Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia - aagbi

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Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia.....................................................................................................................................Immediate managementThese management guidelines presuppose that the patient is in the care of anappropriately-trained anaesthetist and full resuscitation facilities and appropriate vitalsigns monitors are available.There is a wide spectrum of severity and combinations of clinicalfeatures. Although management should be tailored to the individual patient,there is consensus that adrenaline should be given as early as possible. Inaddition to having alpha-agonist activity, adrenaline is a valuable betaagonistwhich is inotropic and a bronchodilator, and reduces furthermediator release.Other causes of hypotension or difficulty in ventilation should beexcluded, for example a misplaced tracheal tube or equipment failure.Immediate management1 Use the ABC approach (Airway, Breathing, Circulation). Teamworkingenables several tasks to be accomplished simultaneously.2 Remove all potential causative agents (including IV colloids, latex andchlorhexidine) and maintain anaesthesia, if necessary, with an inhalationalagent.3 Call for help and note the time.4 Maintain the airway and administer oxygen 100%. Intubate the trachea ifnecessary and ventilate the lungs with oxygen.5 Elevate the patient’s legs if there is hypotension.6 If appropriate, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation immediately accordingto Advanced Life Support Guidelines.7 Administer adrenaline intravenously. An initial dose of 50 lg (0.5 ml of1 : 10 000 solution) is appropriate (adult dose). Several doses may berequired if there is severe hypotension or bronchospasm.8 If several doses of adrenaline are required, consider starting an intravenousinfusion of adrenaline (adrenaline has a short half-life).9 Administer saline 0.9% or lactated Ringer’s solution at a high rate via anintravenous cannula of an appropriate gauge (large volumes may berequired).Secondary management1 Administer chlorphenamine 10 mg IV (adult dose).2 Administer hydrocortisone 200 mg IV (adult dose).Ó 2009 The Authors14 Journal compilation Ó 2009 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia.....................................................................................................................................3 If the blood pressure does not recover despite an adrenaline infusion,consider the administration of an alternative intravenous vasopressoraccording to the training and experience of the anaesthetist, for examplemetaraminol.4 Treat persistent bronchospasm with an intravenous infusion of salbutamol.If a suitable breathing-system connector is available, a metered-doseinhaler may be appropriate. Consider giving intravenous aminophyllineor magnesium sulphate.5 Arrange transfer of the patient to an appropriate Critical Care area.6 Take blood samples (5–10 ml clotted blood) for Mast Cell Tryptase asfollows:a Initial sample as soon as feasible after resuscitation has started – do notdelay resuscitation to take the sample.b Second sample at 1–2 h after the start of symptoms.c Third sample either at 24 h or in convalescence (for example in afollow-up allergy clinic). This is a measure of baseline tryptase levels assome individuals have a higher baseline level.d Ensure that the samples are labelled with the time and date.7 Liaise with the hospital laboratory (see Appendix lll: Mast cell Tryptase).Drug doses in childrenAdrenalineIntramuscular> 12 years: 500 lg IM (0.5 ml of a 1 : 1000 solution)300 lg IM (0.3 ml of a 1 : 1000 solution) if the child is small6–12 years: 300 lg IM (0.3 ml of a 1 : 1000 solution)Up to 6 years: 150 lg IM (0.15 ml of a 1 : 1000 solution)IntravenousIntravenous adrenaline may be used in children in acute areas such asoperating theatres or intensive care units by those familiar with its use and ifIV access is already available. Great care should be taken to avoid doseerrors when preparing drug dilutions. Prepare a syringe containing 1 mlof 1 : 10 000 adrenaline for each 10 kg body weight (0.1 ml.kg )1 of1 : 10 000 adrenaline solution = 10 lg.kg )1 . Titrate to response, startingwith a dose of one-tenth of the contents of the syringe, i.e. 1 lg.kg )1 .Often a child will respond to as little as 1 lg.kg )1 . In smaller children,further dilution may be needed to allow dose titration (check carefullyÓ 2009 The AuthorsJournal compilation Ó 2009 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 15
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