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10 Building Engines for Growth and Competitiveness in ChinaSEZs resulted in unprecedented rates of growth in China. Against a nationalaverage annual GDP growth of roughly 10 percent from 1980 to 1984,Shenzhen grew at a phenomenal 58 percent annual rate, followed byZhuhai (32 percent), Xiamen (13 percent), and Shantou (9 percent). By1986, Shenzhen had already developed rudimentary markets in capital,labor, land, technology, communication, and other factors of production(Yeung, Lee, and Kee 2009).The initial opening to trade and investment having proved successful,China resolved to open its economy further. In 1984, the centralauthorities created a variant of SEZs, which they dubbed economic andtechnological development zones, informally known as China’s nationalindustrial parks. The difference between the comprehensive SEZs andthe ETDZs is one of scale. A comprehensive SEZ often consists of amuch larger area (sometimes an entire city or province). From 1984 to1988, 14 ETDZs were established in additional coastal cities 3 and in thefollowing years in cities in the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze RiverDelta, and the Min Delta in Fujian. Meanwhile, in 1988, the entireprovince of Hainan was designated as the fifth comprehensive SEZ, andin 1989 and 2006, Shanghai Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai NewArea were granted such status as well.Subsequently, in 1992, the State Council created another 35 ETDZs.In doing so, they sought (a) to extend the ETDZs from the coastline toinland regions and (b) to focus less on fundamental industries and moreon technology-intensive industries. By the end of 2008, there were 54state-level ETDZs. By April 2010, this number increased to 69: 18 in theYangtze River Delta, 10 in the Pearl River Delta, 15 in the central region,11 in the Bohai Bay region, 2 in the northeast region, and 13 in the westernregion (see map 1.1). ETDZs are typically located in the suburbanregions of a major city. Within the ETDZ, an administrative committee,commonly selected by the local government, oversees the economic andsocial management of the zone on behalf of the local administration(China Knowledge Online 2009).In addition to the special economic zones mentioned above, othertypes of SEZs in China include high-tech industrial development zones(HIDZs), free trade zones (FTZs), export-processing zones (EPZs), andothers. Each has a different focus.High-tech industrial development zones. The establishment of high-techindustrial development zones was to implement the Torch Program initiatedby the Ministry of Science and Technology in the late 1980s. The
How Do SEZs and Industrial Clusters Drive China’s Rapid Development? 11Map 1.1 Economic and Technological Development Zones, 2010RUSSIAN FEDERATIONIBRD 37894JULY 2010KAZAKHSTANShihexiUrumqiMONGOLIAChangchunHarbinINDIALhasaBHUTANeconomic and technologicaldevelopment BANGLADESH zonesprovince boundariesinternational boundariesMYANMARJinchangXiningKunmingVIETNAMLAOPEOPLE'SDEM.THAILAND REP.ShenyangDEM.YingkouPEOPLE'SHohhotREP. OFQinhuangdaoBeijingKOREALangfangTianjinDalianShijiazhuangYantaiYinchuanREP. OFDongyingWeihaiTaiyuanKOREAJinanQingdaoLanzhouLianyungangYangzhouKunshanJAPANXi'anZhengzhouXuzhouNantongSuzhouNanjingMa’anshanHongqiaoHefeiJinqiaoWuhuShanghaiChengduWuhan Anqing Huzhou MinhangJiaxingNingboHuangshiJiujiangNingbo DaxieChongqingYueyangXiaoshanNanchangHangzhouChangshaWenzhouGuiyangJinggangshanFuzhouGanzhouFuqing RongqiaoXiamen HaicangDongshanGuangzhou ZengchengGuangzhou NanshaHuizhou DayawanNanningZhanjiangHainan YangpuPHILIPPINESSource: Author’s research.main objective of the program was to use the technological capacity andresources of research institutes, universities, and large and medium enterprisesto develop new and high-tech products and to expedite the commercializationof research and development (R&D).In 1988, the first HIDZ was established in Zhongguancun (Beijing). Asof today, there are 54 state-level HIDZs in China—25 in the coastal and29 in the inland regions (see annex A for a list of the state-level HIDZs).Although these HIDZs have played important roles in promoting China’shigh-tech industries overall, their performances differ; some function similarlyto ETDZs, and the line between these two types of zones hasblurred in these cases (China Knowledge Online 2009). In 2006, the fivetop performers in terms of value added were Beijing Zhongguancun,Shanghai Zhangjiang, Nanjing, Wuxi, and Shenzhen.Free trade zones. Free trade zones were set up to experiment with freetrade before China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO).
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Page 5 and 6: Building Engines for Growthand Comp
Page 7 and 8: ContentsForewordAcknowledgmentsAbbr
Page 9 and 10: ContentsviiThe Major Achievements o
Page 11 and 12: ContentsixMaps1.1 Economic and Tech
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Page 16 and 17: xivForewordThe key experiences of C
Page 18 and 19: xviAcknowledgmentsProgram sponsored
Page 20 and 21: xviiiAbbreviationsKETDLCDLtd.MISMNC
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Page 52 and 53: 32Table 1.6 Performance of the Xiqi
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China’s First Special Economic Zo
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CHAPTER 3A Case Study of TianjinEco
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A Case Study of Tianjin Economic-Te
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CHAPTER 6Cluster Development and th
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Cluster Development and Government:
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Map 6.2 Industrial Clusters in Guan
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203Table 6.5 Evolution of Local Gov
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Table 6.7 Xiqiao’s Clusters Befor
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IndexFigures and tables are indicat
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Index 225GDP contributions of, 13t,
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Index 227footwear manufacturing in,
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Index 229enhanced development phase
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Index 231Provisional Regulations on
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Index 233oral agreements of, 34in t
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Index 235service sector in, 108succ
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Index 237Zhejiang province, industr
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This book reveals fascinating insig
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