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In the Rift Valley, mobilized ODM supporters killed hundreds of Kikuyus, Kisiis, and othersuspected PNU supporters, including Kalenjins. Several hundred thousand people weredriven from their homes. Many attacks were highly organized. 16 In some cases, localpoliticians coordinated and funded Kalenjin militias, and a popular radio show broadcastmessages inciting violence against Kikuyus and naming locations to be attacked. 17PNU supporters mobilized in response to the attacks. One response was allegedly toactivate the Mungiki, a Kikuyu politico-religious militia and criminal gang that the Kenyangovernment banned in 2002, but that some political leaders continued to collaboratewith. 18 Retaliatory attacks against perceived ODM supporters in and around Nakuru andNaivasha towns during the last week of January 2008 allegedly resulted in over 200killings, along with a number of cases of rape, forced displacement, forced circumcision,penile amputation, and other serious crimes. 19All in all, according to the Waki commission, 1,133 persons were killed in the violencebetween December 27, 2007 and the end of February 2008. 20 A total of at least 663,921were internally displaced. 21 The signing of the National Accord and Reconciliation Act byPNU and ODM leaders on February 28, 2008, which created a coalition government withKibaki as president and Odinga as prime minister, brought the violence to an end in muchof the country.Not all election-related violence ceased, however. Waki Commission statistics leave out afurther round of atrocities, those committed by the armed forces in Mt. Elgon district inMarch and April 2008. The SLDF militia, which favored several ODM candidates andintimidated the population to vote for them, had already carried out murder and otheratrocities on a massive scale in lead-up to elections. In March 2008 the Kenyan authoritiesinitiated a joint military-police operation known as Operation Okoa Maisha (“Save Lives”in Swahili) to root out the SLDF. Several thousand suspected SLDF supporters, includingboys as young as 10, were tortured. Several hundred were forcibly disappeared. This16 Human Rights Watch interview with a former member of the Waki Commission, Nairobi, May 3, 2011.17 International Criminal Court, Situation in the Republic of Kenya, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgeyand Joshua arap Sang, ICC-01/09-01/11, “Document Containing the Charges”; Human Rights Watch interviews with Kalenjinyouth, Rift Valley province, August 2011.18 One historian describes Mungiki as a “criminal gang and private militia … [that] has its roots in a Kikuyu cultural revivalmovement dating back to the 1990s but rose to prominence during the summer of 2007 with a series of grisly beheadings ofcriminal rivals.” Daniel Branch, “At the Polling Station in Kibera,” London Review of Books, vol. 30, no. 2, January 24, 2008.19 International Criminal Court, Situation in the Republic of Kenya, Document Containing the Charges, August 19, 2011, ICC-01/09-02/1-257/AnxA.20 CIPEV, p. 383.21 Republic of Kenya, Office of the President, Ministry of State for Special Programmes, “Progress Report on IDP Resettlementas at 18 th July, 2011,” (Progress Report on IDP Resettlement) on file with Human Rights Watch.13 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | DECEMBER 2011