Small Wind Electric Systems - American Public Power Association

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Small Wind Electric Systems 21Glossary of TermsAirfoil—The shape of the blade crosssection,which for most modern horizontalaxis wind turbines, is designedto enhance the lift and improve turbineperformance.Ampere-hour—A unit of for the quantityof electricity obtained by integratingcurrent flow in amperes over thetime in hours for its flow; used as ameasure of battery capacity.Anemometer—A device to measurethe wind speed.Average wind speed—The mean windspeed over a specified period of time.Blades—The aerodynamic surfacethat catches the wind.Brake—Various systems used to stopthe rotor from turning.Converter—See Inverter.Cut-in wind speed—The wind speedat which a wind turbine begins togenerate electricity.Cut-out wind speed—The wind speedat which a wind turbine ceases togenerate electricity.Density—Mass per unit of volume.Downwind—On the opposite sidefrom the direction from which thewind is blowing.Furling—A passive protection for theturbine where typically the rotor foldseither up or around the tail vane.Grid—The utility distribution system.The network that connects electricitygenerators to electricity users.HAWT—Horizontal axis wind turbine.Inverter—A device that converts directcurrent (DC) to alternating current(AC).kW—Kilowatt, a measure of powerfor electrical current (1000 watts).kWh—Kilowatt-hour, a measureof energy equal to the use of onekilowatt in one hour.MW—Megawatt, a measure of power(1,000,000 watts).Nacelle—The body of a propeller-typewind turbine, containing the gearbox,generator, blade hub, and other parts.O&M Costs—Operation and maintenancecosts.Power Coefficient—The ratio of thepower extracted by a wind turbineto the power available in the windstream.Power curve—A chart showing awind turbine's power output acrossa range of wind speeds.PUC—Public Utility Commission, astate agency which regulates utilities.In some areas known as Public ServiceCommission (PSC).PURPA—Public Utility RegulatoryPolicies Act (1978), 16 U.S.C. § 2601.18CFR §292 that refers to smallgenerator utility connection rules.Rated output capacity—The outputpower of a wind machine operatingat the rated wind speed.Rated wind speed—The lowest windspeed at which the rated outputpower of a wind turbine is produced.Rotor—The rotating part of a windturbine, including either the bladesand blade assembly or the rotatingportion of a generator.Rotor diameter—The diameter of thecircle swept by the rotor.Rotor speed—The revolutions perminute of the wind turbine rotor.Start-up wind speed—The wind speedat which a wind turbine rotor willbegin to spin. See also cut-in windspeed.
22Small Wind Electric SystemsSwept area—The area swept by theturbine rotor, A = πR 2 , where R is theradius of the rotor.Tip speed ratio—The speed at the tipof the rotor blade as it moves throughthe air divided by the wind velocity.This is typically a design requirementfor the turbine.Turbulence—The changes in windspeed and direction, frequentlycaused by obstacles.Upwind—On the same side as thedirection from which the wind isblowing—windward.VAWT—Vertical axis wind turbine.Wind farm—A group of wind turbines,often owned and maintained byone company. Also known as a windpower plant.Yaw—The movement of the tower topturbine that allows the turbine to stayinto the wind.For More InformationBooksA Siting Handbook for Small WindEnergy Conversion Systems. H. Wegley,J. Ramsdell, M. Orgill and R. Drake,Report No. PNL-2521 Rev.1, 1980;available from National TechnicalInformation Service, 5285 Port RoyalRd., Springfield, VA 22151.(800) 553-6847. http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htmEnergy Savers Tips on Saving Energyand Money at Home—A consumer'sguide for saving energy and reducingutility bills. Available from U.S.Department of Energy's EnergyEfficiency and Renewable EnergyClearinghouse (EREC), P.O. Box 3048,Merrifield, Virginia 22116. (800)363-3732. http://www.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo/energy_savers.Wind Energy Basics by Paul Gipe—Acomprehensive guide to modern smallwind technology. Available throughAWEA. (202) 383-2500. http://www.awea.org and Chelsea GreenPublishing Company, White RiverJunction, Vermont. 1999. ISBN1-890132-07-01. http://www.chelseagreen.comWind Energy Resource Atlas of theUnited States by D. Elliott et al.Available from the American WindEnergy Association, 122 C. StreetN.W., Washington D.C. 20001.http://rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlasWind Power for Home and Business byPaul Gipe—A comprehensive guideto modern small wind technology.Available through AWEA. (202) 383-2500. http://www.awea.org andChelsea Green Publishing Company,White River Junction, Vermont. 1999.ISBN - 0-930031-64-4. http://www.chelseagreen.comWind Power Workshop by HughPiggott—Provides an overview onhow to design a home-built wind turbine.Available from The Center forAlternative Technology, Machynlleth,Powys, SY20 9AZ, UK Phone: 06154-702400, FAX: 01654 702782. E-mail:help@catinfo.demon.co.uk,http://www.foe.co.uk/CATWind Resource Assessment Handbook:Fundamentals for Conducting aSuccessful Monitoring Program—Thishandbook presents industry-acceptedguidelines for planning and conductinga wind resource measurementprogram. These guidelines, which aredetailed and highly technical, emphasizethe tasks of selecting, installing,and operating wind measurementequipment, as well as collecting andanalyzing the associated data.Prepared by AWS Scientific, Inc.Available electronically in NREL'spublication database at http://www.nrel.gov/publications.
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