management of pest flies on organic farms - Le centre d'agriculture ...

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depending on the species and climatic conditions.In warm humid conditions (> 29 o C) the cyclemay take 9-10 days compared with 21-28 dayswhen it is cooler (21 o C). An adult female can lay100 or more eggs every 4 days for up to 3 weeksand generally up to 500 eggs in a lifetime. Eggshatch within hours if conditions are right (70%moisture, high temperature). Maggots feed onfresh or decomposing organic matter and pupatewithin 6-7 days to emerge as adults 5-6 dayslater. There can be 8-10 fly generations in ayear. Flies can disperse considerable distances;about 8 km for horn <strong>flies</strong> and more than 30 kmfor stable <strong>flies</strong>.Other <strong>flies</strong> affecting livestock on pasture:Warble <strong>flies</strong> (cattle grub) - the Heel or Gadfly (Hypoderma spp.) is most active in June andJuly. Their eggs are laid on hair on the legs andlower body regions <strong>of</strong> cattle. The larvae burrowinto the skin and eventually migrate into theanimal's back where they form warbles. Thegrubs emerge and pupate in pasture litter andsoil, developing into an adult fly in 6-8 weeks.Bot <strong>flies</strong> are a concern for horses and sheep.The sheep nose bot fly (Oestrus ovis) depositslarvae in or around the nose. The larvae migrateto the nostrils, develop in the sheep during thewinter and are sneezed out the following spring.The horse bot fly deposits its eggs on the hair <strong>of</strong>the host and the larvae develop in the stomachor intestine following oral entry (usually fromgrooming behaviour).Deer, horse <strong>flies</strong> and mosquitos can be aparticular problem in pastures that borderwoodlands or wet marshy areas. Wounds causedby their bites may then attract other <strong>flies</strong>.water leaks; waterers should be checked daily.Ventilate to ensure good air circulation whichreduces manure moisture and discourages <strong>flies</strong>from laying eggs. Keeping the bedding dry shoulddecrease the number <strong>of</strong> <strong>flies</strong> emerging. Avoidbuild up <strong>of</strong> manure and mud along fence lines inexercise yards, or in gaps under feed bunks.Keep solid manure as dry as possible and turncompost piles to ensure heating which will killeggs and maggots. Maintain a fly free zone in themilk room with screen doors and windows andkeep in-out traffic to a minimum.In poultry barns where accumulated manure isdry, only a small area <strong>of</strong> wet manure is suitablefor fly breeding, but fresh manure accumulatingwithin two days <strong>of</strong> cleanout provides an idealbreeding site which can result in severeoutbreaks 3 to 6 weeks later. It is best to removemanure from poultry barns in the cooler monthswhen adult <strong>flies</strong> are less active.PhysicalTraps are effective for reducing adult flynumbers, especially inside buildings. Theseinclude sticky traps (roll, sheet or tape), lighttraps and baited traps (stinky traps) with variouscombinations e.g. using a glue board with apheromone attractant.The most economicalsticky traps are usuallythe "clothes line" typesuch as Sticky Roll TMbut they are also soldunder other brandnames. Dairy supplycompanies usuallycarry a range <strong>of</strong> traps.CONTROL OPTIONSFor organic farmers there are four mainstrategies and all should be used simultaneously.A multi-prong approach using all methodsoutlined in this fact sheet gives the best results.MechanicalGood sanitation to prevent the breeding <strong>of</strong> <strong>flies</strong> isthe key for <strong>management</strong>; keep areas clean anddry. Remove breeding sites (manure, beddingand spilt feed) once a week or more frequently tobreak the life cycle <strong>of</strong> the fly. Barns should bedesigned to simplify cleaning and scraping and toavoid accumulation <strong>of</strong> organic material. Check for2
Electrocutor traps can be effective, but should beused with extreme caution because there is adanger <strong>of</strong> spreading pathogens carried on thesurface <strong>of</strong> the fly exoskeleton when itdisintegrates. Do not use close to processingareas.Some trap types are designed to attract andcatch adult <strong>flies</strong> outdoors by using bait. Theirefficacy will depend onthe type <strong>of</strong> bait used.Flies become trappedand die <strong>of</strong> dehydrationbut <strong>of</strong>ten the species <strong>of</strong><strong>flies</strong> captured are notthe target <strong>pest</strong>, limitingtheir efficiency.Use <strong>of</strong> natural products (soaps, beddingadditives, essential oils)Many natural products added to animal bedding(or even the type <strong>of</strong> bedding itself) have shownan effect on fly development. Essential oilsapplied to bedding and to the animals have beenfound to repel <strong>flies</strong> for up to a day.• Straw bedding usually sustains more <strong>flies</strong>than woodchips or sand.• Some products (such as diatomaceous earth,lime, and various plant by-products, e.g.coconut hull, peanut hull) added to thebedding may help in reducing the number <strong>of</strong><strong>flies</strong> but they have not been testedscientifically.• Peppermint, basil, pine and lavender haveshown acceptable repellence in laboratorytests.Research at the Université de Guelph – Campusd'Alfred is currently investigating the use <strong>of</strong>essential oils and biocontrol agents for fly control.Products sold to control or repel <strong>pest</strong>s must beregistered for that use by the Pest ManagementRegulatory Agency (PMRA). Also check with yourcertifier for their suitability for organicproduction. Pyrethrum products are only allowedif they are free <strong>of</strong> piperonyl butoxide (currentlynone are registered in Canada).Biological control agents - parasites andpredatorsParasitic wasps (mainly Muscidifurax spp.andSpalangia spp.) occur naturally in the barnvicinity. They lay eggs in fly pupae and an adultwasp will emerge instead <strong>of</strong> a fly. They are not asprolific as the <strong>flies</strong> and have a slower rate <strong>of</strong>development.Life cycleWasp laying eggs in fly pupaPhoto credit: USDAIf they are to be effective as biological controlagents, natural populations must be augmentedby frequent releases <strong>of</strong> large numbers. Parasiticwasps are available commercially for use in alltypes <strong>of</strong> livestock operations and are shipped asparasitized pupae in wood shavings.• Release large numbers every 1-2 weeks.Animal typeHorses, beef and dairy cattleDairy calvesChickensMinimum rates250/animal1000/calf6/bird• Start early (late May in most regions) andcontinue until mid September or until the flyseason is over.• Scatter the parasitized pupae around knownfly breeding sites or scratch a ½ inch hole inthe ground or manure pile, drop in a handful<strong>of</strong> pupae, cover with straw, earth or manureto protect from wind, rodents and birds.• Sprinkle around the inside edges <strong>of</strong> calfhutches.• Parasitic wasps can contribute to 50% less<strong>flies</strong> when used in combination with adequatemanure removal.• Mixtures <strong>of</strong> wasp species are likely to be moreeffective as each has different preferredbreeding conditions. Suppliers may changethe mix depending on the time <strong>of</strong> year theyare to be released, and your location.• Effectiveness against house and stable <strong>flies</strong>was shown to be highly variable depending onanimal type, climate, type <strong>of</strong> bedding, speciesreleased, indoor or outdoor locations.• Prices vary; large quantities are moreeconomical.Shipping package <strong>of</strong>parasitized pupae inwood shavings.3
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