national ambient air quality status 2009 - Central Pollution Control ...

PERSONNEL INVOLVEDPrincipal CoordinatorShri J. S. Kamyotra,Member SecretaryDr. D. D. Basu,Scientist ‘E’ & I/CPAMS DivisionData Collection, Compilation, Securitization,Storage and Report PreparationDr. Sanjeev AgrawalSh. Tarun DarbariDr. Sanghita RoychoudhuryMs. Pramila GuptaMs. Abida KhatoonData entry (Online)SPCBs/PCCs/NEERI/Universities andother agenciesData Storage in EDB (Online)Dr. P. GargavaMs. Smriti UpadhyayMs. Sashi GoelSh. Yatindra N. MishraMonitoring agencies involved in NAMP NetworkAir laboratory CPCB/ZOs/SPCBs/PCCs, NEERI/Universities and otheragencies

CONTENTSChapterPageTitleNo.No.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-121.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 21.2 Air Pollutants, their sources and effects 41.3 National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (N.A.M.P.) 41.3.1. Present status of NAMP 41.3.2. Objectives of NAMP 91.3.3. Parameters monitored under NAMP 91.3.4. Data Analysis and Limitations 111.3.5. Quality Assurance/Quality Control of Data and Management 12CHAPTER 2 AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT & MAJOR FINDINGS 14-312.1 Air Quality Assessment 152.2 Number of locations / monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and 16critical pollution level of air pollution2.3 Number of cities with low, moderate, high and critical pollution levels in the 18country2.4 Number of states with low, moderate, high and critical pollution levels in the 23country2.5 Exceedence of pollutants from National Ambient Air Quality Standard 262.5.1 Locations exceeding NAAQS 262.5.2 Cities exceeding NAAQS 292.5.3 States exceeding NAAQS 302.6 Percent of residential location in different pollution categories 302.7 National Mean Concentration 31CHAPTER 3 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO 2 ) 33-463.1 Locations and cities with highest SO 2 values during 2009 343.2 Percentage Exceedence of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average) 363.3 Air Quality (Low, Moderate, High & Critical) 36CHAPTER 4 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO 2 ) 47-604.1 Locations and cities with highest NO 2 values during 2009 484.2 Percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average) 504.3 Air Quality (Low, Moderate, High & Critical) 50CHAPTER 5 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULATE MATTER OF SIZE 61-75-LESS THAN 10µg (PM 10 )5.1 Locations and cities with highest PM 10 values during 2009 635.2 Percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average) 655.3 Air Quality (Low, Moderate, High & Critical) 66CHAPTER 6 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO SUSPENDED PARTICULATE76-85MATTER (PM 10 )6.1 Annual average concentration of SPM 77CHAPTER 7 AIR QUALITY TREND IN METROPOLITAN CITIES 86-7.1 Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Metropolitan Cities 877.2 Air quality in metropolitan cities during 2009 897.3 Air quality trend in metropolitan cities 917.3.1 Delhi 917.3.2 Faridabad 927.3.3 Amritsar 937.3.4 Ludhiana 947.3.5 Agra 95i

ChapterPageTitleNo.No.7.3.6 Allahabad 967.3.7 Kanpur 977.3.8 Lucknow 987.3.9 Meerut 997.3.10 Varanasi 1007.3.11 Patna 1017.3.12 Dhanbad 1027.3.13 Jamshedpur 1037.3.14 Asansol 1047.3.15 Kolkata 1057.3.16 Hyderabad 1067.3.17 Vijayawada 1077.3.18 Visakhapatnam 1087.3.19 Bangalore 1097.3.20 Kochi 1107.3.21 Chennai 1117.3.22 Coimbatore 1127.3.23 Madurai 1137.3.24 Ahmedabad 1147.3.25 Rajkot 1157.3.26 Surat 1167.3.27 Vadodara 1177.3.28 Pune 1187.3.29 Mumbai 1197.3.30 Nagpur 1207.3.31 Nashik 1217.3.32 Jaipur 1227.3.33 Bhopal 1237.3.34 Indore 1247.3.35 Jabalpur 1257.4 Air quality trend in different zones of India with respect to metropolitan cities 126CHAPTER 8 AIR POLLUTION WITH RESPECT TO THE ADDITIONAL POLLUTANTS 131-143(NH 3, CO, O 3 , PM 2.5 )8.1 Ammonia Levels 1328.2 Carbon Monoxide 1348.3 Ozone 1368.4 Particulate matter with size less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) 1398.5 Conclusion 143CHAPTER 9 INITIATIVES FOR CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION 144-1499.1 Measures taken to Reduce Vehicular Pollution 1459.2 Measures Taken for Controlling Air Pollution from Industries 1489.3 Action Plan for the control of air pollution in sixteen cities identified by theHon’ble Supreme Court of India148150-151CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONCHAPTER 11 REFERENCES 152-153ANNEXURE 154-1621 Air pollutants, their sources and effects 1552. Methods of Measurement 162ii

ABBREVIATIONAsB(a)PC 6 H 6COCPCBCPCB ZOEDBH 2 SNAAQSNAMPNEERINH 3NiNO 2O 3PAHsPbPCCPM 10PM 2.5QA/QCRSPMSO 2SPCBSPMArsenicBenzo (a) PyreneBenzeneCarbon monoxideCentral Pollution Control BoardCPCB Zonal OfficesEnvironmental Data BankHydrogen SulphideNational Ambient Air Quality StandardsNational Air Quality Monitoring ProgrammeNational Environmental Engineering Research InstituteAmmoniaNickelNitrogen DioxideOzonePolycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonsLeadPollution Control CommitteesParticulate matter of size ≤ 10μmParticulate matter of size ≤ 2.5μmQuality assurance and Quality controlRespiratory Suspended Particulate MatterSulphur dioxideState Pollution Control BoardsSuspended Particulate Matteriii

TableNo.CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONTABLESCHAPTER 5 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULATE MATTER OF SIZE LESS THAN10µg (PM 10 )Table 5.1 Classification of particulate matterTable 5.2 Ten locations with highest PM 10 values (annual average) during 2009 (residential /industrial / rural / other area)Table 5.3 Ten locations with highest PM 10 values (annual average) during 2009(sensitive area)Table 5.4 Ten cities with highest PM 10 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)Table 5.5 Ten states with highest PM 10 values (annual average) during 2009ivTitleTable 1.1 Revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)Table 1.2 Operating Air Quality Stations in India as on 31 st March 2010CHAPTER 2 AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT & MAJOR FINDINGSTable 2.1 Pollution Level ClassificationTable 2.2 Details of data generated during 2009Table 2.3 Number of locations with low, moderate, high & critical air quality(residential/industrial/commercial/rural and sensitive)Table 2.4 Number of cities with low, moderate, high & critical air qualityTable 2.5 Ambient Air Quality in different cities for the year 2009(residential/industrial/commercial/rural/others)Table 2.6 Number of states with low, moderate, high & critical air qualityTable 2.7 Ambient Air Quality in different states for the year 2009(residential/industrial/commercial/rural others)Table 2.8 Percentage of locations exceeding the NAAQS (based on annual average data and24-hourly data)Table 2.9 Percentage of locations exceeding the NAAQS (based on annual average data and24-hourly data)Table 2.10 Number and percentage of locations in different ranges of percent exceedenceTable 2.11 Number of cities exceeding the NAAQS (based on annual average data)Table 2.12 Number of states exceeding the NAAQS (based on annual average data ofresidential/industrial/rural/other areas)CHAPTER 3 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO 2 )Table 3.1 Ten locations with highest SO 2 values (annual average) during 2009 (residential /industrial / rural / other area)Table 3.2 Ten locations with highest SO 2 values (annual average) during 2009 (sensitive area)Table 3.3 Ten cities with highest SO 2 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)Table 3.4 Ten states with highest SO 2 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)Table 3.5 SO 2 levels (Annual average) in Ambient Air Quality Stations under NAMP during 2009CHAPTER 4 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO 2 )Table 4.1 Ten locations with highest NO 2 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)Table 4.2 Ten locations with highest NO 2 values (annual average) during 2009(sensitive area)Table 4.3 Ten cities with highest NO 2 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)Table 4.4 Ten states with highest NO 2 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)Table 4.5 NO 2 levels (Annual average) in Ambient Air Quality Stations under NAMP during 2009

TableTitleNo.(residential / industrial / rural / other area)Table 5.6 PM 10 levels (Annual average) in Ambient Air Quality Stations under NAMP during 2009CHAPTER 6 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10 )Table 6.1 SPM levels (Annual average) in Ambient Air Quality Stations under NAMP during2009CHAPTER 7 AIR QUALITY TREND IN METROPOLITAN CITIESTable 7.1 Details of the Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Metro CitiesTable 7.2 Number of metropolitan cities with low, moderate, high & critical air qualityTable 7.3 Number of metropolilan cities exceeding the NAAQS (based on annual average data)Table 7.4 Air Quality of Metro cities during 2009CHAPTER 8 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO ADDITIONAL POLLUTANTS (NH 3, CO, O 3 ,PM 2.5 )Table 8.1 Ambient Air Quality wrt Ammonia in India during 2009Table 8.2 Summary of Ammonia Levels (Annual Average Concentration in μg/m 3 ) during 2009Table 8.3 Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at BSZ Marg, New Delhi during 2009Table 8.4 Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at Siri Fort, New Delhi during 2009Table 8.5 Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at DCE, Bhawana, Delhi during 2009Table 8.6Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) East Arjun Nagar, Shahadara, Delhi during2009Table 8.7 Concentration of Ozone at BSZ Marg (ITO), New Delhi during 2009Table 8.8 Concentration of Ozone at Siri Fort, New Delhi during 2009Table 8.9 Concentration of Ozone at DCE, Bhawana, Delhi during 2009Table 6.10 Concentration of Ozone at East Arjun Nagar, Shahadara, Delhi during 2009Table 8.11 Concentration of PM 2.5 at BSZ Marg ( ITO), New Delhi during 2009Table 8.12 Concentration of PM 2.5 at Pritampura, New Delhi during 2009Table 8.13 Concentration of PM 2.5 at Sirifort, New Delhi during 2009Table 8.14 Concentration of PM 2.5 at Janakpuri, New Delhi during 2009Table 8.15 Concentration of PM 2.5 at Nizamuddin, New Delhi during 2009Table 8.16 Concentration of PM 2.5 at Shahzada Bagh, New Delhi during 2009Table 8.17 Concentration of PM 2.5 at Shahdara, Delhi during 2009CHAPTER 9Table 9.1Table 9.2Table 9.3AnnexureAnnexure 1INITIATIVES FOR CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTIONGasoline Lead Phase Out ProgrammeDiesel Sulphur Reduction ProgrammeGasiline benzene reduction programmeAir Pollutants, their sources and effectsv

FIGURES & PLATESFigureNo.CHAPTER 1Figure 1.1Figure 1.2Figure 1.3Figure 1.4Figure 1.5Figure titleINTRODUCTIONComposition of airGrowth of operating ambient air quality monitoring stations under NAMP in India (tillMarch 2010)Total number of sanctioned and oprational air quality monitoring stations in Indianstates during 2009-2010Total number of sanctioned and oprational air quality monitoring stations in Indianunion territories during 2009-2010Data flowchart under NAMPCHAPTER 2 AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT & MAJOR FINDINGSFigure 2.1 Number of locations (residential/industrial/commercial/rural) with low, moderate, high& critical pollution levelFigure 2.2 Number of locations (sensitive) with low, moderate, high & critical pollution levelFigure 2.3 Number of cities with low, moderate, high & critical pollution levelFigure 2.4 Percentage of cities showing low, moderate, high and critical level of SO 2 , NO 2 andPM 10 (residential/industrial/rural/other area)Figure 2.5 Number of states with low, moderate, high & critical pollution levelFigure 2.6 Locations exceeding NAAQS in residential/industrial/rural and sensitive areasFigure 2.7 Percentage of locations exceeding NAAQS in residential/industrial/rural and sensitiveareasFigure 2.8 Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percent exceedance for SO 2 , NO 2and PM 10 in residential/industrial/rural/other areaFigure 2.9 Percentage of monitoring stations in various ranges of percent exceedance for SO 2 ,NO 2 and PM 10 in residential/industrial/rural/other areaFigure 2.10 Cities exceeding NAAQS considering residential/industrial/rural/other areaFigure 2.11 Percentage of cities violating NAAQS considering residential/industrial/rural/otherFigure 2.12areaTrends of Low, Moderate, High and Critical levels of SO 2, NO 2 and PM 10 (Residentialareas; percentage of location)Figure 2.13 National mean concentration of different locations that fall under 10 th and 90 thpercentile for SO 2, NO 2 and PM 10CHAPTER 3 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO 2 )Figure 3.1 Number of monitoring stations in various (residential/industrial/rural/other) ranges ofpercent exceedence of SO 2 (24 hourly)Figure 3.2 Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of SO 2 inresidential/industrial/rural/other area (annual average)CHAPTER 4 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO 2 )Figure 4.1 Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percent exceedence of NO 2 ofNAAQS (24 hourly average)Figure 4.2 Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of NO 2 inresidential/industrial/rural/other area (annual average)CHAPTER 5Figure 5.1Figure 5.2Figure 5.3CHAPTER 7Figure 7.1AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULATE MATTER OF SIZE LESS THAN10µg (PM 10 )Particulate matterNumber of monitoring stations in various ranges of percent exceedence of PM10 ofNAAQS (24 hourly average)Number of monitoring ststions in various ranges of PM 10 inresidential/industrial/rural/other area (annual average)AIR QUALITY TREND IN METROPOLITAN CITIESAir quality trend of Delhivi

FigureNo.Figure 7.2Figure 7.3Figure 7.4Figure 7.5Figure 7.6Figure 7.7Figure 7.8Figure 7.9Figure 7.10Figure 7.11Figure 7.12Figure 7.13Figure 7.14Figure 7.15Figure 7.16Figure 7.17Figure 7.18Figure 7.19Figure 7.20Figure 7.21Figure 7.22Figure 7.23Figure 7.24Figure 7.25Figure 7.26Figure 7.27Figure 7.28Figure 7.29Figure 7.30Figure 7.31Figure 7.32Figure 7.33Figure 7.34Figure 7.35Figure 4.36Figure titleAir quality trend of FaridabadAir quality trend of AmritsarAir quality trend of LudhianaAir quality trend of AgraAir quality trend of AllahabadAir quality trend of KanpurAir quality trend of LucknowAir quality trend of MeerutAir quality trend of VaranasiAir quality trend of PatnaAir quality trend of DhanbadAir quality trend of JamshedpurAir quality trend of AsansolAir quality trend of KolkataAir quality trend of HyderabadAir quality trend of VijayawadaAir quality trend of VisakhapatnamAir quality trend of BangaloreAir quality trend of KochiAir quality trend of ChennaiAir quality trend of CoimbatoreAir quality trend of MaduraiAir quality trend of AhmedabadAir quality trend of RajkotAir quality trend of SuratAir quality trend of VadodaraAir quality trend of PuneAir quality trend of MumbaiAir quality trend of NagpurAir quality trend of NashikAir quality trend of JaipurAir quality trend of BhopalAir quality trend of IndoreAir quality trend of JabalpurAir quality trend in the different zones (north, east, south, west, central) in IndiaFigureNo.CHAPTER 1Plate 1.1Plate 1.2Plate titleINTRODUCTIONDifferent monitoring modes a. Mobile van monitoring, b. cabin for monitoring,c. Continuous analysers and d. analysis facility under NAMPField calibration a, b.Top loading calibration of Respirable Dust Sampler c. Use of drygas meter for gaseous calibration d. Calibration of mettle balancevii

Chapter1: IntroductionCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1

Chapter1: IntroductionThe atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained byEarth's gravity. Pure air consists of roughly 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon,0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases (by volume). Air also contains avariable amount of water vapor, on average around 1% (Figure 1.1). But with growth ofurbanization and industrialization a lot of other elements has been added to pure air. Thisresulted in the increase of pollution. In order to prevent, control and abate air pollution, theAir (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1981. According to Section 2(b)of Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981 ‘air pollution’ has been defined as ‘thepresence in the atmosphere of any air pollutant.’ As per Section 2(a) of Air (Prevention andcontrol of pollution) Act, 1981 ‘air pollutant’ has been defined as ‘any solid, liquid or gaseoussubstance [(including noise)] present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be ortend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property orenvironment’. Therefore ambient air quality standard is developed as a policy guideline thatregulates the effect of human activity upon the environment so that pollutant emission into theair can be regulated. Standards may specify a desired state or limit alterations.Figure 1.1: Composition of air1.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)The objectives of air quality standards are:• To indicate the levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety to protectthe public health, vegetation and property;• To assist in establishing priorities for abatement and control of pollutant level;• To provide uniform yardstick for assessing air quality at national level;• To indicate the need and extent of monitoring programme.The revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards notified on November 2009 is depictedbelow (Table 1.1).2

Chapter1: IntroductionS.No.Table 1.1: Revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)[NAAQS Notification dated 18 th November, 2009]PollutantsTimeWeightedAverageConcentration in AmbientAirIndustrial,Residential, Ruraland otherAreasEcologicallySensitive Area(notified byCentralGovernment)1 Sulphur DioxideAnnual* 50 20(SO 2 ), µg/m 3 24 Hours** 80 802 Nitrogen DioxideAnnual* 40 30(NO 2 ), µg/m 3 24 Hours** 80 803 Particulate MatterAnnual* 60 60(Size

Chapter1: Introduction1.2 Air Pollutants, their sources and effectsIn order to combat air pollution it is required to identify the pollutants, its source of emissionand investigate the effects of living and the environment. The Central Pollution Control Boardhas therefore identified and revised the National Ambient Air Quality Standards on April 11,1994 which was notified in Gazette of India, Extra-ordinary Part-II Section 3, sub section (ii),dated May 20, 1994 (Table 1.1). The pollutants enlisted in the National Ambient Air QualityStandards and their sources and effects are summarized in Annexure 1Close examination to Annexure 1 reveals the following information:• All the pollutants listed in National Ambient Air Quality Standards are generated both fromnatural and anthropogenic sourced• Pollutants can be classified in three groups i.e. aerosols, gases and metals• Combustion of fossil fuel is the major man made activity that leads to generate major airpollutants• Ozone is the secondary pollutant• Benzene and benzo(a)pyrene are known carcinogenic compounds• Respiratory problems, lung and heart diseases mostly correlated with the air pollutants• Lead effects kidney whereas carbon monoxide creates carboxy hemoglobin1.3 National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (N.A.M.P.)1.3.1. Present status of NAMP: Central Pollution Control Board initiated National AmbientAir Quality Monitoring (NAAQM) programme in the year 1984 with 7 stations at Agra andAnpara. Subsequently the programme was renamed as National Air Quality MonitoringProgramme (NAMP).The air quality monitoring network strengthened by increasing the number of monitoringstations from 28 stations in 1985 to 290 stations in 2002. Recently, in this financial year(2009-2010) 147 stations added in the network and the operating stations were became 365covering 141 cities in 26 states and 5 Union Territories as on 31 st March 2010 (The growth ofoperating Ambient Air Quality monitoring station under NAMP is depicted in Figure 1.2. Stateand city wise air quality monitoring stations are summarized in Table 1.2 Figure 1.3 showsthe number of sanctioned and operating air quality monitoring station in states and Figure 1.4presents the status stated above in the union territories in India till March 31 st , 2010. By 31 stOctober 2010 the operating stations increased to 439 in 178 cities, 26 states and 5 UTs.4

Chapter1: IntroductionFigure 1.2: Growth of operating ambient air quality monitoring stationsunder NAMP in India (till 31st March 2010)Number of monitoring stations4003503002502001501005007285384106150220260290 295314342 346365198219851986198719881989199019911992-19992000-20032004-20062007-20082008-20092009-2010YearsTable 1.2. Operating Air Quality Stations in India as on 31 st March 2010S. No. State/Union territory City Number ofoperatingstations1 Andhra Pradesh (27)Hyderabad 9Visakhapatnam 8Tirupati 1Vijayawada 2Kurnool 1Ramagundum 1Patencheru 1Nalgonda 1Guntur 1Warangal 1Nellore, Nellore 12 Assam (13)Bongaigaon 3Gawahati 4Tezpur 1Sibasagar 1Dibrugarh 1Golaghat 1Hailakandi 1Daranga 13 Bihar (2) Patna 24 Chandigarh (5) Chandigarh 55 Chattisgarh (9)Korba 3Bhilai 3Raipur 36 Delhi (11) Delhi 117 Dadara & Nagar Haveli (2) Silvasa 28 Daman Diu (2) Daman 29 Goa (3)Ponda 1Vasco 1Marmagao 110 Gujarat (20)Ahmedabad 6Ankaleshwar 25

Chapter1: IntroductionJamnagar 1Rajkot 2Surat 3Vadodara 4Vapi 211 Haryana (5)Faridabad 2Hissar 2Yamuna Nagar 112 Himachal Pradesh (14)Damtal 2Parwanoo 2Poanta Sahib 2Shimla 2Kala Amb 2Baddi-Barotiwala 3Nalagarh 113 Jammu& Kashmir (3) Jammu 314 Jharkand (6)Dhanbad 1Jharia 1Sindri 1Jamshedpur 2Ranchi 115 Karnataka (14)Bangalore 6Dharwar, Hubli 2Mangalore 1Hassan 1Mysore 2Gulbarga 1Belgaum 116 Kerala (16)Kozhikode 2Kottayam 2Cochin 7Thiruvanantapuram 4Palakkad 117 Madhya Pradesh (26)Bhopal 4Indore 3Jabalpur 1Nagda 3Gwalior 2Sagar 2Satna 2Singrauli 3Ujjain 3Dewas 318 Maharashtra (50)Aurangabad 3Lote 2Tarapur 3Kolhapur 3Mumbai 3Ambernath 2Chandrapur 3Nagpur 6Nasik 3Solapur 2Pune 3Thane 3Navi Mumbai (incl TTC Ind.Area, Taloja Ind Area)6Mahad 36

Chapter1: IntroductionRoha 2Sangli 319 Meghalaya (3)Shillong 2Dwaki 120 Mizoram (3) Aizwal 321 Manipur (1) Imphal 122 Nagaland (2) Dimapur 223 Orissa (12)Rayagada 2Rourkela 2Talcher 2Angul 2Bhubaneshwar 1Cuttack 1Sambalpur 1Berhampur 124 Punjab (16)Gobindgarh 3Jalandhar 4Ludhiana 4Naya Nangal 2Khanna 2Pathankot(Dera baba) 125 Pondicherry (3) Pondicherry 326 Rajasthan (18)Alwar 3Jaipur 6Jodhpur 3Kota 3Udaipur 327 Sikkim (2) Gangtok 228 Tamilnadu (16)Chennai 6Tuticorin 3Coimbatore 3Madurai 3Salem 129 Uttar Pradesh (38)Agra 6Allahabad 2Anpara 2Firozabad 3Gajroula 2Ghaziabad 2Kanpur 6Lucknow 5Noida 2Varanasi 2Jhansi 2Khurja 2Meerut 230 Uttarakhand (2) Dehradun 231 West Bengal (21)Kolkata 10Durgapur 3Haldia 3Howrah 4Asansol 1Total 26 states, 5UTs 141 3657

Chapter1: Introduction70Figure 1.3: Total number of sanctioned and oprational air quality monitoringstations in Indian states during 2009-2010No. of monitoring stations126050403020100Arunchal PradeshAndhra PradeshSanctionedOperatingAssamBiharChattisgarhGoaGujaratHaryanaHimachal PradeshJammu & KashmirJharkhandKarnatakaKeralaMadhya PradeshMaharashtraStatesFigure 1.4: Total number of sanctioned and oprational air qualitymonitoring stations in Indian union territories during 2009-2010ManipurMeghalayaMizoramNagalandOrissaPunjabRajasthanSikkimTamilnaduTripuraUttar PradeshUttarakhandWest BengalNo. of monitoring stations108642SanctionedOperating0Andaman & Nicobar Chandigarh Dadra & NagarHaveliDaman & Diu Lakshadweep Delhi PuducherryUnion territoriess8

Chapter1: Introduction1.3.2. Objectives of NAMPThe objectives of the NAMP are as follows:‣ To determine status and trends of ambient air quality;‣ To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated;‣ To Identify Non-attainment Cities;‣ To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive andcorrective measures;‣ To understand the natural cleansing process undergoing in the environment throughpollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition, precipitation andchemical transformation of pollutants generated.1.3.3. Parameters monitored under NAMPUnder NAMP, four air pollutants viz., Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Particulate Matterwith size less than 10µg (PM 10 ), Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) wereidentified for regular monitoring at all the locations and additional parameters such as Carbonmonoxide (CO), Particulate Matter with size less than 2.5µg (PM 2.5 ), Ozone (O 3 ) andAmmonia (NH 3 ) are being monitored at selected locations by methods adopted by CPCB(Annexure 2).The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and direction, relativehumidity and temperature were also integrated with the monitoring of air quality.The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseouspollutants and 8-hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a week, tohave 104 observations in a year.The monitoring under the NAMP is being carried out with the help of State Pollution ControlBoards (SPCB), Pollution Control Committees (PCC) and National EnvironmentalEngineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)head and Zonal Offices. CPCB co-ordinates with these agencies to ensure uniformity,consistency of air quality data and provides technical and financial support to them foroperating the monitoring station (Plate 1.1).9

Chapter1: IntroductionPlate 1.1. Different monitoring modes a. Mobile van monitoring, b. cabin for monitoring,c. Continuous analysers and d. analysis facility under NAMP10

Chapter1: Introduction1.3.4. Data Analysis and LimitationsThe air quality data generated at the monitoring stations are input into Environmental DataBank (EDB) by respective SPCBs and PCCs and are transmitted to CPCB where the data isscrutinized for outliers and gaps in input of data. In case of any gaps the matter is discussedwith the respective agencies and late the data is checked, scrutinized, compiled, processedand analyzed statistically to get the information on the annual mean, standard deviation etc.of the pollutants and payment is also made to the respective agencies. Figure 1.5 shows thedata flow in NAMP. In the present report, results of SPM, PM 10 , SO 2 and NO 2, for the year2009 are presented.While presenting the air quality data in this report following conventions have been followed:i. If the 24 hours sampling in a day could not be fulfilled at all the locations due to forcemajeure like power failure, rainfall etc, and the values monitored for 16 hours and moreare considered as the representative values for assessing the ambient air quality for thatday;ii. In case no data is available in a particular month with respect to all the three parameters,the month has been excluded;iii. In case, no data is reported for a particular station with respect to all the three parameters,during entire year, that station has been excluded; andiv. The frequency of monitoring twice a week, 104 days in a year could not be met in some ofthe locations. In such cases, 50 days of monitoring in a year is considered adequate forthe purpose of data analysis.Figure 1.5 Data flow chart under NAMPAs NAMP is being operated through various monitoring agencies, a large number ofpersonnel and equipments are involved in the sampling, chemical analyses, data reportingetc.. This increases the probability of personal biases reflecting in the data. Hence it ispertinent to mention that this document be referred keeping in view the above facts and thedata be considered more as indicative rather than absolute. The data presented in this reportis average over the entire year as available.11

Chapter1: Introduction1.3.5. Quality Assurance/Quality Control of Data and ManagementQuality assurance and Quality control (QA/QC) is an essential part of any monitoring system.QA/QC is a programme of activities that ensures that measurements meet defined standardsof quality, with a stated level of confidence. In order to ensure the quality of data the CPCB iscarrying out various exercises as follows:i) Calibration, Servicing and Repair of Instruments and Evaluation of Ambient AirQuality Monitoring StationsCPCB is carrying out a project on calibration, servicing and repair of instruments/equipmentsand evaluation of ambient air quality monitoring stations under NAMP. Servicing and repair ofrespirable dust sampler and high volume sampler is carried out and they are also calibratedusing top loading calibrator (Plate 1.2). The location of monitoring stations is evaluated as perCPCB guidelines so as to ensure quality of data.ii) Training Program on Ambient Air Quality MonitoringCPCB carries out training program on ambient air quality monitoring with an objective toimprove quality of data generated under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP).Training is provided to field and laboratory staff involved in NAMP. The training is provided onmeasurement methods of air pollutants i.e. sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ),particulate matter of size less than 10µg (PM 10 ) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) etc.iii) Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality MonitoringCPCB has developed guidelines for carrying out ambient air quality monitoring. TheGuidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring include site selection criteria, quality assuranceand quality control in air quality monitoring, type of pollutants to be monitored in a city,frequency and duration of monitoring, data reporting and compilation procedures andmeasurement methods of various air pollutants etc.iv) Regular Inspection of Monitoring stations and monitoring laboratories are regularlyinspected by CPCB officials to ensure proper and uniform methodology for sampling andanalysis.v) Review meetings of NAMP are regularly conducted with monitoring agencies to discussvarious problems related to monitoring activities and sort out the remedial measures.vi) Analytical quality control exercises using Ring Test Facility are regularly conducted toevaluate the performance of different laboratories.Vii) NB. In this report data has been taken from 1 st January 2009 to 31 st December 2009.Operating stations has been listed as numbers reported till 31 st March 2010 (financial yearwise). However, there are cases where data has been given on October 2010 which hasbeen included during data analysis.12

Chapter1: IntroductionPlate 1.2. Field calibration a, b.Top loading calibration of Respirable Dust Sampler c. Use of drygas meter for gaseous calibration d. Calibration of mettle balance13

Chapter 2: Major findingsCHAPTER 2AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT& MAJOR FINDINGS14

Chapter 2: Major findingsAir Quality Assessment and major findings of the ambient air quality monitoring carried outcountrywide during the year 2009 are presented in this chapter. The air quality of differentcities/towns has been compared with the respective NAAQS.2.1 Air Quality AssessmentThe air quality of different cities/towns has been compared with the respective NAAQS. The airquality has been categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (theratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard). TheExceedence Factor (EF) is calculated as follows:Observed annual mean concentration of criteria pollutantExceedence Factor = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Annual standard for the respective pollutant and area classThe four air quality categories are:• Critical pollution (C) : when EF is > 1.5;• High pollution (H) : when the EF is between 1.0 - 60 >90 >30 >45 >90This report represent the air quality scenario with air quality data from January – December 2009of 357 stations from residential / commercial / industrial / rural area and 14 stations from sensitivearea ie a total of 371 stations. Adequate data for annual average concentration (with 50 andmore day of monitoring) for SO 2 was received for 292 stations and adequate data for NO 2 wasreceived for 291 stations. Adequate data for PM 10 was received for 289 stations and for SPMwas received for 280 monitoring stations for residential / commercial / industrial / rural area. Forsensitive area all the data was adequate. The detail of number of stations for which data wasadequate or inadequate is given in Table 2.2.15

Table 2.2: Details of data generated during 2009Chapter 2: Major findingsNumber of monitoring stationsData type Residential / industrial / rural /Sensitive areacommercial areasSO 2 NO 2 PM 10 SPM SO 2 NO 2 PM 10 SPMAdequatedata292 291 289 280 14 14 14 14Inadequatedata62 63 65 60 0 0 0 0No data 3 3 3 17 0 0 0 0Totalmonitoring 357 357 357 357 14 14 14 14stationsKey: Adequate data: locations where ≥50 days of monitoring was done in a year; Indequate data: locations < 50 daysof monitoring was done in a year; No data: Monitoring not done or data not received for the particular parameter2.2 Number of locations / monitoring stations with low, moderate, high andcritical pollution level of air pollutionThe analysis of four criteria pollutants with respect to National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS) during 2009 revealed that out of a total of 357 residential / industrial / commercial /rural and other areas from which data was received, SO 2 mainly showed low concentration inmost of the locations (282 locations) and moderate in 10 locations. With respect to NO 2 , 112locations were in low category, 140 in moderate, 25 in high and 14 in critical category. Withrespect to PM 10 only 2 locations showed low PM 10 level. 46 locations showed moderate, 83 highand 158 location were in critical category. Table 2.3, Figure 2.1 shows categorization of locationsaccording to low, moderate, high and critical level of pollutants in residential / industrial /commercial / rural and other areas .Locations at sensitive zones also showed more or less a similar picture. SO 2 mainly showed lowconcentration in most of the locations (12 locations) and moderate in 2 locations. The were nocities in high or critical range. For NO 2 , 7 locations were in low category, 5 in moderate and 2 inhigh. For PM 10 no location showed low PM 10 level. 2 locations showed moderate and 6 locationseach were in high and critical category. Table 2.3, Figure 2.2 gives a picture of the categorizationof locations according to low, moderate, high and critical level of pollutants in sensitive areas.Table 2.3: Number of locations with low, moderate, high & critical air quality(residential/industrial/commercial/rural and sensitive)Number of monitoring stationsCategory Residential / industrial /rural / commercial areasSensitive areaSO 2 NO 2 PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 PM 10Low 282 112 2 12 7 0Moderate 10 140 46 2 5 2High 0 25 83 0 2 6Critical 0 14 158 0 0 6Total 292 291 289 14 14 14NB. Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.116

Chapter 2: Major findingsNumber of locations300250200150100Figure 2.1: Number of locations(residential/industrial/commercial/rural) with low, moderate, high &critical pollution level282LowModerateHighCriticalAnnual Mean ConcentrationPollution Range (µg/m 3 ) Industrial,level Residential, Rural & other areasSO 2 NO 2 RSPMLow (L) 0-25 0-20 0-30Moderate (M) 26-50 21-40 31-60High (H) 51-75 41-60 61-90Critical (C) >75 >60 >9015814011283500100025SO2 NO2 PM10Parameter14246Number of locations15105Figure 2.2: Number of locations (sensitive) with low, moderate, high& critical pollution level12LowModerateHighCriticalAnnual Mean ConcentrationPollutionRange (µg/m 3 )in sensitive areaslevelSO 2 NO 2 RSPMLow (L) 0-10 0-15 0-30Moderate (M) 11-20 16-30 31-60High (H) 21-30 31-45 61-90Critical (C) >30 >45 >9075660200 02SO2 NO2 PM10Parameter0217

Chapter 2: Major findings2.3 Number of cities with low, moderate, high and critical pollution levels in thecountryThe analysis of four pollutants with respect to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)during 2009 revealed that out of 142 cities (taking residential / industrial / commercial / rural andother areas) from which data was received, 112 cities fall uner low category and 4 undermoderate category with respect to Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ). No cities show high or critical level.NO 2 pollution levels if considered time weighted annual average concentrations indicated that 54cities are under the low category, 52 under moderate, 6 under high and 4 cities in the criticalcategory. The PM 10 in indicated that 1 city fall under low category, 16 cities in moderatecategory, 39 cities in high pollution levels category and 57 cities in critical category. Data hasbeen inadequate for 26 (18%) cities for SO 2 , 27 (19%) for NO 2 and 29 (20%) cities for RSPM.The number of cities with low, moderate, high and critical categories are depicted in Table 2.4,Figure 2.3. Figure 2.4 shows the percentage of cities in low, moderate, high and criticalcategoriesTable 2.4: Number of cities with low, moderate, high & critical air qualityNumber of citiesCategory Cities with Residential /industrial / rural / Cities with sensitive areacomme rcial areasSO 2 N O 2 PM 10SO 2 NO 2 PM 10Low 112 54 1 7 5 0Moderate 4 52 16 2 3 3High 0 6 39 0 1 5Critical 0 3 57 0 0 1Indequate data 26 27 29 0 0 0Total cities 142 142 142 9 9 9NB. Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1Figure 2.3: Number of cities with low, moderate, high & criticalpollution level (residential / industrial / rural / other area)Number of cities120100806040112LowModerateHighCritical54Annual Mean ConcentrationP ollution Range (µg/m 3 ) Industrial,level Residen tial, Rural & other areasSO 2 NO 2 RSPMLow (L) 0-25 0-20 0-30Moderate (M) 26-50 21-40 31-60High (H) 51-75 41-60 61-90Critical (C) >75 >60 >905257392004006SO2 NO2 PM10Parameter311618

Chapter 2: Major findingsFigure 2.4: Percentage of cities showing low, moderate, high and critical level ofSO 2 , NO 2 and PM 10 (residential / industrial / rural / other area)Figure 2.4a: Percentage of citiesshowing low, moderate, high andcritical level of SO2Figure 2.4b: Percentage of citiesshowing low, moderate, high and criticallevel of NO200318241938LowModerateHighCriticalInadequate data7937Figure 2.4c: Percentage of citiesshowing low, moderate, high andcritical level PM1020401 1127PollutionlevelAnnual Mean ConcentrationRange (µg/m 3 ) Industrial,Residential, Rural & other areasSO 2 NO 2 RSPMLow (L) 0-25 0-20 0-30Moderate (M) 26-50 21-40 31-60High (H) 51-75 41-60 61-90Critical (C) >75 >60 >90Annual average in each city and its catagorization for different pollutant is represented in Table 2.5represent the. Close examination of Table 2.5 indicates that:• No city is critical with respect to SO 2• Cities like Kolkata, Howrah and Durgapur are critical with respect to NO 2• State capital cities like Patna, Ranchi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Bhopal, Jaipur, Lucknow, and Kolkata arecritical with respect to PM 10• Industrial cities like Vishakhapatnam, Ahmedabad, Bhilai, Korba, Dhanbad, Jharia, Jamshedpur,Chandrapur, Dewas, Indore, Rourkela, Kota, Kanpur, Ghaziabad, Howrah, Asansol and Durgapur arecritical with respect to PM 10• Durgapur, Howrah and Kolkata , are critical with respect to both PM 10 and NO 219

Table 2.5: Ambient Air Quality in different cities for the year 2009(residential / industrial / rural / others)Chapter 2: Major findingsStateCityAnnualaverage(µg/m 3 )SO 2 NO 2 PM 10AirqualityAnnualaverage(µg/m 3 )AirqualityAnnualaverage(µg/m 3 )AirqualityGuntur 4 - 9 - 85 -Hydrabad 5 L 23 M 81 HKakinada 4 - 9 - 48 -Kurnool 4 L 9 L 81 HAndhra PradeshNalgonda 5 - 24 - 101 -Nellore 6 - 14 - 118 -Patencheru 16 L 25 M 87 HRamagundam 4 L 14 L 104 CVijaywada 6 L 15 L 87 HVisakhapatnam 11 L 26 M 93 CWarangal 4 - 10 - 69 -Bongaigaon 6 L 15 L 84 HDaranga 5 L 13 L 77 HDibrugarh 5 L 13 L 41 MGolaghat 6 L 14 L 65 HGuwahati 8 L 16 L 122 CHailakandi 6 - 13 - 88 -AssamMergherita 12 - 22 - 42 -Nagaon 7 - 18 - 161 -North Lakhimpur Town 6 - 15 - 73 -Sibsagar 5 L 13 L 100 CSilchar 6 L 15 L 58 MTezpur 6 L 13 L 90 CTinsukhia 6 - 14 - 81 -Bihar Patna 5 L 37 M 146 CChandigarh Chandigarh 2 L 15 L 81 HChattisgarhBhilai Nagar 15 L 25 M 112 CKorba 13 L 21 M 117 CDadra & NagarHaveli Silvassa 9 L 17 L 71 HDaman & Diu Daman 7 L 19 L 57 MDelhi Delhi 6 L 50 H 252 CMormugao 4 L 10 L 72 HGoaPanaji 3 L 13 L 74 HVasco 4 L 18 L 76 H20

Chapter 2: Major findingsAhmedabad 16 L 21 M 94 CAnklesvar 19 L 27 M 89 HGujaratJamnagar 14 L 27 M 106 CRajkot 11 L 15 L 105 CSurat 19 L 26 M 90 HVadodara 16 L 30 M 86 HVapi 16 L 24 M 79 HHaryanaHisar 8 - 5 - 88 -Yamunanagar 13 - 27 - 275 -Baddi 4 L 12 L 66 HDamtal 2 L 12 L 68 HHimachal PradeshNahan 2 L 17 L 143 CNalagarh 4 L 13 L 70 HPaonta Sahib 2 L 16 L 120 CParwanoo 3 L 11 L 82 HShimla 3 L 12 L 68 HJammu & Kashmir Jammu 9 L 13 - 116 -Dhanbad 17 - 41 - 164 CJamshedpur 36 M 49 H 172 CJharkhandJharia 17 L 41 H 261 CRanchi 18 L 32 M 179 CSindri 16 L 40 M 166 CBangalore 14 L 37 M 112 CBelgaum 2 L 15 L 30 LKarnatakaHassan 4 L 22 M 46 MHubli-Dharwad 3 L 12 L 110 CMangalore 7 L 6 L 41 MMysore 14 L 30 M 48 MKochi 4 L 12 L 42 MKottayam 6 L 19 L 45 MKeralaKozhikode 2 L 9 L 32 MPalakkad 3 L 7 L 50 MTrivandrum 9 L 21 M 61 HMaharashtra Amravati 11 L 13 L 90 HAurangabad (MS) 7 L 25 M 86 HChandrapur 38 M 35 M 115 CKolhapur 12 L 14 L 82 HMahad 12 - 33 - 163 -Mumbai 6 L 41 H 117 CNagpur 6 L 31 M 101 CNashik 23 L 29 M 89 H21

Chapter 2: Major findingsNavi Mumbai 15 L 42 H 112 CPune 25 L 40 M 88 HSolapur 18 L 36 M 72 HThane 12 L 18 L 58 MByrnihat 18 - 12 - 139 -MeghalayaDawki 3 - 5 - 57 -Shillong 2 L 9 L 78 HMizoram Aizawl 2 L 6 L 40 MBhopal 7 L 17 L 119 CDewas 12 L 19 L 113 CGwalior 10 - 17 - 187 -Indore 9 L 17 L 183 CMadhya Pradesh Jabalpur 2 L 24 M 136 CNagda 17 L 24 M 113 CSatna 3 L 10 L 175 -Singrauli - - - - 62 -Ujjain 11 L 12 L 86 HNagaland Dimapur 2 - 16 - 80 -Angul 7 L 20 L 117 CBalasore 2 L 12 L 85 HBerhampur 2 L 14 L 60 MBhubaneshwar 2 L 19 L 88 HOrissaCuttack 2 L 20 L 81 HRayagada 3 L 21 M 61 HRourkela 6 L 11 L 108 CSambalpur 4 L 16 L 54 MTalcher 12 L 23 M 107 CPondicherry Pondicherry 3 L 11 L 42 MAmritsar 15 L 35 M 190 CBathinda 8 L 21 M - -Dera Bassi 8 L 21 M - -PunjabGobindgarh 11 L 29 M 201 CJalandhar 13 L 30 M 143 CKhanna 9 L 36 M 248 CLudhiana 9 L 37 M 253 CNaya Nangal 8 L 20 L 161 CAlwar 8 L 23 M 153 CJaipur 6 L 36 M 151 CRajasthanJodhpur 6 L 23 M 140 CKota 7 L 24 M 91 CUdaipur 5 L 26 M 81 H22

Chapter 2: Major findingsChennai 9 L 17 L 73 HCoimbatore 6 L 27 M 77 HTamil NaduMadurai 10 L 25 M 42 MSalem 8 L 24 M 80 HThoothukudi 21 L 14 L 96 CAllahabad 3 L 24 M 160 CAnpara 18 L 29 M 135 CFirozabad 22 L 32 M 195 CGhaziabad 29 M 31 M 239 CJhansi 9 L 27 M 127 CUttar Pradesh Kanpur 8 L 31 M 212 CKhurja 31 M 26 M 179 CLucknow 8 L 36 M 197 CMeerut 8 - 44 - 119 -Noida 9 L 33 M 133 CVaranasi 17 L 20 L 125 CUttarakhand Dehradoon 28 - 30 - 130 -Asansol 8 L 55 H 154 CDurgapur (WB) 10 L 61 C 162 CHaldia 10 - 67 - 137 -Howrah 12 L 74 C 114 CWest Bengal Kolkata 11 L 68 C 126 CBarrackpore 10 - 71 - 125 -Raniganj 9 - 83 - 215 -Sankrail 10 - 68 - 127 -South suburban 7 - 60 - 83 -L: Low, M: Moderate, H: High, C: Critical; Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution LevelClassification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1‘-‘ Indequate data: locations < 50 days of monitoring was done in a year therefore air quality not calculated2.4 Number of states with low, moderate, high and critical pollution levels in thecountryThe analysis of four pollutants with respect to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)during 2009 revealed that out of 29 states and union terrtories (taking residential / industrial /commercial / rural and other areas) from which data was received, 26 states fall uner lowcategory with respect to Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ). No states show moderate, high or critical level.NO 2 pollution levels if considered time weighted annual average concentrations indicated that 14states are under the low category, 8 under moderate, 2 under high and 1 state in the criticalcategory. The PM 10 in indicated that no state fall under low category, 4 states in moderatecategory, 10 states in high pollution levels category and 12 in the critical category. Data has beeninadequate for 3 (10%) states for SO 2 and PM 10 , 4 (14%) for NO 2 . The number of states with low,moderate, high and critical categories are depicted in Table 2.6, Figure 2.5. Data was inadequate23

Chapter 2: Major findingsfor 3 states for SO 2 and PM 10 and 4 states for NO 2 . Table 2.8 represent the annual average ineach state and its catagorization for different pollutant.Table 2.6: Number of states with low, moderate, high & critical air qualityNumber of states with Residential / industrial / rural /Categorycommercial areasSO 2 NO 2 PM 10Low 26 14 0Moderate 0 8 4High 0 2 10Critical 0 1 12Total 26 25 26NB. Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1Figure 2.5: Number of states with low, moderate, high & criticalpollution levelNumber of states30201026LowModerateHighCritical148Annual Mean ConcentrationPollution Range (µg/m 3 ) Industrial,level Residential, Rural & other areasSO 2 NO 2 PM 10Low (L) 0-25 0-20 0-30Moderate (M) 26-50 21-40 31-60High (H) 51-75 41-60 61-90Critical (C) >75 >60 >90121000002SO2 NO2 PM10Parameter14024

Table 2.7 Ambient Air Quality in different states for the year 2009(residential / industrial / rural / others)Chapter 2: Major findingsStatesAnnualaverage(µg/m 3 )SO 2 NO 2 PM 10Air qualityAnnualaverage(µg/m 3 )Air qualityAnnualaverage(µg/m 3 )AirqualityAndhra Pradesh 7 L 20 L 86 HAssam 7 L 15 L 88 HBihar 5 L 37 M 146 CChandigarh 2 L 15 L 81 HChhattisgarh 16 L 31 M 164 CDadra & NagarHaveli 9 L 17 L 71 HDaman & Diu 7 L 19 L 57 MDelhi 6 L 50 H 252 CGoa 3 L 14 L 74 HGujarat 16 L 24 M 92 CHaryana 13 - 20 - 168 -Himachal Pradesh 3 L 13 L 89 HJammu & Kashmir 9 L 13 - 116 CJharkhand 23 L 42 H 186 CKarnataka 10 L 27 M 85 HKerala 5 L 15 L 46 MMaharashtra 15 L 31 M 100 CMeghalaya 6 L 9 L 88 HMizoram 2 L 6 L 40 MMadhya Pradesh 10 L 17 L 129 CNagaland 2 - 16 - 80 -Orissa 5 L 18 L 88 HPondicherry 3 L 11 L 42 MPunjab 10 L 30 M 199 CRajasthan 6 L 27 M 129 CTamil Nadu 11 L 20 L 72 HUttar Pradesh 14 L 31 M 174 CUttarakhand 28 - 30 - 130 -West Bengal 10 L 68 C 136 CNB. Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.125

Chapter 2: Major findings2.5 Exceedence of pollutants from National ambient Air Quality Standard2.5.1. Locations exceeding NAAQSNumber of monitoring stations exceeding NAAQS is presented in Table 2.8, Figure 2.6.For residential/industrial/rural area, taking annual average into considerration, 39 stations(for NO 2 ) and 241 stations (for PM 10 ) exceed NAAQS. SO 2 does not exceed thestandard. Considering 24-hourly average data into consideration, 11 stations (for SO 2 ),57 stations (for NO 2 ) and 241 stations (for PM 10 ) exceed NAAQS. For sensitive area,considering annual average into considerration, 2 stations (for NO 2 ) and 13 stations (forPM 10 ) stations exceed NAAQS. Considering 24-hourly average data into considerration,13 stations (for PM 10 ) exceed NAAQS. SO 2 does not exceed the standard for bothannual average and 24-hourly data and NO 2 does not exceed for 24-hourly data.Table 2.8. Number of locations exceeding the NAAQS(Based on annual average data and 24-hourly data)Residential/Industrial/Rural areaSensitive areaNotexceedingNAAQSExceedingNAAQSInadequatedataTotalstationsSO 2 NO 2 PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 PM 10242424242424AnnualAnnualAnnualAnnualAnnualAnnualhourlyhourlyhourlyhourlyhourlyhourly292 340 252 294 48 44 14 14 12 14 2 10 11 39 57 241 307 0 0 2 0 12 1365 6 66 6 68 6 0 0 0 0 0 0357 357 357 357 357 357 14 14 14 14 14 14Percentage of locations320280240200160120804000Figure 2.6: Locations exceeding NAAQS in residential/industrial/rural andsensitive areas30711Annual24 hourly39 57241Timeweightedaverage0Concentration inambient air (µg/m 3 )Industrial, Residential,Rural & other areasSO 2 NOConcentration inambient air (µg/m 3 )Ecologically sensitiveareasPM 10 SO 2 NO 2 PM 102Annual 50 40 60 20 30 600 2 012 13SO2 NO2 PM10 SO2 NO2 PM10Parameter------Residential / industrial / rural------ -----------------Sensitive--------------------The percentage of locations exceeding national standards with respect to NO 2 , SO 2 andPM 10 is depicted in Table 2.9, Figure 2.7. For residential/industrial/rural area, considering26

Chapter 2: Major findingsannual average 11% station (for NO 2 ) and 68% (PM 10 ) stations exceed NAAQS. SO 2does not exceed the standard. Taking 24-hourly average data into consideration, 3%station (for SO 2 ), 16% (NO 2 ) stations and 85% stations (PM 10 ) exceed NAAQS. Forsensitive area considering annual average into 14% station (for NO 2 ) and 86% (PM 10 )stations exceed NAAQS. Taking 24-hourly average data into considerration, 93% station(PM 10 ) exceed NAAQS. SO 2 does not exceed the standard for both annual average and24-hourly data and NO 2 does not exceed taking 24-hourly data into consideration.Table 2.9: Percentage of locations exceeding the NAAQS(Based on annual average data and 24-hourly data)% oflocationsNotexceedingNAAQSExceedingNAAQSInadequatedataAnnualResidential/Industrial/Rural areaSensitive areaSO 2 NO 2 PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 PM 1024hourlyAnnual24hourlyAnnual24hourlyAnnual24hourlyAnnual24hourlyAnnual82 95 71 82 13 12 100 100 86 100 14 70 3 11 16 68 86 0 0 14 0 86 9318 2 18 2 19 2 0 0 0 0 0 024hourlyPercentage of locations100806040200Figure 2.7: Percentage of locations exceeding NAAQS in residential/industrial/ruraland sensitive areas9386866803Annual24 hourly11160140 0SO2 NO2 RSPM SO2 NO2 PM10Parameter------Residential / industrial / rural------ -----------------Sensitive--------------------Number and percentage of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentageexceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of PM 10 is depicted in Table 2.10. Thepercentage exceedence of NAAQS for residential/industrial/rural/other area was lessthan 2% at 343 (96%) monitoring stations for SO 2 , 304 (85%) monitoring stations forNO 2 and 51 (14%) monitoring stations for PM 10 out of 357 stations. Therefore it can bementioned that taking daily average values the exceedence from NAAQS for SO 2 wasminimum followed by NO 2 and was maximum for PM 10. (Figure 2.8). As for sensitiveareas was less than 2% at 14 (100%) monitoring stations for SO 2 and NO 2 and 1 (7%)monitoring stations for PM 10 out of 14 stations (Figure 2.9).27

Chapter 2: Major findingsRanges ofpercentexceedenceTable 2.10: Number and percentage of locations in different ranges of percent exceedanceno.ofstationResidential/Industrial/rural/other areaSensitive areaSO 2 NO 2 PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 PM 10% ofstationno.ofstation% ofstationno.ofstation% ofstationno.ofstation% ofstationno.ofstation% ofstationno.ofstation75 0 0 0 0 104 29 0 0 0 0 3 21Inadequatedata6 2 6 2 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0Total stations 357 100 357 100 357 100 14 100 14 100 14 100% ofstationNumber of MonitoringStations350300250200150100500Figure 2.8: Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentexceedence for SO2, NO2 and PM10 in residential/industrial/rural/other343area304SO2 NO2 PM10511047448546 11 20 18 172 0 0 1 0 075%Ranges of Percent violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg)Percentage ofMonitoring Stations100806040200Figure 2.9: Percentage of monitoring stations in various ranges ofpercent exceedence for SO2, NO2 and PM10 in 10 inresidential/industrial/rural/other9685SO2 NO2 PM10142113152 3 65 51 0 0 0 0 075%Ranges of Percent exceedence of NAAQS (24-hrly avg)2928

Chapter 2: Major findings2.5.2. Cities exceeding NAAQSNumber and percentage of cities exceeding NAAQS is presented in Table 2.11, Figure2.10 and 2.11. Taking residential/industrial/rural area into consideration, 9 cities ( 6% forNO 2 ) and 96 cities (68% for PM 10 ) exceed NAAQS. SO 2 does not exceed the standardin any city. Taking sensitive area, 1 (11%) and 6 (67%) cities exceed NAAQS NO 2 andPM 10 respectively. SO2 lie withing standard .Table 2.11. Number of cities exceeding the NAAQS(Based on annual average data)Residential/Industrial/Rural area Sensitive areaSO 2 NO 2 PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 PM 10Not exceeding NAAQS 16 106 17 9 8 3Exceeding NAAQS 0 9 96 0 1 6Inadequate data 26 27 29 0 0 0Total cities 142 142 142 9 9 9No. of cities1009080706050403020100Figure 2.10: Cities exceeding NAAQS consideringresidential/industrial/rural areasTimeweightedaverage0Concentration inambient air (µg/m 3 )Industrial, Residential,Rural & other areasSO 2 NO PM 102Annual 50 40 609SO2 NO2 PM10Parameter96Percentage of cities100806040200Figure 2.11: Percentage of cities violating NAAQSconsidering residential/industrial/rural areas0668SO2 NO2 RSPMParameter29

Chapter 2: Major findings2.5.3. States exceeding NAAQSNumber and percentage of states exceeding NAAQS is presented in Table 2.12. Takingresidential/industrial/rural area into consideration, 3 cities (10% for NO 2 ) and 22 states(76% for PM 10 ) exceed NAAQS. SO 2 does not exceed the standard in any state.Table 2.12. Number of states exceeding the NAAQS(Based on annual average data of residential / industrial /rural / others areas)Number of statesSO 2 NO 2 PM 10Not exceeding NAAQS 26 22 4Exceeding NAAQS 0 3 22Inadequate data 3 4 3Total states 29 29 292.6 Percentage of residential location in different pollution categoriesTrend in percentage of locations (Residential areas) with low, moderate, high and critical levels ofSO 2 , NO 2 , PM 10 is depicted in Figure 2.10. With respect to SO 2 , percentage of locations arelimited to low and moderate category though fluctuating over the years. This indicates a low SO 2pollution level (Figure 12.10a). NO 2 levels showed an reduction in the low category and anincrease in moderate, high and critical level indicating an increase in the pollution level (Figure12.10b). Location with in respect to PM 10 showed similar trend in 2009 with a reduction in the lowcategory (Figure 12.10c)Figure 2.12: Trends of Low, Moderate, High and Critical levels of SO 2, NO 2 and PM 10 (Residentialareas; percentage of location)100Sulphur dioxide98% of location969492a.90882001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009YearLow Moderate30

Chapter 2: Major findings% of locationb.1009080706050403020100Nitrogen dioxide2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009YearLowHighModerateCritical% of location1009080706050403020100c.Particulate metter =

Chapter 2: Major findingsFigure 2.13: National mean concentration of different locations that fall under 10 thpercentile for SO 2, NO 2 and PM 10and 90 th5040SO 2Concentration (µg/m3)a.3090% of sites have concentration below this line20Average10 10% of sites have concentration below this line02001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009YearConcentration (µg/m 3 )b.7060504030201090% of Sites have concentrations below this lineAverage10% of Sites have concentrations below this lineNO 202001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Year300PM 10Concentration (µg/m 3 )2251507590% of Sites have concentrations below this lineAverage10% of Sites have concentrations below this linec.02001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Year32

Chapter 4: Air quality wrt. NO 2CHAPTER 4AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TONITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO 2 )47

Chapter 4: Air quality wrt. NO 2Oxides of nitrogen are a generic term for a group of highly reactive gases that contain nitrogenand oxygen in varying amounts. Oxides of nitrogen are formed during combustion processes athigh temperatures from the oxidation of nitrogen in air. NOx are emitted as nitrogen oxide (NO)which is rapidly oxidized to more toxic nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is areddish-brown toxic gas with a characteristic sharp, biting odor and is a prominent air pollutant.Sources of nitrogen oxides includes lightning, forest fires, bacterial activity of soil as naturalsource and vehicles, industrial processes that burn, high temperature combustion (internalcombustion engines, fossil fuel-fired power stations, industrial, burning of bio-mass and fossilfuels are anthropogenic sources. NO 2 irritates the nose and throat increase susceptibility torespiratory infections. In addition, NO x is a potent and selective vasodilator in pulmonary arterialhypertension. Oxides of nitrogen react with Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) to formground level ozone. They also react to form nitrates, acid aerosols. Almost all NO x is emitted asNO, which is rapidly oxidized to more toxic NO 2 . They also contribute to nutrient overload thatdeteriorates water quality.In this chapter the a detailed summary of NO 2 levels in the country is furnished. The air qualityof different cities/towns has been compared with the respective NAAQS. The air quality hasbeen categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio ofannual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard. The fourcategories are low, moderate, high and critical levels. The top 10 location, cities and states withmaximum NO 2 pollution is given.4.1 Locations and cities with highest NO 2 values during 2009Table 4.1 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of NO 2 forresidential / industrial / rural / other area in which highest concentration was observed atmonitoring station located at Bandhabghat, Howrah, West Bengal. In sensitive area highestconcentration was observed at Victoria Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka (Table 4.2). Among thecities Howrah West Bengal tops the list with 74 µg/m 3 NO 2 (Table 4.3). Among the states WestBengal shows highest NO 2 values 68 µg/m 3 (Table 4.4)Sl.No.1 WestBengal2 WestBengal3 WestBengal4 WestBengal5 WestBengal6 WestBengal7 WestBengal8 WestBengal9 WestBengal10 WestBengalTable 4.1: Ten locations with highest NO 2 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)State City LocationType of area(I/R/O)Annualaverage(µg/m 3 )* - Locations where annual mean concentration of NO 2 exceeded the NAAQS of 40 µg/m 3 forResidential/ industrial / other area. R:residential, I:industrial, O:others, Std.dev:standard deviation,mon:monitoring, n:number of monitoring days; L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based onPollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1Std.dev.No. ofdaysmon. (n)%exceedenceAirqualityHowrah Bandhaghat I 85* 35 104 41 CHowrah Howrah MC I 81* 37 104 38 CKolkataKolkataKMC OfficeMoulaliBehalaChowrastaR 79* 33 105 40 CI 77* 31 105 39 CKolkata Baishnabghata R 76* 16 105 7 CKolkataDurgapur(WB)CossiporePolice StnDew India Ltd.,DurgapurI 73* 30 97 39 CI 73* 19 102 14 CHowrah Naskarpara R 70* 33 104 39 CKolkataCK Market, SaltLakeR 67* 27 105 30 CKolkata Dunlop Bridge I 67* 27 104 34 C48

Chapter 4: Air quality wrt. NO 2Table 4.2: Ten locations with highest NO 2 values (annual average) during 2009(sensitive area)Sl.No.State City LocationAnnualaverage(µg/m 3 )* - Locations where annual mean concentration of NO 2 exceeded the NAAQS of 30 µg/m 3 for sensitive areas.R:residential, I:industrial, O:others, Std.dev:standard deviation, mon:monitoring, n:number of monitoring days; L:Low,M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1Std.dev.No. ofdaysmon. (n)%exceedence1 Karnataka Bangalore Victoria Hospital 37* 5 98 0 H2UttarPradeshAgra DIC, Nunhai 35* 12 104 0 H3AndhraPradeshVisakhapatnam INS-VIRBAHU 28 11 108 0 M4UttarPradeshAgra Rambagh 25 12 103 0 M5UttarPradeshAgra Itmad-ud-daulah 24 11 104 0 M6 Maharashtra Aurangabad (MS) Bibi-Ka-Maqbara 23 3 97 0 M7UttarPradeshAgra Taj Mahal 19 11 265 0 M8AndhraPradeshHydrabad Zoo Park 15 2 108 0 L9 Karnataka Gulbarga Govt. Hospital 14 3 99 0 L10MadhyaPradeshUjjain Mahakal Temple 11 2 80 0 LAirqualityTable 4.3: Ten cities with highest NO 2 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)Sl. No. State CityAnnualaverage(µg/m 3 )No. of days ofmonitoringAir Quality1 West Bengal Howrah 74* 104 C2 West Bengal Kolkata 68* 102 C3 West Bengal Durgapur 61* 87 C4 West Bengal Asansol 55* 63 H5 Delhi Delhi 50* 82 H6 Jharkhand Jamshedpur 49* 101 H7 Maharashtra Navi Mumbai 42* 104 H8 Maharashtra Mumbai 41* 92 H9 Jharkhand Jharia 41* 72 H10 Maharashtra Pune 40 106 M* - Cities where annual mean concentration of NO 2 exceeded the NAAQS of 40 µg/m 3 for Residential/ industrial /other area. L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter2,Table 2.149

Chapter 4: Air quality wrt. NO 2Table 4.4: Ten states with highest NO 2 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)Sl. No.AnnualStateaverage(µg/m 3 )No. of days ofmonitoring Air Quality1 West Bengal 68* 68 C2 Delhi 50* 82 H3 Jharkhand 42* 79 H4 Bihar 37 62 M5 Uttar Pradesh 31 86 M6 Maharashtra 31 94 M7 Chhattisgarh 31 79 M8 Punjab 30 99 M9 Rajasthan 27 99 M10 Karnataka 27 89 M* - States where annual mean concentration of NO 2 exceeded the NAAQS of 40 µg/m 3 for Residential/industrial / other area. L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.14.2 Percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24hourly average) of NO 2 is depicted in Figure 4.1. The percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24hourly Average) was less than 2% at 304 monitoring stations out of 357 stations. In theremaining stations (53 stations), the percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.) was2% or more.Figure 4.1: Number of monitoring stations in various ranges ofpercent exceedence of NO2 of NAAQS (24 hourly average)Number of MonitoringStations3202802402001601208040030411 18 171 075%Ranges of Percent violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg)4.3 Air Quality (Low, Moderate, High & Critical)Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of NO 2 isdepicted in Figure 4.2. 112 locations showed low NO 2 level, 140 locations showedmoderate, 25 high and 14 location were in critical category. Therefore, 39 (11%) locations outof 357 exceeded the NAAQS.50

Chapter 4: Air quality wrt. NO 2No of locationsFigure 4.2: Number of monitoring stations in various rangesof NO2 in residential/industrial/rural/other area (annualaverage)150100501121400-20 21-4041-60 >6025140Low Moderate High CriticalAir qualityThe annual average concentration of NO 2 at various monitoring stations is given in Table 4.5.The data given is annual average concentration and number of observations with 16 and morehours of monitoring a day. Also, described in the table is air quality in terms of low, moderate,high and critical. NO 2 levels at many monitoring stations (with high and critical air quality)exceeded the prescribed limit. Standard deviation value indicates that there is not muchvariation in observation except in cities lik Vishakhapatnam, Patna, Delhi, Chandrapur, Mumbai,Nagpur, Navi Mumbai, Asansol, Durgapur, Howrah, Kolkata, Raniganj, Sankrail and Southsuburban.51

Chapter 4: Air quality wrt. NO 2Sibsagar Sibasagar Off. Bldg R 13 3 102 0 LSilchar Office Building RLO R 15 3 93 0 LTable 4.5: NO 2 levels (A nnual average) in Ambient Air Qua lity Stations under NAMP during 2009Tezpur Tezpur Office Bldg R 13 3 99 0 LTinsukhia Digboi carbon factor R 14 1 18 0 -No. of %Beltron Bhawan R 23AnnualStd.9 d 79 ays exceed 0 MBihar PatnaGandhi Maidan T C R ave51 raged 20 ev. mon. 44 ence 7 Air -State City Station Type(µg/m3)(n) (24Industrial Area I 19 10 138 ho urly 0 ) Quality LGuntur Hindu Kaimbwala College Village Guntur R 12 9 06 145 48 0 L -Chandig Chandigarh C.I.T.D. Punjab Eng Balanagar College R I 27 12 47 109 140 0 M LarhNacharam Sector-17 C R I 15 17 57 145 92 0 LUppal Sector-39 R I 27 15 68 108 144 0 M LBhilai Nagar ABIDS M.P.L.U. Circle Nigam R I 24 32 61 95 0 MHydrabad Charminar Regional Office R 27 17 21 107 93 0 M LJubilee Visak Hostel Hills R 16 26 41 108 92 0 M LParadise I.T.I, Rampur R 27 22 51 108 101 0 MChattisg KorbaTarnaka Near Ghantaghar R 18 21 51 104 96 0 M LarhZoo Pragati Park Nagar R S 15 21 21 108 102 0 M LKakinada OB Wool Ramanyapeta Worth I.Pvt.Ltd R I 48 9 02 16 35 0 -RaipurKurnool Mourya New HIG Inn – 9, Hirapur R 46 9 02 99 46 0 L -Nalgonda RO Yatayat APPCB Thana R 24 45 2 42 40 0 -Andhra Dadra & Nellore Venkatreddy Nagar R 14 - 1 0 -Pradesh NagarPatencheruSilvassaPoliceKhadoliStationInd. AreaR 25 4 107 MHaveliI 17 1 78 0 LDamanRamagundam RTC Bus Depot R 14 10 84 0 LTirupatiDamanReg.ScienceKadaiya Ind. Area& DiuCenter S I 19 9 04 96 76 0 LVijaywadaAutonagar Mayapuri Indl. Area I 55* 14 22 4 114 96 15 0 H LBenz Shahdara Circle R I 43* 13 12 2 114 74 0 H LCWMP, Shahzada RAMKY Bagh I 44* 13 14 3 27 77 01 H -Delhi DelhiIndustrial Janakpuri Estate R I 56* 29 15 6 105 77 20 M HPedagantyada N.Y. School V R I 51* 17 22 5 27 96 18 0 H -VisakhapatnamGanapuram Nizamuddin Area R 54* 34 13 5 107 75 0 M HPanchayat Pritampura Raj Office R 23 33 10 7 101 74 0 MPolice Siri Fort Barracks R 54* 38 14 5 106 74 0 M HSeethammadhara Town Hall R 57* 29 13 24 107 96 22 1 M HGoaMormugao INS-VIRBAHU Mormugao Port Trust S I 28 10 11 6 108 102 0 M LWarangal Panaji KUDA Near Old Office GSPCB R 10 13 18 28 99 0 L -Vasco Barpara Electricity Office Deptt. BldgAssamR I 15 18 59 110 78 0 LBongaigaonGujaratCampus Naroda of Oil India R I 15 23 4 109 104 0 M LDaranga BATAD Shardaban Hospital R I 13 20 53 92 96 0 LDibrugarh Ahmedabad Dibrugarh Behrampura Off. Bldg R 13 21 23 103 0 M LGolaghat Golaghat Cadilla Bridge Off. Bldg. Narol R 14 24 35 104 101 0 M LGuwahatiGopinath L.D. Eng. Nagar College R 15 18 32 234 98 0 LHead R.C. High Office School R 18 20 74 244 105 0 LAnklesvar Santipur Rallies India Ltd R I 16 28 5 241 105 0 M LHailakandi CISF Durga Campus Traders R 13 25 32 105 37 0 M -Mergherita Jamnagar Coal Fisheries India Office R 22 27 54 105 45 0 M -Nagaon RajkotWater Sardhara resource Indl.Corp. Div. R I 18 17 43 104 7 0 L -NorthRegional Office R 14 2 100 0 LLakhimpur Surat BazarpattiB.R.C. HighlakhimpurSchool I 29 3 103 0 MTownR 15 40 -52

Chapter 4: Air quality wrt. NO 2HaryanaKeralaMaharasHimachahtralPradeshJammu&KashmirJharkhandKarnatakaMangalore Near Stides A.I. Premises Office R I 26 6 21 103 104 0 M LMysore S.V.R. K.R. Circle Eng. College R 23 31 37 106 103 0 MVadodaraCETP KSPCB Building I 45 28 36 105 107 0 M HDandia Eloor Bazar R I 31 7 42 110 90 0 M LGPCB FACT Udyogmandal Office R I 15 7 32 110 92 0 LVapiGEB Irumpanam I 24 11 23 107 98 0 M LKochiVapi CSIR Nagar Complex Palika R I 23 13 24 104 107 0 M LFaridabadM/s Ernakulum Shivalik South Global, R 19 7 108 0 LMathuraFCI, OENRoad,C. O. Bldg RFaridabad I 2414 5-108-0-L-HSPCB M.G. Road office,R 16 5 108 0 LKottayam Ballabgard, Vadavathoor Faridabad R I 22 16 1 - 96 - 0 - L -Hisar Urban Kottayam Estate-II R 23 5 1 11 96 0 M -Yamunanagar Kozhikode Ballarpur Nallalam Industries I 27 9 43 108 34 0 L -AHC Kozhikode City R I 13 9 53 105 59 0 LBaddiPalakkad Industry Carboradum/SEPR Department I 13 7 43 118 78 0 LHousing Hi Tech Chackai Board R I 19 9 2 108 31 0 L -TrivandrumDamtal Old Sasthamangalam Road R 13 27 84 110 92 0 M LRegional SMV School Office R 11 30 64 106 0 M LNahanIndustrial Apurva Oil Area and Ind. I 19 14 2 150 104 0 LAmravatiTrilok Govt. Coll. Pur of Engg. R 15 12 12 160 102 0 LNalagarh M.C. Rajkamal Square R 13 15 42 104 63 0 LPaonta Aurangabad Sahib Gondpur C.A.D.A. Office Indl. Area R I 18 24 14 134 96 0 M L(MS)Paonta S.B.E.S. Sahib College R 15 27 15 133 96 0 M LParwanoo AC Bibi-Ka-Maqbara Office Bldg. S I 12 23 3 125 97 0 M LCentral M.I.D.C. Laboratory R I 11 35 13 3 117 77 0 M LChandrapurBus Nagar Stand Parishad 12 5 132 LShimlaR 33 12 69 0 MTekka SRO, Bapat Bench Nagar Ridge R S 35 7 14 3 127 75 0 M LJammu KolhapurB.Brahmana Mahadwar Road R I 14 45 101 38 0 L -M.A.Stadium S.T. Stand R 12 20 35 103 45 0 L -Regional Shivaji University Office R 12 8 3 103 51 0 LDhanbad Regional EHS mahad Office R I 41 35 94 47 45 20 -MahadJamshedpur Bistupur MNP, Phulle Vehicle Hall TC R I 49* 29 36 103 38 0 H -Golmuri WTP, Bhirwadi Vehical TC R I 49* 34 5 99 44 10 H -Jharia M.A.D.A. Parel I 41* 22 7 72 93 16 HMumbaiRanchi Albert Kalbadevi Ekka Chowk R 43* 32 20 3 84 87 07 M HSindri BIT Worli R I 40 39 20 6 66 95 03 MGraphite MIDC Industrial India I 42* 3 97 0 HArea/Hingana I 30 20 94 5 MKHB Indl Area 38 4 95 MIDC Office I 36 8 105 0 MPeenya Indl. Area 38 4 63 Bangalore Nagpur Govt. Poly. College R 33 5 93 0 MAMCO Batteries 38 101 Institution of Eng. R 36 9 105 1 MR.V.College 23 1 6 - -Maskasath R 26 18 98 2 MYeshwanthpura 40 3 106 0 NEERI Lab R 28 21 97 3 MVictoria Hospital S 37* 98 HVIP Industrial Area I 29 5 102 0 MBelgaum NashikKarnataka SPCB 15 78 LNMC Building R 29 5 103 0 MGulbarga Govt. Hospital S 14 3 99 LRTO Colony Tank R 29 5 103 0 MHassan N.R. Circle 22 4 107 Navi Mumbai MIDC Taloja I 54* 15 105 0 HHubli-Dharwad L. Industrial Area 13 2 88 LMPCB Central Lab I 42* 16 104 3 HRani C. Circle R 12 2 96 0 L53

Chapter 4: Air quality wrt. NO 2PondicherryMeghalayaMizoramPunjabMadhyaPradeshRajasthanNagalandOrissaCuttack Airoli Badambi, Cuttack R 36 24 15 5 102 104 30 MKharghar R.O. Cuttack R 38 16 15 2 100 105 10 M LRayagada Nerul LPS H. School R I 41* 22 23 4 107 105 70 M HPanvel Regional Water Office Works R 41* 21 15 4 103 111 30 M HRourkela Bhosari IDL Police Out-post R I 35 11 11 1 106 105 0 M LPuneNalstop Regional Office R 42* 11 13 2 103 106 10 H LSambalpur Swargate PHD Ofice, Sambalpur R 43* 16 13 2 110 125 10 H LSolapur Talcher WIT Coal Campus Field Area I 36 27 42 104 95 0 MChitale T.T.P.S Clinic Colony R I 36 19 42 105 104 0 M LThane PondicherryBalkum/Kolshet PIPDIC I 23 13 53 86 63 0 M LKopri Chamber of Commerce R 13 7 42 100 98 0 LNaupada DSTC Office R 20 12 52 101 59 0 LByrnihat Amritsar EPIP Nagina Soap Factory I 12 35 64 44 65 0 M -Dawki Terrance A-1 Platters Building R 35 5 23 14 81 0 M -Shillong Bathinda Boards Bathinda Office Milk Plant R I 21 5 14 113 82 0 M LDera Bassi Tuberculosis Bhanakarpur Hosp. Road R I 13 21 54 132 88 0 M LBawngkawn Winsome Yarns Ltd R I 21 7 24 104 124 0 M LAizawlKhatla Raj Steel R I 29 6 26 103 120 0 M LGobindgarhLaipuitlang Modi oil & GM R 29 5 18 104 44 0 L -BhopalGovindpura United Rolling Mills R I 16 30 46 137 45 0 M -Hamidia Focal Point Road R I 23 32 5 58 23 0 M -Jalandhar T.T.Nagar Punjab Maltex R I 13 32 42 60 62 0 M LDewasEID MC Tube Perry Well (I) Ltd. No.27 R I 20 31 52 107 95 0 M LVikas Regional Nagar Office R 18 26 42 116 94 0 M LGwalior Khanna Dindayal Markfed Vanaspati Nagar R I 17 36 47 136 46 0 M -Maharaj A S School Bada R 18 36 47 135 14 0 M -M.P. Milk Plant Laghu Udyog I 20 36 57 105 43 0 M -IndoreLudhiana Kothari Rita Sewing Market Machines R I 20 38 7 43 91 0 M -Telephone Bharat Nagar Nagar Chowk R 11 39 45 83 31 0 L -Jabalpur Vijay PPCB Nagar Office Bldg. R 24 38 27 124 94 0 MNaya Nangal Chem. NFL Guest D. Labour House Club R I 17 20 42 129 62 0 LNagdaBCI Punjab Labour Alkalies Club R 24 20 4 109 86 0 M LGrasim Gaurav Kalyan Solvex Kendra Ltd. R I 30 23 5 95 99 0 MAlwarSagar Pt. RIICO Deendayal Pump House Nagar R I 18 23 26 100 86 0 M LSatnaSub-Divisional Regional Office Off. R I 23 6 16 106 41 0 M -Regional MIA Office R I 35 6 14 105 26 0 M -VKIA District Office I 42* 15 25 107 74 0 H LUjjainJaipurRegional Ajmeri Gate Office R 38 9 24 105 83 0 M LMahakal Chandpole Temple R S 11 40 10 2 103 80 01 M LDimapurBank RSPCB Colony Office R 17 26 35 106 45 0 M -Dhobinala Vidyadhar Nagar R 163635 10345 0 M-Basni Indl. AreaAngulIndustrial Estate I 22242410487 0 MDICNALCO Township IR 1724268499 0 MLBalasore Jodhpur Housing BoardSahadevkhunta R 1221135183 0 MLM M Police ThaneBerhampur Regional Office R 142134105102 0 MLShashtri NagarCapital Police Stn. R 20243110584 0 MLBhubaneshwar Sojati GateIRC R 18243110483 0 MLKota Regional OfficeOSPCB Bldg IR 1927 134 112104 0 ML54

Chapter 4: Air quality wrt. NO 2UttarakhandWestBengalTamilnaduUttarPradeshMunicipal Kapoor Hotel C. Bldg R 25 35 12 2 103 90 0 MSamcore Mahanagar Glass R 21 35 82 105 77 0 MMeerut Regional Begum Bridge Office, MIA R I 28 46 12 7 101 41 0 M -UdaipurAmbamata Thana Railway Road R 22 43 12 5 97 29 0 M -NoidaTown GEE-PEE Hall R I 30 33 96 102 98 0 MGovt. R.O, UPPB High School R I 20 33 45 94 92 0 M LVaranasi Kathivakkam Regional Office R I 19 20 51 93 89 0 LChennai M Sigra C Thiruvottiyur R I 13 20 13 1 94 0 LDehradoonThiruvottiyur Raipur Road I 22 29 42 93 33 0 M -Madras Clock Tower Med. College 15 13 90 LR 31 3 51 0 MNEERI CSIR CampusAsansol M.C. R 12 8 96 0 LI 62* 19 102 26 CSIDCO Office I 30 12 82 0 MCoimbatoreAsansol Kangsabati SpinningDist. Mill, Barjora Coll. Office R I 26 55 10 15 90 43 12 0 M -Ponniyarajapuram Burnpur TownR 27 12 74 MDepartment, Burnpur I 49 13 43 0 -Fenners (I) Ltd. 26 5 98 MMadurai Dew India Ltd., Dr. B.Highway C. Roy Avenue, Bldg. R 25 3 97 0 MKunnathur Durgapur Chatram R I 73* 25 19 2 102 93 14 0 M CSalem Sowdeswari Kwality Hotel, College BhiringiDurgapurR 24 4 129 0 MMore, benachiti I 64* 18 102 1 CRaja Agencies I 14 6 88 0 LThoothukudi PCBL Club, Muchipara,AVM Bidhannagar Jewellery Bldg. R 55* 14 15 5 102 95 06 H LFisheries DMC Water College Works, R 13 5 94 0 LNunhaiAngadpur R 53 12 43 7 -S 11 2 90 0 LHaldiaSuper MarketRegional OfficeI 67 2 9 0 -S 10 95 LWBIIDCAgraDIC, NunhaiI 67 2 9 0 -S 35* 12 104 HBandhaghatItmad-ud-daulahI 85* 35 104 41 CS 24 11 104 0 MHowrah Howrah MCRambaghI 81* 37 104 38 CS 25 12 103 0 MBatorTaj MahalR 59* 24 104 23 HS 19 11 265 0 MNaskarparaAllahabad Bharat Yantra NigamR 70* 33 104 39 C19 13 102 0 LTraffic Guard Building,SquareBehala ChowrastaCrossing R I 77* 28 20 31 103 105 39 3 M CAnpara Renusagar Cossipore Police Colony Stn I 73* 29 30 4 89 97 39 0 M CAnpara National Colony SampleI 29 3 87 0 MCDGI Survey Building,I 34 5 101 0 MFirozabad Dunlop Bridge I 67* 27 104 34 CRaza Ka Tal R 32 5 95 0 MUpanagari SportingKolkata Tilak Club, Nagar Baishnabghata R 76* 30 16 4 105 93 07 M CGhaziabad Atlas Kasba Cycles Ltd R I 47* 32 23 3 78 95 13 0 M HBulandshahar Lal Bazar R.I.A. R I 63* 30 28 4 74 96 26 0 M CJhansiJail A.J.C Chauraha Bose Road, R 29 2 115 0 MVeeranga Minto Park Nagar R 66* 26 24 2 104 26 0 M CKMC Office Building,Fazal GanjMoulali RI 79*3333410580400 MCJajmau I 30 5 82 0 MKanpurCK Market, Salt Lake R 67* 27 105 30 CDabauli Barrackpore Police R 31 5 77 0 MDeputy Station Ka Parao R 30 58 15 5 84 44 16 0 M -BarrackporeDum Kidwai Dum nagar Telephone31 5 89 0 MExchange R 77 25 44 34 -KhurjaCGCRI I 31 4 81 0 MKhardah Municipality R 78 29 44 34 -AhirparaRaniganj22 6 78 MJamuria Municipality R 62 11 17 0 -TalkatoraLucknow SKS Public School,I 37 3 93 MMangalpur Aminabad R 114 36 70 3 94 43 58 0 M -Chandganj Nagar R 36 2 96 0 M55

Chapter 4: Air quality wrt. NO 2SankrailSouthsuburbanRaniganj Municipality,Raniganj R 73 12 43 16 -P. Mukherjee's House,(Near SBI) R 42 13 31 3 -Bagnan Police Station R 81 29 31 42 -Dhulagarh GramPanchayet Office R 80 21 31 48 -Bharat Co-operativeHousing Society,Sankrail R 68 17 31 26 -P. Roy IndustrialTraining Institute,Amtala R 58 58 43 21 -Baruipur Police Station R 56 20 43 19 -Chanditala WaterSupply Pump House,Tollygunge R 64 29 42 29 -Note: * - Locations where annual mean concentration of NO 2 exceeded the NAAQS of 40 µg/m 3 forResidential/ industrial / other area and 30 µg/m 3 for sensitive area. R – Residential and other areas, I –Industrial area, S – Sensitive Areas, R:residential, I:industrial, O:others, mon:monitoring Std dev. – Standarddeviation, n – number of days monitored for 16 and more hours a day L- Low, M- Moderate, H – High and C –Critical levels of pollution based on exceedence factor (calculated for n ≥ 50 days) classification based on PollutionLevel Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1; % violation – percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) BDL =Below Detection Limit (Concentration less than 4 μg/m 3 for SO 2 ).56

Chapter 5 : Air quality wrt. PM 10CHAPTER 5AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TOPARTICULATE MATTER OFSIZE LESS THAN 10µg (PM 10 )61

Chapter 5 : Air quality wrt. PM 10Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of suspended solid and liquid particle in semiequilibrium with surrounding gases. It is classified in different ways:a. Classification on emission:• Primary PM: Particulate matter is called primary if it is in the same chemical term inwhich it is emitted into the atmosphere. The primary particulate matter includes windblown dust such as road dust, fly ash, soot etc.• Secondary PM: Particulate matter is called secondary if it is formed by chemicalreactions in the atmosphere. Secondary particulate matter include sulphates, nitratesetc.b. Classification on size: Table 5.1, Figure 5.1 shows the classification and size of particulatematterTable 5.1 Classification of particulate matterFractionRespirable suspendedparticulate metter (RSPM) orPM 10 (thoracic fraction)Accumulation mode or Fineparticles or PM 2.5 (respirablefraction)Ultrafine particles (UFP)Size range

Chapter 5 : Air quality wrt. PM 10atomization, natural dispersion, wind erosion etc. Eg. Dust (Dispersion Originated) is producedby subdivision of solid material through mechanical actions or in nature. Anthropogenicemissions are generated during grinding or milling of materials, during transfer of finely dividedmaterial as well as from agriculture, forestry and construction activities. The larger the particlediameter, they tend to settle faster. The rate of settling also depends on density and shape ofparticles. Particles larger than 50 μm settle rapidly.• Condensation Originated - build up from molecular dimension after heating and cooling. Eg.Fumes (Condensation Originated) areroduced from hot solid substances by vaporization andcondensation usually industrial process originated, combustion originated or from metallurgicalprocesses.Mist (Dispersion & Condensation Originated) is generated from liquid by mechanical actions,evaporation and/or condensation of vapors generated from Industrial processes, spraying,electroplating etc.Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter or PM 10 are the particles with upper size limited by a50% cut at 10 μm aerodynamic diameter (USEPA, 1996). Ie they consist of particles with adiameter up to 10 µm. The major constituents of RSPM are organic and elemental carbon,metals/elements +like silicon, magnesium, iron, ions like*sulphates, nitrates, ammonium etc.PM 10 can be formed by physical processes of crushing, grinding and abrasion of surfaces.Mining and agricultural activities are some of the sources of large size particles. Theanthropogenic source are coarse particles are produced by the mechanical break-up of largersolid particles, wind blown dust such as road dust, fly ash, soot, agricultural processes, physicalprocesses of crushing, grinding and abrasion of surfaces, photochemically produced particles,such as those found in urban haze, pollen grains, mould spores, and plant and insect parts andanthropogenic sources are combustion of fossil fuel (coal, heavy fuel oil in thermal powerplants, office, factories), paper Industry, extraction & distribution of fossil fuels, smelting ofmetals (sulfide ores to produce copper, lead and zinc), Petroleum refining. combustion process indiesel, petrol, natural gas driven vehicles PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and causehealth problems like respiratory illness, visibility impairment, aggravate existing heart and lungdiseases. It also causes visibility reduction. A compilation of sources and effects of PM 10 aregiven in Annexure 1.In this chapter the a detailed summary of PM 10 levels in the country is furnished. The air qualityof different cities/towns has been compared with the respective standard.The air quality hasbeen categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio ofannual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard. The fourcategories are low, moderate, high and critical levels. The top 10 location, cities and states withmaximum PM 10 pollution is furnished.5.1 Locations and cities with highest PM 10 values during 2009Table 5.2 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of PM 10 forresidential / industrial / rural / other area in which highest concentration was observed atmonitoring station located at Town Hall, Delhi and Table 5.3 shows sensitive area in highestconcentration was observed at DIC Nunhai, Agra. Among the cities Jharia, Jharkhand tops thelist with 261 µg/m 3 PM 10. (Table 5.4). Among the states Delhi shows highest PM 10 values 252µg/m 3 .(Table 5.5)63

Chapter 5 : Air quality wrt. PM 10Sl.No.Table 5.2: Ten locations with highest PM 10 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)State City LocationType of area(Indistrial/Residential/other)Annualaverage(µg/m 3 )StddevNo. ofdaysmon (n)%exceedence1 Delhi Delhi Town Hall R 317* 155 96 92 C2 Delhi Delhi Janakpuri R 309* 125 72 100 CAirquality3 Delhi Delhi Nizamuddin R 292* 120 74 96 C4Delhi DelhiMayapuri Indl.Area I 274* 121 96 94 C5 Delhi Delhi Siri Fort R 269* 97 74 96 C6 Rajasthan Jaipur VKIA I 269* 127 107 94 C7Punjab LudhianaRita SewingMachines I 265* 31 91 100 C8 Jharkhand Jharia M.A.D.A. I 261* 88 78 99 C9Punjab LudhianaPPCB OfficeBldg. R 251* 18 124 100 C10 Punjab Khanna A S School R 249* 16 135 100 C* - Locations where annual mean concentration of PM 10 exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m 3 for Residential/ industrial/ other area. R:residential, I:industrial, O:others, Std.dev:standard deviation, mon:monitoring, n:number of monitoringdays; L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1Sl.NoTable 5.3: Ten locations with highest PM 10 values (annual average) during 2009(sensitive area)State City LocationAnnualaverage(µg/m 3 )* - Locations where annual mean concentration of PM 10 exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m 3 for sensitive areas.Std.dev:standard deviation, mon:monitoring, n:number of monitoring days; L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:criticalclassification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1StddevNo. ofdaysmon(n)%exceedence1 Uttar Pradesh Agra DIC, Nunhai 243* 125 104 88 C2 Uttar Pradesh Agra Nunhai 211* 39 95 99 C3 Uttar Pradesh Agra Regional Office 185* 46 99 98 C4 Uttar Pradesh Agra Itmad-ud-daulah 167* 99 103 68 C5 Uttar Pradesh Agra Taj Mahal 154* 102 266 68 C6 Uttar Pradesh Agra Rambagh 147* 92 102 63 C7 Maharashtra Aurangabad Bibi-Ka-Maqbara 90* 32 101 33 HAirquality8 Karnataka Gulbarga Govt. Hospital 74* 23 99 12 H9 AndhraPradesh Visakhapatnam INS-VIRBAHU 66* 21 108 6 H10 HimachalPradesh ShimlaTekka BenchRidge 62* 29 131 9 H64

Chapter 5 : Air quality wrt. PM 10Table 5.4: Ten cities with highest PM 10 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)Sl. No. State CityAnnualaverage(µg/m 3 )No. of days ofmonitoringAir Quality1 Jharkhand Jharia 261* 78 C2 Punjab Ludhiana 253* 88 C3 Delhi Delhi 252* 80 C4 Punjab Khanna 248* 136 C5 Uttar Pradesh Ghaziabad 239* 76 C6 Uttar Pradesh Kanpur 212* 87 C7 Punjab Gobindgarh 201* 102 C8 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 197* 90 C9 Uttar Pradesh Firozabad 195* 96 C10 Punjab Amritsar 190* 54 C* - Cities where annual mean concentration of PM 10 exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m 3 for Residential/ industrial /other area. L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter2,Table 2.1Table 5.5: Ten states with highest PM 10 values (annual average) during 2009(residential / industrial / rural / other area)Sl. No.StateAnnualaverage(µg/m 3 )No. of days ofmonitoringAir Quality1 Delhi 252* 80 C2 Punjab 199* 85 C3 Jharkhand 186* 81 C4 Uttar Pradesh 174* 87 C5 Chhattisgarh 164* 75 C6 Bihar 146* 66 C7 West Bengal 136* 67 C8 Rajasthan 129* 99 C9 Madhya Pradesh 129* 57 C10 Jammu & Kashmir 116* 50 C* - States where annual mean concentration of PM 10 exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m 3 for Residential/ industrial /other area. L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter2,Table 2.15.2 Percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage of exceeding limit of NAAQS (24hourly average) of PM 10 is depicted in Figure 5.2. The percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24hourly Average) was less than 2% at 51 monitoring stations out of 357 stations. In theremaining stations (306 stations), the percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.) was2% or more.65

Chapter 5 : Air quality wrt. PM 10Number of MonitoringStations1101009080706050403020100Figure 5.2: Number of monitoring stations in various ranges ofpercent exceedence of PM 10 of NAAQS (24 hourly average)512048745410475%Ranges of Percent exceedence of NAAQS (24-hrly avg)5.3 Air Quality (Low, Moderate, High & Critical)Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of PM 10 isdepicted in Figure 5.3. 2 locations showed low PM 10 level, 46 locations showed moderate,83 high and 158 location were in critical category. Therefore, 241 (68%) locations out of 357exceeded the NAAQS.No of locationsFigure 5.3: Number of monitoring stations in various rangesof PM10 in residential/industrial/rural/other area (annual180average)1581600-30 31-6014061-90 >60120100806040200246Low Moderate High CriticalAir quality83The annual average concentration of PM 10 at various monitoring stations is given in Table 5.6.The data given is annual average concentration and number of observations with 16 and morehours of monitoring a day. Also, described in the table is air quality in terms of low, moderate,high and critical. PM 10 levels at many monitoring stations (with high and critical air quality)exceeded the prescribed NAAQS. Standard deviation value indicate that there is variation atGuwahati, Patna, Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Satna, Alwar, Jaipur, Agra and Asansol.66

Chapter 5 : Air quality wrt. PM 10Sibsagar Sibasagar Off. Bldg R 100* 56 102 42 CSilchar Office Building RLO R 58 31 93 8 MTable 5.6: PM 10 levels ( Annual average) in Ambient Air Qual ity Stations under NAMP during 2009Tezpur Tezpur Office Bldg R 90* 70 99 32 HTinsukhia Digboi carbon factor R 81 33 18 28 -AnnualNo. of %excBeltron Bhawan Rav110*erageStd58mon85eeden58AirCBihar PatnaState City Gandhi Station Maidan T C TyR pe(µ g/m3 182 ) Dev 109 day46 s ( n) ce 83 Quality -Guntur Hindu Industrial College Area Guntur R I 93* 85 37 9 148 39 6 C -C.I.T.D. Kaimbwala Balanagar Village R I 102* 76* 27 30 109 154 59 20 C HChandigar Chandigarh Nacharam Punjab Eng College R I 78* 51 23 32 150 93 22 2 M HhUppal Sector-17 C R I 102* 77* 27 29 108 154 63 20 C HABIDS Sector-39 Circle R 80* 57 24 30 153 95 20 3 M HHydrabad Charminar M.P.L.U. Nigam R I 107* 159* 15 14 196 07 100 68 CBhilai NagarJubilee Regional Hills Office R 82* 56 31 8 194 08 53 M HParadise Visak Hostel R 107* 96* 23 12 192 08 68 30 CTarnaka I.T.I, Rampur R 125* 65* 29 20 101 96 14 96 H CChattisgarh Korba Zoo Near Park Ghantaghar R S 119* 59 19 15 108 104 88 3 M CKakinada OB Pragati Ramanyapeta Nagar R 108* 48 14 4 102 16 76 0 C -Kurnool Mourya Wool Worth Inn I.Pvt.Ltd R I 265 81* 16 24 99 25 100 9 H -RaipurNalgonda RO New APPCB HIG - 9, Hirapur R 101 275 18 43 42 14 100 62 -Andhra Nellore Venkatreddy Yatayat Thana Nagar R 118 250 36 - 45 1 100 - -Pradesh Dadra & Patencheru Police Station R 87* 30 107 18 HNagar Silvassa Khadoli Ind. AreaRamagundam RTC Bus DepotHaveliR I 104* 71* 53 8 84 78 50 C HDaman & Tirupati Reg.Science Center S 41 5 96 0 MDaman Kadaiya Ind. AreaDiuAutonagar I 86* 57 13 9 176 14 10 5 M HVijaywadaBenz Mayapuri Circle Indl. Area R I 274* 73* 121 14 196 14 94 3 H CCWMP, Shahdara RAMKY I 204* 78 31 59 27 61 37 93 C -Industrial Shahzada Estate Bagh I 224* 92* 34 71 176 05 33 96 CDelhiPedagantyada Janakpuri V R I 309* 88 125 30 27 72 100 37 C -DelhiVisakhapatna Ganapuram N.Y. School Area R 125* 192* 38 93 195 07 72 84 CmPanchayat Nizamuddin Raj Office R 292* 84* 120 29 174 02 27 96 H CPolice Pritampura Barracks R 184* 95* 31 52 173 06 42 97 CSeethammadhara Siri Fort R 269* 89* 26 97 174 07 32 96 H CINS-VIRBAHU Town Hall R S 317* 66* 155 21 196 08 92 6 H CWarangal Mormugao KUDA Mormugao Office Port Trust R I 72* 69 26 37 102 28 11 17 H -GoaPanaji Barpara Near Old Office GSPCB BldgAssamR 69* 74* 42 29 110 100 20 1 HBongaigaonVasco Campus Electricity of Deptt. Oil India R I 98* 76* 86 30 178 09 30 1 C HGujarat Daranga BATAD Naroda R I 129* 77* 54 18 104 92 24 91 H CDibrugarh Dibrugarh Shardaban Off. Hospital Bldg R I 88* 41 26 8 197 03 85 M HGolaghat Ahmedabad Golaghat Behrampura Off. Bldg. R 65* 86* 44 8 104 12 9 HGuwahatiGopinath Cadilla Bridge Nagar Narol R 111* 90* 78 10 234 102 47 11 C HHead L.D. Eng. Office College R 140* 82* 103 298 44 51 5 C HSantipur R.C. High School R 115* 88* 88 8 241 105 45 C HHailakandi Anklesvar CISF Rallies Campus India Ltd R I 98* 88 58 10 105 37 24 45 C -Mergherita Coal Durga India Traders Office R 79* 42 22 6 105 45 0 H -Nagaon Jamnagar Water Fisheries resource Office Div. R 106* 161 41 10 105 7 77 - C -North Rajkot Sardhara Indl.Corp. I 125* 21 105 95 CLakhimpur Bazarpatti Regional Office lakhimpur R 85* 12 100 10 HTownSurat 73 37 40 20 -B.R.C. High School I 101* 9 103 58 C67

Chapter 5 : Air quality wrt. PM 10HaryanaKeralaMaharashtrHimachal aPradeshJammu &KashmirJharkhandKarnatakaMangalore Near Stides A.I. Premises Office R I 91* 41 12 21 103 104 31 M CMysore S.V.R. K.R. Circle Eng. College R 79* 54 20 6 106 103 03 M HVadodaraCETP KSPCB Building I 127* 41 16 15 105 107 90 7 M CDandia Eloor Bazar R I 81* 49 18 59 190 10 12 14 M HGPCB FACT Udyogmandal Office R I 51 52 64 8 192 10 16 0 MVapiGEB Irumpanam I 84* 37 18 8 107 98 30 M HKochiVapi CSIR Nagar Complex Palika R I 73* 40 19 4 104 107 01 M HFaridabadM/s Ernakulum Shivalik South Global, R 40 19 108 0 MMathuraFCI, OENRoad,C. O. Bldg R 39 20 108 0 MFaridabad I 158 - - - -HSPCB M.G. Road office,R 36 21 108 1 MKottayam Ballabgard, Vadavathoor Faridabad R I 150 36 3 - 96 - 0 - M -Hisar Urban Kottayam Estate-II R 88 53 25 7 11 96 20 7 M -Yamunanagar Kozhikode Ballarpur Nallalam Industries I 275 29 148 7 108 34 90 7 L -AHC Kozhikode City R I 68* 34 32 13 105 60 10 7 M HBaddiPalakkad Industry Carboradum/SEPR Department I 68* 50 38 23 118 86 13 6 M HHousing Hi Tech Chackai Board R I 78* 62 26 10 108 28 41 H -TrivandrumDamtal Old Sasthamangalam Road R 74* 53 21 7 110 94 10 1 M HRegional SMV School Office R 62* 63* 24 21 106 21 HNahan Industrial Apurva Oil Area and Ind. I 197* 90* 77 13 196 54 92 28 C HAmravatiTrilok Govt. Coll. Pur of Engg. R 89* 73* 32 15 160 102 39 HNalagarh M.C. Rajkamal Square R 107* 70* 40 19 104 68 21 65 H CPaonta Aurangabad Sahib Gondpur C.A.D.A. Office Indl. Area R I 153* 67* 53 23 197 35 87 1 C H(MS)Paonta S.B.E.S. Sahib College R 105* 86* 28 36 198 30 32 4 H CParwanoo AC Bibi-Ka-Maqbara Office Bldg. S I 97* 90* 29 32 126 101 47 33 C HCentral M.I.D.C. Laboratory R I 125* 67* 24 53 177 29 66 7 H CChandrapurBus Nagar Stand Parishad 68* 27 122 14 ShimlaR 90* 76 69 30 HTekka SRO, Bapat Bench Nagar Ridge R S 131* 62* 29 73 176 31 58 9 H CJammu KolhapurB.Brahmana Mahadwar Road R I 124 87* 33 17 101 37 81 26 H -M.A.Stadium S.T. Stand R 112* 101* 37 17 103 54 65 58 CRegional Shivaji University Office R 113* 57 37 6 105 60 60 2 M CDhanbad Regional EHS mahad Office R I 164* 154 95 40 51 45 73 96 C -MahadJamshedpur Bistupur MNP, Phulle Vehicle Hall TC R I 173* 188 14 59 138 03 100 C -Golmuri WTP, Bhirwadi Vehical TC R I 170* 146 14 41 99 44 189 00 C -Jharia M.A.D.A. Parel I 261* 129* 88 69 78 93 99 62 CMumbaiRanchi Albert Kalbadevi Ekka Chowk R 179* 98* 68 51 85 87 88 56 CSindri BIT Worli R I 166* 125* 61 42 71 96 85 72 CGraphite MIDC Industrial India I 171* 112 97 66 CKHB Area/Hingana Indl Area I 126* 88 94 50 C58 31 95 11 MMIDC OfficePeenya Indl. Area I 137* 56 105 70 C64* 27 63 6 HBangalore Nagpur Govt. Poly. CollegeAMCO Batteries R 100* 44 97 43 C67 44 101 14 HInstitution of Eng.R.V.College R 116* 48 105 57 C85 5 6 - -MaskasathYeshwanthpura R 78* 41 98 35 H224* 101 106 91 CNEERI LabVictoria Hospital R 46 36 96 7 MS 61* 30 98 9 HVIP Industrial AreaBelgaum Karnataka SPCB I 86* 39 102 39 HNashik30 16 78 0 LNMC BuildingGulbarga Govt. Hospital R 95* 46 103 45 CS 74* 23 99 12 HRTO Colony TankHassan N.R. Circle R 87* 43 103 36 H46 10 107 0 MNavi MumbaiHubli-MIDC TalojaL. Industrial Area I 228* 131 105 87 C119* 51 88 58 Dharwad MPCB Central LabRani C. CircleR I 101* 97* 47 60 104 96 44 48 C68

Chapter 5 : Air quality wrt. PM 10PondicherrMeghalaya yMizoramPunjabMadhyaPradeshRajasthanNagalandOrissaBhubaneshwarCuttackPuneRayagadaSolapur RourkelaAiroli Capital Police Stn. R 103* 95* 76 48 102 105 32 34 CKharghar IRC R 88* 76* 75 25 100 104 32 16 HNerul OSPCB Bldg R 77* 84* 55 34 107 112 37 27 HPanvel Badambi, Water Cuttack Works R 87* 89* 64 40 103 104 36 39 HBhosari R.O. Cuttack R I 91* 73* 56 37 106 105 38 22 C HNalstop LPS H. School R I 84* 61* 39 18 103 105 40 HSwargate Regional Office R 88* 61* 52 19 110 111 31 9 HWIT IDL Police Campus Out-post R I 100* 74* 16 17 104 105 41 9 H CChitale Regional Clinic Office R 115* 69* 20 14 105 106 92 8 H CSambalpur Balkum/Kolshet PHD Ofice, Sambalpur R I 61* 54 10 8 125 89 05 M HThaneTalcher Kopri Coal Field Area R I 118* 54 42 7 99 95 02 M CNaupada T.T.P.S Colony R I 95* 58 18 6 103 104 40 0 M CByrnihat EPIP PIPDIC I 139 47 32 13 44 64 90 3 M -PondicherryDawki Terrance Chamber Building of Commerce R 57 34 15 10 100 14 0 M -ShillongAmritsarAizawlGobindgarhBhopalJalandharDewasGwalior KhannaIndoreLudhianaBoards DSTC Office R 58 44 11 12 82 61 0 MTuberculosis Nagina Soap Hosp. Factory R I 195 97* 29 9 88 46 100 47 C -Bawngkawn A-1 Platters R 184* 46 10 19 161 04 100 M CKhatla Raj Steel R I 204* 41 21 9 103 122 100 M CLaipuitlang Modi oil & GM R 194 32 21 7 144 04 100 M -Govindpura United Rolling Mills R I 121* 206* 75 25 140 54 100 CHamidia Focal Point Road R I 143* 149 79 5 72 23 100 63 C -T.T.Nagar Punjab Maltex R I 139* 92* 56 10 73 62 100 33 CEID MC Tube Perry Well (I) Ltd. No.27 R I 133* 159* 50 27 106 95 75 98 CVikas Regional Nagar Office R 123* 92* 36 14 101 116 33 97 CDindayal Markfed Vanaspati Nagar R I 248* 247* 74 13 136 55 100 CMaharaj A S School Bada R 249* 126 51 16 135 15 100 60 C -M.P. Milk Plant Laghu Udyog I 244* 235 69 16 105 44 100 98 C -Kothari Rita Sewing Market Machines R I 265* 200 56 31 43 91 100 98 C -Telephone Bharat Nagar Nagar Chowk R 114* 251 55 6 94 30 100 56 C -Jabalpur Vijay PPCB Nagar Office Bldg. R 136* 251* 14 18 124 94 100 99 CNaya NangalNagdaChem. NFL Guest D. Labour House Club R I 110* 222 10 - 61 2 85 - C -BCI Punjab Labour Alkalies Club R 100* 98* 10 21 109 89 42 51 CGrasim Gaurav Kalyan Solvex Kendra Ltd. R I 106* 188* 134 10 100 96 73 70 CAlwarSagar Pt. RIICO Deendayal Pump House Nagar R I 109* 124 41 59 102 5 48 C -SatnaSingrauliJaipurUjjainDimapurJodhpurAngulSub-Divisional Regional Office Off. R I 163* 281 121 96 106 41 173 00 C -Regional MIA Office R I 120 81* 34 44 105 26 69 20 H -Jayant VKIA Township R I 269* 77 127 15 107 7 94 0 C -N.T.P.C., Ajmeri Gate Vidyanagar R 99* 60 50 8 105 6 03 C -Waidhan Chandpole R 198* 48 81 2 103 7 92 0 C -RSPCB District Office R I 116* 81* 47 39 106 76 55 26 C HRegional Vidyadhar Office Nagar R 177* 55 101 21 103 90 83 4 M CMahakal Basni Indl. Temple Area S I 162* 60 25 57 82 88 84 9 M CBank DIC Colony R I 114* 79 27 39 45 99 24 65 C -Dhobinala Housing Board R 105* 80 28 45 45 83 27 46 C -M Industrial M Police Estate Thane R I 154* 159* 36 45 104 103 90 89 CNALCO Shashtri Township Nagar R 130* 80* 16 49 84 67 5 H CBalasore Sahadevkhunta Sojati Gate R 169* 85* 13 55 51 83 14 94 H CBerhampur Kota Regional Office R I 112* 60 27 68 105 104 10 54 M C69

Chapter 5 : Air quality wrt. PM 10UttarakhandWestBengalTamilnaduUttarPradeshMunicipal Kapoor Hotel C. Bldg R 191* 74* 44 27 191 03 100 26 H CSamcore Mahanagar Glass R 191* 87* 44 26 178 05 100 39 H CMeerut Regional Begum Bridge Office, MIA R I 122 88* 53 10 141 01 36 98 H -UdaipurAmbamata Thana Railway Road R 115 70* 47 10 97 29 24 97 H -NoidaTown GEE-PEE Hall R I 132* 84* 37 18 198 02 29 98 H CGovt. R.O, UPPB High School R I 133* 89* 49 19 94 92 33 98 H CVaranasi Kathivakkam Regional Office R I 124* 84* 29 8 94 89 100 29 H CChennai M Sigra C Thiruvottiyur R I 126* 55 19 9 90 94 99 0 M CDehradoonThiruvottiyur Raipur Road I 117* 109 54 22 94 38 55 66 C -Madras Clock Tower Med. College 51 18 90 0 MR 150* 44 57 93 CNEERI CSIR CampusAsansol M.C. R 40 12 96 0 MI 163* 99 102 64 CSIDCO Office I 116* 68 88 51 CCoimbatoreAsansol Kangsabati SpinningDist. Mill, Barjora Coll. Office R I 150 65* 38 96 94 43 61 9 H -Ponniyarajapuram Burnpur TownR 49 28 91 7 MDepartment, Burnpur I 149 100 43 56 -Fenners (I) Ltd. 41 13 97 0 MMadurai Dew India Ltd., Dr. B. C.Highway Roy Avenue, Bldg. Durgapur R I 236* 40 122 11 102 97 85 0 M CKunnathur Kwality Hotel, Chatram Bhiringi R 44 14 94 0 MSalem Durgapur Sowdeswari More, benachiti College RI 171*80* 26891321022271HCPCBL Club, Muchipara,Raja Agencies I 138* 69 91 62 Thoothukudi Bidhannagar R 110* 60 102 55 CAVM DMC Jewellery Water Works, Bldg. R 59 41 95 12 MFisheries Angadpur College R 129 90* 63 66 95 43 36 4 H -Haldia Nunhai Super Market S I 211* 138 39 22 95 100 99 C -Regional WBIIDC Office S I 185* 136 46 27 9 98 89 C -AgraDIC, Bandhaghat Nunhai S I 243* 118* 125 81 104 88 50 CHowrah Itmad-ud-daulah Howrah MC S I 167* 124* 99 87 103 104 68 47 CRambagh Bator R S 147* 100* 92 73 102 104 63 39 CTaj Naskarpara Mahal R S 154* 115* 102 84 266 104 68 46 CAllahabad Bharat Traffic Guard Yantra Building, Nigam R 132* 59 102 74 Behala Chowrasta I 108* 72 105 43 CSquare Crossing R 187* 74 103 90 Cossipore Police Stn I 224* 109 97 86 CAnpara Renusagar ColonyNational Sample Survey I 130* 21 90 97 CBuilding, Anpara Colony Dunlop Bridge I 140* 98* 16 73 104 87 96 41 CCDGI Upanagari Sporting I 203* 83 101 85 CFirozabadKolkata RazaClub,KaBaishnabghataTalR 77* 58 105 34 H197* 78 95 84 CKasbaTilak NagarR 171* 105 95 67 C186* 73 93 77 Lal BazarGhaziabad Atlas Cycles LtdR 190* 101 75 78 CI 242* 51 78 97 A.J.C Bose Road, MintoBulandshaharParkR.I.A.R I 236* 75* 64 53 104 74 133 00 C HJhansi Jail KMC Chauraha Office Building, R 140* 14 115 100 CVeeranga Moulali Nagar R 113* 107* 15 83 104 105 75 44 CFazal CK Market, Ganj Salt Lake R I 232* 87* 16 65 105 83 134 00 C HJajmauBarrackpore PoliceI 201* 28 89 100 CKanpur Station R 110 41 44 45 -Barrackpore Dabauli Dum Dum Telephone R 208* 25 84 100 CDeputy Exchange Ka Parao R 216* 132 20 64 89 44 157 00 C -Khardah Kidwai nagar Municipality R 204* 132 26 65 92 44 157 00 C -Khurja CGCRI Jamuria Municipality R I 206* 228 21 87 82 17 194 00 C -Raniganj Ahirpara SKS Public School,151* 28 80 100 CMangalpur R 164 117 43 63 -TalkatoraLucknowI 210* 29 93 100 CRaniganj Municipality,Raniganj Aminabad R 198* 254 145 30 94 43 168 00 C -Chandganj Nagar R 193* 26 96 100 C70

Chapter 5 : Air quality wrt. PM 10SankrailSouthsuburbanP. Mukherjee's House,(Near SBI) R 109 49 31 52 -Bagnan Police Station R 141 50 31 81 -Dhulagarh GramPanchayet Office R 141 50 31 77 -Bharat Co-operativeHousing Society,Sankrail R 118 38 31 62 -P. Roy IndustrialTraining Institute, Amtala R 75 75 43 30 -Baruipur Police Station R 80 56 43 28 -Chanditala Water SupplyPump House,Tollygunge R 92 67 42 41 -Note: * - Locations where annual mean concentration of PM 10 exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m 3 for Residential/ industrial /other area and 60 µg/m 3 for sensitive area. R – Residential and other areas, I – Industrial area, S – Sensitive Areas,R:residential, I:industrial, O:others, mon:monitoring Std dev. – Standard deviation, n – number of days monitored for 16 andmore hours a day L- Low, M- Moderate, H – High and C – Critical levels of pollution based on exceedence factor (calculatedfor n ≥ 50 days) classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1; % violation – percentageviolation of NAAQS (24 hourly average)71

Chapter 6: Air quality wrt. SPMCHAPTER 6AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TOSUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (SPM)76

Chapter 6: Air quality wrt. SPMParticulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of suspended solid and liquid particle in semiequilibrium with surrounding gases. The high Suspended particulate matter (SPM) levels lead togreater prevalence of health effects depicting sub-clinical effects, impaired pulmonary function,respiratory symptoms, medication use, excess doctor room visit, asthma and bronchitis. Themajority of the symptoms are reversible because of better health facilities and greater awarenessabout diseases. The wide spread criticality of SPM problem in the country is due to thesynergistic effect of natural factors like presence of extensively large arid and semi arid region innorth west region, loss of moisture from top soil strata, distribution of sea salts with sea winds,natural formation of sulfate and nitrates during secondary reactions. The anthropogenic factorsresponsible for high SPM are extensive urbanization and construction activities, vehicularpopulation increase, frequent use of captive power generation unit/domestic generation,extensive use of fossil fuel and biomass (wood, leaves etc.) as well as particulate contributionfrom biological debris.As the SPM are the bigger than coarse particles, these settle down fast and does not reach therespiratory tract. Therefore they have less adverse effect on health. As a result it has not beenincluded in the revised standard. However, as it had been measured during 2009 the data isbeing given in this chapter.6.1 Annual average concentration of SPMThe annual average concentration of SPM at various monitoring stations is given in Table 6.1.The data given is annual average concentration and number of observations with 16 and morehours of monitoring a day. In addition to above the spread of the data has been given in termsof standard deviation. Close examination of the data furnishes the following observation• The average values in Andhra Pradesh indicate significant presence of SPM. However,except Ramagundun the variation of the data is low to medium.• The same trend is observed in Assam with respect to average value with a lower magnitudebut the data has a significant variation. This variation may be due to heavy rain in Assam• With respect to Bihar SPM is significant and so is the case with Variation• In the case of Chandigarh the presence of SPM is there but the variation is low, the sameattributes is observed for Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu• In case of Chattisgarh the SPM value is high but the variation is consistent• With respect to Delhi SPM is significant with higher magnitude and high spread• In case of Goa and Gujarat the SPM values are high but the variation is low. This trend is alsoobserved in case of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir but in Jarkhand, Karnataka andKerala the values are high, but at some cases the variation is consistent• In case of Maharashtra in some cases the variation is high which includes Chandrapur,Nagpur, Mumbai, Navi Mumbai and Pune. However, the SPM data is also high.• In the states like Meghalaya and Mizoram the values are low and the variation is also low. Sois the case with Nagaland and Pondicherry.• With respect to Madhya Pradesh places like Indore, Bhopal the values as well as the variationis high. In other cities the values are high but the variation is low• With respect Orissa the values indicated are high but the variation is consistent except Anguland Badambi at Cuttack• In Punjab the values are high but the variation is low• With respect to Rajasthan the values are high in all cities as well as the variation• In Tamilnadu except Thuthukudi the variation is consistent and variation in other cities isconsistent and the values are noth so high• In case of Uttar Pradesh the values are high in general but ion cities like \Agra andFirozabad the variation is high• In case of West Bengal the values as well as the variation are high in almost all the cities.In summary it is observer that the high value of variation occurred in the cities of Rajasthan andits adjacent state. The same trend occurred in the industrial cities and metropolitan cities. Thisindicates that the SPM is affected with the seasonal variation.77

Chapter 6: Air quality wrt. SPMSilchar Office Building RLO R 102 51 93Table 6.1: SPM levels (Annual average) in Ambient Air Quality Stations under NAMP duringTezpur Tezpur Office Bldg2009R 198 192 99Tinsukhia Digboi carbon factor R 124 42 18Beltron Bhawan R 255 123 84Bihar PatnaAnnualNo. ofStandardState City Gandhi Station Maidan T C TyR peav477 erage247 monitoring 46DeviationChandigIndustrial Area I (µ 185 g/m3)65 da 147 ysarhGuntur Hindu Kaimbwala College Village Guntur R 216 154 23 52 154 48Chandigarh C.I.T.D. Punjab Eng Balanagar College R I 293 156 61 55 109 150Nacharam Sector-17 C R I 134 158 56 51 154 93Uppal Sector-39 R I 289 163 62 53 108 153ABIDS M.P.L.U. Circle Nigam R I 190 271 60 20 95 96Bhilai NagarHydrabad Charminar Regional Office R 311 166 36 10 107 94Jubilee Visak Hostel Hills R 154 187 42 24 108 92ChattisgParadise I.T.I, RampurarhR 308 259 40 29 108 101Korba Tarnaka Near Ghantaghar R 181 249 59 29 104 96Zoo Pragati Park Nagar R S 165 227 37 28 108 102Kakinada OB Wool Ramanyapeta Worth I.Pvt.Ltd R I 122 493 75 6 16 41RaipurKurnool Mourya New HIG Inn - 9, Hirapur R 191 452 32 88 99 51Nalgonda RO Yatayat APPCB Thana R 217 395 36 64 42 45Andhra Dadra & Nellore Venkatreddy Nagar R 193 - 1Pradesh Nagar Silvassa Khadoli Ind. AreaPatencheru Police StationHaveliRI208307624710778Daman Ramagundam RTC Bus Depot R 285 129 84Daman Kadaiya Ind. Area& Diu Tirupati Reg.Science Center S I 127 223 12 37 96 76VijaywadaAutonagar Mayapuri Indl. Area I 219 519 188 53 114 96Benz Shahdara Circle R I 184 461 133 26 114 77CWMP, Shahzada RAMKY Bagh I 137 542 151 40 27 77Delhi DelhiIndustrial Janakpuri Estate R I 183 510 162 56 105 75Pedagantyada N.Y. School V R I 154 397 151 39 27 96Visakhapatna Ganapuram Nizamuddin Area R 289 528 178 90 107 74mPanchayat Pritampura Raj Office R 176 423 103 52 102 74Police Siri Fort Barracks R 242 489 151 82 106 74Seethammadhara Town Hall R 202 536 232 60 107 96GoaMormugao INS-VIRBAHU Mormugao Port Trust S I 143 158 43 96 108 102Warangal Panaji KUDA Near Old Office GSPCB R 150 133 46 48 100 28AssamGujaratVasco Barpara Electricity Office Deptt. Bldg R I 140 177 118 97 110 78BongaigaonCampus Naroda of Oil India R I 153 295 107 59 109 104Daranga BATAD Shardaban Hospital R I 148 196 106 16 92 97Dibrugarh Ahmedabad Dibrugarh Behrampura Off. Bldg R 193 75 34 19 103 104Golaghat Golaghat Cadilla Bridge Off. Bldg. Narol R 109 200 86 20 104 102GuwahatiGopinath L.D. Eng. Nagar College R 196 185 156 20 234 98Head R.C. High Office School R 257 196 199 16 244 105Anklesvar Santipur Rallies India Ltd R I 200 196 173 21 241 105Hailakandi CISF Durga Campus Traders R 150 158 94 12 105 37Mergherita Jamnagar Coal Fisheries India Office R 193 79 33 20 105 45Nagaon Rajkot Water Sardhara resource Indl.Corp. Div. R I 279 227 58 36 105 7NorthRegional Office R 157 20 100Lakhimpur SuratBazarpatti B.R.C. High lakhimpur School I 202 19 103TownR 136 54 40Near A.I. Office R 183 26 103Sibsagar Sibasagar Off. Bldg 156 72 10278

Chapter 6: Air quality wrt. SPMKeralaHaryanaHimachalPradeshMaharashtraJammu&KashmirJharkhandKarnatakaS.V.R. Eloor Eng. College R I 158 102 13 92 106 90CETP FACT Udyogmandal I 299 114 100 41 105 92VadodaraDandia Irumpanam Bazar R I 186 55 42 26 110 107KochiGPCB CSIR Complex Office R I 113 61 19 27 110 107VapiGEB Ernakulum South R I 169 75 15 33 108 98Vapi FCI, OEN Nagar C. Palika O. Bldg R 147 58 28 9 104 108Faridabad HSPCB M.G. Road office,R 60 36 108Ballabgard, Faridabad R 343 - -Kottayam Vadavathoor I 38 3 96Hisar Urban Estate-II 159 32 11Kottayam R 56 8 96Yamunanagar Ballarpur Industries 328 161 31Kozhikode Nallalam I 72 16 108AHC I 164 67 62BaddiKozhikode City R 72 17 105Industry Department 171 67 83Palakkad Carboradum/SEPR I 126 45 118Housing Board R 148 69 30Hi Tech Chackai I 89 14 108Damtal Trivandrum Old Road 171 41 91Sasthamangalam R 62 7 110Regional Office 127 45 106SMV School R 73 24 106Nahan Industrial Area I 350 134 154Aurangabad C.A.D.A. Office R 207 63 97Trilok Pur(MS)166 51 160S.B.E.S. College R 346 114 98Nalagarh M.C. R 178 87 67Bibi-Ka-Maqbara S 243 69 101Paonta Sahib Gondpur Indl. Area 264 83 134M.I.D.C. I 309 166 77Chandrapur Paonta Sahib 168 46 140Nagar Parishad R 174 90 69Parwanoo AC Office Bldg. I 170 45 126SRO, Bapat Nagar R 296 193 76Central Laboratory 127 42 128Mahadwar Road R 212 58 101Kolhapur Bus Stand 128 54 136Shimla S.T. Stand R 298 99 103Tekka Bench Ridge S 121 59 131Shivaji University R 120 15 105B.Brahmana 225 51 38Jammu EHS mahad I 234 52 45Mahad M.A.Stadium 205 62 54MNP, Phulle Hall R 272 79 38Regional OfficeWTP, Bhirwadi R21121655616044Dhanbad RegionalParelOffice RI2202871091295193JamshedpurMumbai BistupurKalbadeviVehicle TCRI 367267 11132 10387GolmuriWorliVehical TCRI 36123029709994Jharia M.A.D.A. MIDC IndustrialI 336 97 78Ranchi Albert Area/Hingana Ekka Chowk R I 365 214 126 128 85 94Sindri BIT MIDC Office I 219 165 66 61 105 71NagpurGraphite Govt. Poly. India College R I 442 125 275 48 97KHB Institution Indl Area of Eng. R I 188 142 103 53 105 95BangalorePeenya Maskasath Indl. Area R I 173 229 67 89 63 98AMCO NEERI Batteries Lab R 178 103 76 72 101 92NashikR.V.College VIP Industrial Area R I 122 146 58 4 102 6Yeshwanthpura NMC Building R 513 186 188 73 106 103Victoria RTO Colony Hospital Tank R S 177 159 68 77 103 98Belgaum Karnataka MIDC Taloja SPCB I 542 68 216 40 105 78Gulbarga Govt. MPCB Hospital Central Lab S I 188 245 157 50 104 99Hassan Navi Mumbai N.R. Airoli Circle R 118 218 200 29 107 102Hubli-L. Kharghar Industrial Area R I 250 182 151 85 100 88DharwadRaniNerulC. CircleR 208 183 107220 82 96Panvel Water Works R 236 182 103Mangalore Stides Premises I 87 42 104PuneBhosari I 212 121 106Mysore K.R. Circle R 108 35 103Nalstop R 222 105 103KSPCB Building I 80 28 10779

Chapter 6: Air quality wrt. SPMPondichMeghalaerryyaMizoramPunjabMadhyaPradeshRajasthanNagaland TamilnaduOrissaSwargate Regional Office R 240 100 127 35 110 111Solapur Rourkela WIT IDL Police Campus Out-post R I 238 206 27 31 104 105Chitale Regional Clinic Office R 228 207 38 21 105 106Sambalpur Balkum/Kolshet PHD Ofice, Sambalpur R I 102 137 13 17 125 89ThaneTalcher Kopri Coal Field Area R I 274 87 14 97 99 95Naupada T.T.P.S Colony R I 212 94 11 57 103 104Byrnihat EPIP PIPDIC I 179 70 40 17 44 64PondicherryDawki Terrance Chamber Building of Commerce R 69 57 17 14 100 14Shillong Boards DSTC Office R 66 68 13 15 82 61Amritsar Tuberculosis Nagina Soap Hosp. Factory R I 134 471 21 49 88 19Bawngkawn A-1 Platters R 479 98 21 49 104 20AizawlBathinda Khatla Bathinda Milk Plant R I 203 89 20 18 103 113Dera Bassi Laipuitlang Bhanakarpur Road R I 206 69 15 14 104 132Govindpura Winsome Yarns Ltd I 279 206 134 14 123 54BhopalNaya Nangal HamidiaNFL GuestRoadHouseR 403 182 70T.T.NagarR 209 27 128220 116 73Gaurav Solvex Ltd.Dewas EID Perry (I) Ltd.I 325 156 100Alwar300 121 95RIICO Pump HouseVikas NagarI 213 86 102R 231 112 101Regional OfficeGwalior Dindayal NagarR 324 143 105370 92 53MIAMaharaj BadaI 218 115 105R 197 53 15VKIAM.P. Laghu UdyogI 488 180 107370 102 44Indore Jaipur Ajmeri GateKothari MarketR 295 124 105314 86 43ChandpoleTelephone NagarR 474 135 103210 102 94RSPCB OfficeJabalpur Vijay NagarR 203 98 106300 30 94Vidyadhar NagarChem. D. Labour ClubR 384 172 103I 176 21 62Nagda Basni Indl. AreaBCI Labour ClubI 404 93 88R 155 25 89DICGrasim Kalyan KendraI 337 105 99R 171 22 96SagarJodhpur Housing BoardPt. Deendayal NagarR 322 108 83253 92 87M M Police ThaneSatnaSub-Divisional Off.R 408 76 103I 376 74 41Shashtri NagarRegional OfficeR 363 96 84184 54 26Sojati GateJayant TownshipR 415 92 83395 91 7Singrauli Regional OfficeN.T.P.C., VidyanagarI 240 112 104KotaR 270 47 7Municipal C. BldgWaidhanR 176 80 103207 15 7Samcore GlassDistrict OfficeR 216 95 105I 239 87 76UjjainRegional Office, MIARegional OfficeI 240 128 101UdaipurR 97 43 90AmbamataMahakal TempleR 204 130 97S 124 55 82Town HallDimapurBank ColonyR 263 97 102142 44 45Govt. High School I 180 75 94DhobinalaKathivakkam R I 146 184 45 57 45 94Angul Chennai M Industrial C Thiruvottiyur Estate I 364 129 108 46 104 94NALCO Thiruvottiyur Township R I 164 226 104 37 84 94Balasore Sahadevkhunta Madras Med. College R 183 111 13 35 51 90Berhampur Regional NEERI CSIR Office Campus R 137 89 64 39 105 96Bhubaneshwa Capital SIDCO Police Office Stn. R I 190 239 113 91 105 88r Coimbatore IRC Dist. Coll. Office R 153 133 59 74 104 94OSPCB Ponniyarajapuram Bldg R 166 97 60 51 112 91Cuttack Madurai Badambi, Fenners (I) Cuttack Ltd. R I 293 83 105 19 104 97R.O. Highway Cuttack Bldg. R 159 85 53 18 105 97RayagadaLPS H. School I 95 32 10580

Chapter 6: Air quality wrt. SPMUttarPradeshUttarakhandWestBengalKunnathur Kwality Hotel, Chatram Bhiringi R 91 21 94Salem SowdeswariMore, benachitiCollegeI 366 183 102R 125 39 132PCBL Club, Muchipara,Raja Bidhannagar Agencies R I 258 239 126 123 102 91ThoothukudiAVM DMC Jewellery Water Works, Bldg. R 117 63 95Fisheries Angadpur College R 167 278 133 95 95 43Haldia Nunhai Super MarketS I 396 248 78 31 95 9Regional WBIIDC Office S I 349 251 85 34 99 9AgraDIC, Bandhaghat Nunhai S I 632 247 250 142 104Howrah Itmad-ud-daulah Howrah MCS I 408 262 188 152 104Rambagh Bator R S 380 212 175 126 103 104Taj Naskarpara Mahal R S 325 232 170 138 266 104Traffic Guard Building,Allahabad Bharat Yantra Nigam R 299 97 102Behala Chowrasta I 233 130 105SquareCossiporeCrossingPolice Stn R 430 138 102I 392 160 97Anpara Renusagar National Sample Colony Survey I 268 49 90Building, Anpara Colony Dunlop Bridge I 275 220 142 39 104 87CDGI Upanagari Sporting I 408 145 101Firozabad Kolkata Club, Baishnabghata R 170 104 105Raza Ka Tal 392 138 95Kasba R 319 154 95Tilak Nagar 358 129 93Lal Bazar R 332 148 96Ghaziabad Atlas Cycles LtdA.J.C Bose Road, MintoI 508 72 78Bulandshahar Park R.I.A. R I 460 168 71 96 104 74Jhansi Jail KMC Chauraha Office Building, R 288 27 115Veeranga Moulali Nagar R239223 13729 104105CK Market, Salt LakeFazal Ganj RI 519186 1123610583Barrackpore PoliceJajmau I 469 67 89Kanpur Station R 223 78 44Barrackpore Dabauli Dum Dum Telephone R 481 57 84Deputy Exchange Ka Parao R 490 272 109 46 89 44Khardah Kidwai nagar Municipality R 474 266 109 56 92 44Khurja CGCRI Jamuria Municipality R I 508 476 173 18 82 17Raniganj Ahirpara SKS Public School,233 43 80Mangalpur R 342 232 43TalkatoraRaniganj Municipality, I 437 61 93Raniganj Aminabad R 417 522 282 59 94 43LucknowChandganj P. Mukherjee's Nagar House, R 405 55 96Kapoor(Near SBI)HotelR 202 76 31401 55 91Bagnan Police StationMahanagarR 282 76 31Sankrail405 52 78Dhulagarh GramMeerut Begum Panchayet Bridge Office R 644 283 115 76 41 31Thana Bharat Railway Co-operative Road R 487 46 29NoidaGEE-PEE Housing Society,I 451 69 98Sankrail R 249 61 31R.O, UPPB 443 65 92P. Roy IndustrialVaranasi Regional Training Institute, Office Amtala R 381 163 163 24 89 43SouthSigra Baruipur Police Station 394 28 94suburbanR 172 95 43DehradoonRaipur Chanditala Road Water Supply I 253 58 48Pump House,Clock TowerTollygunge R 322 200 121 73 57 42Asansol M.C. I 350 198 102Asansol Kangsabati SpinningMill, Barjora I 320 194 43Burnpur TownDepartment, Burnpur I 317 206 43Dew India Ltd., Dr. B. C.Durgapur Roy Avenue, Durgapur I 492 242 10281

Chapter 6: Air quality wrt. SPMNote: R – Residential and other areas, I – Industrial area, S – Sensitive Areas, Std dev. – Standard deviation, n –number of days monitored for 16 and more hours a day82

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesCHAPTER 7AIR QUALITY TREND INMETROPOLITAN CITIES86

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesA metropolitan area is a region consisting of a populous urban core with an agglomeration ofperipheral zones not themselves necessarily urban in character, but closely bound to the centersocio-economically by employment or commerce. It is characterized by urbanization which is aprocess of human movement and centralization towards and into cities and urban areas with theassociated industrialization, urban sprawl and lifestyle. Urbanization in India is more rapid aroundthe major cities in India. The population growth has been mainly centered around cities dueprimarily to the large scale migration of rural population accelerated by high population growthrates. Increase in industrial activities, population both endemic and floating and vehicular populationetc. have led to a rapid increase in environmental problems, one of them being air pollution.An inventory of air pollutants is a necessary first step towards control of air pollution. Air pollutants canbe natural or may be the result of various anthropogenic activities like industrial emissions. Further theair pollutants can be primary or secondary depending upon their formation mechanism. Primarypollutants are directly emitted from the source and secondary pollutants are formed in theatmosphere. Meteorological factors play a critical role in ambient concentrations of air pollutants.Even though the total discharge of air pollutants into the atmosphere may remain constant, theambient concentrations of air pollutants may vary depending upon the meteorological conditions.Keeping all these factors in mind, an attempt is made to address the problem of air pollution inseventeen cities in India identified by Honorable Supreme Court as polluted cities. These include themetropolitan cities of India which has been classified by Census of India 2001 as metropolitan cities.Ambient air quality monitoring is required to determine the existing quality of air, evaluation of theeffectiveness of control programme and to identify areas in need of restoration and their prioritization.This chapter gives an insight into the trends of air pollutants for SO 2 , NO 2 and PM 10 in the 35metropolitan cities (population ≥ 10 lacs; Census 2001). Further a national mean concentration withall the monitoring station data of the residential area in also provided.7.1 Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Metropolitan CitiesThere are 146 monitoring stations in 35 metropolitan cities. These are listed in Table 7.187

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesTable 7.1 Details of the Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Metropolitan CitiesIndian Zone State CityTotal No. ofOperating StationsDelhi (11) Delhi 11Haryana (2) Faridabad 2Punjab (6)Amritsar 2Ludhiana 4North ZoneAgra 6Allahabad 2Uttar Pradesh (23)Kanpur 6Lucknow 5Meerut 2Varanasi 2East ZoneBihar (2) Patna 2Jharkhand (3)Dhanbad 1Jamshedpur 2West Bengal (11)Asansol 1Kolkata 10Hyderabad 9Andhra Pradesh (19) Vijayawada 2Visakhapatnam 8South ZoneKarnataka (6) Bangalore 6Kerala (7) Kochi 7Chennai 6Tamilnadu (12) Coimbatore 3Madurai 3Ahmedabad 6Rajkot 2Gujarat (15)Surat 3West ZoneVadodara 4Pune 3Maharashtra (15)Mumbai 3Nagpur 6Nashik 3Rajasthan (6) Jaipur 6Bhopal 4Central Zone Madhya Pradesh (8) Indore 3Jabalpur 15 15 35 146NB. Figures within parentheses represent number of cities88

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.2 Air quality in metropolitan cities during 2009The analysis of air quality in metropolitan cities with respect to SO 2 revels all the cities exceptJamshedpur are in the low category and all are within the prescribed standard. As for NO 2 7 citiesare in the low category, 21 cities are in the moderate category, therefore 28 cities out of 35metropolitan cities comply to the standards. 5 cities fall in the high category and 2 in the critical.With respect to PM 10 26 cities fall in the critical category (Table7.2). Table 7.4 gives an insight tothe annual average and categoties of the metropolitan cities.Table 7.2: Number of metropolitan cities with low, moderate,high & critical air qualityCategoryMetropolitan cities (population > 10 lacs)SO 2 NO 2 PM 10Low 34 7 0Moderate 1 21 2High 0 5 7Critical 0 2 26Total cities 35 35 35NB. Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution LevelClassification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1Of the 35 metropolitan cities 7 (20%) and 33 (94%) cities exceed the NAAQS with respect to NO 2and PM 10. None of the cities exceed the standard limit with respect to SO 2 (Table 7.3)Table 7.3. Number of metropolitan cities exceeding the NAAQS(Based on annual average data)CategoryMetropolitan cities (population > 10 lacs)SO 2 NO 2 PM 10Not exceeding NAAQS 35 28 2Exceeding NAAQS 0 7 33Total cities 35 35 35NB.Figures withinparentheses indicate percentage of cities89

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesTable 7.4: Air Quality of Metro cities during 2009MetropolitancitiesSO 2(Annual Avg.in µg/m 3 )AirQualityNO 2(Annual Avg.in µg/m 3 )AirQualityPM 10(Annual Avg.in µg/m 3 )Air QualityAgra 6 L 21 M 185* CAhmedabad 16 L 21 M 95* CAllahabad 3 L 24 M 160* CAmritsar 15 L 35 M 190* CAsansol 9 L 62 C 163* CBangalore 16 L 40 M 122* CBhopal 7 L 18 L 115* CChennai 9 L 17 L 70* HCoimbatore 6 L 29 M 74* HDhanbad 17 - 41* - 164* CDelhi 6 L 49* H 243* CFaridabad 15 L 23 M 154* CHyderabad 5 L 22 M 80* HJaipur 6 L 36 M 151* CJabalpur 2 L 24 M 136* CJamshedpur 36 M 49* H 172* CIndore 9 L 17 L 183* CKanpur 8 L 31 M 211* CKochi 4 L 12 L 40 MKolkata 11 L 68* C 126* CLucknow 8 L 36 M 197* CLudhiana 9 L 37 M 254* CMadurai 10 L 25 M 42 MMeerut 8 - 44* - 119* -Mumbai 6 L 41* H 117* CNagpur 6 L 30 M 99* CNashik 23 L 29 M 89* HPatna 5 L 37 M 146* CPune 23 L 40 M 82* HRajkot 11 L 15 L 105* CSurat 19 L 26 M 91* CVadodara 16 L 30 M 86* HVaranasi 17 L 20 L 123* CVijayawada 5 L 14 L 80* HVisakhapatnam 13 L 32 M 97* CL: Low, M: Moderate, H: High, C: Critical *Concentration exceeding NAAQSLow, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1’-‘ inadequate data90

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3 Air quality trend in metropolitan cities7.3.1 DELHI – the capital cityStateDelhi, largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population inIndiaLocation28 o 22’48”N and 77°7’12”EArea1,484 km 2 (573 sq mi) of which 783 km 2 (302 sq mi) is rural, and 700 km 2 (270 sq mi)urban. Maximum length 51.9 km (32 mi) and maximum width 48.48 km (30 mi).Population 1,27,9,458 (as per Census 2001)ClimateHumid subtropical. Summers are long and extremely hot (early April to mid-October).Monsoon winds advent from end of June. Reversal in the wind direction from the northwesterndirection to the south-western in early March brings hot waves (called loo)from Rajasthan. Winter starts in late November and peaks in January accompanied byheavy fog.Temperature: 45ºC in summers to 4ºC in wintersRainfall: Average annual rainfall is 714 mm (28.1 inches)GeographyDrained by river Yamuna. Mixed type of soil deposits. Quartz rock and extends fromsouth part to west bank of the Yamuna River for about 35 km.IndustriesEngineering goods, textile, chemical, electronics, electrical goods, dyes and paints,steel, plastic, rubber, automobiles, thermal power stations (Badarpur thermal powerstation, Indraprastha thermal power station, Rajghat thermal power station and Gasturbine thermal power station)Air quality stations 11 (3 residential, 8 industrial)Air quality trend Analysis of nine year air quality data shows an increasing trend for PM 10 , a decreasingtrend for SO 2 and fluctuating for NO 2 (Figure 7.1). The increasing trend for PM 10 maybe attributed to the increasing number of vehicles and natural dust.91

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.2 FARIDABADStateHaryanaLocation28 o 15' N and 77 o 13’ 12” EArea 216.4 km 2Population 10, 54, 981ClimateTemperature: extreme conditions of summer and cold with maximum and minimumtemperatures of 45 and 5ºC respectivelyRainfall: July to September with 562.9 mmGeographyAlluvium and pre-combrian sediments systems. The stratifgraphic units are windblownsands, newer alluvium, older alluvium, slates, phyllites, quartzites, mica sheets,pagamite intrusions, silts, gravel, sand, clay and kankarIndustriesDrugs & pharmaceuticals, plastics, metal casting, agriculture equipments, automobileparts, electricals, garments, Chemicals, petrochemicals, Gas & other engineeringindustries. 15,000 small, medium and large scale industries are in operation.Air quality stations 2 (1 residential, 1 industrial)Air quality trend Analysis of nine year air quality data shows an increasing trend for PM 10 , a decreasingtrend for SO 2 and a stable trend for NO 2 (Figure 7.2).92

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.3 AMRITSARStatePunjabLocation31°38′ N and 74°52′ EArea 50 km 2Population 10, 11,327ClimateTropical type with three well defined seasons winter, summer and monsoonRainfall: annual average normal rainfall is 700 mmGeographyAlluvial deposits of quaternary age which are a part of Indus basinIndustriesFood, textile, readymade garments and tailoring, leather goods, wood based, paper,dying & chemical, detergent, medicine, machine, agriculture, electrical goods andappliances, surgical items, auto and cycle parts, floor mills, cold storages etc. The totalnumber of small scale industries functioning is approximately 8000Air quality stations 2 (2 residential)Air quality trend Analysis of four year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for both SO 2and NO 2, both lying within the NAAQS (Figure 7.3).93

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.4 LUDHIANAStateLocationAreaPopulationClimateGeographyIndustriesAir quality stationsAir quality trendPunjabBetween 30-34’ N and 30”01’N and 75-18’E and 76-20’E. Average elevation of244 metres (798 ft).310 km²13.93 lacsSemi humid in the North and North East to semi arid to arid in the South. Summer,winter and rainy season.Rainfall: average normal rainfall is 670 mm approx. and the annual average rainfall is437 mm.Soil is of yellow sandstone and granite, forming small hillocks, plateaus and dipsThe city stands on the Sutlej River's old bank, 13 km south of its present courseKnitwear factories, hosiery yarn mills, bicycles factories, factories for machine tools,sewing machines, generators, diesel engines, tyres & tubes, and other consumergoods4 (2 residential, 2 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data shows an increasing trend for PM 10 , a decreasingtrend for SO 2 and a stable trend for NO 2 (Figure 7.4).94

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.5 AGRAStateUttar PradeshLocation27 o 8’ to 27 o 14’ N and 77 o 57’ to 78 o 04’ EArea 140 km 2Population 13, 21,410ClimateSemiarid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate. Mild winters, hot and drysummers and a monsoon seasonTemperature: extreme temperatureRainfall: The average rainfall in the region is 685 mmGeographyBounded by Thar Desert on its southwest, west and northwest peripheries. Drained byYamuna river.Industries73 industries and 2 industrial clusters. Textiles, hosiery items, woolen, jute, footwear,leather, metal processing, machinery parts, marble, food processing and handicrafts6,463 small-scale units of various handicraft items like Zari work, leather craft, andmarble craft and carpet craft.Air quality stations 6 (1 residential, 1 industrial, 4 sensitive)Air quality trend Analysis of five year air quality data for Pm 10 shows a decreasing trend and nine yeartrend for SO 2 shows a stable trend. As for NO 2 for the trend slightly increased during2005, 2006 and 2007 but again declined in the later years (Figure 7.5)95

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.6 ALLAHABADStateUttar PradeshLocationBetween 24º 47’ and 25º 47’ N and 81º 19’ and 82º 29’ E. Elevation of 98 metres(322 ft)AreaLength from east to west is 117 km and breadth from north to south is 101 km. Area7261 sq. kms.Population15 lacsClimateHumid subtropical climate with hot dry summer, cool dry winter and warm humidmonsoon. Monsoon begins in early July and lasts till September.Temperature: ranging between 22 °C (72 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F). Severe fog in JanuaryRainfall: average rainfall of the city is varies from min 520.6 mm to the highest of1276.5 mmGeographySoil fertile but not too moist. The southern and eastern parts are dry and rocky. Standsat the confluence of two rivers the Ganges and YamunaIndustriesGlass and wire based industries, fertilizer complex based on naphtha as feed stock,three mega thermal power projectsAir quality stations 2 (2 residential)Air quality trend Analysis of three year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for both SO 2and NO 2, both lying within the NAAQS (Figure 7.6).96

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.7 KANPURStateUttar PradeshLocation26°28′ N and 80°21′ EArea 278 km 2Population 26,90,486ClimateHumid subtropical climate with very hot summers, mild and relatively short winters,dust storms and a monsoon season. Severe fog in December and January. Summerexcessive dry heat is accompanied by dust storms and loo. Rains appear between Julyand September almost at the end of regular monsoon season.Temperature: mean maximum monthly temperatures 41.7˚C during May and minimum22.8˚C in JanuaryRainfall: average normal annual rainfall is 833.5 mmGeographyThe area is underlain by Indo-Gangetic alluvium of quaternary age formed by fluvialprocesses comprising of clay, silts, sands of various texture and kankar in varyingproportion Surrounded by two main rivers of India, the Ganges in the northeast and thePandu River (Yamuna) in the south.IndustriesBiggest producers of textile and leather products. Fertilizer, chemicals, two wheelers,soaps, pan masala, hosiery and engineering industries are also present. The totalnumber of small scale industries registered is 12000Air quality stations 7 (4 residential, 3 industrial)Air quality trend Analysis of nine year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for both SO 2and NO 2, both lying within the NAAQS. For PM 10 however, a fluctuating trend is seenwhich exceeds the NAAQS (Figure 7.7).97

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.8 LUCKNOWStateLocationAreaPopulationClimateGeographyIndustriesAir quality stationsAir quality trendUttar Pradesh26” 30’ and 27” 10’ N and 80” 34’ and 81” 12’ E2528 sq.kms25 lacsHumid subtropical climate with cool, dry winters from December to February and dry,hot summers from April to June. The rainy season is from mid-June to mid-September.Fog is quite common from late December to late January. Dry except during Southwestmonsoon periodTemperature: In winter the maximum temperature is around 25 0 C and the minimum isin the 6 to 8 0 C. Summers are very hot with temperatures rising to the 40 to 45 0 CRainfall: average normal rainfall of the city is approximately 1100 mmSituated in gangetic plain and drained by Gomti river. Located in the seismic zonePharmaceutical industries, sugarcane plantations and sugar industries ,small scaleindustries that are based on unique styles of embroidery, producer of tobacco productsand handicrafts such as pottery, earthen toys, silver and gold foil work, and bonecarving products.5 (4 residential, 1 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for SO 2 and adeclining trend for NO 2, both lying within the NAAQS. For PM 10 however, an increasingtrend is seen which exceeds the NAAQS (Figure 7.8).98

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.9 MEERUTStateUttar PradeshLocation28 o 57’ to 29 o 02’ N and 77 o 40’ to 77 o 45’ EArea 142 km 2Population 11,67,399ClimateModerate type of climate. Very hot summers and very cold winters. Visibility is almostzero during November to January due to fog. Temperature: summers can reach 48degree Celsius. Lowest temperature recorded is 0.5 degrees.Rainfall: average annual rainfall is about 1000 mmGeographyThe ground is not rocky and there are no mountains. Meerut lies between plains ofrivers Ganges and YamunaIndustries14,000 registered industrial units in the metropolitan city of Meerut, out of which onlyabout 9,000 units are functional at present. Distillery and small scale industries likesports goods, chemicals, food processing, surgical goods, engineering works,petrochemicals, rubber, plastic, leather goods, flour mills and readymade garmentspredominate in the areaAir quality stations 2 (2 residential)Air quality trend Analysis of three year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for all thepollutants. PM 10 however, exceeds the NAAQS (Figure 7.9).99

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.10 VARANASIStateUttar PradeshLocationBetween 82º 15’ to 83º 30’ E and 24º 35’ to 25º 30’ NArea 112.26 km 2 (approximately 43 mi²). Mean elevation is 80.71mPopulation14 lacsClimateHumid subtropical climate with large variations between summer and wintertemperatures. Summers are long, from early April to October, with interveningmonsoon seasons and are also extremely hot. Winters in Varanasi sees very largediurnal variations, with warm days and downright cold nights. Cold waves from theHimalayan regionTemperature: The temperature ranges between 32°C – 46 °C (90°F – 115 °F) in thesummers and below 5 °C during December to FebruaryRainfall: average normal rainfall of the city is varied from min 3.3 mm to the highestof1113.4 mmGeographyDivided into two physical regions, the northern alluvial plain and the southern plateauarea. The northern alluvial plain is drained by the Ganga and its tributaries namely theGomti and the Varuna rivers and Assi .IndustriesDiesel locomotive factory, oxygen plant, small cottage industries include silk makingmaking, the production of textiles such as hand-woven carpets, and handicraftsAir quality stations 2 (2 residential)Air quality trend Analysis of three year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for SO 2 and.PM 10 however, shows an increasing trend and exceeds the NAAQS (Figure 7.10).100

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.11 PATNAStateBiharLocation25°22’12” N and 85 o 7’48” EArea 125 km 2Population 17,07,429ClimateTropical type characterized by three distinct seasonsTemperature: maximum temperature is 31.6 °C varying between 23.6°C in January to38.9°C in the month of May while the night temperature varies between 11 to 27.1 o Cwith mean annual value of 20.8 °CRainfall: relative humidity is comparatively higher over the year ranging between 41 to83% lowest being in the month of April. The bulk of the annual rainfall (1109.8mm) isreceived through South Western monsoon between the period June to September.GeographyRiver Punpun flows south of township limit and Ganga River is it's Northern limit. Thetownship and surrounding is underlain by thick fluvial sediments deposited by the riverGanga and its right bank tributaries, Sone and Punpun. Basically the deposits belongto Quaternary period and are flood plain deposits. The sediments are admixture of clayand sand of different grades.IndustriesPlastic and steelAir quality stations 2 (2 residential)Air quality trend Analysis of three year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for SO 2 and.PM 10 however, shows an increasing trend and exceeds the NAAQS (Figure 7.11).101

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.12 DHANBADStateJharkhandLocation23°48′ N and 86°27′ EArea 355.77 km 2Population 10,64,357ClimateDry and hot summer and a dry and cold winter with an intermediate monsoon periodfrom the middle of June to the end of September. The summer is extremely hot,whereas the winter from November to February is very pleasantTemperature: varies from 8˚C to 34˚C. After February, the climate becomes warmer tillthe rains break in the middle of June. The temperature during these four months fromMarch to June usually varies from 13˚C to 45.5˚C. July to October, which include therainy season, temperature usually ranges from 15˚C to 36˚C.Rainfall: Average rainfall of the area is 1310.6 mmGeographyCrystalline metamorphites of Archaean (Dharwar) age which form the basement. Overthese rocks were deposited in slowly sinking faulted troughs (basins), the LowerGondwana group of sedimentary strata including the coal-bearing bedsIndustriesCoal and coal based industries. The total number of small scale industries registered isabout 300, out of which 150 are coal based and 150 of other types.Air quality stations 1 (1 residential)Air quality trend Analysis of three year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for SO 2 and.PM 10 however, shows an increasing trend and exceeds the NAAQS (Figure 7.12).102

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.13 JAMSHEDPURStateJharkhandLocation22°48′ N and 86°11′ EArea 149.23 km 2Population 11,01,804ClimateHumid climate due to inland position and presence of hillsTemperature: day temperature is quite high in summer, generally around 43˚Coccasionally reaching up to 48˚CRainfall: annual rainfall in Singhbhum district is recorded as 1434 mm.GeographyDiverse rock types are developed with a none-too-simple structure of Dunn. The areassurrounding Jamshedpur are rich in minerals, including iron ore, coal, manganese andlime.IndustriesThe main industries include iron and steel, truck manufacturing, tinplate production,cement, plastic and rubber, chemicals, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, electrical,sponge foam, LPG bottling plant and other small and medium scale industries.Air quality stations 2 (2 industrial)Air quality trend Analysis of six year air quality data of PM10 shows a slight increase and is aboveNAAS. SO 2 and. PM 10 however, shows a stable trend (Figure 7.13).103

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.14 ASANSOLStateWest BengalLocation23°41′ N and 86°59′ N EArea 127.237 km 2Population 10,64,357ClimateDry and hot in summer and dry and cold in winter with an intermediate monsoon periodfrom the middle of June to the end of SeptemberTemperature: Maximum temperature 35˚C during summer and minimum of 4˚C duringwinterRainfall: Maximum of 533 mm during JulyGeographyLies on Gondwana rocks between rivers Damodar and Ajay. A small rivulet, Nunia,flows flows past AsansolIndustriesCoal mines, irol and steel, polymer industries, cement, plastic, musturd oil, rubber,leather products, polymer pipes, fabrication, paint and varnish, flour mills, PVC pipes,aromatic chemicals, food product packing etc. The total number of small scaleindustries registered is about 500Air quality stations 3 (2 residential, 1 industrial)Air quality trend Analysis of six year air quality data of PM10 shows a slight increase and is aboveNAAQS. SO 2 and. NO 2 , shows a stable trend. SO 2 however, slightly increased during2008 (Figure 7.14).104

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.15 KOLKATAStateWest BengalLocation22°33′ N and 88°20′ EArea 1750 km². elevation ranging between 1.5 m (5 ft) to 9 m (30 ft) [Population 1,32,16,546ClimateTropical wet-and-dry climate. Summers are hot and humid with temperatures in the low30's and during dry spells the maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F)during May and June. Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, withseasonal lows dipping to 9 °C – 11 °C (54 °F – 57 °F) between December andJanuary. Dusty squalls followed by thunderstorm or hailstorms and heavy rains with icesleets lash during early summer. Southeast monsoon rains lash the city between Juneand SeptemberTemperature: annual mean temperature is 26.8˚C; monthly mean temperatures rangefrom 19˚C to 30˚CRainfall: annual rainfall of 1,582 mmGeographySpread linearly along the banks of the River Hooghly in a north-south direction. Soiltype is alluvial. Quaternary sediments consisting of clay, silt, various grades of sandand gravel. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds, the lower one atdepths between 250 m (820 ft) and 650 m (2,133 ft) and the upper one rangingbetween 10 m (33 ft) and 40 m (131 ft) in thickness. The town falls under seismic zone-III and wind and cyclone zoneIndustriesElectronics to jute.Air quality stations 10 (7 residential, 3 industrial)Air quality trend Analysis of nine year air quality data of PM 10 shows a fluctuating trend. However, 2009shors a reduction in the pollutant. NO2 shows a shlightly increasing trend. Both PM 10and NO 2 exceeds the NAAQS. SO 2 seems stable and well within limits. (Figure 7.15).105

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.16 HYDRABADStateAndhra PradeshLocation17°12' N and 78°18' E. Average elevation of about 536 metres above sea level(1,607 ft)Area 1000 km 2Population 55,33,640ClimateCombination of a tropical wet and dry climate that borders on a hot semi-arid climatewith hot summers from late February to early June, the monsoon season from lateJune to early October and a pleasant winter from late October to early February..Temperature: Moderate annual range of temperatureRainfall: The normal rainfall of the area is 805 mm with 76% from South-WestmonsoonGeographySituated on the Deccan Plateau. Most of the area has a rocky terrain and some areasare hilly. Spreads on the North and South bank of the river Musi, a tributary of Krishna.The Hussain Sagar Lake is centrally located in the city and connecting the Hyderabadand Secunderabad twin cities Geomorphologically the area is divided into (1) ResidualHills (2) Pediment inselberg complex (3) Shallow to moderate weathered pediplainsand (4) Valley hills.IndustriesCotton, cigarettes, refrigerators, machine tools, oil, drugs, pharmaceuticals, printingmaterial, mintAir quality stations 9 (5 residential, 3 industrial, 1 sensitive)Air quality trend Analysis of nine year air quality data of PM 10 shows a fluctuating trend. However, 2009shors a reduction in the pollutant. NO 2 shows a shlightly increasing trend. Both PM 10and NO 2 exceeds the NAAQS. SO 2 seems stable and well within limits. (Figure 7.16).106

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.17 VIJAYWADAStateAndhra PradeshLocation16 o 31’ N and 80 o 39’ EArea 73 km 2Population 10,11,152.ClimateTropical, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate, with hot summers and moderatewinters.Temperature: peak temperature reaches 47 °C (117 °F) in May-June, while the wintertemperature is 20-27 CRainfall: normal rainfall of the district is 1028 mmGeographylocated on the banks of the Krishna River and bounded by the Indrakiladri Hills on theWest and the Budameru River on the North. Soil is very fertile and cultivatedintensively.IndustriesRice mills, edible oil, beverages, tobacco products, cotton textiles, wood and woodproducts, paper and paper products, leather, rubber, plastic products, motor vehiclespare parts, utensils, scientific instruments, dall and flour mills, chemicals,pharmaceuticals, oil refinery of used motor oils, brawn oil companies, ayurvedicmedicines, pickle companiesAir quality stations 2 (1 residential, 1 industrial)Air quality trend Analysis of five year air quality data of PM 10 and SO 2 shows an fluctuating trend, NO 2shows a decreasing trend. However NO 2 and SO 2 are within NAAQS (Figure 7.17).107

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.18 VISHAKHAPATNAMStateAndhra PradeshLocation17 o 43’ N and 83 o 17’ EAreaVishakhapatnam urban area comprises Vishakhapatnam Municipal Corporationcovering 111 km 2 and Gajuvaka Municipality with an area of 97 km 2Population 13,29,472ClimateTropical savanna climate with little variation in temperature through the year. Highhumidity throughout the year with aggressive summer and pleasant winterTemperature: temperature generally varies from 28 to 38°C in summer and 18 to 30°Cin winter mean temperature ranges from 23.5 to 30°CRainfall: mean annual rainfall of the area is 982 mmGeographySituated among the hills of the Eastern Ghats and faces the Bay of Bengal to the east.Forms a part of Eastern Ghat tectonic complex of Archaean age which includekhondalites, charnockite and migmatite groupsIndustriesShipyard, steel, refinery, fertlisers, heavy plates and vessels, dredgingAir quality stations 8 (4 residential, 3 industrial, 1 sensitive)Air quality trend Analysis of nine year air quality data of PM 10 shows a fluctuating trend, NO 2 and SO 2shows a stable trend and are within NAAQS (Figure 7.18).108

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.3.19 BANGALOREStateKarnatakaLocation12 o 34’48” N and 77 o 22’48” E. Altitude of 920 m above MSLArea 1000 km 2Population 56,86,844ClimateTropical savanna climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Due to its high elevation,Bangalore usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year. The summerheat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms.Temperature: 28 to 36°C during hottest months (April/May) to 16 to 25°C during wintermonths (December/January).Rainfall: average rainfall is 686 mmGeographyLocated on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka. Soils consist ofred laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soilsIndustriesSilicon valley of India. Major industries are aircraft, earthmoving equipments, watches,garments, silk, machine tools, handicrafts, computer software, computer hardware,electronics, telecommunication, instrumentation and information technology, steel andcoffee.Air quality stations 9 (5 residential, 4 industrial)Air quality trend Analysis of nine year air quality data of PM 10 shows an increasing trend with an abruptincrease after 2007. SO 2 and NO 2 is more or less stable after 2006 and are within109

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesNAAQS (Figure 7.19).7.3.20 KOCHIStateKeralaLocation9°58′N to 9.967°N and 76°13′E to 76.217°EArea 2408 km 2Population 1,355,972ClimateTropical monsoon climate. From June through September, the south-west monsoonbrings in heavy rains as Kochi lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats. FromOctober to December, Kochi receives rain from the northeast monsoon, as it lies on theleeward side.Temperature: maximum of 40 ºC while in winter it is around 25ºCRainfall: annual rainfall is about 310 cmGeographyTo the west lies the Arabian Sea, and to the east are estuaries drained by perennialrivers originating in the Western Ghats. Much of Kochi lies at sea level, with a coastlineof 48 km. Soil consists of sediments such as alluvium, teri's, brown sands, etc.Hydromorphic saline soils are also found in the areas surrounding the backwaters.Predominant rock types found here are Archaean-basic dykes, Charnockites andGneisses.IndustriesCashew and other food products, Cochin Spices, Coir products, Chemicals and Agroproducts, Chemicals, Handloom, Handicrafts, Rubber, Electric, Electronic appliances,Transformers, Telephone cables, Ceramics, Tiles, Drugs, Chemicals, Paints,110

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesAir quality stationsAir quality trendNewsprint, Refinery and wood craft industries.7 (4 residential, 3 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data of PM 10 shows an increasing trend with an abruptincrease after 2007. SO 2 and NO 2 is more or less stable after 2006 and are withinNAAQS (Figure 7.20).7.3.21 CHENNAIStateTamilnaduLocation13 o 04’ N and 80 o 17’E. Average elevation is around 6.7 metresArea 173 km 2Population 64,24,624ClimateTropical wet and dry climate. The weather is hot and humid for most of the year. Thecity gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north-east monsoon winds, from mid-October to mid-December. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit the city. TTemperature: 24.3 0 C (min) to 32.9 0 C (max)Rainfall: annual rainfall in the region is the range from 1286 to 1233 mmGeographySituated on the eastern coastal plains. Drained by Cooum River (or Koovam) throughthe centre, Adyar River to the south and Kortalaiyar on the northern fringes. Soil ismostly clay, shale and sandstone.IndustriesChemicals, oil refinery, oil storage tanks motors, cycles, rubber factory, surgicalinstruments factory, refinery, food factories, beverage factories, wood, paper and paperproducts, machinery tool industries, transport equipments, electrical machineryindustriesAir quality stations 6 (2 residential, 4 industrial)Air quality trend Analysis of nine year air quality data of PM 10 shows an increasing trend with an abrupt111

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesincrease after 2007. SO2 and NO2 is more or less stable after 2006 and are withinNAAQS (Figure 7.21).7.3.22 COIMBATOREStateTamilnaduLocation11 o 00’ N and 77 o 00’ E, Elevation of about 398 metersArea 140 km 2Population 14,46,034ClimateTropical wet and dry climate. Regular monsoon starts from October lasting till earlyNovember brought about by the retreating North-eastern monsoon.Temperature: The mean maximum and minimum temperatures during summer andwinter varies between 35°C to 18°C.Rainfall: annual rainfall of the district is 647 mmGeographyThe soil is predominantly black, which is suitable for cotton cultivation, but it also hassome red loamy soil. Falls under the Class III/IV Seismic ZoneIndustriesTextile mills, engineering industries, automobile components, washing machines, wetgrinders, general engineering industries, food processing units and readymadegarments.Large number of small-scale industries also florishAir quality stations 3 (2 residential, 1 industrial)Air quality trend Analysis of nine year air quality data of PM 10 shows fluctuating trend with an abruptincrease after 2007. NO2 shows a decline over the years and SO2 is stable and within112

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesNAAQS (Figure 7.22).7.3.23 MADURAIStateTamilnaduLocation9 o 58’ N and 78 o 10’ E, elevation of 101 meters above mean sea levelArea 140 km 2Population 11, 94,665ClimateHot and humid, Madurai has the typical climate of the rest of the Deccan plateau.Normally, Sub tropical climate prevails over the city without any sharp variation. fourdistinct seasons, viz., and South West monsoon, North East Monsoon, Winter Seasonand Hot Summer SeasonTemperature: Temperatures during summer reach a maximum of 40 and a minimum of26.3 °C, though temperatures over 43 °C are not uncommon. Winter temperaturesrange between 29.6 and 18 °C.Rainfall: average annual rainfall of the city is 867 mmGeographySituated on the banks of the River VaigaiIndustriesTextile mills, engineering industries, mechanical industries, electrical and electronicappliances, steel rolling mills and small scale industries like Food products, readymadegarments, wooden industries, printing, moulding industries predominate in the area.Air quality stations 3 (2 residential, 1 industrial)113

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesAir quality trendAnalysis of nine year air quality data of PM 10 shows fluctuating trend with an abruptincrease after 2007. NO2 shows a decline over the years and SO2 is stable and withinNAAQS (Figure 7.23).7.3.24 AHMEDABADStateGujaratLocation23°02′ N and 72°35′ E, elevation of 53 metresArea 300 km 2Population 35,20,085ClimateSemi-arid climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Asidefrom the monsoon season, the climate is dry. The southwest monsoon brings a humidclimate from mid-June to mid-September.Temperature: May is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of41.3˚C and occasionally rises up to over 46˚C. January is the coldest month with themean daily temperature of 29˚C.Rainfall: average annual rainfall for this period was 732 mmGeographyThe city sits on the banks of the River Sabarmati, in north-central Gujarat. falls underseismic zone-III. Area forms part of the Cambay sedimentary basin, and is underlainby post-Miocene alluvium, both aeolian and fluvial, composed of sand, silt, gravel andclay.IndustriesTextile mill, chemicals and pharmaceuticals industry.114

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesAir quality stationsAir quality trend6 (4 residential, 2 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data of PM 10 shows a declining trend with a slightincrease during 2009. Both SO2 and NO2 are more or less stable (Figure 7.24).7.3.25 RAJKOTStateGujaratLocation22°18′ N and 70°47′ E, elevation of 134 m (439 feet).Area 104.86 km 2Population 10,02,160ClimateSemiarid climate with hot dry summers from mid-March to mid-June and the wetmonsoon season from mid-June to October. The cyclones generally occur in theArabian Sea during the months after the rainy season.Temperature: average maximum and minimum temperatures recorded over the last 40years are 43.5˚C and 24.2˚C respectivelyRainfall: average annual rainfall is observed about 500 mm in the areaGeographyDharangadhra sand stones (Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous), Deccan Trap(Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene), Fluviomarine alluvium and Milliolite limestone(Quaternary to Upper Tertiary). However, major part of the area is constituted ofBasaltic lava flows.IndustriesBearings, diesel engines, kitchen knives and other cutting appliances, watch parts(cases & bracelets), automotive parts, forging industry, casting industry, machine tools,115

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesAir quality stationsAir quality trendshare market and software development, textile mill There are eight industrialareas/estates functioning in the city. The total number of small scale industriesregistered is about 12000.2 (1 residential, 1 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for SO2 andNO2. As for PM 10 upto 2007 a declining trend is seen whereas a slight increasing trendis seen after 2007 . (Figure 7.25).7.3.26 SURATStateGujaratLocation21°10′ N and 72°50′ E, average elevation of 13 metersArea 112.27 km 2Population 28,11,466.ClimateTropical monsoon climate, moderated strongly by the Arabian Sea. The summerbegins in early March and lasts till June. April and May are the hottest months, theaverage temperature being 30 °C. Monsoon begins in late June. Very often heavymonsoon rain brings floods in the Tapi basin area.Temperature: temperature of the city varies from 12˚C to 31˚C, while it varies from24˚C to 42˚CRainfall: 931 mmGeographySituated on the left bank of the Tapti River, 14 miles from its mouth soil of the area is ofblack cotton type upto 1.5 m followed by yellow soil and silt upto 10 m. Below 10 mdepth, soft rocks are available. There is no signature of hardrock in the area.Industries Production of synthetic fibers and man-made fabrics, diamond-polishing industry, ,116

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesAir quality stationsAir quality trendsteel. The total number of industries registered is about 45000.3 (2 residential, 1 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for SO2 andNO2. As for PM 10 upto 2007 a declining trend is seen whereas a slight increasing trendis seen after 2007 . (Figure 7.26).7.3.27 VADODARAStateGujaratLocation22°18′ N and 73°16′ E, elevation of 39 metres (123 feet)Area 140 km 2Population 14,92,398ClimateTropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: Summer, Monsoon andWinter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is dry.Temperature: The temperature of the city varies from 8˚C to 46˚CRainfall: 900 mmGeographyBasement rocks, exposed in northern and eastern parts, had been controlled by thePrecambrian orogenies (Arvalli and Delhi cycles), and the older crystalline rocks ideallyshows folds, faults and magmatism related to the two orogenies.The city sits on the banks of the River Vishwamitri, in central Gujarat, Mahi & NarmadaRivers. Falls under seismic zone-III, in a scale of I to V (in order of increasingproneness to earthquakes).117

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesIndustriesAir quality stationsAir quality trendPetrochemicals, engineering, pharmaceuticals, plastics and Forex. The total number ofindustries registered is about 7500, out of which 6000 are functioning. There are about2200 industries under GIDC in Makarpura.4 (3 residential, 1 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for SO 2 andNO 2 . As for PM 10 upto 2008 a declining trend is seen whereas a slight increasing trendis seen after 2008 . (Figure 7.27).7.3.28 PUNEStateMaharashtraLocation18 o 18’36” N and 73 o 33’ E, 560 m (1,840 ft) above sea levelArea 15,642 km 2Population 37,55,525ClimateTropical wet and dry climate. Three distinct seasons: summer, monsoon and winter.The height above sea level and the leeward location with reference to the Westernghats have made the city climate moderate and salubrious. Temperature: meansummer maximum and the minimum temperatures are 37º and 23º C respectively. Thesame for the cold season are 30 and 12ºC respectively relative humidity ranges from36% in March to 81% in August Rainfall: average rainfall is about 70 cm in just fourmonths from June to SeptemberGeographyLcated on the western margin of the Deccan plateau on the leeward side of theSahyadri mountain range, which form a barrier from the Arabian sea. At the confluenceof the Mula and Mutha rivers. The Pavana and Indrayani rivers, tributaries of the Bhima118

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesIndustriesAir quality stationsAir quality trendriver, traverse the northwestern outskirts of metropolitan Pune. Underlain by basalticlava flows (Pahoehoe and AA) of upper cretaceous econe age associated with basicintrusives. The soil texture contains alluvial deposites of sand, gravels, fine silts andclays along the bank of major rivers.One of the world's three largest two-wheeler manufacturers. Engineering, electronicand electrical industries culture.3 (2 residential, 1 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data shows a more or less stable trend for SO2 andNO2. As for PM 10 upto 2008 a declining trend is seen whereas a slight increasing trendis seen after 2008 . (Figure 7.28).7.3.29 MUMBAI – commercial capitalStateMaharashtraLocation18 o 55’ N and 72 o 54’ E, elevation of 14 m (46 ft)Area 603.4 km 2 (233 sq mi) [Population1,40,00,000 lacsClimateTropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate with seven months ofdryness and peak of rains in July. The cold season from December to February isfollowed by the summer season from March to June. The period from June to about theend of September constitutes the south-west monsoon season, and October andNovember form the post-monsoon season.Temperature: average maximum temperature is 31.2 °C (88.2 °F), while the averageminimum temperature is 23.7 °C (74.7 °F)Rainfall: average total annual rainfall is 2,146.6 millimetres (84.51 in) for the IslandCity, and 2,457 millimetres (96.73 in) for the suburbsGeographyMumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the western coast of India, in the119

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesIndustriesAir quality stationsAir quality trendcoastal region known as the Konkan. Three small rivers, the Dahisar River, Poinsar (orPoisar) and Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, while the polluted MithiRiver originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and PowaiLakes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays, stretchingfrom Thane creek on the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front. The easterncoast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity,while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in the city region ispredominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover islargely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of blackDeccan basalt flows, and their acidic and basic variants It is a seismically active zoneport and shipping(residential, industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data with respect to PM10 shows an increasing trendtill 2008 and slight decrease in2009. NO2 salso showed an increasing trend b ut SO2showed a decreasing trend. (Figure 7.29).7.3.30 NAGPURStateMaharashtraLocation21 o 5’24” N and 79 o 5’24”E, mean altitude of 310 meters above sea levelArea 218 km 2Population 21,22,965ClimateTropical wet and dry climate with dry conditions prevailing for most of the year.Summers are extremely hot lasting from March to June, with maximum temperaturesoccurring in May. Winter lasts from November to JanuaryTemperature: mean daily temperature at 12.1°C and daily maximum temperature being28.7 °C.Rainfall average annual rainfall being 1178.7 mmGeographyNagpur lies on the Deccan plateau of the Indian Peninsula The underlying rock stratais covered with alluvial deposits resulting from the flood plain of the Kanhan River. Insome places these give rise to granular sandy soil. In low lying areas which are poorly120

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesIndustriesAir quality stationsAir quality trenddrained, the soil is alluvial clay with poor permeability characteristics. In the easternpart of city crystalline metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, schist and granites arefound, while in the northern part yellowish sand stones and clays of the lowerGondwana formations are found. [Engineering Works, Saw mills, Rolling mills, Ayurvedic medicines. Different types ofsmall scale and cottage units.6 (4 residential, 2 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data with respect to PM10 shows an increasing trendtill 2008 and slight decrease in2009. NO2 salso showed an increasing trend b ut SO2showed a decreasing trend. (Figure 7.30).7.3.31 NASHIKStateMaharashtraLocation20 o 1’12” N and 73 o 30’ E, 600m (1 968 ft) from the mean sea levelArea 259.13 km 2Population 11,52,048ClimateSemi-arid climate. The period from June to September is the (South West) MonsoonSeason. Mild, dry winter from November to February, with warm days and cool nights,although occasional cold waves can dip temperatures.Temperature: summer and winter temperatures ranged 22 to 43°C and 20 to 3° CrespectivelyRainfall: average annual rainfall is about 700 mm Relative humidity is maximum 62%and minimum 43.65%.121

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesGeographyIndustriesAir quality stationsAir quality trendThe river Godavari originates from Trimbakeshwar) flows through various parts of thecity. Lies on western edge of the Deccan Plateau which is a volcanic formation. Thesoil here is primarily black which is favorable for agriculture. Occupied by Deccanbasaltic rocks.Aircraft manufacturing plant, automobile, pharmaceuticals, electricals, steel , nation'scurrency printer3 (2 residential, 1 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data with respect to PM10 shows an increasing trendtill 2008 and slight decrease in2009. NO2 salso showed an increasing trend b ut SO2showed a decreasing trend. (Figure 7.31).7.3.32 JAIPURStateRajasthanLocation26 o 33’ N and 75 o 31’12”E , average elevation of 431 metres (1417 ft)Area 230 km 2Population 23,24,319ClimateSemi-arid climate Temperatures remain relatively high throughout the year. During themonsoon there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms. Winter months ofNovember to February are mild and pleasant, There are however occasional coldwaves that lead to temperatures near freezing is dry and healthy and is subjected toextremes of cold and heat at various places.Temperature: minimum and maximum temperatures are 3°C and 45°C respectivelywhile the mean temperature is 24°C.122

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesGeographyIndustriesAir quality stationsAir quality trendRainfall annual rainfall in the district is 548 mmOoldest groups of rock in the district are schist, gneisses, migmatite and quartzite ofPre-Aravalli, which are considered to be nearly 2,500 million year old. These rocks arecovered under a mantle of sand and alluvium, of recent to sub recent age. The majorrivers passing through the Jaipur district are Banas and Banganga. Ground waterresources to the extent of about 28.65 million cubic meter are available in the district.Marbel units, Readymade garments, Rolling mills, Chemical units, Printing units,Powerloom units, Gems and Jewelry unit, Casting units, Vanaspati oil mills, Preciousand semi precious stone cutting units, Leather units and Electronics industries. Thetotal number of registered small scale and artizen units in the city is 16799.6 (4 residential, 2 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data with respect to PM10 shows an increasing trendtill 2008 and slight decrease in2009. NO2 salso showed an increasing trend b ut SO2showed a decreasing trend. (Figure 7.32).7.3.33 BHOPALStateMadhya PradeshLocation23 o 9’36” N and 77 o 21’36”E, average elevation of 499 metres (1637 ft)Area 286 km 2Population 14,54,830ClimateHumid subtropical climate, with mild, dry winters, a hot summer and a humid monsoonseason, starting in late June and ends in late September with frequent thunderstormsand flooding.. The winter peaks in January when temperatures may drop close tofreezing on some nights.Temperature: Summers start in late March and go on till mid-June, the averagetemperature being around 30 °C (86 °F) Winters in Bhopal are mild, sunny and dry,123

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesGeographyIndustriesAir quality stationsAir quality trendwith average temperatures around 18 °C (64 °F)Rainfall The normal annual rainfall of Bhopal city is about 1260 mmLocated in upper limit of the Vindhya mountain ranges, on the Malwa plateau. The areais occupied alluvial formationsEngineering Works, Bewerage, Bottling, Paints, Anciallary to BHEL, Electrical,Mechanical Engineering, Heavy fabrication factories, Glass fibre industries, Wooden,Saw mills, Food products, Automobiles and Agricultural equipments. The total numberof registered units (small scale and cottage) in the city is 119604 (3 residential, 1 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data with respect to PM 10 shows an increasing trend till2008 and slight decrease in2009. NO 2 salso showed an increasing trend b ut SO 2showed a decreasing trend. (Figure 7.33).7.3.34 INDOREStateMadhya PradeshLocation22 o 26’24” N and 75 o 30’E, elevation of 550 metre above sea levelArea 130 km 2Population 16,39,044ClimateTropical wet and dry climate and a humid subtropical climate. Three distinct seasonsare observed: summer, monsoon and winter. Summers start in mid-March and can beextremely hot in April and May. Due to Indore's location on the southern edge of theMalwa Plateau, a cool breeze in the evenings makes summer nights quite pleasant.Temperature: Average Summer temperatures may go as high as 42-44.c (100.4 °F)124

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesGeographyIndustriesAir quality stationsAir quality trendbut humidity is very low. The monsoon season starts in late June, with temperaturesaveraging around 26 °C (79 °F), with sustained, torrential rainfall and high humidity.Winters start in mid-November and are dry, mild and sunny. Temperatures averageabout 4–15 °C (39–59 °F), but can fall close to freezing on some nights.Rainfall average rainfall of Indore district is about 980 mmLocated in the southern edge of the Malwa plateau, on the Saraswati and Khan rivers,which are tributaries of the Shipra River. Isolated patches of alluvium also occur alongthe Kshipra and Khar rivers and the Katkiya nalllaFood product, Tobacco product, Cotton textile, Wool milk, synthetic powder, Juteproduct, Housary garments, Wood products, Paper and paper product, Leather andleather product, Rubber and Plastic products, Chemical and chemical product, Metalproduct, Basic metal industries, Machinery parts, Electric machinery product, Repairingand servicing, Steel furniture, Printing, Paints & Varnish, Pulses mills, Cold storage andFertilizers, Electronics & Computer parts, Readymade garments, etc. The total numberof registered units (small scale and cottage) in the city is 10247 (upto March 2002).3 (2 residential, 1 industrial)Analysis of nine year air quality data with respect to PM10 shows a decreasing trend till2007 and increasing thereafter till 2009. NO2 and SO2 showed a stable trend. (Figure7.34).7.3.35 JABALPURStateMadhya PradeshLocation23 o 6’ N and 79 o 35’24”E, average elevation of 411 metres (1348 feet).Area 131 km 2Population 11,17,200ClimateHumid subtropical climate. Summers start in late March and last up to June. May is thehottest month followed by the monsoon season, which lasts until early October.Winters start in early November and last until early March.Temperature: average minimum temperature of 18.3 °C and an average maximum of32.1 °C.125

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan citiesGeographyIndustriesAir quality stationsAir quality trendRainfall annual rainfall of 1130 mm with June to September being the principal rainyperiodrocks of Archaen era, Bijawars, Vindhyan, Gondwanas, Lametas and Deccan traps.Schists, gneiss and granite are prevalent in the ArchaeansSteel fabrication factories, food products, polythene, RCC hume pipes, plastic basefactories, sodium silicate, telecom, air products, etc. The total number of registeredsmall scale and cottage units in the city is 320.1 (1 residential)Analysis of nine year air quality data with respect to PM10 shows a fluctuating trendwhere the pollutant increases during 2005 and 2008 and slightly decreases duting2009 but remaining above NAAQS. NO2 and SO2 showed a more or less stabletrend. (Figure 7.35).126

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities7.4 Air quality trend in different zones of India with respect to metropolitan citiesThe trend in air quality in different zones viz. north, east, south, west and central zones are depicted in Figure 4.36a, b, c, d and erespectivelyFigure 4.36 Air quality trend in the different zones (north, east, south, west, central) in India126

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities127

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities128

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities129

Chapter 7: Air quality trends in metropolitan cities130

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsChapter 8Air pollution with respect to theadditional pollutants(NH 3, CO, O 3 , PM 2.5 )In addition to creation pollutants like SO 2 , NO 2 and PM 10 Central Pollution Control board carriedout four additional parameters such as Ammonia (NH 3 ), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O 3 ) and131

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsParticulate matter with size less than 2.5 micrometer (PM 2.5 ) . NH 3 has been measured in six metrocities viz Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Nagpur and Hyderabad with the help of NationalEnvironmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) under NAMP.8.1 Ammonia LevelsAnnual average concentration of ammonia has been compared with the NAAQS. The air qualityhas been categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio ofannual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard). The four categoriesare low, moderate, high and critical as explained in earlier chapters. Low levels were observed inNagpur, Chennai, Kolkata, industrial areas of Hyderabad and residential areas of Mumbai.Moderate levels were observed in Delhi, residential areas of Hyderabad and industrial areas ofMumbai. There was no exceedence of air quality standards (annual average and 24 hourlyaverages) at all the monitored locations except Parel in Mumbai. The air quality is given in Table8.1. Annual average concentration of ammonia at 18 monitoring stations in 6 cities are given inTable 8.2Table 8.1 : Ambient Air Quality wrt Ammonia in India during 2009Pollution level Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m 3 )Low (L) 0-50Moderate (M) 50-100High (H) 100-150Critical (C) > 150STATE, UT / CITYAmmoniaAREA CLASS Industrial Areas Residential AreasAndhra PradeshHyderabad L MDelhiDelhi M MMaharashtraMumbai M LNagpur L LTamil NaduChennai L LWest BengalKolkata L L132

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsTable 8.2: Summary of Ammonia Levels (Annual Average Concentration in μg/m 3 ) during 2009S.No. State / UT City LocationType ofAreaAverage(μg/m 3 )Std.Dev.n% exceedencewrt NAAQS( 24 hrly avg.)Air Quality1 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad2 Delhi Delhi3MaharashtraMumbaiNagpurNacharam I 47 16 95 0 LTarnaka R 53 13 96 0 MABIDS Circle R 62 18 95 0 MMayapuri Ind. Area I 69 19 96 0 MSarojini Nagar R 64 18 96 0 MTown Hall R 70 19 96 0 MParel I 73 84 93 2 MWorli R 49 44 96 0 LKalbadevi R 45 28 87 0 LHingna Road I 19 13 94 0 LMaskasath R 25 17 97 0 LNEERI Lab., Nehru Marg R 20 16 96 0 LThiruvottiyur Municipal Office I 36 32 94 0 L4 Tamil Nadu Chennai Madras Medical College R 41 37 90 0 LNEERI CSIR Campus R 29 28 96 0 LCossipore I 17 33 97 0 L5 West Bengal Kolkata Lal Bazaar R 15 27 96 0 LKasba R 12 17 95 0 LNote:- R – Residential and other areas, I – Industrial area, Std dev. – Standard deviation, n – number of days monitored for 16 and more hours a day L- Low, M-Moderate, H – High and C – Critical levels of pollution based on exceedence factor (calculated for n ≥ 50 days), % vio. Wrt NAAQS (24 hrly avg.) – Percentageviolation wrt NAAQS ( 24 hourly average).The close examination of the table indicates that at all annual values are within the NAAQS and the air quality w.r.t. to ammonia is low except Delhi, Hyderabadand at parel in Mumbai is moderate. It is observed that in parel there is a wide variation otherwise the data is mostly constant. With respect to 24 hr averageoccasional exceedence in case of parel is observed.133

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutants8.2 Carbon Monoxidea) CO levels at BSZ Marg ( ITO)Carbon monoxide is monitored at Bahadur Shah Zafar (BSZ) Marg, New Delhi using Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectrometry (NDIR) method. Monthly average and annual averageconcentration of CO is given in Table 8.3. The annual average concentration of CO was 2542µg/m 3 during 2009 and monthly average concentration varied from 1441 µg/m 3 to 4456 µg/m 3 .High levels of CO might be attributed to increase in vehicular population especially passengercars in Delhi.Table 8.3: Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at BSZ Marg,New Delhi during 2009Months of 2009 CO Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 2498February 1967March 2136April 2584May 2720June 1751July 2167August 1441September 2121October 2310November 4349December 4456Annual Average 2542NA – Data not adequateb) CO levels at Siri FortCarbon monoxide is monitored at Siri Fort, New Delhi using Non-Dispersive InfraredSpectrometry (NDIR) method. Monthly average and annual average concentration of CO isgiven in Table 8.4. The annual average concentration of CO was 1615 µg/m 3 during 2009 andthe monthly average concentration varied from 756 µg/m 3 to 3142 µg/m 3 . High levels of COmight be attributed to increase in vehicular population especially passenger cars in Delhi.134

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsTable 8.4: Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at Siri Fort,New Delhi during 2009Months of 2009 CO Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 1810February 1378March 1504April 998MayNAJuneNAJuly 756August 851September 1019October 1834November 2860December 3142Average 1615NA – Data not availablec) CO levels at Delhi College of Engineering (DCE), BhawanaCarbon monoxide is monitored at Delhi College of Engineering (DCE), Bhawana, Delhi usingNon-Dispersive Infrared Spectrometry (NDIR) method. Monthly average and annual averageconcentration of CO is given in Table 8.5. The annual average concentration of CO was 1147µg/m 3 during 2009. The monthly average concentration varied from 443 µg/m 3 to 2140 µg/m 3 .High levels of CO might be attributed to increase in vehicular population especially passengercars in Delhi.Table 8.5: Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at DCE,Bhawana, Delhi during 2009Months of 2009 CO Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 1426February 1045March 1019April 888May 1062June 773July 913August 573September 443October 1361November 2117December 2140Average 1147NA – Data not available/not adequate135

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsd) CO levels at East Arjun Nagar, ShahadaraCarbon monoxide is monitored at East Arjun Nagar, Shahadara, Delhi using Non-DispersiveInfrared Spectrometry (NDIR) method. Monthly average and annual average concentration ofCO is given in Table 8.6. The annual average concentration of CO was 1696 µg/m 3 during2009. The monthly average concentration varied from 1208 µg/m 3 to 3391 µg/m 3 . High levels ofCO might be attributed to increase in vehicular population especially passenger cars in Delhi.8.3 OzoneTable 8.6: Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) EastArjun Nagar, Shahadara, Delhi during 2009Months of 2009 CO Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 1235February 1208March 1196April 1232MayNAJune 1462July 1215August 1219September 1425October 1921November 3391December 3148Average 1696NA – Data not available/not adequatea) Ozone level at BSZ Marg ( ITO)Ozone was measured at BSZ Marg (ITO) using continuous analysers. Monthly average andannual average concentration of Ozone are given in Table 8.7. The annual averageconcentration of Ozone was 40 µg/m 3 during 2009. The monthly average concentration ofozone varied from 18 µg/m 3 to 69 µg/m 3 .Table 8.7: Concentration of Ozone at BSZ Marg (ITO), New Delhiduring 2009Months of 2009 Ozone Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 25February 35March 42April 52May 48June 48July 39August 40September 69October 43November 23December 18Average 40NA – Data not available/not adequate136

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsHigher ozone concentrations are observed, in general, in Summer months as it is formed byphotochemical reactions of NOx and VOCs. Ozone concentrations tend to peak in early to midafternoon in areas where there is strong photochemical activity.b) Ozone levels at Siri FortOzone was measured at Siri Fort using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annualaverage concentration of Ozone are given in Table 8.8. The annual average concentration ofOzone was 42 µg/m 3 during 2009. The monthly average concentration of ozone varied from 16µg/m 3 to 68 µg/m 3 . The values indicate that ozone levels are within NAAQS.Table 8.8: Concentration of Ozone at Siri Fort, NewDelhi during 2009Months of 2009 Ozone Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 16February 18MarchNAAprilNAMayNAJuneNAJuly 39August 42September 42October 58November 68December 56Average 42NA – Data not available/not adequateHigher ozone concentrations are observed, in general, in Summer months as it is formed byphotochemical reactions of NOx and VOCs. Ozone concentrations tend to peak in early to midafternoon in areas where there is strong photochemical activity. The values indicate that ozonelevels are within NAAQS.c) Ozone levels Delhi College of Engineering (DCE), BhawanaOzone was measured at Delhi College of Engineering (DCE) using continuous analysers.Monthly average and annual average concentration of Ozone are given in Table 8.9. Theannual average concentration of Ozone was 53 µg/m 3 during 2009. The monthly averageconcentration of ozone varied from 28 µg/m 3 to 83 µg/m 3 .137

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsTable 8.9: Concentration of Ozone at DCE, Bhawana, Delhiduring 2009Months of 2009 Ozone Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 28February 40March 32April 71May 60June 50July 43August 35September 56October 83November 70December 62Average 53NA – Data not available/not adequateHigher ozone concentrations are observed, in general, in Summer months as it is formed byphotochemical reactions of NOx and VOCs. Ozone concentrations tend to peak in early to midafternoon in areas where there is strong photochemical activity. The values indicate that ozonelevels are within NAAQS.d) Ozone levels at East Arjun Nagar, Shahadara, DelhiOzone was measured at East Arjun Nagar, Shahadara, Delhi using continuous analysers.Monthly average and annual average concentration of Ozone are given in Table 8.10. Theannual average concentration of Ozone was 32 µg/m 3 during 2009. The monthly averageconcentration of ozone varied from 10 µg/m 3 to 74 µg/m 3 .Table 8.10: Concentration of Ozone at East ArjunNagar, Shahadara, Delhi during 2009Months of 2009 Ozone Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 14February 26March 34April 35MayNAJune 33July 38August 74September 29October 31November 10DecemberNAAverage 32NA – Data not available/not adequateHigher ozone concentrations are observed, in general, in Summer months as it is formed byphotochemical reactions of NOx and VOCs. Ozone concentrations tend to peak in early to mid138

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsafternoon in areas where there is strong photochemical activity. The values indicate that ozonelevels are within the NAAQS.8.4 Particulate matter with size less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 )a) Particulate matter with size less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) at BSZ Marg (ITO), New DelhiParticulate matter with size less than 2.5 micrometer (PM 2.5 ) was measured at BSZ Marg (ITO),New Delhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration ofPM 2.5 are given in Table 8.11. The annual average concentration of PM 2.5 was 89 µg/m 3 during2009. The monthly average concentration of PM 2.5 varied from 48 µg/m 3 to 156 µg/m 3 . HigherPM 2.5 levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resultingis less volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrationswere observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition..Table 8.11: Concentration of PM 2.5 at BSZ Marg ( ITO),New Delhi during 2009Months of 2009 PM 2.5 Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 156February 90March 90AprilNAMayNAJune 75July 48August 49September 43October 164NovemberNADecemberNAAverage 89NA – Data not available/not adequateb) Particulate matter with size less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) at Pritampura, New DelhiParticulate matter with size less than 2.5 micrometer (PM 2.5 ) was measured at Pritampura, NewDelhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of PM 2.5are given in Table 8.12. The annual average concentration of PM 2.5 was 96 µg/m 3 during 2009.The monthly average concentration of PM 2.5 varied from 40 µg/m 3 to 108 µg/m 3 . Higher PM 2.5levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resulting isless volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrationswere observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.139

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsTable 8.12: Concentration of PM 2.5 at Pritampura, NewDelhi during 2009Months of 2009 PM 2.5 Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 96February 84March 91April 70May 42June 46July 62August 40September 40October 76November 108December 104Average 69NA – Data not available/not adequatec) Particulate matter with size less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) at Sirifort, New DelhiParticulate matter with size less than 2.5 micrometer (PM 2.5 ) was measured at Sirifort, NewDelhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of PM 2.5are given in Table 8.13. The annual average concentration of PM 2.5 was 71 µg/m 3 during 2009.The monthly average concentration of PM 2.5 varied from 32 µg/m 3 to 150 µg/m 3 . Higher PM 2.5levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resulting isless volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrationswere observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.Table 8.13: Concentration of PM 2.5 at Sirifort, New Delhiduring 2009Months of 2009 PM 2.5 Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 93February 70March 32April 85May 55June 82July 62August 55September 52October 64November 110December 150Average 71NA – Data not available/not adequated) Particulate matter with size less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) at Janakpuri, New Delhi140

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsParticulate matter with size less than 2.5 micrometer (PM 2.5 ) was measured at Janakpuri, NewDelhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of PM 2.5are given in Table 8.14. The annual average concentration of PM 2.5 was 58 µg/m 3 during 2009.The monthly average concentration of PM 2.5 varied from 40 µg/m 3 to 78 µg/m 3 . Higher PM 2.5levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resulting isless volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrationswere observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.Table 8.14: Concentration of PM 2.5 at Janakpuri, NewDelhi during 2009Months of 2009 PM 2.5 Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 78February 49March 56April 63May 62June 77July 40August 61September 47October 69NovemberNADecember 55Average 58NA – Data not available/not adequatee) Particulate matter with size less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) at Nizamuddin, New DelhiParticulate matter with size less than 2.5 micrometer (PM 2.5 ) was measured at Nizamuddin,New Delhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration ofPM 2.5 are given in Table 8.15. The annual average concentration of PM 2.5 was 69 µg/m 3 during2009. The monthly average concentration of PM 2.5 varied from 36 µg/m 3 to 135 µg/m 3 . HigherPM 2.5 levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resultingis less volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrationswere observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.Table 8.15: Concentration of PM 2.5 at Nizamuddin, NewDelhi during 2009Months of 2009 PM 2.5 Concentration (µg/m 3 )141

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsJanuary 107February 66March 90April 77May 62June 44July 52August 57September 36October 46November 127December 135Average 69NA – Data not available/not adequatee) Particulate matter with size less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) at Shahzada Bagh, New DelhiParticulate matter with size less than 2.5 micrometer (PM 2.5 ) was measured at Shahzada Bagh,New Delhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration ofPM 2.5 are given in Table 8.16. The annual average concentration of PM 2.5 was 87 µg/m 3 during2009. The monthly average concentration of PM 2.5 varied from 41 µg/m 3 to 178 µg/m 3 . HigherPM 2.5 levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resultingis less volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrationswere observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.Table 8.16: Concentration of PM 2.5 at ShahzadaBagh, New Delhi during 2009Months of 2009 PM 2.5 Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 109February 116March 103April 41May 49June 67July 71August 46September 68October 104November 161December 178Average 87NA – Data not available/not adequatef) Particulate matter with size less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) at Shahdara, DelhiParticulate matter with size less than 2.5 micrometer (PM 2.5 ) was measured at Shahdara, Delhiusing continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of PM 2.5 are142

Chapter 8: Air pollution wrt additional pollutantsgiven in Table 8.17. The annual average concentration of PM 2.5 was 77 µg/m 3 during 2009. Themonthly average concentration of PM 2.5 varied from 42 µg/m 3 to 144 µg/m 3 . Higher PM 2.5 levelswere observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resulting is lessvolume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrations wereobserved in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.Table 8.17: Concentration of PM 2.5 at Shahdara,Delhi during 2009Months of 2009 PM 2.5 Concentration (µg/m 3 )January 84February 59March 111April 42May 48June 69July 58August 45September 70October 93November 144December 111Average 77NA – Data not available/not adequate8.5 ConclusionIt is observed Ammonia (NH 3 ) is within NAAQS in six metro cities. With respect to Ozone (O 3 )the values at Delhi are within NAAQS however in case of PM 2.5 and Carbon monoxide (CO)with respect to Delhi the value observed is mostly above the NAAQS. These observationsindicate the vehicular pollution is the major cause of exceedence of CO and PM 2.5 in Delhi.143

Chapter 9: Initiatives for control of air pollutionCHAPTER 9INITIATIVES FOR CONTROLOF AIR POLLUTION144

Chapter 9: Initiatives for control of air pollutionVarious measures have been taken to control air pollution from vehicles, industries and othersources. The steps taken to control air pollution from vehicles and industries are as follows:9.1 Measures taken to Reduce Vehicular Pollutioni) Vehicular Emission Normsa) During 1990-91 India for the first time notified mass emission norms for the vehicles at themanufacturing stage as well as for in-use vehicles. These norms were notified under EPA,motor vehicles rules & Air Act.b) The emission norms introduced in 1996 have been important in controlling vehicularpollution because of stringency of emission norms along with fuel quality in 1996. For thefirst time crankcase emission norms and evaporative emission norms were introduced.c) From April 1995 passenger cars were allowed to register only if they are fitted with acatalytic converter in four metros-Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai. Emission norms forsuch vehicles were notified under motor vehicles rules during January 1998. These normswere stricter by 50 percent compared to 1996 norms.d) The testing method for passenger car norms were changed from hot start to cold start,which is also a stringent measure, compared to the earlier one.e) More stringent norms were introduced for the year 2000. These norms were notified underMotor Vehicle Rules during 1997. Automobile manufacturers have to undergo majormodification to meet these norms.f) As per Hon'ble Supreme Court's directions only private vehicles conforming to at leastEURO-I norms are being registered in NCR from June 1999 and from April 2000 onlyprivate vehicles conforming to Euro-II equivalent i.e. Bharat Stage-II norms were registered.In Mumbai Euro-II norms for private vehicles (4 wheelers) was applicable from 2001. InKolkata, India-2000 norms (Euro-I) have been made applicable from November 1999.g) From 1 st October 1999, emission norms for agricultural tractors were introduced throughoutthe country. Bharat Stage-II and Bharat Stage-III emission norms for tractors have beenscheduled to be implemented from 2003 and 2005 respectively.h) The Bharat Stage-II norms for new 4-wheeler private non-commercial vehicle wereintroduced in Mumbai from January 2001, Kolkata and Chennai from July 2001 to 24 thOctober, 2001.i) Only those taxies are being registered in Delhi, which are meeting Bharat Stage-II norms.j) Bharat Stage-II norms for Diesel 4 wheeler transport vehicles were introduced in NCT from24 th October, 2001, in Greater Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai from 31.10.2001k) The expert committee on Auto Oil, Policy was constituted during September 2001. Theinterim report of the committee was submitted to Govt. on 1.1.2000. Recommending BharatStage-III emission norms for all category of 4-wheelers in 7 mega cities from 2005 and restof the country by 2010. Final report of the committee has been submitted in September2002 which includes road map for control of vehicular pollution up to 2010.l) Final report of the Inter-Ministerial Task Force constituted by MO & P&NG at the instance ofthe Committee of Secretaries to evolve a long term policy for vehicular emission and autofuel policy has been submitted which recommended introduction of Bharat Stage-II normsfor 4-wheelers and next stage emission norms for 2/3 wheelers throughout the country from2005 and introduction of Bharat stage-III norms for four wheelers in 7-mega cities from2005.ii) Fuel Quality SpecificationsFor the first time diesel and gasoline fuel quality with respect to environment related parametershas been notified under EPA during April 1996. Gasoline lead phase out programme is given inTable 9.1145

Chapter 9: Initiatives for control of air pollutionTable 9.1: Gasoline Lead Phase Out ProgrammePhaseDate ofIntroductionLead Content Areas CoveredPhase-I June 1994 Low lead (0.15 g/l) Delhi, Mumbai,Kolkata, ChennaiPhase-II 1.4.1995 Unleaded (0.013 g/l)+ Delhi, Mumbai,low leadedKolkata, ChennaiPhase-III 1.1.1997 Low leaded Entire countryPhase-IV 1.9.1998 Only unleaded NCTPhase-V 31.12.1998 Unleaded+Low leaded Capitals of states &UtsPhase-VI 1.9.1998 Unleaded NCRPhase-VII 1.2.2000 Unleaded Entire CountryDiesel sulphur reduction programme is given in Table 9.2. Gasoline benzene reductionprogramme is given in Table 9.3.Table 9.2: Diesel Sulphur Reduction ProgrammePhaseDate of Sulphur Content Areas CoveredIntroductionPhase-I April 1996 0.50% Four metros & TajPhase-II August 1997 0.25% Delhi & TajPhase-III April 1998 0.25% Metro CitiesPhase-IV January 2000 0.25% Entire CountryApril 2000 0.05% NCR-private vehiclesJanuary 2000 0.05% Mumbai-all vehiclesPhase-VMarch 2001 0.05% NCT-all vehiclesJune 2001 0.05% NCR-all vehiclesJuly 2001 0.05% Chennai & KolkataPhase-VI October 2001 0.05% All retail outlets of fourmetrosPhase-VII 2003 0.05% Ahemadabad, Surat,Agra, Pune & KanpurPhase-VIII 2005 0.05% Entire countryPhase-IX 2005 0.035% 10 metro cities & AgraPhase-X 2010 0.035% Entire countryPhase-XI 2010 0.005% 10 metro citiesTable 9.3: Gasoline Benzene Reduction ProgrammeDate of Introduction Benzene Content Areas CoveredBefore 1996 No specification Entire CountryApril 1996 5% benzene Entire CountryApril 2000 3% benzene Metro CitiesNovember 2000 1% benzene NCT & Mumbai2005 1% benzene All Metro cities146

Chapter 9: Initiatives for control of air pollutioniii) Better traffic management in Delhi• Restriction has been imposed on goods vehicles during day time from August 1999 in Delhi .• Left lane has been made exclusive to buses and other HMV in Delhi.• Time clocks have been installed in important red lights to enable the drivers to switch offtheir vehicles depending on the time left in the time clocks.• Construction of more fly-overs and subways and closing of T-Junctions for better traffic flow.• Regular information about traffic flow through radio FM bands for avoiding congested roads.iv) Improvement of the Public transport System in Delhi• Various steps taken for the improvement of the public transport system in Delhi are asfollows:• Number of buses has been increased to discourage use of individual vehicles by allowingprivate sectors for operation.• Metro Rail Project for Various stretches in Delhi has been completed successfully and workis in progress to connect various zones of Delhi.v) Reduction of emissions by the use of lubricants• Specifications of 2T oil for two stroke engine with respect to smoke have been notified underEPA during September 1998 for implementation from 1.4.1999 throughout the country.• Pre-mix 2T oil dispenser has been installed at all petrol filling stations in Delhi so thatexcessive oil is not being used by the vehicle owners. Sale of loose 2T oil has been bannedfrom December 1998 in Delhi & Kolkata.vi) Mass awareness regarding vehicular pollution control• Messages/articles related to vehicular emissions are disseminated through newsletters,pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, Television, Radio, Internet, Workshops and SummerExhibitions.• Display of ambient air quality data through display system near ITO, Newspapers, dailynews& Internet.• NGOs working on vehicular pollution control are being encouraged for mass awarenesscampaigns.vii) Alternate fuelled vehicles• CNG vehicles introduced in Mumbai & Delhi. At present more than 80,000 CNGvehicles(19000 cars, 49810 Autos, 4935 RTVs & 8874 Buses) are plying in Delhi and about23,000 in Mumbai. All city buses converted to CNG mode in Delhi .• There are more than 111 CNG filling stations installed in Delhi with average consumptionof674 tonnes per day of CNG.• Emission norms for CNG & LPG driven vehicles has been notified.• Petrol vehicles are running on ethanol blended (5%) petrol in states of Maharastra,AndhraPradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh, Daman &Diu andUnion Territories of Dadar & Nagar Hawali, Chandigarh and Pondicherry .• Work is in progress to run diesel vehicles on bio-diesel.viii) Control of pollution from in-use vehicles:• Idling emission norms notified for in-use vehicles. Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificateareissued for adherence to idling emission norms every 6/3 months. Number ofcomputerizedPUC centers in Delhi is around 353.• More than15 year old commercial vehicles are phased out from Delhi since 1998.• New in- use vehicles norms proposedix) Recommendations of the final report of the Expert Committee on “Auto Fuel Policy”• Bharat Stage-II norms for new vehicles except two & three wheelers, which are in place inthefour mega cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai to be extended to Hyderabad,Bangalore, Ahemadabad, Kanpur, Pune, Surat & Agra by 2003 and entire country by2005.147

Chapter 9: Initiatives for control of air pollution• Euro-III equivalent emission norms for all new vehicles except 2 & 3 wheelers to beapplicable in 11 cities from 1 st April 2005 and extended throughout the country by 2010.• Euro -IV equivalent emission norms for all new vehicles except 2 & 3 wheelers to beapplicablein 11 cities by April 2010.• Bharat Stage-II Emission norms for 2&3 wheelers to be applied through out the countrybyApril 2005 and Bharat Stage-III by 2008/2010.• To meet Bharat Stage-II, Euro-III and Euro-IV equivalent emission norms, matching qualityof petrol & diesel should be simultaneously made available.9.2. Measures Taken for Controlling Air Pollution from IndustriesThe measures taken for controlling air pollution from industries are as follows:(a) Emission standards have been notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 tocheck pollution.(b) Industries have been directed to install necessary pollution control equipment in a timebound manner and legal action has been initiated against the defaulting units.(c) 24 critically polluted areas have been identified. Action Plan have been formulated forrestoration of environmental quality in these areas.(d) Environmental guidelines have evolved for siting of industries.(e) Environmental clearance is made compulsory for 29 categories of development projectsinvolving public hearing/ NGO participation as an important component of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment process.(f) Environmental audit in the form of environmental statement has been made mandatory forall polluting industries.(g) Preparation of zoning Atlas for siting of industries based on environmental considerations invarious districts of the country has been taken up.(h) Power plants (coal based) located beyond 1000 kms from the pit-head are required to uselow ash content coal (not exceeding 34%) with effect from 1.6.2002. Power plants located inthe sensitive areas are also required to use low ash coal irrespective of their distance fromthe pit head.9.3. Action Plan for the control of air pollution in sixteen cities identified by theHon’ble Supreme Court of IndiaWith the objective of controlling these rapidly burgeoning air pollution problems in our country,the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, in the matter of CWP No. 13029 of 1995, passed theorders on 05.04.2001, regarding formulation and implementation of action plans for control ofpollution in selected cities. The Hon’ble Court stressed the need for such initiatives relating tovehicular pollution in Delhi and directed that action plan for pollution control in the cities/towns, which do not meet the ambient air quality standards, should be prepared.On August 14, 2003, the Hon’ble Supreme Court passed the following direction: “CPCB’sreport shows that the Respirable Particulate Matter (in short “RSPM”) levels in Ahmedabad,Kanpur, Sholapur, Lucknow, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Mumbai and Kolkata arealarming.”“Issue notices to the States of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh,Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In the Meantime, we direct that the Union of India and therespective States shall draw a plan for lowering the rate of RSPM level in the aforesaid cities.After the plan is drawn, the same would be placed before EPCA. This may be done within aperiod of two months. We are excluding Mumbai and Kolkata where the respective HighCourts are stated to be monitoring the RSPM levels in those cities. EPCA after examining thematter shall submit a report to this Court within a period of four weeks thereafter.”Further Central Pollution Control Board has also identified various non- attainment cities allover the country on the basis of national ambient air quality data under NAMP. CentralPollution has been coordinating with the concerned state governments of the sixteen critically148

Chapter 9: Initiatives for control of air pollutionpolluted cities identified by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India as well as non-attainmentcities identified by itself for the preparation of action plan for the control of air pollution in allthese cities. Further CPCB is also reviewing and monitoring the implementation of the actionplans prepared for these critically polluted as well as non- attainment cities. So far StateGovernments of the all the sixteen critically polluted cities as identified by the Hon’bleSupreme Court of India have submitted their action plan for controlling air Pollution from allthe major sources including industrial, vehicular & domestic sources. The major actions thosehave been proposed for almost all the cities are:‣ Industrial Pollution• Shifting of Industries from non- confirming zones.• Switching over to clean technologies.• Using clean fuels.• Installation of Pollution control Devices.• Development of green belt, etc.‣ Vehicular Pollution• Implementation of the emission norms as well as fuel quality in accordance with theroad map proposed by the Auto Fuel Policy.• Switching over to clean alternate fuels like CNG, LPG & Bio-fuels.• Augmentation in Public Transport system• Better traffic management• Implementation of fiscal measures, etc‣ Domestic Pollution• Ban on open burning of garbage, biomass, etc.• Augmentation on supply of LPG as cooking fuel , etc.Central Pollution Control Board along with EPCA has been regularly reviewing action plansubmitted by State Pollution Control Boards, further it is also monitoring the timelyimplementation of the action plan.149

Chapter 10: ConclusionChapter 10CONCLUSION150

SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY DURING 2009Chapter 10: Conclusion1. Summary of air quality scenario in different locations• Analysis of annual average concentration of ambient air quality in residential / industrial /rural / other area reveal that 241 locations exceeded the standard of 60 µg/m 3 (annual) withrespect to PM 10•With respect to NO 2, 39 locations exceeded the standard of 40 µg/m 3 (annual)• No location exceeded the standard limit of 50 µg/m 3 (annual) for SO 2 during 20092. Summary of air quality scenario in different cities• Analysis of annual average concentration of ambient air quality in residential / industrial /rural / other area reveals that 96 cities exceeded the standard of 60 µg/m 3 (annual) withrespect to PM 10 . State capital cities like Patna, Hydrabad, Ranchi, Bangalore, Kolkata,Mumbai, Jaipur and Industrial cities like Vishakhapatnam, Ahmedabad, Bhilai, Korba,Dhanbad, Jharia, Jamshedpur, Chandrapur, Dewas, Indore, Rourkela, Kota, Kanpur,Ghaziabad, Howrah, Asansol and Durgapur are critical.•With respect to NO 2, 10 cities exceeded the standard of 40 µg/m 3 . Cities like Patna,Kolkata, Howrah, Durgapur are critical.• No city exceeded the standard limit of 50 µg/m 3 (annual) for SO 2 during 2009• Durgapur, Howrah and Kolkata are critical with respect to PM 10 and NO 23. Summary of air quality scenario in different states• Analysis of annual average concentration of ambient air quality in residential / industrial /rural / other area reveled 22 states exceeded the standard of 60 µg/m 3 (annual) for PM 10•With respect to NO 2, 3 states, exceeded the standard of 40 µg/m 3 (annual). West Bengal liein the critical category• No city exceeded the standard limit of 50 µg/m 3 (annual) for SO 2 during 20094. Summary of air quality scenario in different metropolitan cities• Analysis of annual average concentration of ambient air quality in residential / industrial /rural / other area of metropolitan cities revealed that out of 35 cities, 33 cities exceeded theNAAQS of 60 µg/m 3 for PM 10.• With respect to NO 2 7 cities exceeded the standard of 40 µg/m 3 (annual).• No metropolitan city exceeded the standard limit of 50 µg/m 3 (annual) for SO 2 during 20095. Percent exceedence of ambient air quality standard• With respect to residential/industrial/rural area, considering annual average 39 (11%)location (for NO 2 ) and 241 (68%) locations (for PM 10 ) exceed NAAQS. SO 2 does notexceed the standard at any location.• Taking 24-hourly average data into consideration, 11 (3%) locations for SO 2 , 57 (16%)locations for NO 2 and 307 (85%) locations with respect to PM 10 exceed NAAQS.151

Chapter 11: ReferencesChapter 11REFERENCES152

REFERENCESEpidemiological study on effect of air pollution on human health (adults) in Delhi,http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Census 2001, Area: 1991 and population figuresChapter 11: ReferencesHealth Effects Institute, Creation of an Air Pollutant Data Base for Health Effects Study, ReportSubmitted to Health Effects Institute by Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 2004http://www http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/co/hlth1.html.epa.gov/air/urbanair/ozone/hlth.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/aqtrnd01/pmatter.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/greenbk/o3co.html#ParticulateMattehttp://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/nox/what.html (Accessed: 22/8/2007)http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/pm/hlth1.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/health.html (Accessed on 22/8/2007)http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/pdfs/pm-color.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/allabout.htmlhttp://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/air/office_building-immeubles_ bureaux/organicorganiques_e.htmlStudy on ambient air quality, respiratory symptoms, and lung function of children in Delhi,http://www.cpcb.nic.in/United States Environmental Protection Agency, ‘Research and Development Fiscal Years 1997-1998 Research Accomplishments, Research and Development (8101R) EPA 600-R-99-106,Washington D.C., Dec. 1999.\United States Environmental Protection Agency, Air Quality Criteria for Particulate matter Chapter 1, Executive Summary, EPA 600/P-95/001aF, April 1996, Website -http://www.epa.gov/ORD/WebPubs/execsum.htmlUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, July 1997, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning &Standards, USEPA, Triangle Park, USA.United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Website:- http:// www.epa.gov/ airs/criteria.htmlUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, AirQuality Where You Live, PM – How Particulate Matter Affected the Way We Live & Breathe, Healthand Environmental Impacts of PM, November 2000, Website - http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/pm/hlth1.htmlUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,Regulating Smog and Particle Air Pollution: An Integrated Approach, Information on ParticulateMatter, August 1997, Website - http://www.epa.gov/ oaqps/regusmog/infpart.htmlWilson, W.E.; Suh, H.H., “ Fine Particles and Coarse Particles: Concentration RelationshipsRelevant to Epidemiologic Studies” Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 1997, 47,1238-1249www.wikipedia.org/153

ANNEXURE154

Air Pollutants, their sources and effectsANNEXURE 1Pollutant Possible Sources EffectsNatural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment &PropertySulphur dioxide (SO 2 )SO 2 is the chemical compoundproduced by volcanoes and invarious industrial processes andare also a precursor toparticulates in the atmosphere.Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)Oxides of nitrogen are a genericterm for a group of highly reactivegases that contain nitrogen andoxygen in varying amounts.NOxare emitted as nitrogen oxide(NO) which is rapidly oxidized tomore toxic nitrogen dioxide (NO2)Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is areddish-brown toxic gas with acharacteristic sharp, biting odorand is a prominent air pollutant.Respirable SuspendedParticulate Matter (PM 10 , size ≤10μm, coarse fraction PM 10 -PM 2.5 ). called thoracic fraction)Particulate matter (PM) is acomplex mixture of suspendedsolid and liquid particle in semi• Volcanos (67%)• Lightning• Forest fires• Bacterial activityof soil• Coarse particlesare produced bythe mechanicalbreak-up oflarger solidparticles.• Wind blown dust• combustion of fossil fuel (coal,heavy fuel oil in thermalpower plants, office, factories)• paper Industry• extravtion & distribution offossil fuels• smelting of metals (sulfideores to produce copper, leadand zinc)• Petroleum refining• combustion process in diesel,petrol, natural gas drivenvehicles• High temperaturecombustion (internalcombustion engines, fossilfuel-fired power stations,industrial)• Burning of Bio-mass andFossil Fuels• Road traffic emissionsparticularly from dieselvehicles• Industrial combustion plantssome public power generation• Commercial and residentialcombustion• respiratory illness• visibility impairment• aggravate existing heartand lung diseases• irritates the nose andthroat• increase susceptibility torespiratory infections• cardio-pulmonaryproblems• asthma, bronchitis, andpneumonia in olderpeople• acid rain• aesthetic damage• Precursor of ozoneformed in thetroposphere• Form atmospheric fineparticulate matterburden as a result ofoxidation to form nitrateaerosolVisibility reduction155

Pollutant Possible Sources EffectsNatural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment &Propertyequilibrium with surroundinggases. The major constituents ofRSPM are organic and elementalcarbon, metals/elements likesilicon, magnesium, iron, ions likesulphates, nitrates, ammoniumetc. PM10 can settle in thebronchi and lungs and causehealth problemssuch as roaddust, fly ash,soot, agriculturalprocesses• physicalprocesses ofcrushing,grinding andabrasion ofsurfaces.• photochemicallyproducedparticles, suchas those foundin urban haze• Pollen grains,mould spores,and plant andinsect parts• Noncombustiblematerialsreleased whenburning fossilfuels.• Non-combustion processes(e.g. quarrying)• agricultural activities156

Pollutant Possible Sources EffectsNatural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment &PropertyParticulate Matter 2.5 (PM 2.5 ,size ≤ 2.5μm, fine fraction size upto 2.5 µm, respirable fraction)Airborne particles smaller than 2.5µm called fine particles.Composed mainly ofcarbonaceous materials (organicand elemental), inorganiccompounds (sulfate, nitrate, andammonium), and trace metalcompounds (iron, aluminium,nickel, copper, zinc, and lead).pose the greatest problems,PM 2.5 , tend to penetrate into thegas exchange regions of the lung,and very small particles (< 100nanometers) may pass throughthe lungs to affect other organs.The smallest particles, however,less than 100 nm (nanoparticles)can get into the bloodstream andaffect the cardiovascular system• Fine particlesare largelyformed fromgases.• Ultrafineparticles areformed bynucleation,which is theinitial stage inwhich gasbecomes aparticle. Theseparticles cangrow up to a sizeof 1µm eitherthroughcondensation,when additionalgascondensates orcoagulation• Vehicular emission• Industrial combustion plantssome public power generation• Commercial and residentialcombustion• oxidative stress• respiratory symptomssuch as irritation of theairways, coughing, ordifficulty breathing• decreased lung function• aggravated asthma• chronic bronchitis• irregular heartbeatcardio-pulmonarydisordera• premature death inpeople with heart orlung disease• aesthetic damage• visibility reductionOzone(O 3 )Ozone is a pale blue gas, solublein water and non-polar solventswith specific sharp odorsomewhat resembling chlorinebleach.Ozone is a secondary pollutantsformed in the atmosphere byreaction between oxides ofnitrogen and volatile organiccompounds (VOCs) in thepresence of sunlight. Peak O 3• ozone is presentin theatmosphere inthe stratosphere,in a region alsoknown as theozone layerbetween about10 km and50 km above thesurface• formed by the reaction ofsunlight on air containinghydrocarbons and nitrogenoxides emitted by carengines, industrial operations,chemical solvents to formozone• electronic equipment such asphotocopiers• lung function deficits• respiratory illness• premature death, asthma,bronchitis, heart attack,and othercardiopulmonaryproblems.• ground-level ozone andpollution which interfereswith photosynthesis andstunts overall growth ofsome plant species• Ozone cracking in cartires, gaskets, O-ringsis caqused by attackof ozone on anypolymer possessingolefinic or doublebonds within its chainstructure,• ozone present in theupper troposphereacts as a greenhousegas, absorbing some157

Pollutant Possible Sources EffectsNatural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment &Propertylevels occur typically during thewarmer times of the year.of the infrared energyemitted by the earth.LeadLead is a bright silvery soft,dense, ductile, highly malleable,bluish-white metal that has poorelectrical conductivity heavy metaland is highly resistant tocorrosion.• food (lead isabsorbed byplants)• Waste incineration• Metal processing• Paint Industry• lead solder in food cans,breast milk, drinking water,Cosmetics, ceramic pottery,burning of firewood orkerosene, indigenousremedies, tobacco andtobacco products,contaminated drinking water,toys, industrial effluents, leadacid batteries, ammunition,paints and varnishes, waterpipes• automobile exhaust,• Pb is rapidly absorbedinto the bloodstream andis believed to haveadverse effects on thecentral nervous system,the cardiovascularsystem, kidneys, and theimmune system• causes blood disorderslike anemia increase inblood presssure.• potent neurotoxin thataccumulates both in softtissues and the bones.• causes nephropathy,and colic-like abdominalpains.• weakness in fingers,wrists, or ankles.• Miscarriage andreduction of fertility inmales, delayed pubertyin girls• permanently reduce thecognitive capacity ofchildren158

Pollutant Possible Sources EffectsNatural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment &PropertyCarbon monoxide (CO). also called carbonous oxide, isa colorless, odorless andtasteless gas which is slightlylighter than air. It is highly toxic tohumans and animals in higherquantities. Mainly formed byincomplete combustion of carboncontaining fuels.Ammonia (NH3)A compound of nitrogen andhydrogen, a colourless gas with acharacteristic pungent odour.Contributes significantly to thenutritional needs of terrestrialorganisms by serving as a• producedduring normalanimalmetabolism (bythe action ofhemeoxygenase 1and 2 on theheme fromhemoglobinbreakdown andproducescarboxyhemoglobin in normalpersons) in lowquantities andhas somenormalbiologicalfunctions(signallingmolecule)• volcanic activity• forest andbushfires• putrefaction ofnitrogenousanimal andvegetablematter• Ammonia andammonium• Exhaust of internalcombustion engines,especially of vehicles withpetrol engines• Burning of carbon fuels• organic combustion in wasteincineration• power station processes• Iron smelting• burning of crop residues• Farms• Fertilizers Industry• Industrial sites that storeammonia or use it as arefrigerant can release highlevels if the chemical leaks oris spilled• CO enters thebloodstream throughlungs and combines withhemoglobin formscarboxyhemoglobin.Thiscondition is known asanoxemia, which inhibitsblood’s oxygen carryingcapacity to organs andtissues.• Persons with heartdisease are sensitive toCO poisoning and mayexperience chest pain ifthey breathe the gaswhile exercising.• adverse effects on thefetus of a pregnantwoman• Infants, elderly persons,and individuals withrespiratory diseases arealso particularlysensitive.• anti-inflammatories,vasodilators andencouragers ofneovascular growth• irritating to skin, eyes,throat, and lungs andcause coughing• burns• Lung damage and deathmay occur afterexposure to very highOdour159

Pollutant Possible Sources EffectsNatural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment &Propertyprecursor to food and fertilizers,and either directly or indirectly, isalso a building block for thesynthesis of manypharmaceuticals.Benzene (C6H6)Benzene is a colorless, sweetsmelling liquid. Benzene isgenerated whenever carbon-richmaterials undergo incompletecombustion. Benzene isgenerated whenever carbon-richmaterials undergo incompletecombustion.Polyaromatic hydrocarbons(BaP) (particulate phase only)is a five-ring polycyclic aromaticsalts are alsofound in smallquantities inrainwater,fertile soil andin seawater• during volcanicerruption• The kidneyssecrete NH 3 toneutralizeexcess acid• volcanoes• forest fires• coal tar (after aforest fire),• eruption of• Combustion of fuel(automotive fuel, wood andstationary fossil fuel, otheraromatics• evaporation (fuel storagecontainers, during refueling• Industrial emission• Coke oven• Perchlorethlyene is emittedfrom some dry cleaningfacilities• tobacco smoke, wood smoke• glues, paints, furniture wax,and detergents• Incomplete combustion offuels (processing of coal andcrude oil)concentrations ofammonia• Hematotoxic, neurotoxic,leukemogenic,carcinogenic effects• Chronic exposure tobenzene maycausechromosomaldamage, immunesuppression, aplasticanemia, myelodysplasticsyndrome, leukemia,non-Hodgkins’slymphoma, and cancer ofthe lung andnasopharynx• Effect the Reproductivesystem, developing fetusand fertility in men, lowbirth weights, delayedbone formation, and bonemarrow damage• Mutagenic and highlycarcinogenic (skin, lung,and bladder cancer in160

Pollutant Possible Sources EffectsNatural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment &Propertyhydrocarbon whose metabolitesare mutagenic and highlycarcinogenicArsenic (As)is a solid layered, a ruffledanalogue of graphite, metallicgray in color and is asemiconductor. It is a potentpoison IARC) recognizes arsenicand group 1 carcinogen (IARC)Nickil (Ni)a silvery-white lustrous corrosionresistantmetal with a slightgolden tingevolcanoes• volcanic ash,weathering ofthe arseniccontainingmineral andores as well asgroundwater.• food, water, soiland air• urease (anenzyme whichassists in thehydrolysis ofurea) containsnickel• Combustion of natural gas• Road transport• Industrial plant• Tobacco smoke• coal tar• automobile exhaust fumes(especially diesel engines), inall smoke resulting from thecombustion of organicmaterial• charbroiled food, burnt toast,cooked meat products, inburnt foods such as coffee• Smelting of metals,• Combustion of fuels(especially of low-gradebrown coal)• Use of pesticides.• wood preservation, glassproduction, nonferrous metalalloys, electronicsemiconductormanufacturing.• coke oven emissionsassociated with the smelterindustry• Combustion of fossil fuels• Nickel plating• Metallurgical processeshumans and in animals)• skin rash or eye irritation• Bronchitis• epigenetic changes• multi-system organfailure• As poisoning• Nickel sulfide fume anddust is believed to becarcinogenic• allergy, dermatitis.Sensitivity to nickel mayalso be present inpatients withpompholyx.• explosive in air161

Methods of MeasurementANNEXURE 2a) Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 )Sulphur dioxide content in the ambient air is measured by the modified West and Gaeke method. Sulphurdioxide in ambient air is absorbed in a solution of 0.04M sodium tetrachloromercurate at an average flowrate of 1 liter per minute (LPM), resulting in the formation of dischlorosulphitomercurate complex. Themain interference is due to the oxides of nitrogen, ozone and trace metals. Interference from oxides ofnitrogen can be prevented by adding sulphamic acid, which acts as a reducing agent and converts someof the oxygenated nitrogen species to nitrogen gas. Interference from ozone can be eliminated by agingthe sample prior to analysis. Interference from trace metals can be prevented by adding EDTA (disodiumsalt) to the unexposed absorbing solution. For analysis, the exposed sample is treated with sulphamicacid, formaldehyde and acid bleached pararosaniline containing hydrochloric acid. Pararosaniline,formaldehyde and bisulfite anion react to form violet red coloured pararosaniline methyl sulphonic acid.The intensity of the colour is measured on a spectrophotometrer at 560 nm wavelength. The detectionrange of the SO 2 concentration is 4 – 1050 μg/m 3 .b) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )In the method the NO 2 from ambient air is absorbed in a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodiumarsenite. Sulphur dioxide is the major interfering compound. The interference of sulphur dioxide iseliminated by converting it to sulphuric acid by addition of hydrogen peroxide. The absorbed nitrogendioxide is then reacted with sulphanilamide in the presence of phosphoric acid at a pH of less than 2 andthen coupling it with N-(1Nepthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. The absorbance of the highlycoloured azo dye is measured on spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 540 nm. The detection range ofthe NO 2 concentration is 9 – 750 μg/m 3 .c) Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM/ PM 10 )PM 10 are the particulate matter having aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm and it is fraction of theparticulate matter suspended in air and it represents the fraction that is considered to enter therespiratory system. Sources of PM 10 include road dust, emission from petrol and diesel exhaust,construction and fireplaces. PM 10 may also be formed from other pollutants (acid rain, NO x , SO x ,organics) and from incomplete combustion of any fuel. Monitoring of RSPM is carried out for 24 hourswith 8-hourly sampling. RSPM is measured gravimetrically with GFA/EPM 2000 filter paper usingrespirable dust sampler.d) Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)SPM are particulate/aerosol having diameter less than 100μm that tend to remain suspended in theatmosphere for a long period of time. Sea salt, soil dust, volcanic particles and smoke from forest firesare the natural sources of total suspended particulates. Fossil fuel burning and industrial processes arethe anthropogenic sources of suspended particulate matter. Monitoring of SPM is carried out for 24 hourswith 8-hourly sampling. SPM is measured gravimetrically with GFA/EPM 2000 filter paper using highvolume sampler.For measurement of SPM, ambient air is drawn into a covered housing of HVS through a 20.3 x 25.4 cm(8 x 10") Whatman GF/A or EPM pre weighed glass fiber filter paper at a flow rate of 1.1 to 1.5 cubicmeters per minute. The main housing should be rectangular (29 cm x 36 cm) and must be provided witha gable roof having 45 o to the horizontal so that the filter is protected from precipitation and particles lessthan 100 µm size are only collected on the filter surface. Particles within the size range of 100 to 0.1 µmare ordinarily collected on glass fiber filter.The mass concentration of SPM in the ambient air, expressed in micrograms per cubic meter iscalculated by measuring the mass of collected particulate and the volume of air drawn.162