<strong>and</strong> how different types of schools, both ma<strong>in</strong>stream <strong>and</strong>special <strong>in</strong> different sectors (primary, secondary <strong>and</strong> tertiary)can work with <strong>and</strong> <strong>support</strong> <strong>gr<strong>and</strong>parents</strong>.Develop<strong>in</strong>g ‘active’ school policiesRecognis<strong>in</strong>g this potential heterogeneity <strong>and</strong> the fact that<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>gr<strong>and</strong>parents</strong> <strong>in</strong> school life does not ‘just happen’,active school policies <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>itiatives need to be developed<strong>and</strong> implemented. Some key considerations for schools <strong>and</strong>their staff are the need to be sensitive <strong>and</strong> responsive to<strong>family</strong> diversity, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g: different social, cultural/ethnic<strong>and</strong> class circumstances <strong>and</strong> <strong>family</strong> relationships (especiallywhich families it is appropriate to work with <strong>in</strong> terms of<strong>gr<strong>and</strong>parents</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>support</strong>); the impact of differentschool sett<strong>in</strong>gs; <strong>and</strong> also, the need to th<strong>in</strong>k creatively <strong>in</strong>order to <strong>in</strong>clude geographically distanced <strong>gr<strong>and</strong>parents</strong>.Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> developmentFor schools to value ‘<strong>family</strong>-based’ partnerships, schoolstaff must recognise the contribution <strong>gr<strong>and</strong>parents</strong> can maketo both <strong>family</strong> stability <strong>and</strong> school life. Provid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation<strong>and</strong> tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g for school staff is thus important: ideally,a planned <strong>and</strong> coherent programme implemented withgovernment <strong>and</strong>/or local authority <strong>support</strong>. Facilitat<strong>in</strong>gopportunities for schools to share experiences <strong>and</strong> ‘good’practice would also be beneficial. Acknowledg<strong>in</strong>g thecurrent policy <strong>in</strong> Engl<strong>and</strong> of mov<strong>in</strong>g towards ‘extendedschools’, it is also important for schools <strong>and</strong> their staff towork with other relevant agencies, especially social care <strong>and</strong>health services, shar<strong>in</strong>g ideas <strong>and</strong> knowledge as to how bestto provide <strong>support</strong> to <strong>gr<strong>and</strong>parents</strong>.Listen<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>gr<strong>and</strong>parents</strong>In order to facilitate all of the above, it is important forschools <strong>and</strong> their staff to consult with <strong>and</strong> listen to <strong>gr<strong>and</strong>parents</strong>.Current policy guidance highlights the benefits ofwork<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> partnership with parents (DCSF, 2007; DfES,2006), this approach could usefully be extended to work<strong>in</strong>gwith <strong>gr<strong>and</strong>parents</strong> – how do <strong>gr<strong>and</strong>parents</strong> want to be<strong>in</strong>cluded, especially <strong>gr<strong>and</strong>parents</strong> of children with SEN;<strong>and</strong>, if they do have specific <strong>support</strong> needs, how can schoolsbeg<strong>in</strong> to address these?ReferencesAL-AZAMI, S. 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