The possible hybrid origin of the feather mite Avenzoaria canuti ...

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124 Agnieszka Badek and Jacek Dabert Fig. 5. Results of the discriminant analysis for the populations of females (A, B) and males (C, D). A and C = A. totani from various hosts (1–5) and A. canuti from C. canutus (6); B and D = A. canuti from C. canutus (6) and A. calidridis from various hosts (7–11). Numbers refer to populations mentioned in Fig. 2. Z1 and Z2 = values of 1st and 2nd canonical discriminant functions. structed using the neighbour-joining (NJ) procedure as implemented in PAUP 4* software (SWOFFORD 2002). We used a Mahalanobis distance (D 2 ) matrix as the source data for reconstructing the phenogram. These are distances between 2 points (centroids) in the multidimensional space defined by several correlated independent variables and are commonly used to reveal a genetic structure from morphometric data (e.g. MARROIG & CHEVERUD 2001, ACKERMANN & CHEVERUD 2002, HARVATI et al. 2004, DIAS et al. 2004). All the statistical analyses were carried out by means of Statistica 6.0 software. The graphic visualization of the phylogenetic trees was made by TreeView 1.6.6 software (PAGE 2001).
THE POSSIBLE HYBRID THE FEATHER MITE AVENZOARIA CANUTI RESULTS 125 Fig. 6. Summarized results of discriminant analysis for the populations of Avenzoaria totani, A. canuti and A. calidridis. A = females; B = males. Z1 and Z2 = values of 1st and 2nd canonical discriminant functions. Discriminant function analysis From 4 discrete characters, all turned out to be informative and useful for recognizing differences between Avenzoaria populations from various hosts. Examples of the results are shown in Figures 2–4. The discriminant function analysis was carried out on 77 quantitative characters separately for males and females (47 and 34 characters, respectively). It enabled selection of 17 male characters and 9 female ones that differentiated the best between all the populations of particular host species (P < 0.05). Scatter plots (Figs. 5, 6) and the Appendix summarize the results. On the basis of either males or females, populations of A. totani are not homogeneous (Fig. 5A, C). Populations from Tringa glareola (1–3) cluster together and are separated from remaining A. totani populations living on T. stagnatilis (4) and T. totanus (5). In populations of females of A. calidridis, we can observe a tendency to clinal variability along the gradient temminckii (9) – [alpina (7), ferruginea (10), minuta (8)] – alba (11), with the 2 extremes of this cline, temminckii (9) and alba (11), differing significantly (Fig. 5B). Particular populations of males of A. calidridis cluster separately and somewhat differently from females but because of the small number of individuals studied (especially from Calidris minuta and C. alpina), the results are less credible than in the case of females (Fig. 5D). In all cases the discriminant function analysis separated well the individuals of A. canuti (from Calidris canutus) not only from A. totani but also from A. calidridis, with which it has been considered conspecific for a long time. However, A. canuti can be similar to A. totani in some characters (e.g. in distance between setae h1-ps1 or between d2-d2, location of genital acetabula, Fig. 3) and in others to A. calidridis (e.g. in distance between setae e2-h1 or between d2-d2, ornamentation of hysterono-
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