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differences in fertilizer use (nitrogen andphosphorus) and ripeness at harvest (titratableacidity). There was no difference for theremaining eight categories, including some keyones, including Vitamin C, phenolic compounds,magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc, totalsoluble solids, and copper. The authorsconcluded that:“The current analysis suggests that a smallnumber of differences in nutrient contentexist between organically and conventionallyproduced foodstuffs and that, whereasthese differences in content are biologicallyplausible, they are unlikely to be of publichealth relevance.”The authors encourage more research in this area.The Scientific Status Summary on OrganicFoods from the Institute for Food Technologists(IFT) echoes the conclusions of the Londonreview (Winters and Davis, 2006). The IFTSummary discusses a variety of issuessurrounding organic foods, including: (1) levelsof pesticides, (2) nutritional value, (3) naturallyoccurring toxins, and (4) microbiological safety,and includes a summary of a number of keystudies comparing organic and conventionalfoods with respect to nutrient levels.The IFT Summary states:In some cases, organic foods may havehigher levels of plant secondarymetabolites; this may be beneficial withrespect to suspected antioxidants such aspolyphenolic compounds, but also maybe of potential health concern whenconsidering naturally occurring toxins.Some studies have suggested potentialincreased microbiological hazards fromorganic produce or animal products dueto prohibition of antimicrobial use, yetother studies have not reached the sameconclusion. Bacterial isolates from foodanimals raised organically appear to showless resistance to antimicrobial agents thanthose food animals raised conventionally.While many studies demonstrate thesequalitative differences between organicand conventional foods, it is premature toconclude that either food system is superiorto the other with respect to safety ornutritional composition. Pesticide residues,naturally occurring toxins, nitrates, andpolyphenolic compounds exert theirhealth risks or benefits on a dose-relatedbasis, and data do not yet exist to ascertainwhether the difference in the levels of suchchemicals between organic foods andconventional foods are of biologicalsignificance.”It is important to state that the nutrient levels innatural plants can vary for a wide variety ofreasons. It is plausible for plants grown underdifferent conditions, such as conventionalversus organic agriculture, to have differentnutritional qualities. However, there is noconvincing reason to believe that any oneproduction method is consistently superior inregard to nutrition. This is borne out by theavailable data which shows mixed resultsregarding systematic difference betweenfoodstuffs grown with conventional versusorganic agriculture.It is also notable, as the IFT review details, thatthere is no convincing evidence of greatermicrobiological risk associated with organicfood, as some have suggested. Themicrobiological risk may be more related to thequality of the production method and theprevention of contamination than from theparticular production method used.12
ReferencesAndersen, H.R.; Schmidt, I.M.; Grandjean, P.;Jensen, T.K.; Budtz-Jorgensen, E.; Kjærstad,M.B.; Bælum, J.; Nielsen, J.B.; Skakkebæk,N.E.; Main, K.M. 2008. Impaired reproductivedevelopment in sons of women occupationallyexposed to pesticides during pregnancy,Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 566-572.Appel, L.J.; Moore, T.J.; Obarzanek, E., et al.1997. A clinical trial of the effects of dietarypatterns on blood pressure. DASH CollaborativeResearch Group. New England Journal ofMedicine. 336, 1117-1124.Berkowitz, G.S.; Wetmur, J.G.; Birman-Deych,E.; Obel, J.; Lapinksi, R.H.; Godbold, J.H.;Holzman, I.R.; Wolff, M.S. 2004. In uteropesticide exposure, maternal paraoxonaseactivity, and head circumference. EnvironmentalHealth Perspectives, 112, 388-391.Dangour, A.D., Dodhia, S.K., Hayter, A., Allen,E., Lock, K. and Uauy, R. 2009. Nutritionalquality of organic foods: a systematic review.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 90, 680-685.Environmental Working Group (undated)Materials on the “Dirty Dozen” available atwww.foodnews.org.EPA. 2006. Reregistration eligibility decisionfor chlorpyrifos. Available at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm.Eskanazi, B.; Harley, K.; Bradman, A.; Weltzien,E.; Jewell, N.P.; Barr, D.B.; Furlong, C.E.;Holland, N.T. 2004. Association of in uteroorganophosphate pesticide exposure and fetalgrowth and length of gestation in an agriculturalpopulation. Environmental Health Perspectives,112, 1116-1124.Garry, V.F.; Harkins, M.E.; Erickson, L.L.; Long-Simpson, L.K.; Holland, S.E.; Burroughs, B.L.2002. Birth defects, season of conception, andsex of children born to pesticide applicatorsliving in the Red River Valley on Minnesota,USA. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110Supplement 3, 441-449.Hoppin, J.A.; Umbach, D.M.; London, S.J.;Lynch, C.F.; Alavanja, M.C.; Sandler, D.P. 2006.Pesticides and adult respiratory outcomes inthe Agricultural Health Study, Annals of theNew York Academy of Science, 1076, 343-354.Joshipura, K.J.; Ascherio, A.; Manson, J.E., et al.1999. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation torisk of ischemic stroke. Journal of the AmericanMedical Association. 282, 1233-1239.Klaassen, C. 2007. Casarett & Doull’s toxicology:the basic science of poisons. McGraw-HillProfessional.Law M.R.; Morris J.K. 1998. By how much doesfruit and vegetable consumption reduce therisk of ischaemic heart disease? EuropeanJournal of Clinical Nutrition. 52, 549-556.Liu C.; Russell R.M. 2008. Nutrition and gastriccancer risk: an update. Nutrition Review. 66,237-249.Lundqvist, C.; Zuurbier, M.; Leijs, M.; Johansson,C.; Ceccatelli, S.; Saunders, M.; Schoeters, G.;ten Tusscher, G.; Koppe, J.G. 2006. ActaPaediatr. Supplement. 95, 55-64.Petersen, M.S.; Halling, J.; Bech, S.; Wermuth,L.; Weihe, P.; Nielsen, F.; Jørgensen, P.J.; Budtz-Jørgensen, E.; Grandjean, P. 2008. Impact ofdietary exposure to food contaminants on therisk of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicology,29, 584-590.13
Page 1: Embargoed (until July 15, 2010)Expe
Page 4 and 5: BackgroundEWG recently distributed
Page 6 and 7: grown foods (for a number of reason
Page 8 and 9: “The growing consensus among scie
Page 10 and 11: • EPA is obligated to assess the
Page 14 and 15: Stewart, P.W.; Lonky, E.; Reihman,
Page 16 and 17: Dr. Jason RichardsonJason Richardso
Page 18: Development of ToxicityReference Va

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