(continued from previous page) \staveXVII \staveXL \staveLXIII \staveXVIII \staveXLI \staveLXIV \staveXIX \staveXLII \staveLXV \staveXX \staveXLIII \staveLXVI \staveXXI \staveXLIV \staveLXVII \staveXXII \staveXLV \staveLXVIII \staveXXIII \staveXLVI<strong>The</strong> meanings of these symbols are described on the Web site for the Museumof Icelandic Sorcery and Witchcraft at http://www.galdrasyning.is/index.php?option=com content&task=category§ionid=5&id=18&Itemid=60 (TinyURL: http://tinyurl.com/25979m). For example, \staveL (“”) isintended to ward off ghosts and evil spirits.86
7 Additional InformationUnlike the previous sections of this document, Section 7 does not contain new symbol tables. Rather, it providesadditional help in using the <strong>Comprehensive</strong> L A TEX <strong>Symbol</strong> <strong>List</strong>. First, it draws attention to symbol names usedby multiple packages. Next, it provides some guidelines for finding symbols and gives some examples regardinghow to construct missing symbols out of existing ones. <strong>The</strong>n, it comments on the spacing surrounding symbolsin math mode. After that, it presents an ASCII and Latin 1 quick-reference guide, showing how to enter all ofthe standard ASCII/Latin 1 symbols in L A TEX. And finally, it lists some statistics about this document itself.7.1 <strong>Symbol</strong> Name ClashesUnfortunately, a number of symbol names are not unique; they appear in more than one package. Dependingon how the symbols are defined in each package, L A TEX will either output an error message or replace anearlier-defined symbol with a later-defined symbol. Table 280 presents a selection of name clashes that appearin this document.Using multiple symbols with the same name in the same document—or even merely loading conflictingsymbol packages—can be tricky but, as evidenced by the existence of Table 280, not impossible. <strong>The</strong> generalprocedure is to load the first package, rename the conflicting symbols, and then load the second package.Examine the L A TEX source for this document (symbols.tex) for examples of this and other techniques forhandling symbol conflicts. Note that symbols.tex’s \savesymbol and \restoresymbol macros have beenextracted into the savesym package, which can be downloaded from CTAN.txfonts and pxfonts redefine a huge number of symbols—essentially, all of the symbols defined by latexsym,textcomp, the various AMS symbol sets, and L A TEX 2ε itself. Similarly, mathabx redefines a vast number ofmath symbols in an attempt to improve their look. <strong>The</strong> txfonts, pxfonts, and mathabx conflicts are not listedin Table 280 because they are designed to be compatible with the symbols they replace. Table 281 on page 89illustrates what “compatible” means in this context.To use the new txfonts/pxfonts symbols without altering the document’s main font, merely reset the defaultfont families back to their original values after loading one of those packages:\renewcommand\rmdefault{cmr}\renewcommand\sfdefault{cmss}\renewcommand\ttdefault{cmtt}7.2 Resizing symbolsMathematical symbols listed in this document as “variable-sized” are designed to stretch vertically. Eachvariable-sized symbol comes in one or more basic sizes plus a variation comprising both stretchable andnonstretchable segments. Table 282 on page 89 presents the symbols \} and \uparrow in their default size,in their \big, \Big, \bigg, and \Bigg sizes, in an even larger size achieved using \left/\right, and—forcontrast—in a large size achieved by changing the font size using L A TEX 2ε’s \fontsize command. Becausethe symbols shown belong to the Computer Modern family, the type1cm package needs to be loaded to supportfont sizes larger than 24.88 pt.Note how \fontsize makes the symbol wider and thicker. (<strong>The</strong> graphicx package’s \scalebox or\resizebox commands would produce a similar effect.) Also, the \fontsize-enlarged symbol is verticallycentered relative to correspondingly large text, unlike the symbols enlarged using \big et al. or \left/\right,which all use the same math axis regardless of symbol size. However, \fontsize is not limited to mathematicaldelimiters. Also, \scalebox and \resizebox are more robust to poorly composed symbols (e.g., two symbolsmade to overlap by backspacing a fixed distance) but do not work with every TEX backend and will producejagged symbols when scaling a bitmapped font.All variable-sized delimiters are defined (by the corresponding .tfm file) in terms of up to five segments, asillustrated by Figure 1 on page 89. <strong>The</strong> top, middle, and bottom segments are of a fixed size. <strong>The</strong> top-middleand middle-bottom segments (which are constrained to be the same character) are repeated as many times asnecessary to achieve the desired height.7.3 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ?If you can’t find some symbol you’re looking for in this document, there are a few possible explanations:87
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