Using American Psychological Association (APA) Format

OWL at Purdue University: Printable Handouts: Using American Psychological As...http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/print/research/r_apa.htmlor to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)Choosing double or single quotation marksIf you are using a quotation that uses quotation marks as a short quotation, usesingle quotation marks to set off the material that was originally enclosed inquotation marks. If you are using a quotation that uses quotation marks in a blockquote, use double quotation marks to set off the material that was originally inquotation marks.For more about in-text references in general, see the University ofWisconsin-Madison Writing Center's page on citations (athttp://www.wisc.edu/writetest/Handbook/DocAPACitations.html) or visit the links inour additional resources section for more information.Your Reference ListFormatting your reference list is covered in chapter four of the Publication Manual, which starts onpage 215. Further information about citing sources and formatting your reference list can be foundin our additional resources section. What follows are some general guidelines for formatting yourreference list.Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessaryfor a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source youcite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list mustbe cited in your text.Your references should begin on a separate page from the text of the essay under the labelReferences (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. It shouldbe double-spaced just like the rest of your essay. If you would like to see a sample reference list,these links to Sample APA Report (at http://www.thewritesource.com/APA/APARESEARCH.HTM)and aAPA Simulated Journal Article (at http://www-distance.syr.edu/apa5th.html) both provide samplereference lists that you can view.Basic RulesAuthors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors ofa particular work. Your reference list should be alphabetized by authors' last names.Personal communications, such as e-mail messages to you, or private interviews that youconducted with another person, should not be cited in your reference list because they are notretrievable sources for anyone else. You should make reference to these sources in yourin-text citations. (For more information, see page 214 of the Publication Manual.)If you have more than one work by a particular author, order them by publication date, oldestto newest (thus a 1991 article would appear before a 1996 article).When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of agroup, list the one-author entries first. If no author is given for a particular source, alphabetizeusing the title of the work, which will be listed in place of the author, and use a shortenedversion of the title for parenthetical citations.Use "&" instead of "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work (in text citations inparentheses, too).All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inchfrom the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle of a work.5 of 15 10/10/02 4:49 PM