Complete Module 4 Teacher Support Materials - NIH Office of ...

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Master 4.8 Answer KeyThyroid Cancer and Genetic Testing: Harms and BenefitsComplete the chart below by applying relevant scientific facts about genetic testing and followupmedical care for this type of thyroid cancer.Type of Harmor BenefitHarmsBenefitsPhysical• If Max tested positive and received preventativesurgery, he would need to recoverfrom the surgery. This would likely be a verytemporary harm. However, there is alwaysa small chance of more major complicationsfrom surgery.• There are many types of thyroid cancer, andMax is being tested for the mutation thatcauses just one type. If he tests negative, hemight falsely interpret this to mean that hehas zero lifetime risk of thyroid cancer andmight not be as careful about getting thyroidcheckups and screenings, which could savehis life were he to develop thyroid cancer.• If Max tested positive, he could have followupsurgery that would eliminate hischance of thyroid cancer.• Even if Max didn’t have the preventivesurgery, a positive test result would leadto more screenings and the cancer wouldbe detected earlier.Copyright © 2009 Education Development Center, Inc. Exploring Bioethics.Permission granted for classroom use.Psychological(Emotional)SocialEconomic• If Max tested positive, he might be upsetat first, especially if the testing happensagainst his will.• Max might feel angry about inheritingthis mutation.• Max might feel guilty about not inheritingthis mutation, knowing that others in hisfamily may have inherited it.• If Max tested positive and got the followupsurgery, he would have a thin scar thatmight be embarrassing.• If Max tested positive, others might stigmatizehim for having a mutation that willlead to cancer.• The test is expensive and puts a financialdrain on whoever pays for it.• If Max tested negative, he would feelrelieved and would benefit emotionally.• If Max tested positive, he would beable to take concrete medical action,and by taking this kind of control overhis own life, he might experience anemotional benefit.• Max’s friends and family memberswould greatly benefit from Max’sstaying alive, in terms of social andfamily relationships.• Preventive surgery would probably costless than cancer medications andtreatments (which would probablyinclude surgery).• Max would probably miss less school orwork if he had the preventive surgeryrather than cancer treatment later on.Teacher Support Materials, Module 4TSMPage 4-4
Who Should Decide Whether Max Gets Tested? (Day 3, Activity 7)Who Should Decide Whether Max Gets Tested?Remind students that “Who should decide?” and “Should Max gettested?” are two different questions. For example, even though astudent thinks that it’s a good idea for Max to get tested and thatstudent knows that Max is against having the test, he or she couldstill be in favor of Max being the decision maker.Students overwhelmingly think it’sobvious that Max should decide:respect for Max demands that Maxdecide for himself.Students overwhelmingly think it’sobvious that Max’s dad should decide.Copyright © 2009 Education Development Center, Inc. Exploring Bioethics.Permission granted for classroom use.Teacher can follow up with questionssuch as:• What if Max were only five years old?• Why is it morally permissible fora parent to decide on behalf of a5-year-old but not a 15-year-old?Students answer that a 15-year-oldis more rational than a 5-year-old.Teacher can follow up with questionssuch as:• Is Max’s rational capacity fully developed?• How do you know that it is developedenough to make a completelyautonomous decision about ahigh-stakes genetic test?Students comment that Maxis still a minor, so his fathershould decide.Teacher can follow up witha question such as, Is what islegal always ethical?Students comment that the decisionis too high-stakes for Max.Teacher can respond with followupquestions such as:• Don’t teenagers make otherhigh-stakes decisions, such asdriving and playing high-risksports? Is there a differencebetween letting Max make up hisown mind about playing a highrisksport andhaving a genetic test?• What if Max were 18? The decisionwould still be high-stakes.Should Max’s dad still decide?Teacher Support Materials, Module 4 (Page 1 of 2)TSMPage 4-5
Page 1 and 2: Master 4.3 Answer KeyMax’s Case:
Page 3: Master 4.7 Answer KeyWhat Impact Wo
Page 7 and 8: Who Should Have Access to the Resul
Page 9 and 10: Supplementary Information on HNPCC*
Page 12 and 13: Evaluative Criteria for the Final A
Page 14 and 15: Evaluative Criteria for the Final A
Page 16: Extension (Optional)continued•c.

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