertiary trails so <strong>the</strong>y intersect main<br />
trails at angles of less than 45 degrees.<br />
✥✥Keep all trail widths <strong>to</strong> a practical minimum <strong>to</strong> avoid<br />
unnecessary timber losses, recognizing that trails that are<br />
<strong>to</strong>o narrow will increase <strong>the</strong> potential for residual tree<br />
damage.<br />
✥✥Avoid steep grades. This will reduce site damage.<br />
✥✥When trail slopes are greater than five percent, plan <strong>to</strong><br />
install drainage structures or water diversions and use<br />
soil stabilization practices (i.e., brush mats) <strong>to</strong> reduce<br />
erosion and runoff.<br />
Section 7.0<br />
Landowners can<br />
assist logging<br />
contrac<strong>to</strong>rs when<br />
skid trails are<br />
being planned<br />
by providing a<br />
property map<br />
showing areas<br />
where trails<br />
should not be<br />
located (e.g.,<br />
seeps and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
wet areas).<br />
53
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
hump forces water out of trail<br />
slash and/or rocks <strong>to</strong><br />
disperse water<br />
skid hump<br />
Natural humps in <strong>the</strong> terrain (skid humps) can be used <strong>to</strong> help divert water<br />
from skid trails. The hump forces water out of <strong>the</strong> trail. The placement of rocks<br />
or slash at <strong>the</strong> lower end of <strong>the</strong> hump will assist in dispersing water on<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
forest floor.<br />
✥✥Use low-value trees or trees that are marked for harvest as<br />
bumper trees. Bumper trees will cushion standing timber<br />
and regeneration from damage by skid loads that track<br />
off <strong>the</strong> centre of <strong>the</strong> trail.<br />
✥✥To avoid any misunderstandings about where machine<br />
traffic should not occur, it is recommended that<br />
landowners discuss skid trail locations with <strong>the</strong>ir forestry<br />
consultant and logger before harvesting begins.<br />
CLPs for skidding operations<br />
Refer <strong>to</strong> Section 8 for recommended careful logging<br />
practices for skidding.<br />
54
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
CLPs for skid trail abandonment or retirement<br />
When operations are finished, use <strong>the</strong> following CLPs <strong>to</strong><br />
retire <strong>the</strong> trails:<br />
Section 7.0<br />
✥✥Back-blade<br />
and/or repair all trails as necessary.<br />
✥✥Install and/or maintain water bars or berms as<br />
necessary <strong>to</strong> control for erosion.<br />
✥✥Seed any disturbed areas that may be vulnerable <strong>to</strong><br />
erosion. Allow o<strong>the</strong>r areas <strong>to</strong> regenerate naturally.<br />
Landowners may elect <strong>to</strong> close or retire roads and/or trails after <strong>the</strong><br />
harvest operations are completed. When retiring a road or trail areas<br />
of exposed soil should be stabilized and seeded <strong>to</strong> minimize erosion and<br />
sedimentation problems.<br />
55
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
8.0 <strong>Logging</strong> Operations<br />
Although some damage <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> site and residual trees<br />
during logging is inevitable, it is possible, through careful<br />
logging practices, <strong>to</strong> minimize <strong>the</strong> amount of damage in<br />
your woodlot. Proper planning and care during operations<br />
can help minimize damage <strong>to</strong> soil, <strong>the</strong> residual stand and<br />
water quality.<br />
Care and due diligence during operations also reduces<br />
safety risks and will leave <strong>the</strong> woodlot in better condition<br />
for o<strong>the</strong>r uses after logging is finished.<br />
Harvest-related legislation in <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
Legislation affecting timber harvests on private land is<br />
summarized in Appendix 1. Landowners and loggers<br />
should be aware of all applicable legislation and<br />
regulations prior <strong>to</strong> starting logging operations. Legislation<br />
and regulations may include, but are not limited <strong>to</strong>, <strong>the</strong><br />
following: Fisheries Act, local forest conservation bylaws,<br />
Environmental Protection Act, Occupational Health and<br />
Safety Act, Endangered Species Act, Species at Risk Act,<br />
Migra<strong>to</strong>ry Birds Convention Act, Forest Fire Prevention Act<br />
and <strong>the</strong> Conservation Authorities Act.<br />
Recommended CLPs for logging operations<br />
There is no substitute for carefully planned and conducted<br />
operations. <strong>Careful</strong> planning will help maximize safety,<br />
protect <strong>the</strong> residual stand, protect <strong>the</strong> environment and<br />
reduce costs. Before any cutting starts, plan <strong>the</strong> harvest<br />
according <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> recommendations provided in Section 2.<br />
If you plan <strong>to</strong> contract <strong>the</strong> logging or sell standing timber,<br />
meet with <strong>the</strong> logger on site before cutting starts. This<br />
will give you an opportunity <strong>to</strong> review your expectations<br />
Section 8.0<br />
Know <strong>the</strong> laws<br />
and permit<br />
requirements<br />
that apply <strong>to</strong><br />
your situation.<br />
Contact your local<br />
municipal office,<br />
CA or OMNR for<br />
information.<br />
Safety is <strong>the</strong> legal<br />
obligation of both<br />
<strong>the</strong> landowner<br />
and <strong>the</strong> logger.<br />
Landowners may<br />
be held liable for<br />
logging accidents<br />
that occur on <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
property. Know<br />
your obligations<br />
when hiring a<br />
contrac<strong>to</strong>r.<br />
57
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
with <strong>the</strong> logger and discuss any issues or logging-related<br />
concerns (e.g., damage guidelines, no-cut zones, etc.).<br />
Good communication before and during operations will<br />
lead <strong>to</strong> better results.<br />
Once work starts, moni<strong>to</strong>r operations on a regular basis for<br />
site and stand damage and adherence <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> harvest plan<br />
and management plan. Moni<strong>to</strong>ring should be done with <strong>the</strong><br />
logging contrac<strong>to</strong>r.<br />
<strong>Logging</strong> damage<br />
Improper logging and skidding techniques can result in<br />
lasting damage <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> stand and site. After logging, a<br />
minimum of 90 percent of <strong>the</strong> good-quality, residual stems<br />
should be free of major damage. Skilled loggers and<br />
opera<strong>to</strong>rs can achieve a higher damage-free standard<br />
(e.g., 95 percent). Appendix 3 provides information<br />
and guidelines on how <strong>to</strong> conduct a logging damage<br />
assessment and determine <strong>the</strong> level of damage <strong>to</strong> residual<br />
trees in <strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
Careless<br />
skidding<br />
can result in<br />
damaging<br />
good-quality,<br />
residual trees.<br />
Skilled loggers<br />
can achieve a<br />
damage-free<br />
standard of 95<br />
percent during<br />
operations.<br />
58
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
CLPs for felling timber<br />
Professional training and competence is <strong>the</strong> key <strong>to</strong> reducing<br />
damage in <strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
Section 8.0<br />
Loggers should use <strong>the</strong> following careful logging practices<br />
when felling timber:<br />
✥✥At <strong>the</strong> start of operations, remove hazard trees as a<br />
preliminary safety precaution.<br />
✥✥Use directional felling techniques <strong>to</strong> fell trees away from<br />
trees you wish <strong>to</strong> keep.<br />
✥✥Limb and <strong>to</strong>p trees where <strong>the</strong>y fall. This practice reduces<br />
residual damage during skidding, and <strong>the</strong> slash provides<br />
a source of nutrients as <strong>the</strong> materials decompose.<br />
✥✥Leave unmerchantable slash in <strong>the</strong> harvest area. This<br />
will help <strong>to</strong> maintain soil productivity, scatter seed for<br />
regeneration and provide cover and food for wildlife.<br />
✥✥Minimize <strong>the</strong> amount of debris and slash arising from<br />
operations by using all marketable wood. Cut stumps as<br />
low <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground as possible.<br />
✥✥Remove severely damaged trees in <strong>the</strong> unders<strong>to</strong>rey <strong>to</strong><br />
promote safety and woodlot health.<br />
✥✥Cutting should start at <strong>the</strong> back of <strong>the</strong> harvest block and<br />
proceed in an orderly fashion <strong>to</strong>ward <strong>the</strong> landing.<br />
✥✥Trees should be felled, aligned with <strong>the</strong> direction of<br />
skidding (i.e., butts <strong>to</strong>ward <strong>the</strong> skid trail and at angles<br />
no greater than 45 degrees).<br />
✥✥Ensure good communication between <strong>the</strong> cutter and<br />
skidder opera<strong>to</strong>r. This is a must for productive skidding<br />
and <strong>to</strong> ensure that all felled trees are utilized.<br />
59
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
An excess of skid trails can damage residual trees and<br />
reduce <strong>the</strong> growth potential and <strong>the</strong> future value of<br />
timber. Too many trails also diminish aes<strong>the</strong>tics and may<br />
compromise <strong>the</strong> ecological functions of <strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
CLPs for skidding operations<br />
Loggers should use <strong>the</strong> following careful logging practices<br />
when skidding timber:<br />
✥✥Use low-value trees, stumps or boulders as bumpers <strong>to</strong><br />
protect <strong>the</strong> residual crop.<br />
✥✥Remove large side branches from cut trees before<br />
skidding.<br />
60
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Section 8.0<br />
Directional felling (using a wedge) will fell trees away<br />
from regeneration and o<strong>the</strong>r valuable trees. It will also<br />
assist in aligning trees for skidding and will reduce<br />
swing damage <strong>to</strong> residual trees.<br />
✥✥Avoid unnecessary skidder travel within <strong>the</strong> stand and<br />
buffer zones by using a winch <strong>to</strong> collect felled trees. Use<br />
a winch <strong>to</strong> pull down lodged trees or <strong>to</strong> retrieve trees on<br />
steep slopes.<br />
✥✥Back <strong>the</strong> skidder <strong>to</strong>ward <strong>the</strong> load on side trails, ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
than circling around <strong>the</strong> load from behind <strong>to</strong> pick up<br />
wood.<br />
✥✥Avoid skidding when <strong>the</strong> soil is saturated. During periods<br />
of prolonged rain, s<strong>to</strong>p operations until <strong>the</strong> soil dries.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Skidding during <strong>the</strong> early spring or late fall, when <strong>the</strong>re is excessive<br />
moisture in <strong>the</strong> ground, can do irreparable damage <strong>to</strong> your woodlot.<br />
When harvesting<br />
in a treed swamp<br />
a permit may be<br />
required under<br />
<strong>the</strong> Conservation<br />
Authorities Act.<br />
Contact your<br />
local CA for more<br />
information.<br />
✥✥Avoid skidding through wet spots.<br />
✥✥For winter operations, mark stream channels and existing<br />
culvert locations before snowfall.<br />
✥✥Use slash or brush mats on skid trails <strong>to</strong> minimize soil<br />
compaction and rutting and <strong>to</strong> disperse water on trails.<br />
✥✥To reduce equipment wear, extend machine life and<br />
reduce physical site damage, do not overload equipment.<br />
✥✥The winch cables on <strong>the</strong> skidder should have a minimum<br />
of 20–25 m (75 ft.) of main line.<br />
CLPs for harvesting treed swamps and forested lowlands<br />
Treed swamps and forested lowlands are sensitive<br />
ecosystems because of <strong>the</strong>ir high- or potentially high-water<br />
tables, shallow rooting depths and poor drainage. A rise<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
in <strong>the</strong> water table can occur after logging, which may<br />
negatively affect <strong>the</strong> residual stand (e.g., cause tree<br />
mortality or decline, windthrow, etc.).<br />
Section 8.0<br />
The decision <strong>to</strong> log <strong>the</strong>se sites should be carefully<br />
evaluated as <strong>the</strong>se areas may provide important<br />
hydrological functions in <strong>the</strong> woodlot and important fish or<br />
wildlife habitat.<br />
Should a decision be made <strong>to</strong> harvest, adopt <strong>the</strong> following<br />
CLPs <strong>to</strong> minimize site damage:<br />
✥✥Restrict timber harvesting <strong>to</strong> periods when <strong>the</strong> ground is<br />
frozen or dry.<br />
✥✥Contain skid trails <strong>to</strong> as small an area as possible and<br />
minimize <strong>the</strong> number of trails.<br />
✥✥Use low-pressure, high-flotation tires or wide tracks when<br />
possible so that excessive damage <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> residual stand<br />
will not occur.<br />
✥✥Use logging slash, mats or o<strong>the</strong>r techniques <strong>to</strong> reduce<br />
soil compaction and rutting.<br />
✥✥Keep skidder loads light when rutting is evident.<br />
✥ ✥Maintain a minimum of 70 percent canopy (closure of<br />
trees greater than ten m in height) <strong>to</strong> avoid changes <strong>to</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> water table.<br />
Seek<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
advice<br />
of a<br />
forestry consultant<br />
or your local<br />
CA <strong>to</strong> determine<br />
whe<strong>the</strong>r logging<br />
in a treed swamp<br />
or lowland is<br />
ecologically<br />
appropriate.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Harvesting when<br />
<strong>the</strong> ground is<br />
frozen and<br />
placing slash on<br />
skid trails will<br />
help minimize<br />
soil disturbance.<br />
CLPs for woodlot aes<strong>the</strong>tics<br />
Make sure that<br />
all terms and<br />
conditions are<br />
clear at <strong>the</strong> time<br />
of <strong>the</strong> timber<br />
sale. There may<br />
be additional<br />
costs associated<br />
with some<br />
measures needed<br />
<strong>to</strong> improve <strong>the</strong><br />
aes<strong>the</strong>tics of <strong>the</strong><br />
harvest site.<br />
Landowners can take several steps <strong>to</strong> ensure that logging<br />
operations maintain or enhance aes<strong>the</strong>tic values and wildlife<br />
habitat in <strong>the</strong>ir woodlots. To soften <strong>the</strong> visual impact of <strong>the</strong><br />
cut, adopt <strong>the</strong> careful logging practices outlined below:<br />
✥✥Lop <strong>to</strong>ps and slash down <strong>to</strong> 1m or less in height in high<br />
visibility areas of <strong>the</strong> woodlot.<br />
✥✥Leave primary skid trails free of debris.<br />
✥✥Harvest highly damaged trees (i.e., broken <strong>to</strong>ps,<br />
excessive bark loss, leaners). Leave o<strong>the</strong>r damaged trees<br />
for wildlife.<br />
CLPs for wildlife habitat protection or enhancement<br />
Small woodlots are habitat for many species of plants and<br />
animals. Harvesting operations that are well-planned and<br />
-conducted can result in greater diversity of habitat through<br />
a better mix of older and younger trees and <strong>the</strong> retention of<br />
a diversity of tree species. This will result in your woodlot<br />
being more attractive <strong>to</strong> many wildlife species.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Wildlife management objectives are typically identified<br />
in <strong>the</strong> woodlot management plan and in <strong>the</strong> stand<br />
management prescription. On <strong>the</strong> ground, wildlife<br />
values are protected by <strong>the</strong> proper delivery of<br />
tree-marking guidelines and/or <strong>the</strong> establishment of<br />
buffers or no-cut zones.<br />
Section 8.0<br />
Some habitats may be enhanced by cutting strategies that<br />
promote <strong>the</strong> regeneration of species that provide food<br />
or cover. Slash from <strong>the</strong> logging operation may also be<br />
an important source of food and cover for many wildlife<br />
species (e.g., food for white-tailed deer during winter).<br />
Stick nests are<br />
an important<br />
feature for<br />
wildlife<br />
because <strong>the</strong>y<br />
may be used<br />
repeatedly.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
The<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong><br />
Ministry of<br />
Natural Resources’<br />
website features<br />
an extensive<br />
series of wildlife<br />
management<br />
guidelines and a<br />
list of endangered<br />
species (see<br />
Appendix 2).<br />
Cavity trees are<br />
living, dying or<br />
dead trees that<br />
contain one or<br />
more holes or<br />
cavities. Cavity<br />
trees are used<br />
by wildlife for<br />
a variety of<br />
purposes: nesting<br />
and raising young,<br />
denning, roosting,<br />
resting, feeding,<br />
caching food,<br />
escaping preda<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
and hibernating.<br />
Some wildlife species are highly sensitive <strong>to</strong> disturbance<br />
and require <strong>the</strong> establishment of buffers or timing restrictions<br />
during <strong>the</strong> nesting and breeding season <strong>to</strong> ensure breeding<br />
success. It may also be important <strong>to</strong> avoid logging in or<br />
around sensitive habitats. Landowners should be aware of<br />
vulnerable wildlife living in <strong>the</strong>ir woodlot.<br />
To protect and/or enhance <strong>the</strong> wildlife potential of <strong>the</strong><br />
woodlot, consider adopting <strong>the</strong> following CLPs:<br />
✥✥Try not <strong>to</strong> schedule harvests during <strong>the</strong> critical breeding/<br />
nesting season of rap<strong>to</strong>rs and songbirds (generally from<br />
early spring <strong>to</strong> late July).<br />
✥✥To provide critical habitat for a number of wildlife species,<br />
retain a minimum of six quality cavity trees, eight berry<br />
or nut-bearing trees and ten conifers per ha. Additional<br />
guidelines for retaining super canopy trees, conifers in<br />
a hardwood stand, hardwoods in a conifer stand, etc.,<br />
are available in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ontario</strong> Tree Marking <strong>Guide</strong> (see<br />
Appendix 2).<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
✥✥Retain a diversity of species and age classes in <strong>the</strong><br />
woodlot for wildlife habitat, cover and food.<br />
✥✥Rehabilitate areas prone <strong>to</strong> erosion by seeding or<br />
planting shrubs that wildlife can use for food and cover.<br />
Section 8.0<br />
CLPs for handling and disposing of<br />
hazardous materials<br />
The proper s<strong>to</strong>rage, handling and use of oils, fuel,<br />
lubricants and o<strong>the</strong>r hazardous materials during logging<br />
is critical for <strong>the</strong> protection of human health and <strong>the</strong><br />
environment.<br />
Use <strong>the</strong> following careful logging practices when dealing<br />
with hazardous materials:<br />
✥✥Designate specific areas for equipment fueling and<br />
maintenance. When selecting <strong>the</strong>se sites, choose areas<br />
that are level and situated well away from water or<br />
wetlands.<br />
✥✥Have a spill kit on site at all times and ensure that all<br />
workers know how <strong>to</strong> use it. At a minimum, <strong>the</strong> kit should<br />
contain a shovel, plugs and clamps <strong>to</strong> control leaks in<br />
hydraulic lines, a container <strong>to</strong> catch leaking fluids and<br />
absorbent material <strong>to</strong> soak up fuel leaks.<br />
✥✥In <strong>the</strong> event of a lubricant or fuel spill, place any<br />
contaminated earth in a sealed container and dispose of<br />
it at an approved facility.<br />
✥✥Ensure that waste lubricants and <strong>the</strong>ir containers<br />
are s<strong>to</strong>red in leak-proof containers until <strong>the</strong>y can be<br />
transported off site for reuse, recycling or disposal at an<br />
approved site.<br />
✥✥When possible, use biodegradable oils and lubricants in<br />
your equipment <strong>to</strong> reduce risks <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> environment.<br />
Know <strong>the</strong> laws for<br />
using, transporting,<br />
handling and<br />
disposing of<br />
hazardous<br />
materials, <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
containers and<br />
wash waters.<br />
For assistance with<br />
spills of hazardous<br />
materials, call <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Environment’s<br />
Spills Action<br />
Centre Hotline at<br />
1-800-268-6060.<br />
67
Stabilize exposed soils by seeding grasses <strong>to</strong> minimize erosion. Native,<br />
non-invasive grass species are preferable. When selecting a seed mixture,<br />
consider fac<strong>to</strong>rs such as site condition, soil moisture, time of year, degree of<br />
shading and how quickly <strong>the</strong> soil needs <strong>to</strong> stabilize.
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
9.0 Post-Harvest<br />
After harvesting operations, it is important for <strong>the</strong><br />
landowner or logging contrac<strong>to</strong>r <strong>to</strong> leave <strong>the</strong> woodlot in<br />
<strong>the</strong> best condition possible.<br />
Section 9.0<br />
At <strong>the</strong> end of harvest operations, <strong>the</strong> following careful<br />
logging practices will help <strong>to</strong> ensure that future problems<br />
will not develop.<br />
CLPs for closing out harvest operations<br />
Take <strong>the</strong> following steps <strong>to</strong> close out harvest operations:<br />
✥✥Remove all garbage from <strong>the</strong> harvest area.<br />
✥✥Stabilize any exposed soil (i.e., on landings, road cuts,<br />
trails, etc.), that may be prone <strong>to</strong> erosion, with seed or<br />
mulch.<br />
✥✥Smooth or fill in any ruts and install water diversions<br />
(water bars) on skid trails, roads and landings where<br />
erosion may be a problem.<br />
✥✥Remove all temporary water crossings and stabilize<br />
banks as required.<br />
✥✥If your woodlot is used by <strong>the</strong> public, post signs warning<br />
of alterations <strong>to</strong> trails and roads.<br />
✥✥Inspect <strong>the</strong> harvest site periodically <strong>to</strong> ensure that your<br />
erosion control measures remain effective. Maintain<br />
<strong>the</strong>se controls as required.<br />
✥✥Update your woodlot<br />
management plan<br />
(new inven<strong>to</strong>ry) and<br />
moni<strong>to</strong>r <strong>the</strong> effectiveness<br />
of <strong>the</strong> treatment.<br />
69
Specialized cut-<strong>to</strong>-length mechanical harvesters are often used in<br />
conifer plantation thinning operations.
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Appendix 1: Legislation and Regulation<br />
This section describes some of <strong>the</strong> relevant federal and<br />
provincial legislation and regulations affecting harvesting<br />
operations on private forestland in <strong>Ontario</strong>. It is not a<br />
complete list and is intended for information purposes only.<br />
appendix 1<br />
Detailed information and copies of <strong>the</strong> legislation and<br />
regulations outlined in this guide are available online at<br />
http://laws.justice.gc.ca (federal government) and at<br />
http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca (provincial government)<br />
websites.<br />
Federal laws<br />
Fisheries Act – Under <strong>the</strong> Act, it is illegal <strong>to</strong> alter or destroy<br />
fish habitat. In sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>Ontario</strong>, conservation authorities<br />
(CAs) may be responsible for administering <strong>the</strong> Act.<br />
Migra<strong>to</strong>ry Birds Convention Act – Under <strong>the</strong> Act, it is<br />
illegal <strong>to</strong> damage, destroy, remove or disturb migra<strong>to</strong>ry<br />
bird nests without authorization. The intent of <strong>the</strong> Act is <strong>to</strong><br />
provide regulations for <strong>the</strong> protection and conservation of<br />
migra<strong>to</strong>ry bird populations, individuals and <strong>the</strong>ir nests.<br />
Navigable Waters Protection Act – Under <strong>the</strong> Act, an<br />
approval (permit) is required <strong>to</strong> construct a bridge over a<br />
navigable watercourse. The bridge must not interfere with<br />
or endanger navigation of <strong>the</strong> watercourse.<br />
Species At Risk Act (SARA) – Under <strong>the</strong> Act, it is illegal<br />
<strong>to</strong> destroy flora or fauna species that are designated<br />
as species at risk. The Act was created <strong>to</strong> protect flora<br />
and fauna species from becoming extinct by ensuring<br />
sound management of species at risk and protecting <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
habitats.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Provincial laws<br />
Conservation Authorities Act – Under Section 28 of <strong>the</strong><br />
Act, conservation authorities may require landowners <strong>to</strong><br />
obtain a permit <strong>to</strong> change or interfere in any way with<br />
existing channels of a river, creek, stream, watercourse or<br />
wetland. A permit may also be required <strong>to</strong> develop (i.e.,<br />
construct any structures such as culverts, bridges or roads) in<br />
or adjacent <strong>to</strong> river or stream valleys, <strong>the</strong> shorelines of large<br />
inland lakes, watercourses, hazardous lands and wetlands<br />
<strong>to</strong> confirm that <strong>the</strong> control of flooding, erosion, dynamic<br />
beaches, pollution or <strong>the</strong> conservation of land, are not<br />
affected.<br />
Beds of Navigable Waters Act – Under this Act, <strong>the</strong> Crown<br />
retains ownership and rights <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> beds of navigable<br />
streams, rivers and water bodies.<br />
Boundaries Act – A legislative mechanism <strong>to</strong> confirm, certify<br />
and register with local land registry offices <strong>the</strong> location of<br />
property boundaries.<br />
Bridges Act – Approval (permit) from <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of<br />
Transportation is required <strong>to</strong> build, replace or alter a bridge<br />
over a river or stream.<br />
Crown Forest Sustainability Act – Under <strong>the</strong> CFSA,<br />
timber on private land may be reserved for <strong>the</strong> Crown for<br />
harvesting and disposition.<br />
Endangered Species Act (2007) – Provides for <strong>the</strong><br />
protection and recovery of species at risk and <strong>the</strong>ir habitat<br />
in <strong>Ontario</strong>.<br />
72<br />
Environmental Protection Act – This Act requires that spills of<br />
hazardous materials be reported <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Environment and that spill sites be promptly cleaned up<br />
and <strong>the</strong> environment res<strong>to</strong>red.
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Fish & Wildlife Conservation Act – This Act provides for<br />
<strong>the</strong> protection and conservation of “specially protected”<br />
wildlife species and migra<strong>to</strong>ry birds.<br />
appendix 1<br />
Forestry Act – Section 10 of <strong>the</strong> Act specifies that trees<br />
growing on boundary lines between properties are <strong>the</strong><br />
common property of <strong>the</strong> adjacent landowners. Mutual<br />
consent is required <strong>to</strong> cut such trees.<br />
Forest Fire Prevention Act – This Act and its regulations<br />
have requirements aimed at reducing forest fires and<br />
ensuring public safety. The Act and its regulations permit<br />
<strong>the</strong> OMNR <strong>to</strong> restrict activities within restricted fire zones<br />
and specifies fire equipment requirements for logging.<br />
Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act – This Act requires that<br />
a permit be obtained for any activity that increases <strong>the</strong> flow<br />
of, holds back or diverts water.<br />
Municipal Act (2001) – Municipalities may prohibit or<br />
regulate <strong>the</strong> destruction or injuring of trees in woodlands<br />
designated in bylaws. Sections 135–140 deal specifically<br />
with tree cutting. When developing bylaws, municipalities<br />
shall have regard <strong>to</strong> good forestry practices as defined<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Forestry Act. They can require a permit for <strong>the</strong><br />
destruction or injuring of trees. Permits may impose<br />
conditions including how trees are cut and qualifications of<br />
persons authorized <strong>to</strong> cut. Bylaw officers can order cutting<br />
<strong>to</strong> s<strong>to</strong>p. Not all municipalities have forest conservation<br />
bylaws.<br />
Occupational Health and Safety Act – The main purpose<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Act is <strong>to</strong> protect workers from health and safety<br />
hazards. It sets out <strong>the</strong> rights and duties of all parties in <strong>the</strong><br />
workplace or on <strong>the</strong> work site.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Occupiers’ Liability Act – This Act requires that <strong>the</strong> owner of<br />
a property do what is reasonable <strong>to</strong> ensure persons entering<br />
property are not injured or endangered.<br />
Professional Foresters Act – This Act establishes <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
Professional Foresters Association as <strong>the</strong> professional body<br />
that regulates and governs <strong>the</strong> profession of professional<br />
forestry in <strong>Ontario</strong>. The Act sets out <strong>the</strong> scope of practice for<br />
professional foresters and establishes a complaint committee<br />
<strong>to</strong> deal with issues, such as complaints of professional<br />
misconduct or unskilled practice.<br />
Public Lands Act – This Act requires that a permit be<br />
obtained before any work is done that may impact <strong>the</strong> beds<br />
of lakes, rivers and streams. Activities such as dredging and<br />
filling in near-shore areas on private land may require a<br />
permit.<br />
Surveys Act – Only members of <strong>the</strong> Association of <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
Land Surveyors may offer legal boundary surveying services<br />
<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> public in <strong>Ontario</strong>.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Appendix 2: Sources of Information and Assistance<br />
1. Aerial Pho<strong>to</strong>graphy, Maps and Forest Resource Inven<strong>to</strong>ry<br />
appendix 2<br />
National Air Pho<strong>to</strong> Library<br />
The National Air Pho<strong>to</strong> Library in Ottawa has a collection<br />
of aerial pho<strong>to</strong>graphs and maps available<br />
for purchase.<br />
615 Booth Street,<br />
Ottawa, <strong>Ontario</strong> K1A 0E9<br />
1-800-465-6277<br />
www.airpho<strong>to</strong>s.nrcan.gc.ca<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of Natural Resources<br />
The Information Centre in Peterborough sells an extensive<br />
line of maps and related products and information,<br />
including <strong>Ontario</strong> Base Maps, aerial pho<strong>to</strong>s and Forest<br />
Resource Inven<strong>to</strong>ry Maps.<br />
Address listed under organizations.<br />
1-800-667-1940<br />
http://<strong>the</strong>mnrs<strong>to</strong>re.mnr.gov.on.ca<br />
Conservation Authorities<br />
Many conservation authorities have maps and aerial<br />
pho<strong>to</strong>graphs for lands within <strong>the</strong>ir watershed. Check your<br />
local telephone direc<strong>to</strong>ry or visit <strong>the</strong> Conservation <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
website www.conservationontario.ca.<br />
2. Organizations<br />
Conservation Authorities (Conservation <strong>Ontario</strong>)<br />
www.conservationontario.ca<br />
Eastern <strong>Ontario</strong> Model Forest<br />
P.O. Bag 2111<br />
Kemptville, <strong>Ontario</strong> K0G 1J0<br />
www.eomf.on.ca<br />
(613) 258-8241<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
LandOwner Resource Centre<br />
3889 Rideau Valley Drive, Box 599<br />
Manotick, <strong>Ontario</strong> K4M 1A5<br />
http://www.lrconline.com<br />
(613) 692-3571<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Forestry Association<br />
200 Consumer Road, Suite 701<br />
North York, <strong>Ontario</strong> M2J 4R4<br />
www.oforest.on.ca<br />
1-800-387-0790<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Forestry Safe Workplace Association<br />
690 McKeown Avenue<br />
North Bay, <strong>Ontario</strong> P1B 9P1<br />
www.ofswa.on.ca<br />
(705) 474-7233<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Professional Foresters Association<br />
P.O. Box 91523, 5 Wesleyan St. #201<br />
George<strong>to</strong>wn, <strong>Ontario</strong> L7G 2E2<br />
www.opfa.ca<br />
(905) 877-3679<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs<br />
Information Contact Centre<br />
1 S<strong>to</strong>ne Road<br />
Guelph, <strong>Ontario</strong> N1G 4Y2<br />
www.omaf.gov.on.ca<br />
1-877-424-1300<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of Natural Resources<br />
Information Centre<br />
Box 7000, 300 Water Street<br />
Peterborough, <strong>Ontario</strong> K9J 8M5<br />
www.mnr.gov.on.ca<br />
1-800-667-1940<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Stewardship<br />
www.ontariostewardship.org<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Association<br />
275 County Road 44<br />
Kemptville, <strong>Ontario</strong> K0G 1J0<br />
www.ont-woodlot-assoc.org<br />
1-888-791-1103<br />
Forest Services Direc<strong>to</strong>ry and <strong>the</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Marketplace<br />
www.ontariowoodlot.com<br />
appendix 2<br />
3. Recommended Reference Material for <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Practices and <strong>Woodlot</strong> Management<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR)<br />
• A Silvicultural <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> Managing<br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>Ontario</strong> Forests<br />
• A Silvicultural <strong>Guide</strong> for <strong>the</strong> Tolerant<br />
Hardwood Forest in <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
• A Silvicultural <strong>Guide</strong> for <strong>the</strong> Great Lakes-<br />
St. Lawrence Conifer Forests in <strong>Ontario</strong><br />
• Forest Management <strong>Guide</strong>lines for <strong>the</strong> Protection<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Physical Environment<br />
• <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> Stewardship Planning for Natural Areas<br />
• <strong>Ontario</strong> Managed Forest Tax Incentive Program<br />
(MFTIP) <strong>Guide</strong><br />
• <strong>Ontario</strong> Tree Marking <strong>Guide</strong><br />
• Timber Management <strong>Guide</strong>lines for <strong>the</strong><br />
Protection of Fish Habitat<br />
Extension Notes Series: User-friendly fact sheets on<br />
a variety of resource management <strong>to</strong>pics including<br />
agroforestry, financial aspects, forests, insects and pests,<br />
water and wetlands and wildlife.<br />
77
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
78<br />
The OMNR also has a series of guides on forest<br />
practices <strong>to</strong> protect and improve wildlife habitat,<br />
watersheds and o<strong>the</strong>r values. See <strong>the</strong> publications<br />
section on <strong>the</strong>ir website.<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs<br />
• A <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> Improving and Maintaining Sugar Bush<br />
Health and Productivity<br />
• Buffer Strips<br />
• Best Management Practices Agroforestry Series –<br />
Volume 1 <strong>Woodlot</strong> Management<br />
• Farm Forestry and Habitat Management<br />
• Fish and Wildlife Habitat Management<br />
Canadian Model Forest Network<br />
Copies of <strong>the</strong> following documents are available online<br />
at www.modelforest.net/cmfn/en/ (under publications).<br />
• Best Management Practices: Contrac<strong>to</strong>rs Working<br />
in Nova Scotia<br />
• Eastern <strong>Ontario</strong> Model Forest: Code of Forestry<br />
Practice<br />
• Fundy Model Forest: Best Management Practices:<br />
A Practical <strong>Guide</strong> for New Brunswick’s Private<br />
<strong>Woodlot</strong>s<br />
• Lake Abitibi Model Forest: Manual for<br />
Environmentally Responsible Forestry Operations<br />
in <strong>Ontario</strong>: A Practical <strong>Guide</strong> Towards Sustainable<br />
Forestry Operations<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> <strong>Woodlot</strong> Association<br />
• A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> Selling Standing Timber<br />
The OWA website www.ont-woodlot-assoc.org has<br />
a series of articles and information related <strong>to</strong> woodlot<br />
management. The Forest Services Direc<strong>to</strong>ry on <strong>the</strong><br />
website www.ontariowoodlot.com lists consultants and<br />
contrac<strong>to</strong>rs providing forestry services.
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
4. Recommended U.S. Reference Material and Sources<br />
of Information<br />
• A <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Logging</strong> Aes<strong>the</strong>tics. Practical Tips for<br />
Loggers, Foresters, and Landowners<br />
www.nraes.org/publications/nraes60.html<br />
• Best Management Practices for Forestry:<br />
Protecting Maine’s Water Quality<br />
http://maine.gov/doc/mfs/pubs/bmp_manual.htm<br />
• Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> Building Forest Access Roads<br />
(NA-TP-06-98) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/<br />
pubs/stewardship/accessroads/accessroads.htm<br />
• New York State Forestry Best Management<br />
Practices for Water Quality<br />
http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/37845.html<br />
• Temporary Stream and Wetland Crossing<br />
Options for Forest Management (General<br />
Technical Report NC-202)<br />
http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/epubs/gtr202/<br />
ncgtr202pt1.pdf<br />
• A Forest Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> Internet Resources:<br />
States of <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast<br />
This guide (updated biannually) is a compendium<br />
of websites and online publications, fact sheets<br />
and brochures covering just about every <strong>to</strong>pic on<br />
forest stewardship a woodlot owner may require.<br />
Although this is an American publication, it also<br />
provides links <strong>to</strong> online resources in Canada and<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong>. Some of <strong>the</strong> <strong>to</strong>pics covered include:<br />
recreation, wildlife, forest health, management<br />
planning, silviculture, timber sales, etc. This guide<br />
can be downloaded from <strong>the</strong> USDA’s website at<br />
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/misc/flg/.<br />
appendix 2<br />
79
The forwarder seen in this pho<strong>to</strong>graph is equipped with wide tracks <strong>to</strong><br />
provide better floatation and minimize site damage (e.g., compaction).
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Appendix 3: <strong>Logging</strong> Damage <strong>Guide</strong>lines<br />
After logging, a minimum of 90 percent of <strong>the</strong> good-quality<br />
residual stems should be free of major damage. Skilled<br />
loggers and opera<strong>to</strong>rs can achieve a higher damage-free<br />
standard (e.g., 95 percent) during operations. Table 2<br />
presents recommended guidelines for assessing logging<br />
damage <strong>to</strong> residual trees.<br />
appendix 3<br />
Walk through <strong>the</strong> harvest area <strong>to</strong> get a preliminary<br />
indication of <strong>the</strong> level of logging damage. If <strong>the</strong>re is no<br />
damage or only minor occurrences, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>re is no need<br />
<strong>to</strong> conduct a more formal damage appraisal.<br />
Should an appraisal be warranted, do a random sample<br />
using a strip cruise sampling technique. Ensure your<br />
sample covers all areas where logging harvest operations<br />
occurred. Take measurements where damage occurs along<br />
<strong>the</strong> sample line (including areas where your survey line<br />
intersects with skid trails). Do not sample along skid trails,<br />
in landings, on roads or outside of <strong>the</strong> cut area.<br />
To conduct <strong>the</strong> assessment, walk a straight line through <strong>the</strong><br />
harvested area and count all trees (greater than ten cm in<br />
diameter at breast height) on ei<strong>the</strong>r side of your line (e.g.,<br />
a ten-m strip). To calculate <strong>the</strong> percent damage, count all<br />
trees in <strong>the</strong> strip and note trees that are damaged. Based<br />
on this tally, calculate <strong>the</strong> percent damage (i.e., for a 50-<br />
tree count with five damaged trees, <strong>the</strong> percent damage is<br />
ten percent. Therefore, 90 percent of <strong>the</strong> sample was free<br />
of damage).<br />
During <strong>the</strong> assessment, take note if some of <strong>the</strong> damaged<br />
trees were used as bumper trees, whe<strong>the</strong>r damage is<br />
confined <strong>to</strong> lower-quality trees (this sometimes happens<br />
if <strong>the</strong> logger felled or skidded trees <strong>to</strong>wards <strong>the</strong>se trees<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
in order <strong>to</strong> protect those of higher value) or if damage is<br />
concentrated on higher-quality stems (unscrupulous loggers<br />
may damage better quality trees in order <strong>to</strong> harvest <strong>the</strong>m).<br />
Additional information on how <strong>to</strong> conduct a logging<br />
damage survey is provided in A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong><br />
Selling Standing Timber. A good reference for general<br />
information on planning and conducting forest sampling is<br />
Making Cents out of Forest Inven<strong>to</strong>ries: A <strong>Guide</strong> for Small<br />
<strong>Woodlot</strong> Owners, available from <strong>the</strong> LandOwner Resource<br />
Centre (see Appendix 2).<br />
Table 2: <strong>Guide</strong>lines for Assessing <strong>Logging</strong> Damage<br />
Type of Injury A wound or injury is considered major when:<br />
Bark scraped off: Trees 10-31 cm diameter at breast height (DBH)<br />
Any wound greater than or equal <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> square of <strong>the</strong><br />
DBH (i.e., for a 10-cm tree a major wound is greater<br />
than 100 cm 2 )<br />
Trees 32+ cm DBH<br />
Any wound greater than 1,000 cm 2<br />
Note: Wounds on yellow birch (or ground contact<br />
wounds on o<strong>the</strong>r species) are considered <strong>to</strong> be major<br />
at 60% <strong>the</strong> size of <strong>the</strong> above for all size classes (i.e.,<br />
60 cm2 for a 10 cm DBH tree or 600 cm2 for any<br />
tree 32+ cm DBH).<br />
Broken branches More than 33% of <strong>the</strong> crown is destroyed.<br />
Root damage More than 25% of <strong>the</strong> root area is destroyed or<br />
severed.<br />
Bole of tree broken off Any tree.<br />
Bent over<br />
Any tree tipped noticeably.<br />
Source: OMNR. 1998. A Silvicultural <strong>Guide</strong> for <strong>the</strong> Tolerant Hardwood Forests in <strong>Ontario</strong>.<br />
<strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of Natural Resources. Queen’s Printer for <strong>Ontario</strong>, Toron<strong>to</strong>. 500 pp.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Glossary of Terms<br />
Agricultural drains. Man-made drainages, which may<br />
include sections of natural streams. These drainages<br />
may support fish populations and require care and<br />
consideration in forest management planning and<br />
operations.<br />
Back-blade. To grade level a landing, road, skid trail, etc.<br />
so <strong>the</strong>y are smooth and free of ruts.<br />
Basal area. The area, in square metres, of <strong>the</strong> crosssection<br />
of a tree measured 1.3 metres above <strong>the</strong> ground.<br />
For a stand of trees, <strong>the</strong> basal area is <strong>the</strong> sum of all <strong>the</strong><br />
individual tree basal areas on a given area of land.<br />
Basal scarring. Small or large tree wounds (bark<br />
abrasions) found at <strong>the</strong> base of a tree caused by poor<br />
felling and skidding operations.<br />
Berm. A low mound or bank of earth constructed in <strong>the</strong><br />
path of flowing water <strong>to</strong> divert its direction.<br />
Blazes. To mark a tree by cutting <strong>the</strong> bark. Forest<br />
properties often are delineated by blazing trees along <strong>the</strong><br />
boundary lines.<br />
Broad-based dip. A surface drainage structure specifically<br />
designed <strong>to</strong> drain water away from an access road, while<br />
allowing vehicles <strong>to</strong> maintain normal travel speeds.<br />
Brush mat. Material placed on soft ground <strong>to</strong> minimize<br />
rutting or compaction when heavy machinery is used.<br />
Buffer. A designated zone or strip of land of sufficient width<br />
used <strong>to</strong> shield one area from ano<strong>the</strong>r. Commonly used<br />
around a stream or water body <strong>to</strong> minimize <strong>the</strong> entrance of<br />
sediments in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> water body.<br />
Bumper tree. A low-value tree used <strong>to</strong> protect standing<br />
timber and regeneration from damage by skid loads<br />
tracking off <strong>the</strong> skid trail centre.<br />
glossary<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Canopy. The layer or multiple layers of foliage at <strong>the</strong> <strong>to</strong>p or<br />
crown of <strong>the</strong> trees in a forest stand.<br />
Canopy closure. The degree <strong>to</strong> which <strong>the</strong> canopy blocks<br />
sunlight from <strong>the</strong> forest floor in a given area.<br />
Certified tree marker. The <strong>Ontario</strong> Ministry of Natural<br />
Resources provides tree marking certification training.<br />
Participants are field tested and successful trainees are issued<br />
a certificate endorsing <strong>the</strong>ir skills as a certified tree marker.<br />
To maintain certification, a tree marker must attend and<br />
successfully complete a refresher course every five years.<br />
Clearance certificate. A document issued by <strong>the</strong> Workplace<br />
Safety Insurance Board (WSIB) that provides verification that<br />
a business, contrac<strong>to</strong>r or subcontrac<strong>to</strong>r is registered with<br />
and has an account in good standing with <strong>the</strong> WSIB.<br />
Clear-cutting harvest/cutting system. The removal of all <strong>the</strong><br />
trees in one harvest; usually regenerates <strong>to</strong> an even-aged<br />
forest.<br />
Con<strong>to</strong>ur line. A line drawn on a map connecting points<br />
with <strong>the</strong> same elevation. The steeper <strong>the</strong> slope, <strong>the</strong> closer<br />
<strong>the</strong> con<strong>to</strong>ur lines.<br />
Corduroy. Logs placed side by side transversely over a<br />
wet area <strong>to</strong> reinforce <strong>the</strong> natural root mat for <strong>the</strong> purpose of<br />
minimizing <strong>the</strong> risk of settlement.<br />
Crown. A convex road surface that allows runoff <strong>to</strong> drain <strong>to</strong><br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r side of <strong>the</strong> road. Or, <strong>the</strong> branches and foliage of <strong>the</strong><br />
upper portion of a tree.<br />
Culvert. A buried metal, plastic or concrete pipe that allows<br />
water <strong>to</strong> flow under a road or trail.<br />
Cut and fill. Earth-moving process that entails excavating<br />
part of an area and using <strong>the</strong> excavated material for<br />
adjacent embankments or fill areas.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Cutter-Skidder Opera<strong>to</strong>r Program. In accordance with<br />
<strong>the</strong> Occupational Health and Safety Act all cut-and-skid<br />
loggers must complete and be registered in <strong>the</strong> Cutter-<br />
Skidder Opera<strong>to</strong>r Program.<br />
Cut trespass. Unapproved cutting of trees on a<br />
neighbouring property.<br />
Directional felling. Felling trees so that <strong>the</strong>y fall in a<br />
predetermined direction that will cause <strong>the</strong> least damage <strong>to</strong><br />
standing timber or <strong>the</strong> site.<br />
Drainage structure. Any device or land form constructed <strong>to</strong><br />
intercept and/or aid surface water drainage.<br />
Erosion. The incorporation and transportation of soil<br />
particles by wind, water or ice.<br />
Felling. The act of cutting down a standing tree.<br />
Ford. A low-water crossing where you ford or drive through<br />
<strong>the</strong> watercourse. Fords are an alternative <strong>to</strong> culverts on<br />
roads and trails and are only used in limited, specific<br />
circumstances.<br />
Grubbing. Removal of stumps, roots and vegetable<br />
matter from <strong>the</strong> ground surface after clearing and prior <strong>to</strong><br />
excavation.<br />
Harvest. The process of cutting and removal of trees from a<br />
forested area.<br />
High-water mark. The point on <strong>the</strong> bank or shore up <strong>to</strong><br />
which <strong>the</strong> presence of water is so continuous that it leaves<br />
a distinct mark, ei<strong>the</strong>r by erosion, destruction of vegetation<br />
or o<strong>the</strong>r easily recognized characteristic.<br />
Inslope. A road design feature that slopes <strong>the</strong> road surface<br />
<strong>to</strong>ward <strong>the</strong> inner or uphill side of <strong>the</strong> road <strong>to</strong> facilitate<br />
drainage.<br />
glossary<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Intermittent stream. A stream that, under average<br />
precipitation conditions, only flows a part of <strong>the</strong> year. These<br />
streams may or may not have a defined bed and banks of a<br />
permanent nature.<br />
Landing. The area where timber is collected, cut up and<br />
sorted in<strong>to</strong> various products prior <strong>to</strong> loading for transport.<br />
Leaner. A tree that leans excessively.<br />
Lodged tree. A tree leaning against ano<strong>the</strong>r tree which<br />
prevents it from falling <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground.<br />
Main line. A braided wire or a syn<strong>the</strong>tic fibre cable that is<br />
attached <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> winch on <strong>the</strong> skidder, used <strong>to</strong> pull trees from<br />
where <strong>the</strong>y were felled <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> main skid trail for skidding <strong>to</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> landing.<br />
Mulch. A natural or artificial layer of plant residue or o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
materials covering <strong>the</strong> soil that conserves moisture, holds<br />
soil in place, aids in establishing plant cover and minimizes<br />
temperature fluctuations.<br />
No-disturbance zone. A strip of vegetation left intact along<br />
a lake, stream, wetland, etc. during and after logging.<br />
Outslope. A road design feature <strong>to</strong> shape <strong>the</strong> road surface<br />
<strong>to</strong> cause drainage <strong>to</strong> flow <strong>to</strong>ward <strong>the</strong> outside shoulder<br />
(opposite of inslope).<br />
Peak water flow. The highest flow level of a watercourse<br />
which will recur with a stated frequency.<br />
Prescription (stand prescription). A stand prescription is a<br />
planned treatment of a forest site designed <strong>to</strong> change <strong>the</strong><br />
current stand structure or condition <strong>to</strong> one that meets forest<br />
management objectives.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Residual tree/stem. Individual trees retained after a<br />
harvest.<br />
Rip rap. A layer of rock or o<strong>the</strong>r large aggregate that<br />
is placed over soil <strong>to</strong> protect it from <strong>the</strong> erosive forces<br />
of flowing water (e.g. <strong>to</strong> protect stream banks, bridge<br />
abutments, inflow end of a culvert, etc.).<br />
Rutting. A depression made by <strong>the</strong> passage of a vehicle or<br />
equipment.<br />
Riparian area. The area where land and water meet.<br />
It is a transition zone containing upland and aquatic<br />
vegetation, soils and a variety of wildlife habitat unique <strong>to</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se areas.<br />
Sediment. Solid material, both mineral and organic, that is<br />
in suspension and being transported from its site of origin<br />
by forces of air, wind, water, gravity or ice.<br />
Seeps/seepages. Typically found along lower slopes, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are small areas where groundwater discharges slowly; <strong>the</strong><br />
soil will remain saturated for much of <strong>the</strong> growing season.<br />
The water flowing from a seep is true groundwater, not<br />
surface runoff.<br />
Selection harvest/cutting system. Individual trees or groups<br />
of mature and/or unhealthy trees are harvested on a<br />
selective basis. Most trees are retained, and a variety of<br />
age classes are present in <strong>the</strong> forest following harvest. An<br />
uneven-age stand results.<br />
Shelterwood harvest/cutting system. A harvesting method<br />
in which trees are harvested in two or more successive cuts<br />
<strong>to</strong> provide seed or protection for regeneration. An evenage<br />
stand results.<br />
glossary<br />
87
A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Silt fence. A temporary barrier used <strong>to</strong> trap sediment-laden<br />
runoff from small areas.<br />
Silviculture. The art and science of controlling <strong>the</strong><br />
establishment, growth, composition and quality of forest<br />
vegetation for a full range of forest management objectives.<br />
Silvicultural System. Described by <strong>the</strong> harvest method<br />
used, <strong>the</strong> systems consist of a planned series of treatments<br />
for tending, harvesting and re-establishing a forest stand.<br />
The three main systems used in <strong>Ontario</strong> are selection,<br />
shelterwood and clear-cutting.<br />
Skidding. The process of moving (skid/drag) logs or felled<br />
trees from <strong>the</strong> stump <strong>to</strong> a landing.<br />
Skid humps. A small natural bump (hump) in a skid trail that<br />
diverts surface water runoff from <strong>the</strong> trail <strong>to</strong> minimize soil<br />
erosion.<br />
Skid trail. A temporary nonstructural trail for logging<br />
equipment <strong>to</strong> drag or carry felled trees or logs <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
landing.<br />
Slash. Any tree <strong>to</strong>ps, limbs, bark and o<strong>the</strong>r wood debris left<br />
after a timber harvest.<br />
Slope/grade. Degree of deviation of a surface from <strong>the</strong><br />
horizontal, measured as a numerical ratio, as a percent<br />
or in degrees. Expressed as a ratio, <strong>the</strong> first number is <strong>the</strong><br />
horizontal distance (run) and <strong>the</strong> second number is <strong>the</strong><br />
vertical rise.<br />
Spill kit. An emergency kit that contains an assortment<br />
of absorbents designed <strong>to</strong> absorb oil, coolants, solvents<br />
hydraulic fluids, etc, as well as repair putty and plugs, used<br />
<strong>to</strong> contain and clean up small leaks and minor spills.<br />
Stand. An aggregation of trees that is uniform enough in<br />
species composition, age or condition <strong>to</strong> be distinguishable<br />
from o<strong>the</strong>r parts of <strong>the</strong> forest in adjoining areas.<br />
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A Landowner’s <strong>Guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Careful</strong> <strong>Logging</strong><br />
Stream. A watercourse that flows year-round, has a<br />
defined channel and banks and is relatively continuous and<br />
connected with larger surface water.<br />
Treed swamps. Are wet, wooded areas where standing<br />
water occurs for at least part of <strong>the</strong> year. Swamps tend <strong>to</strong><br />
have more woody plants than are found in a marsh.<br />
Tree marking. The careful process of selecting trees <strong>to</strong> be<br />
cut under a shelterwood or selection cutting system, based<br />
on good forestry practices and a prescription.<br />
Water bar. A shallow transverse trench or mound of earth<br />
(berm) constructed across a trail or road <strong>to</strong> divert surface<br />
water flow <strong>to</strong>wards <strong>the</strong> roadside ditch or in<strong>to</strong> a dispersion<br />
area.<br />
Wedge. A small plastic or metal device inserted in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
saw cut <strong>to</strong> prevent a tree from falling backwards, used in<br />
directional felling and <strong>to</strong> prevent <strong>the</strong> chainsaw bar from<br />
being pinched.<br />
Wetland. Land that is permanently covered by shallow<br />
water or land where <strong>the</strong> water table is at or near <strong>the</strong><br />
surface. Swamps, fens, bogs, marshes and seeps are all<br />
considered wetlands in this guide.<br />
Windthrow. A tree pushed over by wind.<br />
Woodland pools. Are temporary pools of water that<br />
generally appear in <strong>the</strong> spring (vernal pools) from snowmelt<br />
or heavy spring rains and sometimes also form in <strong>the</strong><br />
fall of <strong>the</strong> year (autumnal pools). They are found in small<br />
depressions in <strong>the</strong> forest and generally have no defined<br />
inlet or outlet.<br />
glossary<br />
89