Report of the UK Cystic Fibrosis Trust Antibiotic Working Group

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6.8 References1. Armstrong DS, Grimwood K, Carzino R, Carlin JB, Olinsky, A et al. Lower respiratory infection andinflammation in infants with newly diagnosed cystic fibrosis. BMJ 1995;310:1571–2.2. Armstrong DS, Grimwood K, Carlin JB, Carzino R, Olinsky A, Phelan PD. Bronchoalveolar lavage ororopharyngeal cultures to identify lower respiratory pathogens in infants with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol1996;21:267–75.3. Dakin CJ, Numa AH, Wang H, Morton JR, Vertzyas CC, Henry RL. Inflammation, infection, and pulmonaryfunction in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:904–10.4. Khan TZ, Wagener JS, Bost T, Martinez J, Accurso FJ, Riches DW. Early pulmonary inflammation in infants withcystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1075–82.5. UK CF Trust. UK Cystic Fibrosis Database Annual Report 2003 . Dundee: University of Dundee, 2005.6. Emerson J, Rosenfeld M, McNamara S, Ramsey B, Gibson R. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other predictors ofmortality and morbidity in young children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2005;34:91–100.7. Stewart PS,.Costeron JW. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Lancet 2001;358:135–8.8. Burns JL, Gibson RL, McNamara S, Yim D, Emerson J, Rosenfeld M et al. Longitudinal assessment ofPseudomonas aeruginosa in young children with cystic fibrosis.[see comment]. J Infect Dis 2001;183:444–52.9. Aaron SD, Ramotar K, Ferris W, Vandemheen K, Saginur R, Tullis E et al. Adult Cystic Fibrosis Exacerbations andNew Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:811–5.10. Smith AL, Fiel SB, Mayer-Hamblett N, Ramsey B, Burns JL, Smith AL et al. Susceptibility testing of Pseudomonasaeruginosa isolates and clinical response to parenteral antibiotic administration: lack of association in cystic fibrosis.Chest 2003;123:1495–502.11. Wientzen R, Prestidge CB, Kramer RI, McCracken GH, Nelson JD. Acute pulmonary exacerbations in cysticfibrosis. A double-blind trial of tobramycin and placebo therapy. Am J Dis Child 1980;134:1134–8.12. Gold R, Carpenter S, Heurter H, Corey M, Levison H. Randomized trial of ceftazidime versus placebo in themanagement of acute respiratory exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1987;111:907–13.13. Smyth A,.Elborn JS. Exacerbations in cystic fibrosis: 3. Management. Thorax 2008;63:180–4.14. Frederiksen B, Lanng S, Koch C, Hoiby N. Improved survival in the Danish center-treated cystic fibrosis patients:results of aggressive treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996;21:153–8.15. Elborn JS, Prescott RJ, Stack BHR, Goodchild MC, Bates J, Pantin C et al. Elective versus symptomatic antibiotictreatment in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic Pseudomonas infection of the lungs. Thorax 2000;55:355–8.16. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Microbiology and infectious disease in cystic fibrosis. Bethesda: Cystic FibrosisFoundation, 1994.17. Dakin C, Henry RL, Field P, Morton J. Defining an exacerbation of pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis. PediatrPulmonol 2001;31:436–42.18. Rosenfeld M, Emerson J, Williams-Warren J, Pepe M, Smith A, Montgomery AB et al. Defining a pulmonaryexacerbation in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2001;139:359–65.19. Mirakhur A, Gallagher MJ, Ledson MJ, Hart CA, Walshaw MJ. Fosfomycin therapy for multiresistantPseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2003;2:19–24.20. Foweraker JE, Laughton CR, Brown DF, Bilton D. Phenotypic variability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputa frompatients with acute infective exacerbation of cystic fibrosis and its impact on the validity of antimicrobialsusceptibility testing. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:921–7.21. Cheng K, Smyth RL, Govan JRW, Doherty C, Winstanley C, Denning N et al. Spread of beta-lactam-resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa in a cystic fibrosis clinic. Lancet 1996;348:639–42.22. Elphick H,.Tan A. Single versus combination intravenous antibiotic therapy for people with cystic fibrosis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;Art. No.: CD002007.pub2. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002007.pub2.23. Blumer JL, Saiman L, Konstan MW, Melnick D. The efficacy and safety of meropenem and tobramycin vsceftazidime and tobramycin in the treatment of acute pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis.Chest 2005;128:2336–46.24. Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Ferris W, Fergusson D, Tullis E, Haase D et al. Combination Antibiotic SusceptibilityTesting to Treat Exacerbations of Cystic Fibrosis Associated with Multi-Resistant Bacteria. Lancet2005;366:463–71.25. Elliott RA, Thornton J, Webb AK, Dodd M, Tully MP. Comparing costs of home- versus hospital-based treatmentof infections in adults in a specialist cystic fibrosis center. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2005;21:506–10.Cystic Fibrosis Trust 6.8March 2009
26. Asensio O, Bosque M, Marco T, de Gracia J, Serra C. Home intravenous antibiotics for cystic fibrosis. CochraneDatabase Syst Rev 2000;Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001917. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001917.27. Simons FE. Emergency treatment of anaphylaxis. BMJ 2008;336:1141–2.28. Bertenshaw C, Watson AR, Lewis S, Smyth A. Survey of acute renal failure in patients with cystic fibrosis in theUK. Thorax 2007;62:541–5.29. Smyth A, Lewis S, Bertenshaw C, Choonara I, McGaw J, Watson A. A case control study of acute renal failure incystic fibrosis patients in the United Kingdom. Thorax 2008;63:532–5.30. Al Aloul M, Miller H, Alapati S, Stockton PA, Ledson MJ, Walshaw MJ. Renal impairment in cystic fibrosispatients due to repeated intravenous aminoglycoside use. Pediatr Pulmonol 2005;39:15–20.31. Green CG, Doershuk CF, Stern RC. Symptomatic hypomagnesaemia in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1985;107:425–8.32. Etherington C, Bosomworth M, Clifton I, Peckham DG, Conway SP, Conway SP. Measurement of urinary N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase in adult patients with cystic fibrosis: before, during and after treatment withintravenous antibiotics. J Cyst Fibros 2007;6:67–73.33. Mulheran M, Degg C, Burr S, Morgan DW, Stableforth DE. Occurence and risk of cochleotoxicity in cysticfibrosis patients receiving repeated high-dose aminoglycoside therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother2001;45:2502–9.34. Scott CS, Retsch-Bogart GZ, Henry MM. Renal failure and vestibular toxicity in an adolescent with cystic fibrosisreceiving gentamicin and standard-dose ibuprofen. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001;31:314–6.35. Parmar JS,.Nasser S. Antibiotic allergy in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2005;60:517–20.36. Smyth A, Tan KH, Hyman-Taylor P, Mulheran M, Lewis S, Stableforth D et al. Once versus three-times dailyregimens of tobramycin treatment for pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis--the TOPIC study: a randomisedcontrolled trial. Lancet 2005;365:573–8.37. Mulheran M, Hyman-Taylor P, Tan KH, Lewis S, Stableforth D, Knox A et al. Absence of cochleotoxicitymeasured by standard and high-frequency pure tone audiometry in a trial of once- versus three-times-dailytobramycin in cystic fibrosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:2293–9.38. Smyth A, Lewis S, Bertenshaw C, Choonara I, McGaw J, Watson A. Case-control study of acute renal failure inpatients with cystic fibrosis in the UK. Thorax 2008;63:532–5.39. Pitt TL, Sparrow M, Warner M, Stefanidou M. Survey of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from UK patientswith cystic fibrosis to six commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents. Thorax 2003;58:794–6.40. Al-Aloul M, Jackson M, Bell G, Ledson MJ, Walshaw MJ. Comparison of methods of assessment of renal functionin cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. J Cystic Fibrosis 2007;6:41–7.41. Moss RB, Babin S, Hsu YP, Blessing-Moore J, Lewiston NJ. Allergy to semisynthetic penicillins in cystic fibrosis.J Pediatr 1984;104:460–6.Cystic Fibrosis Trust 6.8March 2009
Page 3 and 4: 4. ORAL ANTIBIOTICS IN CYSTIC FIBRO
Page 5 and 6: 7. OTHER INFECTIONS7.1 Management o
Page 7 and 8: GRADING SCHEME FOR LEVELS OF EVIDEN
Page 9 and 10: SUMMARY•All young children with c
Page 11: In 1989 the Copenhagen centre recom
Page 15 and 16: These bacteria can be harmless comm
Page 17 and 18: 2.7 Clinical relevance of in vitro
Page 19 and 20: 17. Macia MD, Blanquer D, Togores B
Page 21 and 22: 3.1 Introduction3. IDENTIFICATION O
Page 23 and 24: Table 2: Laboratory techniques and
Page 25 and 26: 20. Hoppe JE, Theurer MU, Stern M.
Page 27 and 28: 4.2.4 Recommendations for treatment
Page 29 and 30: 4.5 Use of oral antibiotics at time
Page 31 and 32: groups in terms of the chronic use
Page 33 and 34: 5.1 Introduction5. NEBULISED ANTIBI
Page 36 and 37: 5.5 Nebulised antibiotics to preven
Page 38 and 39: 5.10.2 Recommendations for administ
Page 40 and 41: • If a facemask is used the face
Page 42 and 43: 5.16 Nebuliser/compressor systems f
Page 44 and 45: 19. Ratjen F, Walter H, Haug M, Mei
Page 46 and 47: 69. Pitchford KC, Corey M, Highsmit
Page 48 and 49: outcome between active and placebo
Page 50 and 51: Drug Route Age/weight DoseFrequency
Page 52 and 53: much sooner. A minimum of 10-14 day
Page 56 and 57: 7. OTHER INFECTIONS7.1 Management o
Page 58 and 59: 7.2 Respiratory infection with meti
Page 60 and 61: Table 7.2 Published data on eradica
Page 62 and 63: 7.4.2 Recommendations• Given the
Page 64 and 65: although not all authors have found
Page 66 and 67: Table 7.3 Drugs for treatment of My
Page 68 and 69: 7.9.2 Diagnosis of ABPAThe Cystic F
Page 70 and 71: • It is important to assess the c
Page 72 and 73: 12. Blackburn L, Brownlee K, Conway
Page 74 and 75: 57. Ballestero S, Virseda I, Escoba
Page 76 and 77: 107. Deerojanawong J, Sawyer SM, Fi
Page 78 and 79: 155. Stevens DA, Moss RB, Kurup VP,
Page 80 and 81: 8. PHARMACOPOEIAOriginally based on
Page 82 and 83: 8.3 Treatment of more severe exacer
Page 84 and 85: Co-amoxiclav orallyAge Dose Frequen
Page 86 and 87: Cefotaxime intravenouslyAge Dose Fr
Page 88 and 89: 8.7 Treatment of Pseudomonas aerugi
Page 90 and 91: 8.8.3 Other ß-lactam antibioticsTh
Page 92 and 93: Amikacin intravenouslyAge Dose Freq
Page 94 and 95: 8.10 Chronic oral anti-pseudomonal
Page 96 and 97: TemocillinAge Dose Frequency>12year
Page 98 and 99: Liposomal Amphotericin (“Ambisome
Page 100 and 101: 9. ANTIBIOTIC-RELATED ALLERGIES AND
Page 102: I N F O R M A T I O NCystic Fibrosi

Report of the UK Cystic Fibrosis Trust Antibiotic Working Group

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