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理 論 言 語 学 研 究 A( 平 成 20 年 度 春 学 期 No. 3)宮 本 陽 一大 学 院 言 語 文 化 研 究 科1

Nature of TracesMove-αNP-Movement Trace: AnaphorWH-Movement Trace: ???2

WH-Trace = Anaphor? (1)• Do WH-traces obey Nominative Island Condition (NIC)?• NIC“A nominative anaphor in S cannot be free in S’ containingS.”(Chomsky 1980:13)• *Taro and Hanako 1 think that each other 1 bought it.• *Who 1 do you think that t 1 bought it?3

WH-Trace = Anaphor?(2)• Do WH-traces obey Specified Subject Condition (SSC)?• SSC“No rule can involve X, Y in the structure… X … [ α …Z …ーWYV …] …where Z is the specified subject of WYV in α.”(Chomsky 1973:239)• *Taro and Hanako 1 think that Akira saw each other 1 .• Who 1 do you think that Hanako saw t 1 ?4

However, Strong Crossover (SCO)• *He 1 thinks that Hanako likes Taro 1 .• *Who 1 does he 1 think that Hanako likes t 1 ?• WH-traces = R-expressions5

Unification (ECP)• NIC effects (but NOT SSC effects)• SCO effects• The Empty Category Principle (ECP)[See No.4 for its definition.]6

WH-Traces and Case (1)(1) Satoshi 1 is certain [t 1 to buy the book].(2) Satoshi 1 seems [t 1 to be the smartest].(3) *Who 1 is it certain [t 1 to buy the book]?(4) *Who 1 does it seem [t 1 to be the smartest]?• Generalization• WH-traces must have Case.7

WH-Traces and Case (2)• (1) Satoshi is certain to buy the book.• (3) *Who is it certain to buy the book?• (✔) Who seems to be the smartest?• (✔’) [ S’ Who [ S t seems [ S t to be the smartest]]]Generalization• Every A-chain needs Case.8

ECP: Superiority Effects[ S’ [ S Who bought what]]• [ Who [ t bought what]]• *[ What did [ who buy t]]• Chomsky (1973): Conditions on Transformations9

Superiority Condition• COMP WH1WH2C-commandIf you (= WH1) asymmetrically c-commands WH2,then you should move to COMP.See Chomsky (1973: 246) for the exact formulation of theSuperiority Condition.10

Locative and Temporal WHs• Where did you put what?• What did you put where?• When did you buy what?• What did you buy when?*See Boskovic (1997) and Stroik (1996) for muchrelevant discussion.11

Pure Superiority Effects• Kuno and Robinson (1972)• Chomsky (1977)• Pesetsky (1982)• *△ △ WH1 WH212

That-Trace Effects• Who do you think [(*that) [ t saw Hanako]]?• Who do you think [(that) [ Hanako saw t]]?• [ S’ Who [ S do you think [ S’ t (*that)[ S t saw Hanako]]]]?*See Perlmutter (1971), Bresnan (1972), and Chomsky andLasnik (1977) for much relevant discussion.Important Q: How come Subjacency effects are absent here?14

Chomsky (1986)• Barriers = Subjacency + CED + ECP15