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American lewish Archives
Devoted to the preservation and study of American Jewish historical records
DIRECTOR: JACOB RADER MARCUS, PH.D.
Adolph S. Ochs ProfCSsor of American Jewish History
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR: STANLEY F. CHYET, PH.D.
Assistant Profcssor of American Jewish History
Published by THE AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES, CINCINNATI, OHIO 45220
on the Cincinnati campus of the HEBREW UNION COLLEGE
- JEWISH INSTITUTE
OF RELIGION
VOL. XVI NOVEMBER, 1964 NO. 2
In This Issue
Five Gates - Casual Notes for an
Autobiography JACOB SONDERLING 107
For the rabbi of Hamburg's Israelitischer Tempe1 Verein, "a new life
opened" in 1923, when he left Germany to settle in the United States. Dr.
Sonderling discusses his American experience in this memoir, which includes
reflections on Jewish life in New York, Chicago, and Providence, and Dr.
Sonderling's encounters with Stephen S. Wise, Shmarya Levin, Louis
Ginzberg, and Kaufmam Kohler.
American Synagogues : The Lessons of the
Names ABRAHAM CRONBACH I 24
"Proclamations of ideals constitute, by and large, the essence of the names
borne by our congregations," concludes Professor Cronbach in this essay on
the onomasticon of the American synagogal scene.
The Drachrnans of Arizona FLOYD S. FIERMAN I 35
Polish-born Philip and Samuel Drachman settled during the 1860's in the
"backward stretch of land" that was to become the State of Arizona. Together
with friends and associates like Michael and Joseph Goldwater and Isaac
Goldberg, these pioneering brothers helped shape the development of
Arizona - but, as Dr. Fierman points out, "failed at the task of educating
their children to keep the Jewish 'tree of life' alive."
A Cry for Help

Reviews of Books
Bingham, June, Courage to Change.
Reviewed by Carl Hermam Voss
Kranzler, George, Williamsburg: A Jewish Community in Transition.
Reviewed by Henry Cohen 163
Lzlrie, Harry L., A Heritage Affirmed.
Reviewed by Benjamin B. Rosenberg
Brief Notices I 68
Index to Volume XVI 173
Illustrations
Rabbi Dr. Jacob Sonderling, page I z I ; Shrnarya Levin, page I 2 t ; Temple
Beth El, Akron, Ohio, page 139; Ternple Israel, Boston (1889), page 140;
Arizona Jalapeiios : Samuel H. Drachman and Philip Drachman, page 1 57;
The S. H. Drachman Store, page I 75.
Patrons for 1964
THE NEUMANN MEMORIAL PUBLICATION FUND
AND
ARTHUR FRIEDMAN LEO FRIEDMAN ?'T BERNARD STARKOFF
Published by THE AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES on the
Cincinnati campus of the HEBREW UNION COLLEGE - JEWISH IN-
STITUTE OF RELIGION
NELSON GLUECK President
0 1964, by the American Jewish Archives

Five Gates
Casual Notes for an Autobiography
JACOB SONDERLING
What happens to a sensitive, highly cultured man who comes to
America to be a rabbi -particularly when, like Jacob Sonderling, that
man combines in himself the diverse traditions of German scholarship
and Jewish pietism? The question Jinds an answer in the autobiographical
ruminations which appear below.
Born on October zg, 1878, at Lipine, Silesia, to Wilhelm and
Johanna Lebowitsch Sonderling, our autobiographer comes of a family
of Hungarian and Galician Hasidim. Johanna Lebowitsch's family had
produced Yismach Mosheh, the founder of Hungarian Hasidism;
Wilhelm Sonderling had been ordained by the Sanzer Rebbe. That
heritage has never been far from their son, Jacob, but it has main-
tained itself in him side by side with the Wissenschaft des Judenthums
that flowered during the z8ooYs in Geman-speaking Central Europe.
After studying at the Universities of Vienna and Breslau as well as at
seminaries in Vienna, Breslau, and Berlin, Jacob Sonderling received his
Ph.D. degree from the University of Tiibingen in zgoq and was ordained
by Dr. Baruch Jacob Placzeck, Landesrabbiner of Moravia and Chief
Rabbi of Briimz. That same year, at Breslau, he married Emma Klemann,
who would bear him three sons - Egmont, Fred, and Paul. Four years
later, Dr. Sonderling became the rabbi of Hamburg's celebrated
Israelitischer Tempel Verein, the cradle of Refom Judaism. He held
that pulpit until his emigration to America in 1923, although his tenure
in Hamburg had been interrupted during the First World War, when
he served as a Geman A my chaplain on Field Marshal Paul von
Hindenburg's stag.
The German Amy's Drang nach Osten brought Dr. Sonderling
into close contact with Jewish lge in Lithuania -an experience which
'07

inspired in him feelings rather akin to those called up in another German
serviceman on duty in Eastern Europe - Franz Rosmzweig. In later
years, Dr. Sonderling would write: "If I am ever reborn, I would like
to be born a Litvack."
In 193~~ the Sanderlings took up residence in Los Angeles, where
Dr. Sonderling founded the Society for Jewish Culture, known today
as Fairfax Temple. He has served that congregation as its rabbi for
nearly thirty years.
In 19 t 3, a new life opened to me - America. The Manchuria
left Antwerp -the last city in Europe I had seen - and went
out on the high seas towards an unknown tomorrow. Standing at
the rail, a passenger who had crossed the ocean many times showed
me a little light, gleaming through the darkness. "Watch it," he
said. "This is the last sign of life you will see. For five days and
nights, we will see nothing but water."
The travelers, to me, were a nondescript crowd - chatting,
promenading, playing. The only one of their languages that I under-
stood was Yiddish, spoken by quite a number. The only person I
knew by reputation was Bruno Walter, the famous conductor, who
was going to America for his first concert. On the third day he
asked me: "What about cigars?" "I'm almost finished - let us
inquire the price of a cigar." We learned that it cost twenty-five
cents. Twenty-five cents in German currency amounted, in 19 t 3,
to r 2,500 marks. Who could afford to pay that? But a man has
to smoke.
I had with me two bottles of cognac. The Manchuria, an American
boat, suffered from prohibition, but there were a number of people
on that boat who loved a drink; so, the rabbi turned into a bartender
- one cigar, one small glass of cognac - and we managed beauti-
fully until we arrived in New York.
One afternoon, there was that picture, so strange for European
eyes - skyscrapers next to little houses, and at the pier the Statue
of Liberty. One Jewish woman told me that the inscription on that
statue was made by Emma Lazarus, a Jewess.

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY 1°9
From the Hotel Commodore, I rushed early in the morning over
to Forty-third Street and Fifth Avenue to see Temple Emanu-El-
which some years before had cost me, or rather the Hamburg
Temple, one million marks. When the Hamburg Temple set out
to raise funds for a new building, Mr. Henry Budge, a very rich
New York banker who had returned to Europe and lived in Hamburg,
had been my first target for a contribution. My president had sent
me to him, and I had told him about our plan to build a new temple
in Hamburg. Budge had asked me how much it was going to cost.
We had figured one million marks. I expected him to give us 5,000
or 10,000 marks. "You can have the million," he said, "under one
condition. I would like to have a service like Temple Emanu-El in
New York - men and women sitting together, men without hats
and without talesim (prayer shawls) ."
c c I have to refuse your generous offer, Herr Budge - we are
building a Temple for Hamburg Jewry, not for you."
Returning to my board, I had offered my resignation as their
rabbi. Having refused so generous a gift, I could not, I felt, hold
on to my pulpit. My board, however, agreed with me, and in the
Hamburg Temple, the cradle of Reform, men and women remained
separated up to the last moment.
It took me years to accustom myself to seeing men and women
sitting together.
The same afternoon, my first in New York, I strolled down
Fifth Avenue, admiring the famous boulevard. A thought struck
me; I had been here almost twenty-four hours, without meeting
an acquaintance - that was strange. At that moment, a man stopped
me. He spoke English, and I could not understand one word, but he
continued in German and said: "I was born here in New York,
and last year, for the first time, I went to Europe, stayed in Hamburg
and watched you every morning, watering your flowers in your
garden. Won't you have lunch with me?"
I shall never forget those first days in New York. Here I was -
lost in the colossus of houses, streets, faces, a babel of languages -
a replica of the Wandering Jew. How often I stood, looking at
Hebrew letters like Bosor Kosher (kosher meat), which gave me a
feeling of nostalgia!

Julian Obermann, later professor at Yale University, was my
only acquaintance. He helped me to get a room at Broadway and
One Hundred Thirteenth Street. The first Friday evening I went
to a synagogue and at eight o'clock in the evening came to a Jewish
restaurant on Broadway. The place was dark. I tried the door - it
opened; the man was about to leave.
"What's the matter?" I asked.
"Shabbos (the Sabbath)," he said.
"Can you let a Kosher Jew starve?"
< <
No, I'll give you something to eat," and he was about to go to
the kitchen.
I stopped him.
"Wait, it's Shabbos. I have no money." (I had money.)

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY I11
Having finished my repast, I took out a bill, but the manager
[steward] said: "You see, sir, the kitchen is closed, and so are the
books - consider yourself our guest."
Can you imagine how much all those little things meant to me -
coming as I did from a country where strict correctness was the
aim of life? How often I stopped at a newstand, taking a paper and
putting two cents in the box, without anybody watching.
Dr. Obermann introduced me to Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, of
blessed memory. Sitting in his study, I glanced at the shelves filled
with books.
"Dr. Wise, I know that book over there -it is the handbook
of my teacher, Marcus Brann, in Breslau."
"Yes," he said. "I bought his library."
"Brann's book in New York! -I am at home in America."
An old friend of mine, Shmarya Levin, met me at I I I Fifih
Avenue, the Zionist headquarters.
"What are you doing here?" he cried. "Go back to Europe -
this is no place for YOU."
It was not very encouraging to hear that from so clever a man.
There, too, I met Louis Lipsky, the leader of American Zionism,
Maurice Samuel, and others, who took me to a Zionist meeting.
Called upon, I spoke in German. The next morning I received a
telegram from the Zionist Organization of America, offering me
an engagement for a series of talks on Zionism throughout the
country, and I began to bring the message of Theodor Herzl to
American Jewry. One of the first communities I visited was Chicago.
Everything was new to me. I was what was called a "greenhorn."
Reporters came; I had never met one before, and I took their
questions seriously. One of them asked me: "What do you think
about American culture?" In all innocence I said: "America is a
young country, and culture doesn't travel by express." The papers
carried a story about it. So I became nervous. Two days later, five
men came to see me.
66
I don't want to see reporters."
6 6
We are not reporters," they answered. "We are officers of a
congregation, and listening to you last night, we decided that you
have to become our rabbi."

"But I cannot speak English!"
"You will learn."
"What kind of congregation are you?"
"We are Orthodox."
"I'm not Orthodox."
"We are semi-Orthodox."
I didn't know what it meant. They did not argue - they just
took out a contract and asked me to sign it. With the help of a
dictionary, I found out that they had offered me a decent salary and
obligated themselves to bring my family over from Europe and to
furnish me with an apartment. I signed. They left, and here I was
sitting in my hotel room, believing that I had dreamed it. So, four
weeks after my arrival in a new continent, I had a congregation.
Another four weeks passed by, and they asked me whether I would
agree that they amalgamate with another congregation. That was
new to me.
"How do you do that?"
"Oh, we sell our synagogue."
"Whom do you sell it to?"

FIVE GATES -CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY "3
In all innocence he explained: "Every synagogue member, ac-
cording to American law, is entitled to five gallons of sacramental
wine. The congregation is buying that wine from the Government
at a cheap price, selling it afterwards at a very high price to all
the people, and doing great business."
Of course, I refused to do that, and my congregation was upset,
believing that its rabbi was queer. My friend Levin, whom I men-
tioned before, said once that Orthodox rabbis, doing big business
in those days in sacramental wine, had changed the Tilim (Psalms) ;
Psalm I z I says, "From whence (me-ayin) does my help come?"
Levin suggested: "Instead of me-ayin ('from whence'), read miyayin
('from wine') !"
I became homesick for New York. It had attracted me from the
very beginning. The fantastic figure of two million Jews in one city
never failed to impress me. I loved to exaggerate: New York is a
Jewish city where we permit a few goyim (non-Jews) to exist -
try not to be Jewish in Brooklyn or the Bronx! So I went back and
found a congregation on the outskirts of Brooklyn - Manhattan
Beach. Sitting together on a porch with the board which gave me
the once-over, I heard a man whispering to the president: "If you
take that rabbi, I shall increase my membership [dues] to $~,ooo.oo."
I became curious afterwards. Eighteen years earlier that man had
come from Russia, penniless. When I met him, he was estimated
as having $16,000,000. He could hardly read English, but he had
an uncanny nose for the future value of a corner in Manhattan.
One day I asked him: "Do you need publicity?"
"Of course."
"What about having your picture on the second page of the
Herald-Tri bune? ' '
"How much?" he asked.
"Fifteen thousand dollars for the Keren Hayesod (the Jewish
National Fund) ."
"Can you make it for ten?"
"No, but if you give me a check for $~z,ooo, to be dated one
day after your picture appears, you can have it."

I approached Rabbi Stephen S. Wise and asked him to come out
to Manhattan Beach. There, in my admirer's home, Dr. Wise and
his host would be photographed together, and then I would give
Dr. Wise the Ifb~z,ooo. It was done, and the picture was published.
A few days later, my friend asked me: "Rabbi, what is the Keren
Hayesod? "
There were two congregations in Manhattan Beach. One day
two boys were talking to each other in a room next to my study.
Both raved about the rabbis. The boy from the other congregation
asked our boy: "What's the difference between your rabbi and
our rabbi?"
The answer came: "It is between a Ford and a Cadillac."
Another two years passed by, and I moved from Manhattan
Beach to Washington Heights. Members of the new congregation
approached me with a request: "The butchers in Washington Heights
are selling trefa (non-kosher) meat - something has to be done!"
I refused. I told them that I was not Orthodox and that the Vaad
Hakashruth (the representative board overseeing Kashruth matters)
of Greater New York was in charge. People came again and again.
Finally, they approached Dr. Louis Ginzberg, of the Jewish Theological
Seminary, who lived opposite me in Washington Heights,
to induce me to do something.
Let me digress a little bit. Before coming to America, I had
asked rabbis about Dr. Ginzberg, of whom I had known through
various publications appearing in scientific magazines. I myself and
many others admired his extraordinary knowledge and brilliance.
"What has he written here in America?" I asked.
"Legends of the Jews."~
I was disappointed. "Why does he waste his time?"
Wilhelrn Bacher had left us with six volumes of Jewish legends,'
and Bialik had written others.3 For months I did not come near
I Legends of the Jews (1909-19z8), 7 vols.
a Die Agada de7 Tarmaiten (I 884-1 890), 2 vols.; Die Agada de7 palastinensischen Amo7ae7
(1892-1899), 3 vols.; and Die Agada de7 babylonischen Amo7ae.i (1878), I vol.
3 Hayyim Nahman Bialik and Joshua H. Rawnitzki, compilers, Sefer Ha-Agadah (1907-
1go9), 3 vols.

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY Ir5
Ginzberg, until, working on a lecture one blessed day, I needed a
Midrash (homiletical collection) and saw on the shelves his Legends
of the Jews. Hesitatingly, I took one of the volumes and found a
foomote in Volume V. That was the beginning of an adventure,
which is still with me up to this very day. There is nothing Ginzberg
would not deal with in his footnotes -and not just matters of
Jewish learning. The knowledge of that man, to me, borders on the
miraculous.
Once I asked him: "How did you get the material?"
He answered: "Mostly by memory."
I worshipped him. When it was raining on Shabbos, he would
not go to the Seminary synagogue, but, together with his wife, he
would come to my synagogue in Washington Heights. They were
sitting together, when one day I asked him: "Mr. Ginzberg, how
can you?" And here is his answer: "When you live long enough in
America, you will realize that the status of womanhood has changed
so much that separating women from men has become obsolete."
That convinced me, and today, in my synagogue, our men and
women sit together - with one exception, which I regret: My wife
protests at being seated on the platform!
So, to pick up my story, Professor Ginzberg approached me
and urged me to take over the supervision of Kashruth. I called
eighteen butchers together and told them that - only out of respect
for Professor Ginzberg - I would be willing to supervise Kashruth
under two conditions. First, the mashgiach (inspector) and I myself
had to have the right to inspect their places twenty-four hours a
day. That was accepted. Second, if I found it necessary to take
back a butcher's certificate of Kashruth, that butcher should have
no recourse to the law. About that they argued - I remained
adamant. There was still another condition. The mashgiach could
neither be hired nor fired by the butchers. His salary was to be
paid by the butchers into a special fund.
So we started. The mashgiach would report to me every day.
Once he came and told me that one of the butchers had a chicken
market elsewhere and kept it open on the Sabbath. When I called
the offender in, he told me that his partner was not Jewish and
gave me a talmudical analysis that, in this case, his place could be

open. I rehsed to follow his thought. "You make your living selling
kosher meat to people who believe in Kashruth. I have lost my
confidence in you - give me back my certificate." I finally got it.
A month later, another certificate appeared in his window, signed
by an Orthodox rabbi on the Lower East Side; the butcher had
gotten it for $50. I was finished with the supervision of Kashruth.
Something else happened in the congregation. One Friday morning
I found out that Mayor [James J.] Walker would occupy my pulpit
the same night. Nobody had bothered to ask me. That finished my
work in that synagogue.
A congregation in Providence, Rhode Island, had repeatedly
invited me to lecture. One day I said to them: "Look, you cannot
let the same rabbi speak to you all the time - you need some
varietv."
.I
"Would you come out to Providence and be our permanent
rabbi?" they asked.
"What shall I do in Providence?"
They came again and again. Finally, a committee traveled to
New York and pleaded with me to come out for a conference. I
met with them in a hotel room and told them that I was not fit for
life in a small community.
"Couldn't a decent salary satisfy you?"
tt
It is not a question of money," I said. "Men don't get younger -
to provide something for the future might be necessary."
"How much do you want?"
"I'm not a businessman, and remember this: when I mention a
sum, I mean it." Then, bearing in mind what I had said about pro-
viding something for the hture, I mentioned a substantial sum.
One of the men said: "Rabbi, can't we discuss this?"
I interrupted him. "Gentlemen, it is now five o'clock, and there's
a concert downstairs -may I invite you to be my guests for tea?"
t t Does that mean our conversation is closed?"
"Yes, it is closed."
Within five minutes, I had my contract. A few months later I

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY 1'7
surprised my congregation, one Friday night, with an organ. After
services, a few men came out of a classroom, all excited.
"What happened?" I asked.
"Oh, nothing."
"Something must have happened."
One of the men said: "But, rabbi, you know, playing an organ
on Shabbes is against the law."
I opened his vest.
"You are looking for my tallis katon (scapular prayer garment),
rabbi? I forgot it today."
"Gazlon (thief), you never had one -don't tell me you are
religious."
My Sisterhood came with the request: "Boys after bar mitzvah
and girls after confirmation need more instruction -what would
you suggest doing?" I told them, "Let me think." Finally, I called
together the boys and girls, about thirty-five in all, and suggested
something.
"If you want it, build an organization without bylaws, without
officers - just a name, a meeting place, and a time. The name:
'The Rabbi's Bodyguard'; the place: the synagogue; the time: every
Sunday morning at eight o'clock. Boys appear with their weapons -
tallis (prayer shawl) and tefillin (phylacteries) ."
And so it was. We came together for a service in English and in
Hebrew; the girls came in afterwards, and we all went together
into our social hall. Here we had a breakfast prepared by the mothers.
After grace had been said, one of the "bodyguards" would thank
the mothers for their hospitality, and we would go to Sunday school.
A few weeks later, a seven-year-old boy came.
"What are you doing here?"
"Rabbi, I want to pray."
"Look, you want to have breakfast -you are invited."
Fathers appeared, telling me that they had had some job finding
tefillin, but the sons had urged them to come. Sometimes, I heard
a rumor that the mothers grumbled -too much work for breakfast.
I would tell them: "Don't worry. Mrs. Sonderling will be glad
to do it." She never had to.
One day I called in one of my boys.

"Jerry, I have to leave for three weeks for Europe, and there is a
rumor in the city that you fellows come regularly on Sunday because
of the whip I use. I shall be absent for three Sundays. I make you
responsible for a good attendance. Remember, my reputation is in
your hands."
On my return, Jerry reported that they had broken all the
attendance records. A few years later, after I had left Providence,
one of my Sunday school teachers visited me in New York.
"How are things, Celia?"
"Bad, rabbi. Everything you organized has gone. The board
does not permit the boys to pray in the synagogue on Sunday
morning; so the boys pray in one corner of the kitchen, while the
girls prepare breakfast in another corner. That's all that's left."
One Sunday morning, as I sat in my study and the fathers waited
outside for the children to come from Sunday school, a poor man
came in to ask for a nedove (charitable contribution). The richest
man in town said to him with a booming voice: "Go in to the
rabbi! He has a good heart." That man claimed to enjoy my sermons
on "Love thy neighbor as thyself"!
That moment, I must confess, was the turning point in my
spiritual career. It made me feel that I was a failure, and I had to
find out. I went back to New York and, looking from the distance
at Columbia University, I began to ponder: What is Jewishness?
A theology? A number of abstract definitions? A psychological
analysis? An ethical guide? I remembered Jeremiah's indictment of
religious leaders: "The priests said not: 'Where is the Lord?' And
they that handle the law knew Me not" (2 : 8). I felt I had no purpose.
At various German universities, I had studied philosophy, art,
history, and esthetics; one of my professors had written two volumes
on the theory of illusion. Imagine; you are sitting in front of a
desk. You have occupied the same chair for years. You know exactly
the form of the desk in front of you. One day, for some reason,
your chair has been moved to the other side, and the desk you
look at is a different desk; the perspective is different. That thought

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY 119
bothered me. All the time I had looked upon matters Jewish from
one viewpoint - the viewpoint of the pulpit. I determined literally
to change my viewpoint, to look upon Judaism from the viewpoint
of the pew, from a different perspective. The thought intrigued me.
This is what I would do.
I had a friend, a Wall Street banker, and I told him: "Look, for
one year I'm not going to occupy a position. Here are $5,000 I have
saved - I don't know what to do with it. Will you take it?"
"Leave me the money," he said. "I'm going to invest it. If the
stocks rise, you win; if they fall, I lose."
And a new adventure started. I went from one Jewish place to
the other - watching, looking, listening, all with a non-partisan
spirit. I went to an Orthodox shul, to a Conservative synagogue,
to a Reform temple, and saw what I had never seen before. For
instance, in a very beautiful Reform temple, there were two pulpits,
one occupied by a rabbi and one by a cantor. The two alternated,
and when the cantor began, for a moment's moment something
happened to the face of the rabbi - for a fleeting second, a look of
impatience: "Why doesn't he stop, so that I can start again?" The
rabbi was a highly respected theologian, highly regarded, but the
illusion was gone. In another place, another rabbi spoke on charity,
on the beauty of giving. Behind me sat two men, and one spoke to
the other: "Listen to him! He never gave a cent!" Which was
not true.
A thought came to me: What is religion? A kind of human
experience about which I, only a rabbi, know nothing. But there
might be another experience, one perhaps known to me: love. Love
is the coordination of all our senses, and if the religious experience
is similar, the rabbis have become the most successful killers of
four senses for the benefit of one, because the only sense through
which we try to gain the experience of religion is the ear: "Hear,
0 Israel." If one could only investigate the four other senses, one
of them might open and point out a channel leading to the experience
of religion.
Here I stopped. It sounded correct, but I hungered for an au-
thority to support my theory. For three months I lived in the
libraries of New York; I went from shelf to shelf, but found nothing.

I did not give up. There is that Jewish stubbornness which forced
me to continue. Passing a shelf one blessed day, I picked up a book
at random - Rabbi Moses Isserles' Torat Ha-Olah, a philosophical
explanation of the sacrifices in the ancient Temple. I got angry
with myself- what did sacrifices have to do with my theory?
I was about to close that book, when my eyes fell upon a sentence
in which the author said: "The Temple in Jerusalem was sur-
rounded by a wall, and that wall had five gates, according to the
five senses." Here was my theory!
About twenty-five years ago, after wandering through Jewish
life in America, I came to Los Angeles on a two-day visit. I was
urged to stay, and I have never regretted it. Afier so many years
of spiritual struggle, I still bear a question mark - what am I?
Scientifically speaking, I am a Liberal. Emotionally, I could not
be without tradition. If I were to define myself, I would say that
I am Orthodox among the Reformers and a Reformer among the
Orthodox. I look forward to the day when extreme Orthodoxy and
Classical Reform will disappear, while "left-wing" Conservatives
and "right-wing" Reformers - "Neo-Reformers," as some might
put it - will regain their strength.
Two great American Jews have given me an assuring answer.
One was Solomon Schechter, who says in one of his essays: "The
greatest virtue in life is consistency. The Jew has been a genius
in that respect. He was consistent in his inconsistency." The other
is the saintly Kauhann Kohler. When I came to New York in
1923, I followed an old tradition about paying respect to a famous
scholar and visited him. Dr. Kohler received my visiting card and
came out all excited.
"What do you think of American Reform?"
Taken unawares, I said: "Professor Kohler, do you want a
compliment? Have it. Do you want to discuss it?"
And we went into his library.
In 191 8, I said, the Hamburg Temple had celebrated its centenary,
and I had published an article in Hermann Cohen's monthly Neue

Rabbi Dr. Jacob Sondcrling
(SCC pp. 107-20, 12;)
Hoxs Brady, I'i~otogropher. Sari Francisco, CaliJ.

FIVE GATES - CASUAL NOTES FOR AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY 123
Jiidische Monatshefte, reviewing a hundred years bf Reform Judaism.4
In 18 18, a hundred men gathered in Hamburg to find a solution for
the problem of diminishing interest in religion. They came to the
conclusion that a traditional prayer book did not satisfy the modern
mind, that were youth to be given a modern prayer book, they would
find their way back to their inherited religion. "A hundred years
have passed," I had said. "Let us compare the first with the third
generation. Not one of the grandsons remained Jewish, so the prayer
book was no remedy. Assimilation did not help." Professor Kohler
disagreed heatedly.
Three weeks later, the Board of Jewish Ministers in New York
invited me to speak, and I chose as my topic, "The Trend Towards
the Irrational." One man spoke in the discussion - Kaufmann
Kohler. This is what he said: "Listening to our speaker, I feel like
a man who has received a verdict of death. For me, the pupil of
Abraham Geiger, to hear that the time of rationalism has passed,
is hard to take." But he continued: "I remember that when Richard
Wagner conducted his first opera in Paris, the critics cried, 'That
is not music, that is noise.' But one of them added, 'It is noise, but
behind that noise there is music.' " "Mr. Chairman," Kohler con-
cluded, "I suggest that the lecture of our colleague from Germany
should be printed."
Permit me now to conclude with one thought. Years ago I said
to my young colleagues in Palm Springs: "Friends, if your ancestors
in the Reform rabbinate saw you today, they would turn in their
graves. The first Reformers were Germans. Judaism is this, they
said, or it is nothing at all. Today we have in Reform the grand-
children of people who came from Poland, from Russia, from
Lithuania. We have grown beyond those days in which it was
possible for us to give a clear-cut definition of what we are. We
are a living people, and I hope, in a few more years, to live together
with a young generation of daring and believing rabbis."
4 "Die neueren Bestrebungen des Hamburger Tempels," Neue Judische Mmatshefte:
Zeitschrift fur Politik, Wimchaft und Literafur in Ost und West, 111 (no. I: Occ., 19 I 8)
12-18.

American Synagogues: The Lessons of the Names
ABRAHAM CRONBACH
The number of Jewish congregations in America runs into the
thousands. A complete list is unobtainable because countless names,
particularly those of small Orthodox congregations, appear in no
printed record. It was possible to compile, from a variety of sources,
a list of 1,688 congregations -a list remarkable both for its diver-
sities and for its repetitions. In various instances, the identical name
labels more than one congregation. Three hundred and two con-
gregations carry the name "Israel," I 52 the name "Bethel," and
ninety-two the name "Emanuel." Not a few of the congregations
bear not one name but two, a Hebrew name and an English name,
the English usually indicating the street on which the house of
worship is located.
There are congregations whose names hold the word "Con-
servative," and those whose names include the word "Reform."
That divergence in Jewish life is so significant that it has to be kept
in view. Curious, for Conservative congregations, is the frequent
use of the word "Temple," which was originally a Reform innova-
tion. Still more emphatic is the divergence proclaimed by such titles
6 6
as Progressive Synagogue," "Liberal Synagogue," and "New
Thought Synagogue." Those which are oriented toward the future
thus differentiate themselves from those that incline toward the
past. A number of congregations have copied the name "Free
Synagogue" from that of Stephen S. Wise in New York City.
"Free" meant originally that the rabbi was not to be fettered -
Dr. Wise called it "muzzled" -by the temple board. Dr. Wise
founded the Free Synagogue soon after he had scornfully rejected
Dr. Abraham Cronbach, whose "Autobiography" appeared in the April, 1959, issue
of the American Jewish Archives, is Professor Emeritus of Jewish Social Studies at the
Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion in Cincinnati.

AMERICAN SYNAGOGUES: THE LESSONS OF THE NAMES Iz5
a call to New York's Temple Emanu-El. The call had hinted that
the board of the temple reserved the right to exercise some control
over the rabbi's utterances.
In various ways the names of congregations reflect prevailing
trends. An illustration is the present use of the word "Jewish"
where an earlier generation would have said "Hebrew." No longer
does "Hebrew" function as a euphemism. Jews no longer find
"Hebrew" less embarrassing than "Jew" or "Jewish," nor do non-
Jews find "Hebrew" more polite. While the word "Hebrew" still
persists in the names of congregations, the word "Jewish" appears
many times as ofien. As the prestige of the Jew in America grows,
"Jew" and "Jewish" mount in the scale of dignity.
Thanks to the discoveries of medicine, one of our problems has
gotten to be that of the aged. We think of this when we are told
about a "Senior Citizens Congregation'' at Miami Beach, Florida.
It further catches our attention that some congregations have
names indicating a jurisdiction not, as usual, confined to a city, but
one extending over a larger area. Examples are: "Temple Beth
Sholom of Orange County" at Santa Anna, California; "Peninsula
Temple Sholom" at Burlingame, California; "Sholom of East Gabriel
Valley" at Covina, California; "Beth Sholom of Anne Arundel
County" at Glen Burnie, Maryland; "Beth Am of the South Shore"
at Hingham, Massachusetts; "Ventura County Jewish Council"
at Ventura, California; "Central Synagogue of Nassau County"
at Rockville Centre, New York; and "Free Synagogue of West-
chester" at Mount Vernon, New York. At Ishperning, Michigan,
Temple Beth Sholom is called a Temple Center in the geographical
sense that, standing at the outskirts of Ishpeming, it also serves
the neighboring towns of Marquette and Negaunee. Such names
suggest that the automobile, commonly regarded as centrifugal in
religion, sometimes becomes centripetal. The automobile, which
often keeps people away from worship, can do the opposite and
bring them to worship.
Consider, too, the name "Actors Temple." Such a congregation

is to be found in New York City. We have long known the ex-
tensiveness of Jewish participation in the work of the stage, but we
think of the actor as someone remote from religion; of the things
with which we associate the actor, religion is the last and the least.
The mere existence of an "Actors Temple" is surprising, whatever
may be the frequency with which thespians make use of that facility.
A synagogue in New York City bears the name "Millinery
Center Synagogue." Is this, perhaps, like Cincinnati's "Downtown
Vaad Synagogue," a house of worship located in the business dis-
trict near the places where Jews pursue a particular calling? Such a
synagogue might indeed be welcomed by those punctilious about
being present in a group of at least ten males when reciting the
prayer which commemorates their dead.
A large number of Jewish places of worship go by the name of
"Center," such as "Jewish Center," "Jewish Community Center,"
and the like. ?here are a hundred such in the State of New York
alone. That word "Center" highlights a trend. It signalizes the
many nondevotional features which have entered into congregational
programs. The edifice used for worship is used also for lectures,
dances, parties, club meetings, athletic events, theatricals, and even
for swimming. "A Schul mit a pool" is a timeworn jest. The pre-
ponderance of recreational items in the schedules of many Jewish
congregations has provoked some adverse comment, particularly
from rabbis. Ever so often we hear of or read denunciations of the
tendency to pack the synagogue with nonreligious activities. Dances,
as a rule, draw a large attendance when religious services do not.
Hayrides are popular with the young when Hebrew classes are
not.
The debate brings to mind the story about the two Jewish savants
in Eastern Europe who were out walking together one morning
several decades ago. The savants came upon a Jew wearing skullcap,
prayer shawl, and phylacteries, and reciting the early prayer. Such
sights were not infrequent; when the hour for prayer arrived, the
Jew would pause and recite the prayer wherever he might chance
to be, even on the street, in the shop, or in the railway coach. The
savants noticed that the Jew, while reciting the prayer, was at the
same time loading his wagon preparatory for the day's peddling.

AMERICAN SYNAGOGUES: THE LESSONS OF THE NAMES 127
One of the savants exclaimed: "What a materialistic people
are the Jews! Even when they engage in prayer, they ply their
occupation!"
His companion rejoined: "What a spiritually minded people are
the Jews! Even when they ply their occupations, they engage in
prayer !"
Similarly, shall we say: "How regrettable that these Jewish
centers dilute worship with such an array of activities which have
nothing to do with worship!"? Or shall we say: "How gratifying
that, where recreational activities take place, worship also takes
place!"?
Another trend is mirrored in the name "Beth Am" borne by
twenty-three of our congregations. The phrase, meaning "House of
the People," is common today in the State of Israel. That name
for a congregation probably connotes the Jewish nationalistic revival.
We have observed that I 52 congregations are called "Beth-El"
and ninety-two are called "Emanu-El." This involves a paradox.
Why should a Jewish house of worship be named afier a place
which, more than once in the Bible, receives unfavorable mention?
Beth-el was stigmatized by the prophets. It was a place at which
worship was offered a golden calf (I Kings I 2: 29; I 3 :4; I1 Kings
10:29). The prophet Amos quotes God as saying: "I will punish
the altars of Beth-el [j: 141 . . . seek not Beth-el . . . Beth-el shall
come to nought" (5: 5). The pilgrimages to the shrine at Beth-el
were, according to Amos, not acts of sacredness, but acts of trans-
gression (4:4). The prophet Hosea disdainfully calls that locale of
calf worship not "Beth-el" ("House of God"), but "Beth-aven"
("House of worthle~sness'~)
(4: I 5 ; 5 : 8; I 0: 5). The prophet Jeremiah
reports that "the house of Israel was ashamed of Beth-el their
confidence" (48 : I 3).
The name "Emanu-El," too, receives a sinister implication.
"Emanu-El" is the Greek spelling of the Hebrew words "Immanu-
El," which mean "God is with us." "Immanu-El" is uttered, in
the Bible, only by the prophet Isaiah. Protesting against an alliance

etween his country, Judah, and the Assyrians, Isaiah predicted that
the Assyrian allies would drive off certain armies by which Judah
was being invaded, but that, after the invasion had been stopped,
the Assyrians would not go home. They would remain and subjugate
Judah to the Assyrian power.
Once the Assyrians had halted the invasion, the people of Judah
would, full of gratitude, exclaim: "Immanu-El," .'!God is with us."
Newborn children would be named "Immanu-El" (Isaiah 7 : 14).
But how inappropriate! Rescue would not, by any means, have
been attained. The country would simply have fallen into the clutches
of the Assyrian helpers. Isaiah speaks of the Assyrians as a river
which shall "sweep through Judah . . . shall reach even to the neck"
and "shall fill the breadth of thy land, 0 Immanu-El" (8: 8). What
an irony in that name!
To be sure, the unfavorable implications of these names could
hardly have been known to the rank and file of today's Jewish people.
Few were sufficiently acquainted with the Bible to be aware of
what the prophets said about Beth-el or of what Isaiah thought of
Emanu-el. No reproach, moreover, attaches to Beth-el in the story
of Jacob's dream, a story often rehearsed in the Sunday schools.
That story may have made "Beth-el" popular. But how account for
the introduction of the name "Emanu-El"? It has been suggested
that "Emanu-El" derived from the influence of the Christian en-
vironment. With Christians the name "Emanuel" is momentous.
Christians took "Emanuel" to be identical with "Jesus." They
believed that, when Isaiah pronounced the name "Ernanuel," he
was predicting the nativity which was to occur 732 years later.
Why Jews should have given their congregations a name which
Christians equated with Jesus is hard to explain. The explanation
of "Emanu-El" will have to be sought elsewhere. It happens not
seldom that Jewish people welcome a Hebrew word or phrase
regardless of what that word or phrase may mean. The word or
phrase is acceptable just so long as it is Hebrew, no matter how
inappropriate it may be for the context within which it gets
placed.
There is, however, one congregation about the Christian origin
of whose name there can be no doubt. This is the congregation whose

AMERICAN SYNAGOGUES : THE LESSONS OF THE NAMES 129
house of assembly in New York City is called "The Center of
Jewish Science." "Jewish Science" is the counterpart of "Christian
Science."
Christian Science was attracting Jews in considerable numbers.
The faith healing claimed by Christian Science lured many whom
medicine had failed to help. A grain of truth may lurk in the witticism
that a certain Christian Science church had so many Jews among its
members that non-Jews refused to join. The late Rabbi Morris
Lichtenstein, the founder of Jewish Science, sought to neutralize
that fascination by offering religio-therapy under Jewish auspices.
Intellectually Rabbi Lichtenstein was markedly superior to Mary
Baker Eddy, the founder of Christian Science. Before entering upon
his venture, Rabbi Lichtenstein took a graduate course in psychology
at Columbia University. Since the death of Rabbi Lichtenstein, his
project has been continued by his widow.
We must not fail to draw a sharp distinction between "Jewish
Science" and "The Science of Judaism," if we may thus translate
the German Wissmschaft des Judmthums. The difference between
the two is antipodal. Wissmschaft des Judenthums stands for scholarly
research in Jewish history and literature, demands rigid adherence
to scientific method, and is, by a whole world, removed from the
credulities of faith healing.
The frequency of names containing the word "Sinai" -their
number is forty-six - can possibly be accounted for by the familiar
references to Mount Sinai at Sunday school and perhaps also by the
association of Sinai with confirmation, the most popular of modern
Jewish rituals. The name which occurs more frequently than any
other is, however, the name "Israel" - 302 instances. The hesitation
which once existed about "Jew" and "Jewish" may, in part, account
for this. Hardly could the predilection for the name have been
motivated by the explanation of the name in Genesis 32: 29, which
tells how, one harrowing night, Jacob wrestled with God and won
the contest, whence God changed his name from Jacob ("the crafty")
to Israel ("the divine struggler"). That would not account for the
present-day favoritism shown that name; too scant is the number
of those who have heard or read the amazing story.

A noticeable aspect of our list is the rarity of congregations
named after any of the prophets. Until comparatively recent years
one congregation stood alone in that regard - Congregation Isaiah
in Chicago. A merger afterward altered the name into Isaiah-Israel.
Subsequently, the name Isaiah was adopted by three other Jewish
abodes of worship - a Temple Isaiah in Los Angeles; one in Forest
Hills, New York; and one in Lexington, Massachusetts. Aside
from these four congregations honoring the name of Isaiah, there is
a recently formed Congregation Micah in Denver, Colorado, and a
newly organized Congregation Jeremiah in Winnetka, Illinois.
Perhaps, for a religious institution, the name of a prophet is
inappropriate, because some of the prophets opposed religion of the
institutionalized kind - some, but not all. Ezekiel was not anti-
institutional, nor was Haggai. Besides, how extremely few are the
people even in the rabbinate, who realize the intensity of the opposi-
tion to the ancient sacrificial cult on the part of Amos, Hosea,
Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the author of the celebrated passage in the
Book of Micah about doing justly, loving mercy, and walking
humbly!
The following incident may be worth recounting. After a Friday
evening service at a temple, a small group of people, closely identified
with the temple, proceeded to the home of the president of the
temple for conversation and refreshments. The group consisted of
the incumbent rabbi, of a visiting rabbi who had preached that
evening, of the secretary of the congregation and his wife, and
perhaps of a few others, including, of course, the host and the
hostess. The conversation glided into the subject of the prophets.
The visiting rabbi quoted from Isaiah I : I 1-17:
To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto Me?
Saith the Lord. . . .
New moon and sabbath, the holding of convocations I cannot
endure. . . .
Your new moons and your appointed seasons
My soul hateth;
They are a burden unto Me. . . .

AMERICAN SYNAGOGUES : THE LESSONS OF THE NAMES
And when ye spread forth your hands [in prayer],
I will hide Mine eyes from you;
Yea, when ye make many prayers,
I will not hear. . . .
Wash you, make you clean,
Put away the evil of your doings
From before Mine eyes. . . .
Seek justice, relieve the oppressed. . . .
The quotation threw the hostess into a state of dismay. She was
a woman fervently dedicated to her temple. When she heard the
words of Isaiah, she gasped: "According to that, we ought to have
no temple at all!"
The quoter pleaded: "Do not blame me. I never told Isaiah to
speak in that manner."
When the guests took their departure, the hostess refused to
shake hands with the quoter or even to bid him good night. Fre-
quent in her attendance at religious services, she must have heard
the passage from Isaiah many times before. She must have heard
similarly upsetting utterances of Amos, Hosea, Micah, and Jeremiah.
But amid the formalities of public worship, the meaning had never
struck home. Those words had to be spoken in an easygoing con-
versation over refreshments in her living room. A widely known
Bible scholar, now deceased, used to remark that some of the
grandest passages of the Bible stand there because they were mis-
understood. Had they been understood, they would have been ex-
cluded from the sacred collection.
The anti-institutionalism of certain prophets will thus hardly
account for the rarity of the prophets' names among the names of
congregations. Let us venture a guess: Children do not remain in
Sunday school long enough to hear about the prophets, much less
to learn about the prophets. The same might apply to names from
the Talmud. The chief talmudic name to greet us is that of Hillel.
Eleven of our congregations honor that talmudic celebrity. The only
other talmudic figure to receive any mention is Akiba, and that occurs
nowhere except with Temple Akiba in Culver City, California.

A number of congregations are named after notables of modern
times: Baron Maurice de Hirsch, Leo Baeck, Theodor Herzl, Haym
Salomon, Judah Touro, Isaac M. Wise, and Stephen S. Wise. No
fewer than four are named after Sir Moses Montefiore.*
Our list includes also such names as Temple Albert, Temple
Miriam, Temple Aaron, and the Louis Feinberg Synagogue, names
of local personalities honored in the annals of their respective
congregations.
We are unable to explain the total absence of the word "Jeru-
salem" from our nomenclature, although "Zion," the poetic equiva-
lent of "Jerusalem," appears no fewer than eighteen times.
* Baron Maurice de Hirsch, a noted philanthropist, was born in 183 I in Germany, and
died in 1896 in Hungary. His vast philanthropies were devoted chiefly, although not
exclusively, to the occupational rehabilitation and training of underprivileged Jews in
various parts of the world.
Leo Baeck, born in 1873 in Germany, died in 1956 in London. The leading rabbi of
Berlin, he became the outstanding Jewish figure in Germany at the time of the Hitler
persecutions and barely escaped death in a concentration camp.
Theodor Herzl, born in 1860 in Hungary, died in Vienna in 1904. A noted journalist
and author, he was the initiator of the world Zionist organization.
Haym Salomon, born in 1740 in Poland, died in Philadelphia in 1785. Salomon was a
Jewish hero of the American revolution, and helped secure money to further the cause
of the American colonists.
Judah Touro, born in 1775 in Newport, Rhode Island, died in 1854 in New Orleans.
Touro was an enterprising merchant and a large-scale philanthropist, bestowing his
largess on a broad variety of causes, non-Jewish as well as Jewish. Among his noted
beneficences was a huge contribution to the fund for the rearing of Bunker Hill
Monument.
Isaac Mayer Wise, born in 18 19 in Bohemia, died in 1900 in Cincinnati. He was the
famed rabbi of the Plum Street Temple (Bene Yeshurun Congregation) in Cincinnati.
The pioneer organizer for Reform Judaism in America, he founded the Union of Amer-
ican Hebrew Congregations, the Hebrew Union College, ". and the Central Conference
of American ~abbys. "
Stephen Samuel Wise, born in 1874 in Hungary, died in 1949 in New York City.
Wise was the founder and the celebrated rabbi of the Free Synagogue in New York
City and also the founder of the American Jewish Congress and of the rabbinic training
school known as the Jewish Institute of Religion. He was an orator of unsurpassed
eloquence, a noted Zionist, and a leader of the first rank in a multitude of civic and
philanthropic endeavors.
Sir Moses Montefiore was born in 1784 in Italy of British parents. He died in England
in 1885 at the age of more than one hundred. Montefiore was, for a large part of the
nineteenth century, England's foremost Jew. His prodigious philanthropies were bestowed
regardless of creed. On more than one occasion he intervened to rescue Jewish
people exposed to persecution in foreign lands.

AMERICAN SYNAGOGUES: THE LESSONS OF THE NAMES '33
Some of the names possess charm. Examples are: "Synagogue of
the Hills" at Rapid City, South Dakota; "Temple on the Heights"
at Cleveland Heights, Ohio; "Valley Temple" at Cincinnati;
"Village Temple" in New York City. Particularly with the Hebrew
names are the touches of beauty in evidence: "Tree of Life,"
"Gates of Prayer," "Gates of Heaven," "Covenant of Peace,"
"Pursuer of Peace," "Flag of Israel," "Way of Pleasanmess."
The temple at Chattanooga, Tennessee, is "Temple Mizpah."
"Mizpah" means "Lookout." How apt for a temple near the base
of Lookout Mountain! The temple at Toronto, Canada, has the
name "Holy Blossom." This name happens to be inadvertent. The
name is said to have originated with a congregation of Jewish youth
which went by a Hebrew appellative that means "Holy Fledglings."
The Hebrew word for "fledglings" resembles the Hebrew word
for "blossom." The congregation, taking its name from that of the
youth congregation, mistranslated. "Holy Blossom" was the charm-
ing result.
The names of most of our congregations are Hebrew. Those
Hebrew names, consisting usually of words or phrases taken from
the Bible, are, like many of the English names, aglow with idealism.
The Hebrew names often derive from such biblical exemplars as
Abraham, Jacob, David, Samuel, Moses, Solomon, and Mordecai.
These names of congregations read "Sons of Abraham," "Sons of
Isaac," "Love of Isaac," "Sons of Jacob," "House of Jacob,"
"Sons of Judah," "House of Moses," "Sons of Aaron," "Sons of
Joshua," "House of Samuel," "Sons of David," and "House of
Mordecai." Also invoked are the Hebrew terms for Light, Service,
Learning, Prayer, Friendship, Brotherhood, Kindness, Righteous-
ness, Diligence, Glory, Help, Hope, Holiness, and Peace. The
Hebrew word for "peace," shalmn, occurs 144 times. According
to a somewhat cynical explanation, the frequency of that word
could intimate the lack of peace in the schisms with which new
congregations were sometimes started; like the Latin quip about
the person named "Light," in Latin "Lucus." The quip runs:

"LUCUS
a non Iuc~do," " 'Light' because not giving light." Similar
is the supposition that congregations were, in some word-combination
or other, named Shalom, "Peace," because there was no peace. A
friendlier explanation would be that the frequency of the word
Shalom, in the names of congregations, is due to the word's famili-
arity. It is a word often heard in Jewish conversation, particularly
among the immigrant Jews by whom most of our congregations
were founded.
There are English names with an idealistic turn, such as "Temple
Concord" at Binghamton, New York; "Society of Concord" at
Syracuse, New York; "Hebrew Friendship Congregation" at
Harrisonburg, Virginia; "Brotherhood Synagogue" in New York
City; "Woodbine Brotherhood Synagogue" at Woodbine, New
Jersey. The "Hebrew Benevolent Congregation" in Atlanta,
Georgia, bears that name because the congregation grew out of
an organization devoted to charity. In Cincinnati, Ohio, "Congrega-
tion New Hope" consists of people who were fugitives from Hitler.
Attention may be called to the tendency which once existed, the
tendency to choose for congregations names of Messianic import,
that is to say, names whose biblical context voices hope for Jewish
national restoration or for a golden age to come. Examples are
those names which, translated from the Hebrew, mean "Remnant
of Israel," "Remnant of Judah," "Hope of Israel," "Door of Hope,"
"Holy Seed," and perhaps others.
Proclamations of ideals constitute, by and large, the essence of
the names borne by our congregations. When the names are Hebrew,
those names may have been understood by very few layfolk. Even
where the name is English, the name may seldom enter into people's
thoughts. The attendance at services may be sparse, listless, and
unappreciative. Yet there is about a congregation something which
towers. People can, in some subtle way, be affected by an outlook
of which they are rarely conscious. Places of worship can announce
to the world aspirations which their supporters are too busy to
ponder. In their names, congregations possess vehicles for such ideals.

The Drachmans of Arizona
FLOYD S. FIERMAN
The evening of March 10, I 896,I was a gala occasion in El Paso.
Two of the daughters of Isidor Elkan S~lomon,~ of Solomonville,
Arizona, were about to be married at the Vendome Hotel. The
Solomon family had probably come to El Paso for the weddings,
instead of celebrating them nearer home, at Phoenix or Tucson,
because most of their family was located in the El Paso area. Isidor's
brother Adolph was in business there, while the Freudenthals,
Isidor's in-laws, were situated in the environs of Las Cruces, New
Mexico, only forty miles away.
The festivities had a significance beyond that of gracing the
social life of El Paso, "a city of I 5,000 inhabitants and 25 saloons."
They marked a double wedding, unusual in itself, and they were of
particular Jewish interest. Eva Solomon was to be wed to Julius
Wetzler, of Holbrook, Arizona, and Rosa A. Solomon was to
exchange nuptial vows with another Arizonian, David Goldberg,
of Phoenix. The first ceremony took place at eight o'clock in the
evening; the second, at nine. There were two officiants, Judge
Frank Hunter, to satisfy the requirements of the civil law, and
Samuel H. Drachman, of Tucson, to perform the Jewish religious
portion of the ritual, "in which the bride and groom pledge each
other in wine."
There was no rabbi in this section of the Southwest in 1896.
Neither Santa Fe, Tucson, nor Phoenix had a rabbi, and El Paso
Dr. Floyd S. Fierman, rabbi of El Paso's Temple Mr. Sinai, is a special lecturer in
philosophy at Texas Western College. He acknowledges his particular indebtedness to
Dr. B. Sacks, Historical Consultant of the Arizona Historical Foundation, Phoenix,
Arizona, for his valuable aid and for permitting the generous use of his files on Philip
and Samuel H. Drachrnan.
Cleofas Calleros, El Paso Times, October 9, 1952. Herbert Given, of El Paso, brought
this reference to the writer's attention.
'See Floyd S. Fierman, Some Early Jewish Settlers on the Suuthwest Frontier (El Paso:
Texas Western Press, I 960).

did not call a rabbi until 1899. Religious occasions requiring He-
brew prayers fell, in a rabbi's absence, upon the shoulders of a
learned layman or at least of a man familiar with the ritual. Such
a person was Samuel Drachman. In addition to being the uncle of
David Goldberg, one of the grooms, he obviously had some famili-
arity with Jewish religious practice.
The Drachmans had migrated to the Southwest during the last
half of the nineteenth century. Samuel and his brother Philip, his
two brothers-in-law Hyman Goldberg and Sam Katzenstein, and
Hyman7s brother Isaac, were all closely identified with the growth
of the Arizona Territory. These men were not flat tortillas; they
were spicy jalapeGos giving flavor to the frontier. While they never
personally accumulated the wealth that was potentially attainable,
their efforts as prospectors were sifted on the dry washer to the
advantage of the Territory. As merchants, they allowed only the
small coins to remain in their cash drawers; the paper bills were
blown about to the welfare of the people. Who can measure their
contributions to the economic and political development of what
was then a backward stretch of land?
Philip Drachma113 and Michael and Joseph Goldwater, bearers
of two family names destined to help shape the state of Arizona,
traveled steerage to New York in 1852. Mike was later to become
the godfather of Philip's first son, Harry Arizona Drachman. The
Goldwaters went on to California, and Philip left for Philadelphia,
where relatives had assured him that he would find employment as
a tailor.4
3 Philip Drachman, born at Piovkow (Peuikov), near Lodz, Russian Poland, on July
4, 1833, the son of Harris and Rebecca Drachman, married Rosa Katzenstein at New
York City, on April 6, 1868. Their children were Harry Arizona, Moses, Albert,
Emanuel, Rebecca (Mrs. Solomon Breslauer), Phyllis (Mrs. A. P. Bell), Minnie (Mrs.
Phil Robertson), Myra, Lillie, and Esther. (Correspondence of Carl Hayden with
Harry A. Drachman, July I I, 1945.) Rosa K. Drachman used the date April z I, 1868,
as her marriage date in a manuscript dictated to her daughter Lillie, on October 21,
1907, at Los Angeles, California (Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society, Tucson,
Arizona).
4 Correspondence with Bert Fireman, Arizona Historical Foundation, November 18,
1960.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA I37
Philip was sixteen years of age when he arrived in Philadelphia,
but he did not remain there very long. It could be that the letters
which this young colt received from the Goldwaters made him
restless. At the age of eighteen, in 1854, he decided to go West.
Six years later, on October 16, I 860, he was naturalized as a United
States citizen at San Bernardino by Judge Benjamin Hayes.5 A letter
to Brevet Major J. H. Carlton from San Bernardino in 1861 sug-
gests that it did not take Philip very long to become acquainted
with the problems of the West.
We have heard within the last few hours from, as we believe, a reliable
source that a band of some forty or fifty desperadoes are now dispersed
throughout the Coast range of hills south of this place, and intending to
make a sudden foray upon the merchants of San Bernardino and after
securing their plunder make good their escape across the Colorado on
their way to the Confederate States of the South. We therefore hasten
to make this information known to you and ask that you will in the emer-
gency forthwith give us the protection of a Company of U. S. troop^.^
By 1863 Philip was in La Paz, Yuma County, as a member of
a combine which called itself the "Colorado River Farming and
Stock Raising Association."7 The 1864 Census of the Territory of
Arizona designated him as a thirty-year-old merchant, whose real
estate was valued at $~,ooo and whose personal estate was valued
at $4,000.~ Young Philip, who had come to the frontier with the
5 Carl Hayden, op. cit.
6 Among the signers were Mark Jacobs, F. H. Levy, B. Breslauer, P. Drachman and
Co., Isadore Cohen, S. Folks, Wolf Cohn, Jacob and Harris M. Calisher, Q. S. Sparks,
Jacob and Isador Cohn, Charles Denzig, and Morris Wolf. A Mr. Leonard and a Mr.
Goldberg (doubtless Isaac Goldberg) delivered the message, dated August 6, 1861
(R. N. Scott et al., edd., War of the Rebellim [Washington, D. C., 1880-19011, Series
I, Vol. 50, Part r, pp. 554-55).
7 The following residents of Los Angeles County, Calif., and the District of La Paz,
all citizens of the United States, formed themselves into a joint stock company for
the purpose of occupying a tract of land on the Colorado River on the Eastern or "New
Mexico" side to be styled "Colorado River Farming and Stock Raising Association":
H(yman [often spelled Heyrnan in documents]). Manassee (Mannassee), J. S. Manassee
[sic], M(oses) Manassee [sic], W. W. McCoy, J. M. McCoy, G. L. McCoy, B.
Roberts, Fred G. Fitch, John H. St. Matthew, I(saac) Goldberg, P. Drachman, Henry
Soberkrop, H. Behrendt, M. Schiller, C(har1es) 0. Cunningham. Recorded March
23, 1863, at La Paz Mining District (Files of Dr. B. Sacks).
8 The 1864 Census of the Territory of Arizona, La Paz No. 7, P. Drachman No. z.,
pp. 123-24. If Philip Drachman was eighteen in 1854. according to our sources, then

typical pack on his back, had thus accumulated, from 1852 to
1863, a modest capital of $5,000.
During this period Philip Drachman and Isaac Goldberg,g pool-
ing their resources and energies, initiated a parmership by acquiring
a parcel of land in La Paz.I0 The indenture of December 14, 1864,
makes no mention of a store located on the lot, but we can infer,
from an advertisement in the Arizona Miner of October that same
year,I1 that they either constructed a building or that there was
already one there. In any case, Goldberg and Drachman did not
limit their activities to the store in La Paz. Advertising in the
Arizcma Miner, they informed their readers that, though "formerly
of La Paz," they were "now located in the Juniper House, Prescott
[Arizona] ."I2 Philip Drachman was hardly a retiring personality,
and on August z I, I 865, he was among those who petitioned Gen-
eral J. S. Mason, Commander of the Military District of Arizona,
for aid against the Indians.
in 1864 he would have been twenty-eight, rather than thirty years of age, as shown
by the Census of the Territory of Arizona. Wanting perhaps to become an American
citizen in 1860, he advanced his age and then forgot that he had done so.
On La Paz, a boom mining town of 5,000 residents, see Will C. Barnes, Arizona
Place Names, revised and enlarged by Byrd H. Granger (Tucson: University of Arizona
Press, ca. 1960), p. 378.
9 "The Pioneer Society records show the date of his [Isaac Goldberg] birth as 1841,
but the 1864 census gives his age as 28, which would fix the year of his birth at 1836.
I think that this is about correct, because he could not have been naturalized as an
American citizen in 1859 unless he was twenty-one years old at that time. . . . He
had to have been five years in the United States to become naturalized so that he came
to this country not later than 1854, during which year he would be a young man of
r 8." Carl Hayden, op. cit. The problem of whether Isaac Goldberg was a naturalized
citizen is raised by the assistant attorney general. See Arizona Citizen (Tucson), March
14. 1879, 3:~.
I0 Indenture, dated and recorded December 14, 1864, in which Fransois Quinet con-
veyed to H. P. Drachman and Isaac Goldberg "all the lot or parcel of land being forty
eight feet front on East Side of Lander Street [formerly Main Street, the principal
street of La Paz, running North and South] . . . ." (Files of Dr. B. Sacks, Historical
Consultant, the Arizona Historical Foundation, Phoenix, Arizona.)
'I Buck and Cook in an advertisement, October 12, 1864, stated that they had estab-
lished a restaurant in La Paz. This was located on the corner of Lander Street, opposite
the store of (Philip) Drachman and (Isaac) Goldberg. Ariwna Miner, October 26,
1864, 3:2.
Arima Miner, September 2 I, 1864, 3 :4.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA '4'
. . . . We most respectfully ask that you establish at or near this place
a military command, to act in concert with the civil authorities, or under
the direction of the Supt. of Indian Affairs, the Hon. Geo. W. Leihy -
not only to act as a military presence to intimidate the Indians, but to
enable the Superintendent to enforce the U. S. laws pertaining to Indian
Affairs.13
By July, 1870, Goldberg and Drachman had commercial in-
terests in Tucson, Arizona's leading town, with a population, in
the 1860's~ of perhaps a thousand, mostly Mexicans. While its
citizens were not of a class to inspire confidence in peaceful, law-
abiding Americans, it did offer a challenge to the enterprising
Goldberg and Drachman. The partners moved with the progress of
Arizona. From La Paz and Prescott, they extended their enterprise
to Tucson, where their store first appeared in the newspaper ad-
vertisements as Goldberg and Co., selling "Dry Goods consisting
of Hats and Caps of every description . . . Cloaks, Shawls, Boots,
Shoes . . .A large stock of Old Rye Whiskey and the best Cali-
fornia Wine and Brandy . . . A large Stock of groceries, Butter,
Honey, Cheese, and Dried Fruits which we offer for sale; whole-
sale and retail."I4 Goldberg and Co. was not interested in a credit
business, and the firm was listed as a "Cash Store." The very
next week, the firm advertised itself as "Goldberg and Drachman,"
also a Cash Store.15 In this case, however, Goldberg was listed as
a Tucson resident and Drachman as an importer, a resident of San
Francisco. It could be that a San Francisco address gave the store
status.
Philip was well situated enough, between 1864 and 1868, to
think of a wife. In 1868 he married Rosa Katzenstein, of New
York. How he met her and where they were married are disclosed
by Rosa's "Reminiscences of Grandmother Drachman."I6 Philip's
Sacks, ibid.
'4 The Weekly Aziwnian, July 16, 1870, 3 :4. Similar advertisements appeared as early
as February, 1870, without a mention of wine and liquor.
Is Ibid., July 23, 1870, 3 :4.
16 Rosa K. Drachman, a manuscript dictated to her daughter Lillie, on October z I, 1907,

I+f
AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES, NOVEMBER, 1964
parmer, Isaac Goldberg, did not submit himself to the nuptial
canopy until two years later, when The Weekly Arizonian recorded
in good humor:
MARRIED: Mr. Drachman has received a letter from California which
brings the gay tidings of the sudden and unexpected marriage of I. Gold-
berg, the everlasting "Lomo de Oro." A few of his friends, at the time
of his departure for California some three months ago, had a sneaking
idea that his "pleasure trip" would result in some tragedy. MORAL -
Now all young men a warning take, and stay at home for mercy's sake.17
The partnership of Goldberg and Drachman went under a
number of names, including "Goldberg and Co.," "Goldberg and
Drachman," and "P. Drachrnan and Co." Goldberg had freight
trains and a number of government contracts under his name, as did
Philip Drachman. A letter from Arizona City, dated December 5,
1870, reveals the various business associations that were made by
the two partners:
Goldberg and Co's freight arrived here last night, 17 days from San Diego;
Mr. [Philip] Drachman of that firm, and Mr. Hopkins, of the Pioneer
Brewery, Tucson, go up on this day's buckboard . . . .r8
at Los Angeles, California. Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society, Tucson, Arizona.
Rosa's brother, Samuel Katzenstein, married Freda, the sister of Albert Steinfeld.
They had two children, Albert and Lulu (telephone conversation with Harold Stein-
feld, January 8, 1962). Photographs of Sam Katzenstein leave the impression that he
was a rugged individual, which indeed he must have been to hold postmasterships at
Greaterville (1879-1880) and at Charleston (1885), a town more notorious than Tomb-
stone. Mose Drachman (Philip and Rosa Drachman's son) records that Sam owned a
store in Charleston, where Mose worked for a short time (Mose Drachman, op. cit.).
Sam Katzenstein purchased a lot in Charleston in 1880 for f roo from Henry Fish-
back. (Index to Real Estate Grantees, Pima County, Arizona, September 30, 1880,
Book 7, p. 504.) There is also on record an indenture between Sam and Anna Downer
in Cochise County. On this occasion, Sam received $500 for his land. (Index to Real
Estate, Grantors, Pima County, Arizona, October 18, 1882, Book 11, p. 632.) The
records that have been found to date concerning Sam Katzenstein are incomplete.
The Historical Secretary of the Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society writes: "We
have very little material on Sam Katzenstein. He was . . . the proprietor of the old
Cosmopolitan (OrndoriT) Hotel in the 1880's." (Correspondence with Yndia S. Moore,
December 28, 196 I .)
'7 The Weekly Arizonian, November 19, 1870, 3:1. "Lomo de Oro" ("hill of gold")
is a Spanish play on Goldberg's Germanic name; "Lomo" ="Berg," "Oro" ="Gold."
18 Arizona Citizcn (Tucson), December 17, 1870, I : 3.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA '43
Also, in March, I 879:
Philip Drachman's freight train came in last Saturday with 15,ooo pounds
of [Charles Trumbull.] Hayden's [Tempe] family flour and 7,000 pounds
of barley for [Charles H.] Lord and wheeler W.] Williams.19
To meet an Army contract to furnish hay to Camp Grant,
northeast of Tucson, Goldberg and Drachman, in 1870, sent eighty
men to cut hay in the San Pedro Valley. In March, 1870, their
wagon train, loaded with supplies for the haying crew, was attacked
by Apaches. The assault was made a little after sunrise at Canada
del Oro, near the northern spur of the Catalina Mountains, while
the men were at breakfast. Robert Morrow, an army paymaster,
with an escort of ten soldiers, was camped about a mile away.
Hearing the gunfire, Morrow and the soldiers joined forces with
the teamsters, who had scattered into the brush.
Angel Ortiz, the wagon master, was killed early in the day and
buried there. By about 11 A.M., the Apaches had finished looting
the wagons and left, after first driving off twelve yoke of oxen
grazing about 250 yards from the camp. The four wagons, loaded
with supplies like clothing, coffee, sugar, bacon, tobacco, shovels,
scythes, axes, and ten thousand pounds of barley, were emptied,
but not destroyed. Sixty Apaches captured the members of the
haying crew who had not been killed in the fray."^
Isaac Goldberg made no claim for this loss until June 8, 1888."'
The claim was made at Tucson, and, though the original report of
the encounter reads I 87 1, Goldberg used the date I 870. He esti-
mated the total loss at $7,150 and also mentioned in his claim that,
during this period, the company had also suffered a loss at Florence.
Six horses - four kept in a corral and two that the stage driver
had used on the night of the depredation - had been stolen. The
horses were valued in all at $700, bringing the loss in both depreda-
tions to $7,850.
'9 Ibid., March 14, 1879, 3 :z.
lo In the Court of Claims: Isaac Goldburg [sic], Surviving Partner of Isaac Goldburg
and Philip Drachman, Deceased, v. The United States and the Apache Indians (Indian
Depredations No. 6846).

On cross examination before the United States assistant attorney
general, Goldberg stated that he had misplaced his books while
moving from place to place. Having had little hope of recovering
anything from the Government, he said, he had not been careful to
preserve the account books. Goldberg said on re-examination that
he and his partner, Philip Drachman, had quit the business in 1875
because they had lost so much through these depredations.
The evidence, according to the assistant attorney general, was
inconclusive as to the amount of merchandise taken or destroyed.
"The claimant lost his books and has no inventory and relies on
estimates of the value of the various items." He went on to say:
The amount of groceries and clothing seems to be extraordinary, con-
sidering the purpose for which it was intended - that of supplying a
camp of men engaged in cutting hay, who could not have been expected
to stay in one place for a great length of time, and who would not need
large supplies of clothing or dry goods. Moreover, it is incredible that
the Indians in the short time they were engaged in the attack could have
taken or destroyed all the property in the wagons.
The assistant attorney general, in presenting his case, also dis-
cussed the matter of citizenship. Both claimants, he said, were
foreign-born. Philip Drachman had been naturalized in 1860, but
no record of Goldberg's naturalization could be found in the Govern-
ment files. Competent evidence, he added, might be produced be-
fore the case went to trial, but if not, judgment could not be ren-
dered where Goldberg's share of the claim was con~erned.~~
Faced with this rather devastating argument and other thrusts
from the assistant attorney general, Goldberg was no doubt ad-
vised - or the heirs of Philip Drachrnan, who had died in 1889
while the case was being adjudicated, were counseled - to dis-
solve the Goldberg and Drachman partnership. In February, I 893,
an indenture was made between Isaac Goldberg and the heirs of
Philip Drachman,'3 one-half of Goldberg's claim of $7,840 (later
The law relating to claims of this kind specified that, to obtain judgment, the claimant
had to be a United States citizen. At a later date this clause was repealed.
23 "Assignment. I. Goldberg to Heirs of P. Drachman, February, 1893. Whereas a
partnership has heretofore existed between Isaac Goldberg and Philip Drachman,
both of Pima County, Arizona Territory, under the firm name of Drachman and Gold-

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA '45
reduced to $5,090) against the Government being transferred to
Drachrnan's heirs.
The case dragged on; in 1903, it was dismissed by the Court
of Claims, which found that the Indian defendants had not been in
amity with the United States at the time of the attack.
When Isaac Goldberg testified before the assistant attorney general
that he and his partner, Philip Drachman, had quit their business
in 1875 as a result of the depredations, he may or may not have
been correct. In 1872, the two men had declared themselves bankrupt
in Tucs0n,~4 but whether they were bankrupt as a result of
the depredations is a moot point. "Wielders and dealers" like
Goldberg and Drachman should not have been irreparably damaged
by a loss of $7,840 -unless, of course, they were overextended.
Yet this seems to be the case, for a year later they were in further
difficulty and lost their store premises in Tucson. In 1872, it was
the merchandise that was up for public auction. In 1873, one of
their creditors, Lionel M. Jacob~,~~ dissatisfied with the outcome,
took the matter into court.
berg, which said co-partnership is hereby dissolved and determined: . . . Isaac Gold-
berg. Signed and delivered in the presence of Thos. A. Barton."
'4 "Assignee's Sale, In the District Court of the United States for the District of Cali-
fornia. In the matter of Phili Drachman and Isaac Goldberg, Bankru ts. Notice is
hereby given that by virtue orthe authority in me vested as assignee orthe estate of
Philip Drachman and Isaac Goldberg, bankrupts, I will offer for sale at public auction,
on Monday March 4, 1872, at 10 o'clock, A. M., at the store formerly occupied by
said bankrupts, in the Town of Tucson, A. T., the stock of merchandise belonging
to the estate, consisting of dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes, hats, crockery, hard-
ware, tinware, etc. Terms of sale-cash. Wm. A. Darby, Assignee By M. Gold-
water, Attorney in Fact. Tucson, A. T., Feb. 22, 1872'' (Arima Citizen, February
24, 1872, 2:j).
'5 "Sheriff's Sale. In the District Court of the First Judicial District, County of Pima
and Territory of Arizona, Lionel M. Jacobs vs. Philip Drachman, Rose Drachman,
Isaac Goldberg, Amelia Goldberg, Francis M. Hod es, Joseph Goldtree, and William
E. Darby as assignee in bankruptcy of the estate ofphilip Drachman and Isaac Goldberg,
bankrupts, defendants.
" 'By virtue of an order of sale . . . by which I am required to sell the premises therein
described, or such part thereof as may be necessary to satisfy the plaintiffs judgment,
amounting to $3,015.16, with interest at the rate of two per cent per month
from the zznd day of March, 1873, together with costs of suit, and accruing costs and
ex ense of sale.
'On Monday the ~1st of April A. D., 1873, at 10 o'clock a.m. of said day. . . I
will sell at public auction to the highest bidder for cash that certain lot and parcel of

But Philip Drachman was not economically embarrassed very
long, for by 1875 he was selling land again:
Drachman, Philip, on Tuesday, sold the lot on Main Street which he
recently purchased from the village authorities, to George Cooler for
$450. There seems to be a ready market for well located real estate in
Tucson, at advancing prices.26
In I 88 I he opened a saloon:
Phil Drachrnan has filled up his new saloon in a costly manner. The counter
is inlaid with rare pictures, and the whole place has an air of tone and
elegance. It is named "Postoffice Exchange." Paul Jenicke, late of the
resides behind the bar. The place will be opened to the public
this a P ternoon. Location: the comer of Congress and Church Streets,
near the printing office.'?
In 1886 he purchased a cigar store: "News Item: Phil Drachman
has purchased the cigar store of Sampson and CO."~~ And in 1889,
he had "a new and elegant ~arry-all."~9
It is difficult to evaluate whether Philip Drachman operated all
these businesses at the same time, but we can infer that he was
often in more than one business at a time. Whether he experienced
success or failure, he always seemed able to retain his drayage
business. His obituary notice attests to this:
He first engaged in the mercantile business and afterwards did an ex-
tensive freighting business between Tucson and Yuma. When the railroad
was built (1880) he established a herd line here, which he has maintained
ever since.30
Drachman died in Tucson of pneumonia on November 9, 1889,
and the news of his death was carried by both the Prescott and the
land situated on the east side of Main Street, in the Town of Tucson, and described
as follows, to-wit: . . .' " (Ariuma Citim, April I z, 1873, I :5).
l6 Ibid., April lo, 1875.
27 A rim Star, December 29, 1881, I :I.
la Ibid., July 28, 1886, 4.
Ibid., June 2 3, I 889, 4: I.
Weekly Citim (Tucson), November 16, 1889.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA I47
Tucson papers.S1 He had represented Pima County in the House of
Representatives, 4th Territorial Legislature, at Prescott, September
4, to October 7, 1867,~" -and had become a charter member of
the Society of Arizona Pioneers at Tucson on January 31, 1884.
Tucson's Arizona Lodge No. I of the Ancient Order of United
Workmen and the B'nai B'rith could also claim him as a member.
Fifty-six when he died, he was buried in the Masonic Plot of Ever-
green Cemetery in Tucson. The Weekly Citizen observed:
The death of Mr. Drachman has cast a gloom over the entire community,
and many were the expressions of sorrow heard this morning, in the busi-
ness houses and on the streets, when the sad news was announced. . . .33
The date of Samuel H. Drachman's arrival in the United States
is uncertain. If Philip was sixteen when he came to these shores in
1852, then Samuel was twelve that year. If, as one biographer
states, Samuel was eighteen when he came to America, then his date
of arrival should have been 1856.35 TO add further confusion to the
date question, Samuel H. Drachman wrote in his diary: "Arrived
in N. Y. on the 30th of the same month (November 8th, 1863)."~~
The I 863 date may, of course, be a typographical error.
3I Weekly Prescott Courier, November I 5, I 889, t : I ; Weekly Citim (Tucson), Novem-
ber 16, 1889.
3' Correspondence with Harry A. Drachman, March 14, 1951.
33 Weekly Citizen, November 16, I 889.
34 Born at Petrikov, Russian Poland, on November 9, 1837, Samuel H. Drachman
was four years his brother Philip's junior. He spent his childhood and his youth in
his native country. In 1875 he married Jenny Migel at San Bernardino. There were
four children: Herbert, Lucille (Mrs. Floyd C. Shank), Myrtle (Mrs. J. H. Birnham),
and Solomon, an attorney who went to fight in the Spanish-American War, fell off
a horse, and then returned to Tucson to die. Samuel H. Drachman himself died on
December 26, 191 I, at Tucson, Arizona.
3s See Leslie E. Gregory's biographical sketch of Samuel H. Drachman, Arizona
Pioneers' Historical Association, Tucson, Arizona.
36 Samuel H. Drachman's diary, copied by Armand V. Ronstadt. "We have just
finished copying the Drachman diary. You know we promised the Drachmans no copy
would be made unless the spelling and some parts of the grammar were corrected. I
always consider corrections a mistake, but such was our promise. This has taken an
extra long time in copying . . . ." (Correspondence with Eleanor B. Sloan, Historical
Secretary, May z, 1951.)

On arrival, Samuel apparently remained for a short time in New
York, where he had relatives. His diary relates that, after receiving
word of his mother's death, he left Charleston, South Carolina, on
October 12, 1866. Why and how he came to Charleston,37 the
extant records do not disclose. We can only conjecture that he
may have had relatives in Charleston, South Carolina, which shel-
tered an old Jewish community, or he may have been attracted
by the economic opportunities which this port city afforded. A
biographical sketch of Drachman states that "he served through the
entire Civil War under General Beauregard and with a creditable
military record. . . ."S8 Dr. B. Sacks, however, was unable to find
Drachman's name among the Confederate veterans listed at the
National Archives.S9
On November 8, I 863 (I 866), he went to New York to meet
his widower father, who had been living in Philadelphia with his
late wife.40 A dutiful son, Drachman put his father on the boat for
Hamburg. Leaving New York on May 2 I, I 867, he landed in San
Francisco on June I 2, I 867. After visiting friends, "Levy, a country-
man, Greenbaum, Goshlinski, Cohn, and A. Goldwater," he left
San Francisco on June 2 I, 1867, "on board the Pacific." After stops
at Santa Barbara and San Pedro, he reached Los Angeles on June
23, 1867, and lefi for San Bernardino by stage the following day.
All this time, his diary refers to letters that he had written to his
father. In the interim, his brother Philip wrote him that Isaac Gold-
berg had left Tucson for San Bernardino, and by July 3rd, Samuel
was already at work for Goldberg. Samuel's sister lived in San
Bernardino, where he visited her frequently. His diary records that
37 For Charleston's Jewish history, see Barnett A. Elzas, The Jews of South Camlina
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1905).
38 Leslie E. Gregory, op. cit.
39 "I looked for Drachman's name on the microfilm index of Confederate Soldiers in
the National Archives, but am sorry to report that it does not appear. Although this
list is most com rehensive, the possibility exists that there were omissions. . . ." (Correspondence
wit! Dr. B. Sacks, April 30, 1961.)
"I have been told that Sam Drachman went into the Confederate Army under the
name of Sam Harris, which was his father's first name." (Correspondence with George
Chambers, A ~ i Silhouettes, m Tucson, Arizona, March I, 1962.)
S. H. Drachman's diary, op. cit.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA I49
he played the piano, and there are frequent references to his card
playing. On August 19, 1867, he left by stage for Tucson, arriving
there on September 4, I 8 67.
Samuel was a lighthearted person. He writes that he saw some
Mexican minstrels: "very funny, never saw anything like it." Also,
during a noon hour, he "watched I. Goldwater and A. Barnum
play cards for wine and in the evening play for boots." He obviously
liked cards himself: "At night after the store was closed,
played solo," or "Soon after breakfast showed a trick to Goldtree,
won a bottle of wine . . . played with Frenchy a game of pickey for
a bottle of wine, after dinner, and lost." All this time he had not
seen Philip, then in Prescott. In the interim he worked for Goldberg.
Samuel Drachman had strong religious feelings, and his diary
gives us clues as to how Judaism was observed on the frontier.
"While ill with a headache and dizziness . . . at night felt very
dreary on account of [being sick on] Rosh Ha~hona."4~ "Not
better, had to say my prayer in bed."4z "The second day of Rosh
Hashona somewhat better . . ."43 and: "At night, which was Kol
Nidra night . . ."44; "The 2nd Sukoth, felt better . . ."45; "Yom
Kipur Monday, Sept 2 ~th.''4~
One might conclude either that Samuel had a religious calendar
with him47 or that there were enough Jews in Tucson in 1867 to
have public religious services.
dlIbid., September 29, 1867.
Ibid., September 30, 1867.
43 Ibid., October I, 1867.
44 Ibid., October 8, 1867.
45 Ibid., October 14, 1867.
46 Ibid., September 25, 1871.
47 There was at least one English-language Jewish calendar available during this period:
A Jcwish Calendaf for Fifty Years f~um A. M. 5614 to A. M. 5664, covering the years
1854-1904. This book, published at Montreal in 1854, was the work of Jacques Judah
Lyons and Abraham de Sola, ministers of the Sephardic congregations in New York
and Montreal, respectively.
Drachman may also have carried a prayer book with him. "Pocket" prayer books
were printed in Germany: "One of the most interesting editions of the prayer book
is that printed in Fuerth, Germany, in 1842. This book is a revealing historical docu-
ment since its title page names it as a prayer book for those who may be traveling
to America." Herbert C. Zafren, "Printed Rarities in the Hebrew Union College

Samuel's work for Goldberg and Drachman consisted primarily
of letter writing, making out statements, writing contracts, and
stock control.
By 1873, he had severed his business relation~hips4~ with Isaac
Goldberg and Philip Drachman, and had established his own
business :
I beg to inform the public of Tucson and vicinity that I have removed to
the store formerly occupied by Messrs. H. Lesinsk and Co., where I
shall take pleasure to serve one and all to the best o 7 my ability. Always
on hand a well selected stock of general merchandise as is needed in
Arizona.
S. H. Drachma1149
Samuel followed the pattern of Goldberg and Drachrnan, which
meant that he had many business interests. He bid on government
contractsso and gathered dust by buckboard around the surrounding
territory; "S. H. Drachman returned early in the week from Apache
Pass"sl; he went to Mesilla, New Mexico, to buy applesS2 and
visited San Francisco for extensive periods of time.53
Sam was also civic-minded. When, in 1879, the Tenth Legis-
lative Assembly authorized the Arizona lottery, he was the agent
in Tucson. Unfortunately, the lottery, designed to provide funds to
construct capitol buildings and to help support the public schools,54
Library," Studies in Bibliography and Booklore, V (1961), 139 (Library of the Hebrew
Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati, Ohio).
4' "Samuel H. Drachman, an 'old good friend of the Miner,' is about to start business
in the building just vacated by Lesinsky and Co." (Arizona Citizen, September 27,
1873, 3:~).
49 Ibid., Saturday, March I, 1873.
sa See below, "The Drachmans, Government Contracting and Licensed Indian Traders."
sr Arizona Citizen, July 18, 1874, 3:t.
S2 Ibid., September 5, 1874, 3 :2.
53 "S. H. Drachman left from San Francisco by stage Thursday, [November ~gth]
expecting to be absent about thirty days." (Ibid., November 21, 1874, 3:t.)
54 "Arizona Lottery, under the direction of Governor J. C. Fremont, [Governor from
1878 to 18821 . . . Michael Goldwater. . . Herewith a Lottery will be drawn at Pres-
cott, A. T., on Wednesday, June 4, 1879." See Legislative History of Arizona, 1864-
1912, compiled by George H. Kelly, State Historian (Phoenix: Manufacturing Sta-
tioners, Inc., 1926), pp. 76-8 I.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA ISr
failed, and the Eleventh Territorial Legislature repealed the law
which had authorized it.
"S. H." was also a director in the Missouri Valley Life In-
surance Company.55 As a merchant in Tucson, he was listed in
1874 as a businessman who grossed $50,000 for that year.s6
Bidding for mail contracts was also a source of revenue:
S. H. Drachman will superintend the running of the mail between here
and Apache Pass.57 The new buckboards are in use now but they will be
replaced by more commodious vehicles just as soon as business will war-
rant the additional expense required. Eight buckboards arrived here on
Sunday last, and five of them were sent on to Points East and Apache
Pass.s8
Apparently mail contracts were lucrative, for there is evidence that
he was still bidding on them in 1877.59 Sam, in fact, seems to have
experienced no business reverses until 1884, when he had difficulty
meeting a government contract.60 Up to that time he did very well,
55 Arizona Citizen, July 17, 1875, 1:7. (This paper was known at various times as
The Arima Citizen and The Weekly Arima Citim.)
56 Trade for I 874 in Tucson:
E. N. Fisk and Co.
Tully, Ochoa and Co.
Lord and Williams
J. H. Archibald
L. B. Jacobs and Co.
Zeckendorf and Bros.
Wood Bros.
S. H. Drachman
Theo. Welisch
D. Velasco
(Ariwna Citim, September 25, 1875, 4:2)
57 Apache Pass is a deep gorge about four miles long in Cochise County, Arizona.
It was reputed "one of the most dangerous locations for encounters with Indians in
the whole of Arizona . . . . Apaches took advantage of the heights above. . . to watch
the passage of emigrant wagon trains.. ." (Barnes, op. cit., p. 29).
S8 Arima Citizen, July 4, 1874, 3 :3.
59 In 1877, Drachman entered a bid of $659 per annum for the mail contract from
Tucson to Greaterville, sixty-five miles and back. This was the low bid, and it was
received on January 15, 1877. Later a note attached declared the route unnecessary.
60 See below, "The Drachmans, Government Contracting, [etc.] ."

improving his residence at a cost of $1,500,~' while he and his wife
sold a site in Tucson to L. M. Jacobs for $~oo.oo.~'
Politics had a magnetic charm for Samuel, who was a member of
Arizona's Eighth Territorial Legi~lature.~~ The official returns from
Pima County in November, 1874, showed that Sam had received
the fourth largest vote - 613 -for election to the Territorial
Assembly.'j4 Earlier that year, his name had appeared on a long list
of signatories to a petition addressed to the Pima County Board of
Supervisors, requesting the appointment of H. B. Jones as justice of
the peace for the Tucson
Besides his interest in politics, Sam reached out in other directions.
He was a charter member of the Masonic Order in Tucson
and of the Pioneers' Society before which, in 1885, he read a paper,
"Arizona Pioneers and Apa~hes."~~ Nor did he forget his faith. A
Purim ball which he attended in 1886, held under the auspices of
the Hebrew Ladies' Benevolent Society, was described as the most
brilliant and successful event ever held in the city of Tucson. Among
the costumes receiving special mention was that of Jenny Drachman,
Sam's wife, who attended the ball as a "Tamale gir1."67
Both the Drachman brothers ofien concerned themselves with
Government contracts and Indian trading licenses.
On June I, 1876, Samuel, designated by the name of S. H.
Drachman, was awarded a license to trade with the Papago Indians
on their reservation at St. Xavier, Arizona Territory. He filed a
6' Weekly Arima Citizen, January I, 1881, 3 :3.
61 Ibid., August to, 1882, 3:3.
63 Legislative History of Arim, r86q-rgr2, p. 66.
64 Arima Citizen, October 10, 1874, t :4.
65 Ibid., July 18, 1874, 3 :t.
66 S. H. Drachman, "Arizona Pioneers and Apaches" (Tucson, May 4, 1885): a
handwritten manuscript.
67 Arizona Weekly Citizen, March 13, 1886, 4:3.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA '53
$5,000 bond with J. H. Archibald and Chas. [Charles] N. Etchells
as sureties. The license was issued for one year.68
Bidding for Government contracts could sometimes involve the
bidder in controversy. On one such occasion, Philip Drachman,
Sam's brother, showed himself a man able to defend himself when
his honesty was questioned. In a letter to the editor of the Weekly
Arizonian, he wrote:
I find in a letter signed C. C. Bean, published in the Miner of December
25 [1869,] a series of statements regarding the letting of a contract at
Fort Whipple, and observing therein a species of shadowy allusion to
myself and I hope you will permit me, through your columns, to reply . . . .
The I st of November I 869 being the day named as that upon which pro-
posals to furnish grain to the Q. M. Department at Camp Whipple were
to be opened, I handed my bid for 500 tons at 6-1/4$ per pound. Mr.
Bean, for the same contract, bid as follows: loo tons at 5-3/4#, 100 tons
at 6#, IOO tons at 6-1/8& loo tons at 7# and loo tons at 7-I/I~#. Now in
the statement published by Mr. Bean one of his bids is misstated and one
omitted. . . . So soon as it was discovered that Bean, Baker and Co. were
defeated in fact, the presence of intrigue became evident.
Unlike the straightforward manner in which the successful bidder is at
once made known here [in Tucson], we bidders at Whipple must assemble
at 4 P.M. to learn the result. I called but was informed that I could learn
nothing before the next morning. Next morning I called again and was
informed that the quartermaster had left town and that my informant,
the clerk, can give me no information regarding the bids. Upon returning
from the quartermaster's office in company with Mr. Parker, likewise a
bidder, he remarked, "There's something rotten," and sure enough some-
thing was very rotten as I soon afterwards discovered. Not only had the
quartermaster left town but so likewise had a special messenger, bearing
the bid of Bean, Baker and Co. - ahead of mail - that it might be ap-
proved before exposure could be effected. Feeling that it became necessary
to act at once and determinedly, if I would defeat this abuse of justice
and position, I set out for San Francisco and upon my arrival called upon
the Chief Quartermaster, who informed me that strict justice would be
done in the affair.
The contract has since been re-let, which fact shows how much honesty
has been blended with the proceedings under consideration.
6a Bureau of Indian Affairs, Miscellaneous Trader's Licenses, Vol. 3.

The Miner, however, remarks that Gen. Wheaton was present at the
opening of the bids, and that, consequently, no injustice could have been
practised. Gen. Wheaton, I am aware, was present, and believe the fact
may account for the removal of the faighful [sic] Baker.
These are the facts stated calmly and dispassionately. I am represented as
feeling sore-headed, yet my statement betrays less heat of brain than does
that to which it is intended as a reply. I regret that above my signature
any term so rude and meaningless as "hurling stinkpots at people" should
appear. I leave this style of explanation with the gentleman who sets it
forth; he perhaps is worthy to employ it; I am not.
P. Drachman69
There are six contracts listed between Philip Drachman and the
Government, and thirty-five contracts between Samuel H. Drach-
man and the Government as suppliers for transportation purposes.
They seemed to do well at the beginning. Philip was awarded his
first contract on May 30, 1870, to transport supplies from Fort
Yurna to Camp Mchwell; Samuel secured his first in November,
1870, to deliver flour to Camp McD0well.7~ Philip, according to
the records, stopped as a supplier in 1879, while Samuel continued
to 1884, when he found himself in difficulty. Three contracts were
involved, all of them signed on May I 5, 1884:
Contract A. To supply 900,000 pounds of machine-cut gama
hay to Fort Huachuca, A. T. [Arizona Territory], at 61.8# per
IOO pounds. The sureties for the $3,000 bond were Leo Gold-
schmidt and Emil Loewenstein.
Contract B. To supply 240,000 pounds of machine-cut straw to
Fort Huachuca, A. T., at 60.9# per IOO pounds. The sureties
for the $1,000 bond were Frederick L. Austin and Emil
Loewenstein.
Contract C. To supply 150,ooo pounds of straw or hay to
Fort Bowie, A. T., at 64.444 per IOO pounds. The sureties
for the $500 bond were Frederick L. Austin and Ernil Loewen-
stein.
69 Weekly Arizonian, January 8, 1870.
r0 Samuel's first contract was, however, subsequently disapproved.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA '55
Samuel found himself in trouble with deliveries at Fort Huachuca,
but only to a trifling degree at Fort Bowie. He explained his diffi-
culties on August 3oth, in two letters to the quartermaster at Fort
Huachuca :
In response to your telegram, I address you regarding the contract ex-
isting between the government and myself for the delivery of hay and
straw at Fort Huachuca. This season is one of unexampled drought and
there has been a total failure in the growth of gamma [sic] grass. The
truth of the statement is borne out by my personal observations in Pima
and Cochise Counties, for I have made it my business to make a thorough
search through said counties with a view of ascertaining whether by any
possibilities I should be able to find grass in quantities sufficient to cut
under my contracts. Not only have I examined for myself, but have made
persistent inquiries from cattlemen and dealers in hay with the same
result . . . .
. . . . There now remains but one question, when the government upon
this showing and under these circumstances will not feel itself justified, in
itself cancelling the contract, rather than take advantage of my mis-
fortune by declaring a forfeiture on my part and involving myself and
sureties in default.
I most certainly feel that the presidence [sic] heretofore established in the
class of cases justify the action, which I suggest on the part of the govern-
ment.
On July 13, 1885, the Chief Quartermaster of the Military
Department of Arizona, Major A. J. McGonnigle, reported to the
Quartermaster General of the U. S. Army Samuel Drachman's
failure at Fort Huachuca as well as the minor defection at Fort
Bowie. Drachman could supply hay for Fort Huachuca to the
amount only of $103.98, which meant that the Quartermaster's
Department would have to buy hay and straw in the open market
to satisfy the fort's requirements. The average cost to the Govern-
ment of hay so purchased was $ I .44 per IOO pounds, instead of the
contract price of 61.8j and 60.9#, for hay and straw, respectively.
Had Drachman been able to supply the required hay and straw to
Fort Huachuca, the cost would have been $8,529.39, but now the
cost would come instead to $19,980.77 - a loss to the Government
of $11,347.44, allowing for the $103.98 hay load delivered by

Drachman. The situation at Fort Bowie was less serious. Drachman
was unable to deliver the I 50,000 pounds of hay contracted for, and
Government purchases were made in the open market for $975, as
compared to the contract price of $966.60. The loss amounted,
therefore, to only $8.40.
The Government decided to sue Drachman and his sureties.
On October 9, 1885, Leo Goldschmidt had asked for himself
and Emil Loewenstein release from their bond "in penalty of
$3,000" on the ground of the prevailing drought in Southern Arizona
and the absence of a provision in the contract (Contract A.) to supply
any other kind of hay. On the following day, Frederick L. Austin,
on behalf of himself and Emil Loewenstein, had made a similar
request for release from their obligation under bond of $r,ooo
(Contract B.). Both requests were refused, but a compromise was
reached in 1887, when Goldschmidt and Loewenstein were re-
quired to pay only the court costs of $186.95.
The other two cases dragged on until 1890, when, after much
correspondence, the remaining two suits were settled for $too.
Thus the Government lost $ I I ,3 55.84, plus the total costs of
litigation, minus $386.95 paid in settlement. Austin, in addition to
five years of anxiety, suffered because for a time the Government
withheld payments due him in connection with contracts of his
own. 7I
Following this experience, Samuel Drachman appears to have
Samuel H. Drachman, Consolidated Quartermaster's Contract File (R. G. No. 92,
National Archives).
The matter of sureties was, in eneral, often troublesome. The same men provided
bonds for many contracts, and ofen for one another. It is fortunate that they were
not often called upon to pay a penalty on these bonds, for if they had been - even
assuming that they could pay (as they seldom could) -the losses of these sureties
could have been rohibitive.
An example ofthe inadequate finances of sureties is illustrated by a bond, dated at
Las Cruces, New Mexico, December 18, 1869, to guarantee a contract of Henry
Lesinsky, dated at Fort Bayard, New Mexico, the same day. The sureties were
W. L. Rynerson and J. F. Bennett, of Las Cruces, and A. Staab, of Santa Fe. The
amount of the bond was $~o,ooo. All four men signed the bond, Henry Lesinsky as
principal. Although it is stated in the body of the bond that J. F. Bennett is "of Las
Guces," as mentioned above, when he appeared before a notary public, Edwin J. Orr,
of Las Cruces, on the same day, he was referred to as "of La Mesilla, N. M." Henry
Lesinsky, "of Las Cruces," swore that he was worth $3,000 over and above debts
and liabilities, and Bennett $2,000.

THE DRACHMANS OF ARIZONA '59
terminated his career as a contractor, for no record of any agree-
ment of his is found after May I 5, I 884.
To survive on the frontier, the pioneer had to inure himself to
the conditions that he found and to seize upon the opportunities
that he discovered. The Jewish pioneer had the impulse not merely
to survive, but also to survive as a Jew. And he wanted his children
to do so as well. Judaism, however, is not only an inheritance; it
is also a maintenance. The solidarity of the Jewish family is de-
pendent upon the soil of religious observance, and the Drachman
brothers failed at the task of educating their children to keep the
Jewish "tree of life" alive.
The soil of Arizona was unlike the soil of their native Peuikov.
The Southwest's lack of formal Jewish institutions or even one
rabbi before I 899 presented insurmountable obstacles. Many of the
newcomer Jewish families could perpetuate their faith at first
through the arroyo of marrying into the families of other Jewish
settlers, but for those born and bred on the frontier, the waters of
faith obtained from the arroyo proved unreliable. Their Jewish
identity dried up and became lost in the sands of the desert.
What happened when one of the family married out of his faith
is incisively recorded by Moses Drachman. In traditional Judaism,
intermarriage is construed as the first step toward apostasy. If a
Jew takes nuptial vows with somebody outside of the faith, a
breach is opened. And so, as Moses wrote:
My marriage [to Ethel Edmunds, a non-Jew] did not please the rest of
my family. We were Jews -not very strict Jews, but they thought
that I should have married a Jewish girl. Strange as it may seem, not
one of them married a Jew and only one of my sisters married a Jewish
man . . . . So I decided to locate in Phoenix until the clouds rolled away.
The fears of Philip and Samuel Drachman were well founded. All
their descendants were to abjure Judaism.
A pioneer has the advantage of being in a new settlement before
others are there in large numbers. The Drachrnans were in many

places before competitors could establish themselves. There were
many economic opportunities, but presumably the reins slipped out
of their hands and the gold nuggets fell through their fingers. They
were persistent in their search, tireless in their efforts, and astute
in finding opportunities, but Samuel and Philip Drachman never
attained the state which they sought. We are fortunate, however,
that the newspapers of the day, the urge which impelled the Drach-
mans to write of their past, and the records of the National Archives
could be pieced together to give us a glimpse into this family that
played so prominent a part in the history of Arizona.
A CRY FOR HELP
It was no pleasure to be a prisoner of war during the Civil War, and the
Union's prisoner of war camp at Fort Delaware, Delaware, must have been a
grim place of incarceration. Confederate Jewish soldiers held there, however,
could and did appeal for help to their Northern coreligionists.
The following letter is the second or third we have received from the
same persons, who are now in Fort Delaware, and were there about a
year and a half. Please read the letter and give them such assistance as is
in your power. These young men are innocent.
Fort Delaware, Sept. 27, I 864.
Rev. Dr. I. M. Wise - Dear Sir. - Refering to our letter from last
year, in which we took the liberty in stating to you our case, we again
write you today. We were not fortunate enough in procuring our release,
and not seeing any prospects of any change for the benefit of our situation,
we appeal through you to your congregation to assist us in our behalf.
We are in need of some pecuniary aid or food, especially coffee. Anything
you send will be thankfully received. We are not permitted to write but
ten lines. Hoping to hear from you, we are
Very respectfully yours,
In care of Captain G. W. Ahl.
[The Israelite (Cincinnati), Oct. 14, I 8641
LOUIS MEYERSBERG
MAX NEUGAS
A. WATERMAN
Prisoners of War

Reviews of Books
BINGHAM, JUNE. Courage to Change. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
1961. 414 pp. 87-50
Courage to Change is exactly what its author, June Rossbach (Mrs. Jonathan)
Bingham, calls it: "An Introduction to the Life and Thought of Reinhold
Niebuhr." Mrs. Bingham alternates the chapters in contrapuntal fashion
so that they deal seriatim with biographical facts and theological exposi-
tion. The biographical parts are perhaps superior to the theological ex-
planations, but both will help persons who are confused by Niebuhr's
legion interests in his hyperactive seven decades and are bewildered by
his multifaceted thought in a half dozen disciplines.
The title, Courage to Change, was suggested by the prayer written one
Sunday morning in 1934 just before Niebuhr entered the pulpit of the
little church near his summer home in Heath, Massachusetts:
0 God, give us
Serenity to accept what cannot be changed,
Courage to change what should be changed,
And wisdom to distinguish the one from the other.
A "Courage to Change" is characteristic of Niebuhr's life and thought,
for he does not hesitate to shift his position when facts impel him to do
so. That is surely one of the reasons why Niebuhr's thought cannot fail
to interest Roman Catholics and Jews, as well as Protestants.
To Protestants, Niebuhr is, along with Karl Barth and Paul Tillich,
the most powerful figure in the Reformation tradition since John Calvin
and Martin Luther. Primarily he focuses attention on the centrality of
Christ, reaffirms the validity of biblical theology, rediscovers the reality
of sin, emphasizes anew the necessity for grace and forgiveness, and
undergirds his entire system with a classical emphasis on the omnipotence
of God. At the same time, he corrects the illusions of the Social Gospel
that man is perfectible and that the Kingdom of God may be achieved
here on earth. He is critical of the efficacy of organized religion in the
social crisis, yet gives impetus to the church and to churchmen by illurnin-
ing afresh the prophetic insights of both the Old and the New Testaments.
Roman Catholics, whether friendly or hostile, recognize in him the
most trenchant critic of Thomism in our day. He exposes the pretensions
of the Catholic concept of The Church which lifts "a historic institution
into a transhistoric reality, making the claim of speaking for God, or
being a privy to the divine will, and of dispensing divine grace." He has
161

great regard for Catholic thinkers like Jacques Maritain, John Courtney
Murray, and Gustave Weigel. They, in turn, accord him profound respect
and hold him and his critical thought in high esteem, knowing that
the wounds of a friend are faithful.
Observant, professing Jews have found Niebuhr to be unique among
Christians, for he has made it clear on several occasions - notably in
Pims and Secular America (1957) - that Christianity errs in trying to
convert Jews because it is virtually impossible to do so and fails to do
justice to distinctive ethnic and religious factors in Jewry and Judaism. He
echoes his friend Martin Buber by saying: "To the Christian, the Jew is
the stubborn fellow who is still waiting for the Messiah; to the Jew, the
Christian is the heedless fellow who in an unredeemed world declared
that redemption has somehow or other taken place."
Leading rabbis and laymen in Judaism agree with Abraham Joshua
Heschel: "Niebuhr's spirituality combines heaven and earth, as it were.
His way is an example of one who does justly, loves mercy and walks
humbly with his God, an example of the unity of worship and living.
He reminds us that evil will be conquered by the One, while he stirs us
to help conquer evils one by one."
Jewish leaders are equally aware - some with gratitude and some
with regret! -that Niebuhr profoundly influenced Will Herberg and
encouraged Herberg to embrace Judaism rather than Christianity after
recanting Marxism.
There is, however, another aspect of Niebuhr's relation to the Jewish
community which has not been fully recognized. I refer to his deep interest
in Zionism. He gave leadership to the American Christian Palestine
Committee, and has shown a profound understanding of the national
aspirations of the Jewish people while at the same time remaining acutely
aware of the universal, nonnationalistic implications of Judaism as a faith.
To secular-minded Jews, Niebuhr is an apostle of religion. Witness
the tremendous influence which he has on Felix Frankfurter, James Loeb,
and James Wechsler, and on a host of men and women in an organization
like the Americans for Democratic Action (which he helped found in
1946). A thoughtful but nonpracticing Jew, now the United States ambassador
in a South American country, says in all seriousness, "Reinie
is my rabbi."
Saratoga Springs, New York CARL HERMANN VOSS
Dr. Voss, a former Chairman of the Executive Council of the American Christian
Palestine Committee, recently edited The Universal God, an interfaith anthology.

REVIEWS OF BOOKS 163
KRANZLER, GEORGE. Williamsburg: A Jewish Community in Transition.
New York: Philipp Feldheim, Inc. 1961. 3 10 pp. $6.95
George Kranzler has brought to his study of the Jewish community of
Williamsburg an unusual combination of academic background and personal
experience. A professional sociologist and educator, he is a leading
figure in the Jewish Day School movement. Dr. Kranzler tells us that the
data on which his study is based were gathered "in fifteen years of intensive
and systematic participative observation" of the community itself.
The result is an incisive and provocative analysis that poses a challenge
to all concerned with the future of American Judaism.
The phenomenon warranting this study is the flourishing Hasidic life
of a segment of Brooklyn that seems to defy the usual social and economic
trends in urban - and Jewish - life. Dr. Kranzler's hypothesis is that
"the basic changes that took place in the major phases of the community
life of Jewish Williamsburg were primarily due to changes in the religiocultural
values of its population." According to studies which assumed
that the fate of the neighborhood would be determined by the broad economic
and ecological trends evident in New York urban and suburban
life, Williamsburg was, in the mid-193o's, doomed to deteriorate into a
blighted and, eventually, a slum area. In the late I ~~o's, however, a colony
of more than I ,500 Hungarian Hasidim moved into the neighborhood and '
established a religio-cultural life that converted the "natives" from norma-
tive Orthodoxy to dedicated Hasidism, reversed the socio-economic de-
cline of the community, and created a flourishing center of Jewish reli-
gious life.
Dr. Kranzler demonstrates his thesis by comparing three phases of
Williamsburg's development. Prior to 1938 (Phase I), the Polish and
Galician Jews who had remained in Williamsburg after the Depression
were officially Orthodox. The rabbi, however, had a very low social
status, and the successful businessmen directed community life. Phase I1
(1939-1948) saw the "war prosperity," a diamond trade introduced by
Belgian refugees, and the influx of Hasidim led by their world-famous
rebbes. Despite the recession at the beginning of Phase I11 (1948-1954)~
the new valuational pattern resulted in an improvement of real estate
values and economic life as well as in changes in the social status scale,
the family, the synagogue, and educational institutions. The rebbes became
the communal leaders. The older kosher butcher stores were forced out of
business, as the Hasidim insisted on glatt kosher (strictly kosher), and even

the older residents were willing to "spend more and have a clear con-
science." The manufacture of tallesim (prayer shawls) and tejillin (phylac-
teries) and Hebrew book publishing became significant. The amounts of
money donated for religious and educational institutions represented real
sacrifice motivated by religious commitment. The community provided
not only its own business and professional men, but also an adequate
number of skilled and semiskilled workers. Above all, Dr. Kranzler por-
trays an intense communal spirit and a feeling of pride in a remarkable
achievement: preserving what the residents considered the authentic
Jewish way of life in the heart of Brooklyn.
The description and analysis of social change are fascinating, even
though Dr. Kranzler's basic thesis - that the change in values prima~ily
caused the change in the major phases of community life - may still be
open to question. Certainly, the values of the Hasidim had great impact.
This impact, however, was dependent on a variety of material conditions.
A social theorist might ask: What conditions gave rise to the values of
the emigrants, and what social forces brought them to Brooklyn? What
kind of socio-economic conditions "allowed" Hasidism to take root and
flourish in Williamsburg? It would not have happened in Scarsdale! Per-
haps it is not so startling that a well-organized and dedicated minority
whose way of life raised their spirit above the drabness of urban monot-
ony could attract members of a larger community who already, because
of their life conditions, accepted in theory the values that were being
lived by the newcomers. It could even be that the very social decline which
was predicted for the neighborhood could have contributed to the atmos-
phere that helped the Hasidic way of life to flourish. One might wonder
about the prerequisites for such a total Jewish life: What portion of the
neighborhood should be Jewish? How much social, economic, and intel-
lectual contact with non-Jews could be tolerated? Dr. Kranzler does, of
course, recognize other causative factors. Still, it would seem that the
Williarnsburg phenomenon raises more questions in the field of social
theory than it answers.
Less academic is the normative question of the value of such a "total
Jewish life" (not necessarily Hasidic) as a pattern for American Jews.
Dr. Kranzler hints at his own view when he writes of the older residents
"who did not appreciate" the new Jewish atmosphere, and he sees in the
"intense educational efforts" of the yeshivot and all-day schools "the hope
of the Orthodox Jewish community to perpetuate such total environments."
One gathers that the in-group feeling of the community must be warm
and security-producing. Of particular interest would have been an analy-
sis of attitudes towards, and images of, the various out-groups: Reform

REVIEWS OF BOOKS 165
and Conservative Jews; Christians; Negroes, etc. It is conceivable that
false stereotypes and hostility might be almost "needed" to preserve such
a close-knit community. One also wonders to what degree the Williamsburg
residents are concerned with the great humanitarian issues that face
the larger society. Finally, this reader would have welcomed a deeper
discussion of the reasons given for the preservation of Hasidic life. To
what extent is this life dependent on the conviction that the Halachah is
the word of God? Many Jews today envy the Hasidim their commitment,
but place a higher value on the critical thinking that may destroy
the basis of that commitment.
Such thoughts lead us to the crucial question of the relation between
higher learning and group loyalty. Is it possible that a way of life which
so exalts religious study is dependent for its survival on a high degree of
isolation from the major intellectual currents of our time? Specifically,
what portion of the children of Williamsburg receive a college education
which includes exposure to science or the liberal arts? Of these, what
portion return to Williamsburg's way of life? Dr. Kranzler's discussion
of such questions seems most impressionistic. He admits that "an important
result of the influence of the new (Chassidic) yeshivot is the negative
attitude towards college and secular education in general." He adds
that a large proportion of the students of the older Orthodox Mesifta
Torah Vodaath do attend evening college and that it is "not unusual"
for them to "become instructors in the various New York colleges and
universities." Unfortunately, this kind of reporting is no substitute for
more precise data regarding the relation between higher learning and
loyalty to Williamsburg's way of life.
Still, it is easier to question particular values of the Williamsburg community
than to face the challenge that it poses to suburban Judaism: Can
our faith do something more than reinforce particular aspects of suburban
culture (e. g., togetherness, higher education, child-centered living)? Can
a prosperous Judaism remain spiritually somewhat apart from the world
and ask the critical questions? We leave Williamsburg - wondering how
our kind of Judaism, whatever it might be, can give us a perspective that
is not quite of this world.
The questions that Dr. Kranzler has provoked are a tribute to the
importance of his work. Williamsburg: A Jewish Community in Transition,
is a major contribution to the field of American Jewish sociology.
Champaign, Ill. HENRY COHEN
Rabbi Henry Cohen is the spiritual leader of Sinai Temple, in Champaign, Ill. His last
contribution to the American Jewish Archives appeared in the November, 1962, issue.

LURIE, HARRY L. A Heritage Afirmed: The Jewish Federation Movement in
America. Philadelphia, Pa. : The Jewish Publication Society of America.
1961. xi, 481 pp. $6.00
In 1895 the first formally established Jewish federation in the United
States, the Federated Jewish Charities of Boston, raised f I 1,909. By 1960
more than 250 communities had federations; in that year they collectively
raised $I 28,000,000.
In 1895 and the next several years the fledgling federations were the
fund raising agents for the charitable societies which had been established
essentially by the German Jewish groups for the relief of East European
immigrants, arriving in ever-increasing numbers on the shores of America.
By 1960 the federations (used as a generic term for the central community
fund raising and planning agencies) encompassed a network of hospitals,
homes for the aged, family counseling, child care and guidance agencies,
community centers, educational bureaus and institutions, and community
relations agencies, as well as the support of national agencies and of the
massive overseas rescue and rehabilitation programs. Paralleling the dra-
matic rise of the Jewish Community in America since the turn of the
century and especially in the postwar years, the federation movement
represents an exciting and significant aspect of the history of American
Jewry.
Harry L. Lurie has been very much a part of this history as social
worker, teacher, researcher, and executive head of the national associa-
tion of federations, the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds.
In A Heritage Afirmed, he plots the growth of federations and their de-
velopment as perhaps the most potent expression of voluntary community
organization involving all major segments of the Jewish community.
The book is organized in three sections. The first treats the emergence
of federations from roots in Jewish tradition and their accommodation to
their American environment. The second part brings the history of federa-
tions through the post World War I1 years to the present. It was in this
period that federations reached their high plateaus in fund raising as well
as in community planning and coordination. But the very strength of
federations and their involvement in all aspects of Jewish communal
services created new problems with respect to their relationship to the
other social forces in the Jewish and the general community. The third
part of A Heritage Ajirmed deals extensively with these problems. The
author analyzes the structure and scope of federations and the function of

REVIEWS OF BOOKS '67
agencies which look to federations for support. But special attention is
given to problems of the future in the face of rapidly changing conditions
on the national scene as well as within the social structure of the Jewish
group itself. Related to this is the impact of the locally oriented federations
on the programs and objectives of major national Jewish organizations.
Recurrent through the latter part of the book is the theme of nationallocal
relationships. This finds its expression, on the one hand, in the effective
cooperation toward astounding philanthropic achievements (i. e., the
partnership of the United Jewish Appeal's agencies and the local federations
in helping to bring more than one million immigrants to Israel). On
the other hand, national-local relations focus on the conflict around overlapping
of national services, or lack of coordination in planning and fund
raising, or attempts to create a central national organization for American
Jewry along quasi political lines.
Avoiding personal references to his own significant contribution to the
federation movement in both its local and national aspects, Harry L.
Lurie treats these developments with reportorial objectivity. Throughout
the book there is a refreshing absence of polemics, of subjective interpretation,
and of prophecy of gloom or glory. In tones of understatement
so characteristic of all his writings, he assesses the role of federations and
their future: ". . .federations have had an eventful and on the whole
satisfactory history. They have grown more rather than less important
with the years."
It is this measured approach that contributes to making A Heritage
Ajirmcd a most valuable and interesting documentation of American
Jewry's affirmation of its heritage of social and communal responsibility
through voluntary association in the cooperative enterprise of the federation
movement.
Boston, Mass. BENJAMIN B. ROSENBERG
Dr. Rosenberg is the Executive Director of the Combined Jewish Philanthropies of
Greater Boston.

Brief Notices
ALLEN, FREDERICK LEWIS. Since Yesterday. New York: Bantam Books.
1961. xii, 292 pp. 60#
Subtitled "The Nineteen-Thirties in America, September 3, 1929-
September 3, 1939,'' this sequel to the author's celebrated Only Yesterday
first appeared in 1940. It has been republished as a "Bantam Classic."
ARONOW, SARA SNYDER. Havah Nagilah: Classroom Games in Rhyme. New
York: Jewish Education Committee Press. 1963. 82 pp. $ I .so
Pleasantly illustrated by Cecilia G. Waletzky, Havah Nagilah offers
fifteen games and rhymes designed to develop oral and reading skills
in the teaching of the Hebrew language.
CAMBON, GLAUCO. Recent American Poetry. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press. 1962. 48 pp. 65#
As Professor Glauco Cambon, of Rutgers University, confesses,
"the available harvest" of post-World War I1 American poetry "is
so rich that one cannot avoid grievous omissions." Among the poets
to escape omission in this essay - Number 16 in the "University of
Minnesota Pamphlets on American Writers" series - are Stanley
Kunitz, Howard Nemerov, Anthony Hecht, and Jack Hirschman. k
selected bibliography supplements the essay.
CRONBACH, ABRAHAM. RefOrm Movements in Judaism. New York: Bookman
Associates, Inc. 1963. 138 pp. $3.00
"The only unchanging constant is change itself," writes Jacob Rader
Marcus in a preface to Dr. Abraham Cronbach's most recent work.
Dr. Cronbach himself tells us that he has designed his book "for people
whose lives are actuated by wishes other than that of conformity with
the past." He focusses on five past reformations -the Deuteronomic,
Pentateuchal, Pharisaic, Karaite, and Hasidic - and includes also a
chapter on contemporary Reform Judaism and one on "The Next
Reformation," a Judaism whose "dominant emphasis" would rest "not
on rituals and not on doctrines but on felicitous human relationships."
The book includes an index.

BRIEF NOTICES 1 ~ 9
FREEMAN, GRACE R., and JOAN G. SUGARMAN. Inside the Synagope. New
York : Union of American Hebrew Congregations. 1963. Unpaginated.
In an editorial introduction, Rabbi Eugene B. Borowitz rightly calls
Inside the Synagogue a "beautiful and informed volume." It is designed
"to help the young child appreciate what the synagogue is and has been,
what it means and what it evokes." Its text elaborated photographically
by Justin E. Kerr and others, with illustrations by Judith Oren, the
book should achieve its purpose.
GAMORAN, MAMIE G. Samson Benderly. New York: Jewish Education
Committee Press. 1963. 44 pp. $I .oo
The life and career of the man whose work with the New York
Kehillah's Bureau of Jewish Education a half-century ago sparked a
revolution in American Jewish education are reviewed in this Hebrew
book, part of the "Lador Junior Hebrew Library Series." Mrs. Mamie
G. Garnoran's English text has been translated and adapted by Elhanan
Indelman and illustrated by Siegmund Forst.
GELBART, GERSHON I. Jewish Education in America. New York: Jewish
Education Committee Press. 1963. x, 1 32 pp. $3.00
Subtitled "A Manual for Parents and School Board Members," the
late Dr. Gershon I. Gelbart's work is "an explanatory and interpretive
statement on American Jewish Education." It includes a foreword by
Judah Pilch and a biographical sketch of Dr. Gelbart by Sylvan H. Kohn.
GLENN, JACOB B. The Bible and Modern Medicine. New York: Bloch
Publishing Company. 1963. 222 pp. $5.00
Swiss- and Austrian-trained Dr. Jacob B. Glenn, of Brooklyn, offers
"an interpretation of the basic principles of the Bible in the light of
present day medical thought" and calls for "a return to the God-given
precepts of the Torah in the fields of health, hygiene and preventive
medicine." His book includes an index and a bibliography, as well as
an introduction by Dr. Isaac Rosengarten, late editor of The Jewish
Forum.
GOLDEN, HARRY. Forgotten Pioneer. Cleveland : World Publishing Company.
1963. 157 pp. $4.00
The "forgotten pioneer" is "the old-time pack peddler," who
"walked the countryside from the earliest beginnings of our country
until the mid-1~20s; and walking, . . .made some of the history of

America." Those familiar with Harry Golden's previous books will
expect no scholarly tract; they will expect - and in Forgotten Pioneer
will find - a colorfully written, popular account. Three peddlers are
presented in this book, two of them typical, but imaginary (one is a
"Connecticut Yankee," the other a Russian Jewish immigrant in the
South), and the third quite genuine: Levi Strauss of denim jeans fame.
Forgotten Pioneer also features a bibliography, and attractive illustrations
by Leonard Vosburgh.
HECHT, BEN. Gaily, Gaily. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday & Company,
Inc. 1963. 227 pp. $3.95
"When you come to a certain age," Ben Hecht ruminates, "the sun
begins to travel backward. It lights the past." Here the author, who
came to Chicago in 1910 at the age of sixteen and a half and worked as
a reporter for the Chicago Journal, writes of "the five merry years that
followed." He himself is the hero of this book.
HERTZ, RICHARD C. What Cmnts Most in Life? New York: Bloch Publishing
Company. 1963. x, 72 pp. $2.25
Rabbi of Detroit's Temple Beth El, Dr. Richard C. Hertz offers in
this little book "one continuous sermon delivered at the High Holy
Days of 5723 (1962)."
HOFFMAN, FREDERICK J. Gertrude Stein. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press. 1961. 48 pp. 65C
In his study of Gertrude Stein - Number 10 in the "University of
Minnesota Pamphlets on American Writers" series - Professor
Frederick J. Hoffman, of the University of California at Riverside,
says of her that she had "the undoubted strength of the creative person
who is able to call upon her powers of imagination to prove what
literature might be." Her work, he suggests, "often stands by and for
itself. . . . It is tendentious in the most useful and illuminating sense
that word might have." A useful bibliography is included.
KAHN, ROBERT
I. Lessons for Life. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday &
Company, Inc. 1963. 2~ pp. $3.95
Rabbi of Houston's Congregation Emanu El, Iowa-born Dr. Robert I.
Kahn avows his belief that, "even in a world in which technology is
racing into the future with supersonic speed, morality should still be
expressed in Biblical formulations. . . . we have yet to catch up with
the Bible's ideals." Lessons for Life is based, to a large extent, on Dr.

BRIEF NOTICES I?r
Kahn's sermonettes broadcast by Station KPRC in Houston and on
his weekly column for the Houston Chronicle.
KANIUK, YORAM. Mim-metulah li-neyu-york ["From Metulla to New
York"]. New York: Jewish Education Committee Press. 1963. 43 pp.
$1 .oo
The author has written an appealing fable about an Israeli Ulysses -
Dani, a bar mitsvah who finds his way from Israel to Lebanon to New
York and back again to Israel. Yorarn Kaniuk himself has illustrated
the book very handsomely. Dani's story is part of the "Lador Junior
Hebrew Library Series."
KATz, ROBERT L. Empathy: Its Nature and Uses. New York: Free Press
of Glencoe. 1963. xii, 210 pp. $4.95
Dr. Robert L. Katz's "goal in this book is to select, focus, and
interpret insights from such apparently divergent fields as aesthetics,
biology, sociology, and psychoanalysis. . . . My exposition of the role
of empathy is occasionally punctuated with judgmental asides, which
represent my own suggestions, as a nonspecialist, concerning the more
creative use of empathy." Dr. Katz, Professor of Human Relations at
the Hebrew Union College -Jewish Institute of Religion in Cincinnati,
has also included references, a bibliography, and an index.
KERTZER, MORRIS N. The Art of Being a Jew. Cleveland: World Publishing
Company. 1962. 247 pp. $3.95
Dr. Morris N. Kertzer, rabbi of Larchrnont Temple in New York,
sees "the art of being a Jew" as "the ability to perceive in this universe
an inherent force that makes for righteousness, an acute awareness that
within the very fabric of our being is a moral force which breathes
truth and goodness and beauty into man's experience."
LISTER, LOUIS, Compiled and Edited by. The Religious School Assembly
Handbook. New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations. 1963.
V, 258 pp. $3.50
Louis Lister, a member of the staff at Temple Sinai in Washington,
D. C., has prepared this work to indicate the values and possibilities
of religious school assembly programs.
LONGWELL, MARJORIE R. America and Women. Philadelphia: Dorrance &
Company. 1962. ix, 205 pp. $3.00
Mrs. Marjorie R. Longwell, of Malibu, California, sets out "to give

the sweep of American History as seen through the eyes of seven
women who helped create for us our today." Emma Lazarus, author
of the poem engraved at the base of the Statue of Liberty, is one of
the seven. Subtitled "Fictionized Biography," the book ranges from a
seventeenth-century Marylander to a twentieth-century Negro bank
president.
MANNIX, DANIEL P., with MALCOLM COWLEY. Black Cargoes: A History
of the Atlantic Slave Trade, zjjz8-z865. New York: Viking Press. 1962.
...
xiii, 306 pp. $6.95
Illustrated, indexed, and supplied with a useful bibliography, this
book tells the story of "the victims of a forced migration that was more
callous, more colorful, and immensely larger, in the end, than any
such movement of modem or ancient times." Aaron Lopez, "a great
merchant renowned for his benevolence," is duly listed among the Rhode
Islanders involved in the trade on the eve of the Revolutionary War.
MARTIN, BERNARD. The Existentialist Theology of Paul Tillich. New York :
Bookman Associates. 1963. 22 I pp. $5.00
One of contemporary Protestantism's leading theologians, Paul
Tillich has also developed anthropological concepts of theological and
philosophical distinction. Dr. Bernard Martin, rabbi of St. Paul's Mount
Zion Hebrew Congregation, undertakes in this volume to "approach
his anthropology primarily from a philosophical point of view and . . .
to evaluate its general validity and significance from that perspective."
This unusual and valuable study of a Protestant thinker by a Jewish
scholar is carefully documented, and includes a bibliography and an index.
MAZAR, BENJAMIN, MOSHE DAVIS, et al., Edited by. The Illustrated History
of the Jews. Jerusalem and New York: The Israeli Publishing Institute
and Harper & Row. 1963. 414 pp. $30.00
Some two dozen Israeli and American scholars have produced this
panoramic volume on Jewish history. Magnificently illustrated - zoo
of its 500 illustrations have been reproduced in color - the book includes
a sixteen-page chapter on American Jewry by Rabbi Jack Cohen.
The editors have also provided an index.

AARONSOHN, MICHAEL, 89
ABLESON, MYER, 3 I
Abolitionism, abolitionists, 16
Acculturation, zo
Actors and actresses, 6, 37-40, 126
Actors Temple, New York City, 125-
26
Adas Israel Congregation, Washington,
D. C., 87
Adassa Lodge No. 208, B'nai B'rith,
Monroe, La., 88
Addresses, 96, 98; see also Lecturers,
Sermons, Speeches
ADLER, CYRUS, "Jacob Henry Schiff,
1847-1920" (ms.), 95
ADLER, HERMANN, 7
Admirals,: 8 3
Adventurn in Synagogue Administration, 95
Advertisements, advertising, 101-3, I 38,
141, 150
Aesthetics; see Esthetics
Aged, homes for; see Homes for the aged
Aged, the, I 25
Agnostics, 75
Agriculture, 34, 85; see also Farmers
AGUILAR, GRACE, 6
AIMEE (actress), 6
Air Force; see United States
Akiba; see Temple Akiba
Alabama, 80; Department of Archives and
History, 99; see also Mobile, Montgo-
mery
Alaska, 32, 86
Albany, N. Y., 9 I ; Penitentiary, 4
Albany, Ore., 86, 98
Albuquerque, N. Mex., 92
ALDEN, JOHN RICHARD, The American Revolutiun:
17754783, 82
Aliens ; see Foreigners
Allday schools, 165
ALLEN, EBENEZER, 43
ALLEN, FREDERICK LEWIS, Since Yesterday,
I 68 ; only Yesterday, I 68
Allies (Second World War), 56
Almanacs, IOI
ALPERN, MRS. BERNARD, 93
Index
ALTMAN, HAROLD N. (HAL), I o I
Amalgamated Clothing Workers Associa-
tion, 35
Ambassadors, 91, 162
America, American life, American people,
Americans, I, 3-4, 9-10, 12-13? 16,
19-37 277 31-32, 37,40.46-471 569 58.
60, 62, 64-65, 67, 6970, 76, 79, 81-83,
96, 100-101, 107-8, 111, 113-15, 120,
124-25, 138, 141, 147, 149, 168-69,
I 7 I ; see also Colonies, Amencan; Union
(American), United States
America: A Litany of Natiuns, 70
America and Women, I 7 I -7 2
American Bill of Rights; see Bill of Rights
(United States)
American Christian Palestine Committee,
162
American Council for Judaism, IOI
American Expeditionary Force, First
World War, 103
American Federation of Labor, 60
American Indians; see Indians (American)
American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati,
Ohio, 12
American Jewish Committee, New York
City, 2, 12, 52, 55-58, 60-61, 63, 70,
97, 102
American Jewish Congress, 79, I 32
American Jewish Historical Society, New
York City, 10, 12, 16, 87, 9!, IOI
American Jewish history; see H~story
American Tewish Historv Center. New
York it;, I 2
American Jewish Joint Distribution Com-
mittee, 80, 93, 96-97
American Jewish Per~odical Center, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, I z
American Jewry, American Jews, Ameri-
can Jewish community, American Juda-
ism, 4. 9-16, 23, 44, 83, 94, IOO-IOI,
103, 111, 120, 163, 165-67, 169, 172
American Judaism; see American Jewry
American Peace Society, 60
American Reform Judaism, American Re-
form Jews, I 20, I 3 2; see also Reform
Judaism
American Revolutiun, The: 1775-1783, 82

American Schools of Oriental Research, dation, Phoenix, 135-36; House of
9'
American Society for the Suppression of
the Jews, 4
"American Synagogues: The Lessons of
the Names," I 24-34
American Zionism, 20; see also Zionism
Americanization, 9, 16
Americans for Democratic Action, I 62
AMES, JAMES BARR, 73
AMHERST, JEFFREY, 94
Representatives, 147 ; Lodge No. I,
Ancient Order of United Workmen,
Tucson, 147; Masonic Grand Lodge,
93 ; Pioneers' Historical Society, Tucson,
136, 138, 142, 147, 152; Tenth
Legislative Assembly, 150; see also
Phoenix, Tucson
Arizana Citizen (Tucson, Ariz.), I 50-5 I
Arizona City, Ariz., 142
Arim Miner (La Paz, Ariz.), I 38, 150,
Amsterdam, Holland, 47, too
Amusement industry, 3 2
Anchorage, Alaska, 86
153-54
"Arizona Pioneers and Apaches," I 52
"Arizona, The Drachmans of," 135-38.
Ancient Order of United Workmen, 147 141-57, 15940
Anglo-Saxonism, Anglo-Saxons, 19
Anglo-Sephardic Jewry, 43
Anshe Chesed Congregation, New York
City, 87
Anshe Emeth Congregation (Temple),
Piqua, Ohio, 87, 98
Anthologies, 162
Anthropology, I 72
Anti-immigrants, I 6
Anti-Jewish prejudice; see Anti-Semitism,
Religious prejudice
Antiquarians, 4 I
Anti-Semitism, anti-Semites, I, 3-4, 9, I 1,
20-21, 74, 89~90, 97, 101; see also
Religious prejudice
Anti-Zionism, anti-Zionists, 95, 97
Antwerp, Belgium, 108
Apache Indians, 143, 152
Apache Pass, Ariz., I 50-5 I
Apologetics, apologists, 14
Apostasy, apostates, 4, I 59
Apparel industry; see Garment industry
ellate Division of the State of New
5,
Arabs, 97
Aragon, Spain, 9
"Ararat" (choral tone poem), 103
Ararat, New York, 94
Archaeology, 9 r
Ark, 45-47, 53
ARLEN, HAROLD, 40
ARLEN, JERRY, 40
ARLUCK, HYMAN; see Arlen, Harold
ARLUCK, JULIUS; see Arlen, Jerry
Armament reduction; see Disarmament
Army, 27, 92; see also Military service,
Soldiers, War
ARONOW, SARA SNYDER, Havah Nagilah:
Classmom Games in Rhyme, I 68
Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo,
Lisbon, Portugal, 103
Art, the arts, 7, 118; collections, 99;
see also Artists, Painters
Art of Being a Jew, The, I 7 I
Artists, 5; see also Art, Painters
ARTOM, ISAAC, 5
ASA, HAIM, 96, 98
ASCH, SHOLEM, 82
Ashkenazim, Ashkenazic Jews, 43, 50; see
also Germany
Ammean (New York City), IOI
Assembly, freedom of; see Freedom
Assimilation, I z 3
Assyrians, I 28
Athletics, I 26
Atlanta, Ga., 86, I 34
Atlantic Charter, 5 I, 6 I
Atlantic Fleet (United States Navy),
ARCHIBALD, J. H., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I, I 53 94-5'5
Atlantic Monthly, 55
Atlantic Ocean, 172
Atonement, Day of; see Yom Kippur
Attorneys; see Lawyers
Auction sales, 145
AUERBACH, BERTHOLD, 6
AUERBACH, JEROLD S., "Human Rights at
San Francisco," 5 1-52, 55-70
AUSTIN, FREDERICK L., I 54, I 56
Archives, I I, 102
Argentia Bay, Newfoundland, 5 1
Argentina, 8 5
Aristocracy, 3, 8
Arizona, Arizona Territory, 105, I 3638,
141, 150, 152, 156, 159-60; Eighth Ter-
ritorial Legislature, I 52 ; Eleventh Ter-
ritorial Legislature, I 5 I ; Fourth Terri-
torial Legislature, 147; Historical Foun-

Austria, 56, 92
Authors, 5, I 3 2; see also Writers
Autobiographies, 98-99, 107-20, I 23
Automobiles, 27, I 25
AVIGDOR, ELIM D', 7
BACHER, WILHELM, I 14
BACHMAN, Portland, Ore., 6
BAECK, LEO, I 3 2
Baia's Denunciations, I 03
BAKER, JOSEPHINE; see Drew, Mrs. John
BAKER, MR.; see Bean, Baker & Co.
BALABAN & KATZ, 40
BALFOUR, ARTHUR JAMES, 90
Balfour Declaration, 90, IOI
BALLIN (family), I 03
Baltimore, Md., 12, 50, 90, IOO
Bankers, banking, banks, 3, 7, 3 I, 109,
119, 172
Bankruptcy, bankrupts, 145
Baptist Joint Conference Committee on
Public Relations, 63
Bar Mitzvah, 83, I I 7
Barbados, West Indies, roo
BARBOUR, JAMES, 94
Barnard College, New York City, 63
BARNETT, ROSS R., 86-87
BARNUM, A., Tucson, Ariz., 149
BARRYMORE, ETHEL, 38
BARRYMORE, JOHN, 38
BARRYMORE, LIONEL, 38
BARTH, KARL, I 6 I
BARTON, THOMAS A., 145
BARUCH, BERNARD M., 96
Baseball, 24-26, 37
Baton Rouge, La., 6
BAUM, ALBERT G., 93
Bavarian Jews, 32
BEACONSFIELD, EARL OF; see Disraeli,
Benjamin
BEALE, JOSEPH HENRY, 73
BEAN, BAKER & CO., Ariz., I 53
BEAN, C. C.; see Bean, Baker & Co.
BEAUREGARD, PIERRE G. T., 148
BEHRENDT, H., LOS Angeles County,
Calif., I 37
BEHRMAN, SAMUEL NATHANIEL, 100
BELASCO. DAVID. 10
Belgian ~ews, 164 '
BELL. MRS. A. P.: see Drachman. Phvllis
BEN ZEVI, ITZHAK, 92
BENDERLY, SAMSON, 169
Bene Israel Congregation, Cincinnati,
Ohio, 86
Bene Yeshurun Congregation, Cincinnati,
Ohio, 89, I 32
BENJAMIN, JUDAH P., 5, 97
BENJAMIN, HENRY; see Watson, Henry
BENNETT, J. F., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 156
BERENSTEIN, Syracuse, N. Y., 24-26, 37;
Baseball Club, 25-26
BERKOWITZ, EMANUEL, 87
BERKOWITZ, HENRY, 95
Berlin, Germany, 107, I 3 2
Berlin, Treaty of, 8
BERLOVE, MRS. LESTER J., 89
Bermuda, 102
BERNARD, SAM, 38
BERNHARDT, SARAH, 6
BEROLZHEIMER, CLARA SEASONGOOD, 103
"Beth Am" (name of Jewish congregations),
I 2 7
Beth Am (Congregation) of the South
Shore, Hingham, Mass., 125
Beth-el (in the Bible), I 27-28
"Beth El" (name of Jewish congregations),
124, 127
Beth-El S~sterhood, St. Petersburg, Fla., 87
Beth Israel Congregation, Jackson, Miss.,
86
Beth Israel Synagogue, Syracuse, N. Y., 2 2
Beth Sholom Congregation, Anchorage,
Alaska, 86
Beth Sholom (Congregation) of Anne
Arundel County, Glen Burnie, Md., I 25
Bevis Marks Synagogue, London, England,
42-44
BIAL, MORRISON DAVID, An Offering of
Prayer, 8 2
BIALIK, CHAIM NACHMAN, I 14
Bible, biblical (Old Testament) references,
biblical literature, biblical criticism, 8,
42,46-47, 84, 91, 97, 99-100, 11 2-1 3,
118, 127-31, 133-34, 161, 16970; Bible
reading in public schools, 97; see also
New Testament, Old Testament, Pentateuch,
Torah
Bible and Modern Medicine, The, I 69
Bibliography, bibliographies, 14, 82-84,
16871
BIEN, JULIUS, 7
Big Four Powers, 56, 58, 66
Bigotry; see Anti-Semitism, Religious
prejudice

Bill of Rights (United States), 56, 58
Bill of rights, international; see Internationalism
B'nai B'rith, Independent Order of, 88,98,
147; Adassa Lodge No. 208, Monroe,
La., 88; Archives, Washington, D. C.,
88; District Grand Lodge No. 7, 88;
Hillel Foundations, 84; Joseph Herz
(Joachim) Lodge No. 1 8 I, Columbus,
Miss., 86; Mexican Bureau, 98; Othniel
Lodge No. 274, Memphis, Tenn., 88;
Tucson, Ariz., Lodge, 147
B'nai Israel Congregation, Galveston,
Tex., 82-83
B'nai Sholom Congregation, Harlan, Ky.,
86; Sisterhood, 86
B'nai Yeshumn Congregation, Cincinnati,
Ohio; see Bene Yeshurun Congregation
Board of Jewish Ministers, New York
City, 123
Bohemia, I 3 2 ; Jews of, I 3 2
Bolshevism, Bolshevists, 75
Bonds; see Sureties
Books, 14, zo, 73-85, 92, 94, 102, 111,
114-15, 161-72
Borah Jewish Bait?, IOI
BOROWITZ, EUGENE B., 169
Boston, Mass., 39, .46, 50, 88, 92, 103,
I 32, 166-67; Publ~c Library, West End
Branch, 92
Boys; see Children
Bradford, Pa., 97
BRANDEIS, LOUIS D., 73-75? 90
Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass., 5 I ;
Library, 9 I
BINGHAM, JUNE ROSSBACH (MRS. JONA- BRANDES, GEORGE, 96
THAN), I 6 I ; Courage to Change (review), BRANN, MARCUS, I I I
161-62
BRAUDE, WILLIAM G., 102
Binghamton, N. Y., 26, I 34
Brazil, Brazilians, 83, 103; see also Dutch
Biographies, biographers, biography, 14, Brazil
80-81, 92-94, 96, 98-99, 147-48, 161, BRENTANO, AUGUST, 7
169
Breslau, Germany, 107, I I I
Biology, 171
BRESLAUER, B., San Bernardino, Calif., I 37
BIRNHAM, MRS. J. H.; see Drachman, BRESLAUER, MRS. SOLOMON; see Drachman,
Myrtle
Rebecca2
Bisbee Deportation, 75
Bresloff, Ethel, Fund; see Ethel Bresloff
BISNO, JULIUS, 90, 93
Fund
BLACHSCHLEGER, EUGENE, 99
Brick Market, Newport, R. I., 46
Black Birds, Syracuse, N. Y., z5
British, British Government; see England,
Black Hawk War (I 83 z), 89
Great Britain
BLACK, HUGO L., 77
British Museum, London, England, 90-91
BLAUSTEIN, JACOB, 60-62
British National Peace Council, 52
BLIVEN, BRUCE, 61
Broadway, New York City, 39
BLOCH, ERNEST, 9 I
Bronx, The, N. Y., I I 3
BLOOM, ISAAC, 93
Brookline, Mass., 82, 103
BLOOM, MRS. JESSIE S., 86
Brooklyn, N. Y., I I 3, I 63-64, I 69
BLOOM, P. IRVING, 96
Brotherhood (in names of Jewish congregations),
I 3 3
Brotherhood Synagogue, New York City,
'34
BROWN, EDMUND G., 101
BROWN, J. S., Washington, D. C., 97
BROWN, JOE E., 40
BROWNE, EDWARD B. M., 90
BROWNSTONE, EZEKIEL, Fun Eign Hoyz, 82
Briinn, Moravia, 107
BUBER, MARTIN, 96, 162
BUCHALTER, AUBREY, 93
BUCK & COOK, La Paz, Ariz., I 38
BUCKMASTER, GEORGE, 49
BUDGE, HENRY, 109
Buffalo, N. Y., 15, 3 I, 34, 89
Bulgaria, 56
Bunker Hill Monument, I 3 z
Bureau of Jewish Education of the New
York Kehillah, I 69
Burials; see Funerals
Burlesque, 3 8
Burlingame, Calif., I z 5
Burying grounds; see Cemeteries
Busses, 3 z
BUSH, FRANK, 38
Bushnell, Ill., 6
Business; see Economic life, Trade
Businessmen, 48-49, 80, 93, 104, 135,
150-5 I, 163-64; see also Merchants,

INDEX
Retail trade, Storekeepers, Trade,
Wholesalers
Butchers, I 14-15, 164
Butte City, Montana Territory, 6
BYRD, ROBERT C., 96
Central Europe, 50, 107
Central Synagogue of Nassau County,
Rockville Centre, New York, I 25
Ceremonies; see Religious obsemance
Chaplains, chaplaincy, 90, 92-93, 97, 107
CHAPMAN, MR., Syracuse, N. Y., 24
CHAPMAN, SANDY, 29
Charity; see Philanthropy
Charleston, Ariz., 142
CADBURY, HENRY J., 95
Charleston, S. C., 10, 15, 50, 88, 93, 103,
Cairo, Egypt, 94
148; Library Society, 88
Calder vs. Bull (lawsuit), 76
Charter Revision Committee, New York
Calendar, Jewish, 149
City, 55
California, 32, 136, 142, 145; see also Chasidim; see Hasidim
Hollywood, Los Angeles, Sacramento, CHATFIELD, COUNSELLOR, 5
San Diego, San Francisco
Chattanooga, Tenn., I 3 3
CALISCHER, HARRIS M., I 37
Chauvinism, 8 I
CALISCHER, JACOB, I 3 7
CHAYEFSKY, PADDY, 96; Gidem, 96
Calvary Gospel Tabernacle, New Castle, Chazan, zz, 47, 119
Pa., 97
Chemistry, 95
CALVIN, JOHN, 161
Chestnut Hill, Mass., 92
CAMBON, GLAUCO, Recent American Poetry, Chicago, Ill., 15, 22, 95, 97, 101, 105,
168
110-11, 170
Cambridge, Mass., 46
Child care and guiding agencies, 166
Camp Grant, Ariz., 143
Children, 7, 16, 25, 32, 44, 85, 88, loo,
Camp McDowell, Arizona Territory, I 54 117-18, 131, 159, 165, 169
CAMPANAL, MORDECAI, 41
Children of Israel Congregation, Fort
Campus; see Colleges, Universities
Wayne, Ind., 86
Canada, 3 I
China, 58
Canada del Oro, Ariz., 143
Christ Church, Cambridge, Mass., 46
Cantor; see Chazan
CHRIST, JESUS; see Jesus of Nazareth
CANTOR, EDDIE, 40
CHRISTIAN (King of Denmark), 89
Cape Town, South Africa, 93
Christian Science, I 29
Capitol's Who's Who for Oregon, 99 Christianity, Christians, 3-5, 7-8, I I, 13,
Caps; see Yarmelkes
20, 48-49, 83-84, 87, 101-2, 113, 125,
Card playing, 149
128-29, 132, 159, 162, 165; see also
CARDOZO, BENJAMIN N., 7 374,90
Catholicism, Christian Science, Congre-
Caribbean Sea, 44
gationalists, Episcopalianism, Mennon-
CARLTON, MAJOR J. H., I 37
ites, Mormons, Protestants, Puritans
Cartoons, 92
Chronicle (Houston, Tex.) , I 7 I
Casino Theatre, New York City, 39 Chronology, 8 3
CASS, FREDERICK M., 90
Church and state, z I, 78, 90
Catalina Mountains, Ariz., 143
Church, the, 161
Catholicism, Catholics, 55, 63, 161-62, Churches, 99
I 78; see also Christianity
CHURCHILL, WINSTON, 51, 56
CATTELL, J. MCKEEN, 93
Churchmen, 84, 161
Cemeteries, 41-42, 86-87, loo, 147 CHYET, STANLEY F., 93, 103; "A Syna-
Census (Arizona Territory, 1864), I 37-38
"Center" (designation for Jewish congregations),
I 26
Center of Jewish Science, New York City,
128-29
Central Conference of American Rabbis,
gogue in Newport," 41-50
Cigars; see Tobacco trade
Cincinnati, Ohio, 3, 50, 79, 86, 88-90,
92-97, 99, 101, 103, 126, 132-34, 171;
National Council of Jewish Women,
94; City Council, 9 I ; Museum Associa-
tion, 92

C. I. 0.; see Congress of Industrial Organizations
Circumcision, circumcisers, IOI
Cities; see Urban areas
Citizens, citizenship, civic life, 56, 62, 66,
Colonial New Spain; see New Spain
Colonialism, 5 I
Colonies, agricultural, 85
Colonies, American (Colonial America,
Colonial period, colonials), 14-15. 43,
76, 837 89, 1329 137-38, 1419 1449 150
Citizens Union of New York, 52, 55
Civil law; see Law
Civil liberties, civil rights, civil defense,
14, 20-21, 52, 76-77? 79, 81, 89-90. 97
Civil War (United States), 15-16, 80, 97,
46, 103, 132
Colonization, 9, 85
Colorado River, 137; Farming and Stock
Raising Association, I 37
Columbia College, Columbia University,
New York City, 51-52; Law School,
99, 148, 160
Civilization, 9, 58
Claibome, Ala., 86
Class, 52
Classes, the; see Labor, Middle class,
White collar class, Workers
Classical Reform. I 20
Cler y clergymen, 46-47. 83; see also
~atbis
Cleveland, Ohio, 32, 97
Cleveland Heights, Ohio, I 33
CLINE, MAGGIE, 38
Cloth trade, 3 I
Clothing business; see Garment industry
Clubs, 5, 126
Cochise County, Arizona Territory, 142,
151. I55
COHEN (member of the New York Board
of Education), 6
COHEN, MRS. CHARLES T., 96
COHEN, HARRY, 30
COHEN, HENRY^, 82-83
COHEN, HENRY= (grandson of Henry
Cohenl), review of Williamsburg: A
Jewish Community in Transitian, 163-66
COHEN, HERMANN, I 20-2 I
COHEN, ISADORE, I 37
COHEN, ISIDOR, 98
COHEN, MRS. JEROME B., 100
COHEN, MORRIS RAPHAEL, 73
COHEN, SOL CALVIN, 83
COHEN, WILLIAM C., 88
COHN, San Francisco, Calif., 148
COHN, ISADOR, I 37
COHN, JACOB, 137
52, 73, 81, 90, 129
COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER, 9-10
Columbus, Miss., 86
Columbus, Ohio, 97
Combined Jewish Philanthropies
Greater Boston, Boston, Mass., 167
Comedians, 37-38
Comedies; see Drama
COMMAGER, HENRY STEELE, 82
of
COHN. WERNER, 100
COHN; WOLF, I i7
COHON, BERYL D., My King and My God,
8 2
COHONS, JACOB J., 102
Cold War, 81
Colleges, I 35, 165; see also Universities
Colonia Clara, Argentina, 85
Commentary (New York City), I 2
Commerce, commercial life; see Economic
life
Commercial (Cincinnati, Ohio), 3
Commission on Human Rights, United
Nations, 65
Commission on Synagogue Administration
of the Union of American Hebrew Con-
gregations, 84
Committee to Study the Organization of
Peace (C. S. 0. P.), 52, 56, 58
Commodores, 5, 83
Community centers, 166
Community, Jewish; see Jewish commu-
nity
Community relations, community service,
communal life, 16, 20; see also Jewish
community
Composers, 6,40,99
Conductors, 108
Coney Island, New York City, 3
Confederacy (Southern), Confederate
States of America, 80, 99, I 37; .Army,
soldiers, 99, 148
Canference an "The Future of the Jews in
Gmmy," 92
Confirmation, 89, I I 7, 129
Congregation Isaiah, Chicago, Ill., 130
Congregation Jeremiah, Wimetka, ill.,
130
Congregation Micah, Denver, Colo., I 30
Congregation New Hope, Cincinnati,
Ohio, 134
Congregationalists, 46

Congregations, 82, 86-89, 92, 101, 105,
108, 112, 116-17, 124-28, 130-34, 149;
see also Synagogues
Congress (of the United States), Congress-
men, 5. 51. 79. 83, 90; see also Senate
(of the United States)
Congress of Industrial Organizations
(C. I. O.), 60-61, 65
Cmzgressiunal Record, 86
Connecticut, 3 I ; see also Hartford
Conservative Judaism, Conse~ativeJewry,
I 19-20, 165
Constitution (of the United States), 60,
7 5-79
Constitutional law; see Law
CONTENT, SIMON, 87
Continental Congress, 14
Conversion, converts, 4, 34, 84,93, 101-2,
162
Convicts, 4
COOK (family), I 03
COOLER, GEORGE, 146
COOLIDGE, CALVIN, 74
COOPER, CHARLES I., 103
COOPER, EDWARD, 6
COOPER, WILLIAM, I 02
COPELAND, CHARLES TOWNSEND, 74
CORBIN, AUSTIN, 3-4, 8
CORBIN, DANIEL CHASE, 5
Coroners, 6
Corsican Brothers, 3 7
Cortland Carriage Company, 30
Cotton, 80
COUGHLIN, CHARLES E., I o I
Council of Jewish Federations and Wel-
fare Funds, 166
Courage to Change (review), I 6 1-62
Courts, 75, 79, 102; see also Supreme
Court (of the United States), Supreme
Court of the State of New York,
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts
"Covenant of Peace" (name of Jewish
congregation), I 3 3
Covina, Calif., r z 5
COWLEY, MALCOLM, and DANIEL P.
MANNIX, Black Cargoes: A History of the
Atlantic Slave Trade, 1518-1865, I 7 2
Craney Island, Va., 94
Creed, 52, 59-60, 62; see also Doctrines
CR~MIEUX, ISAAC ADOLPHE, 5
Criminality, criminals, 8
Critics, criticism, 84, IOO
CROMWELL, OLIVER, I 3
CRONBACH, ABRAHAM, "American Syna-
gogues: The Lessons of the Names,"
124-34; Reform Movements in Judaism,
I 68
Cross Town Railroad, New York City, 7
Cry for Help, A, I 60
Culture, cultural life, 10,13,16,58, 66, I I I
Culver City, Calif., I 3 I
CUNNINGHAM, CHARLES O., I 37
Cura~ao, Netherlands West Indies, 14,
48-49, 86, IOO
Currency, 43, 108; see also Money
Dachau, Germany, 89
DAILEY, DAN, 38
Daily Telegraph (London, England), 7
Dallas, Tex., 9 I
Dancers, dances, 38, I 26, 152
DANIELS, FRANK, 37
DARBY, WILLIAM A. (E.) , 145
DAVID, HARRY W., I03
D'AVIGDOR, ELIM; see Avigdor, Elim D'
DAVIS, JAMES J., 22
DAVIS, MOSHE, The Illustrated History of
the Jews, 172
DAWISON, BOGUMIL, 6
Day of Atonement; see Yom Kippur
DE BLOCH, JEAN; see Bloch, Jean de
DE CORDOVA, RAPHAEL J., 90
DE HAAS, JACOB, 90
DE HIRSCH, MAURICE; see Hirsch, Maurice
de
DE SAPIO, CARMINE, 8 I
DE SOLA, ABRAHAM, 149
DE WIT, FREDERICK, 48-49
Dearborn Indepmdent (Dearborn, Mich.),
I01
Dearborn, Mich., IOI
Declaration of Human Rights, 58-59, 69
Declaration of Independence, 8 2
Decorum (in the synagogue), 87
Delaware [, Lackawanna & Western]
Railroad, 34
Demagogues, 8 I
Democracy, 51, 66, 76, 78
Democratic Convention, New York City
(1924) 55
Democratic Party, Democrats, 80, 97,
I o I ; see also Southern Democrats
Demographers, 2 r
Demopolis, Ala., IOO
Denmark, 89
DENNY, REGINALD, 40

Denver, Colo., 85, 88, 130
DRACHMAN, HERBERT, I47
DENZIG, CHARLES, I 37
Department of State (United States) ; see
State Department (United States)
DRACHMAN, JENNY MIGEL (Mrs. Samuel
H.), 147, 152
DRACHMAN, LILLIE, 136, 141
Department of the Navy (United States) ; DRACHMAN, LUCILLE, I47
see Navy De artment (United States)
Department o ! War (United States); see
DRACHMAN, MINNIE, I 36
DRACHMAN, MOSES, I 36, 142, I 59
War Department (United States) DRACHMAN, MYRA, I 36
Department stores, 27, 3 I
DRACHMAN, MYRTLE, 147
Depression, The Great (of rgzg-193z), DRACHMAN, P., & CO., 137, 142
XI, 163
DRACHMAN, PHILIP, 105, I 36-38, 141-50,
Depressions, 48, 80
Des Moines, Iowa, 15
152-549 15-79 15-9-60
DRACHMAN, PHYLLIS, I 36
Desegregation, I oz
DRACHMAN, REBECCA~ (Mrs. Harris),
DESSAR, LEO C., 6
Detroit, Mich., 12, 83-84, 90, 170
Deuteronomic reformation, I 68
136, 148
DRACHMAN, REBECCA~, I 36
DRACHMAN, ROSA POSE) K., 136, 141-42,
Diamond industry, I 63-64
Diaries, 92, 95,9899, 147-49
DICKEY, JOHN, 62
DICKINSON, MEYER L., 89
'45
DRACHMAN, SAMUEL H., 105, 135-36.
147-577 159-607 '75
DRACHMAN, SOLOMON, 147
Diligence (in names of Jewish congregations),
I 3 3
DIMOV, OSSIP, 104
"Drachmans of Arizona, The," I 3 5-3 8,
141-57, 159-60
Drama, dramatists, 6, 39, IOO
Disabilities, 9
Dred Scott Decision, 97
Disarmament, 5 I
Disobedience, civil; see Civil disobedience
DREW, JOHN, 38
DREW, MRS. JOHN (nie Josephine Baker),
Displaced persons, 96
DISRAELI, BENJAMIN, 5-6, IOZ
38
DREW, MRS. JOHN, SR. (de Louisa Lane),
District Grand Lodge No. 7, B'nai B'rith,
88
DITTENHOEFER, ABRAHAM JESSE, 6
3 8
DREYFUS, A. STANLEY, Henry
Messenger of the Lord, 82-83
Cohen,
Divine Call to that Highly Favoured People Dry goods business, 3 I, 141
the Jews, Justice and Mercy Opening Now
the Way for Their Restoratimz, 102
DOCKSTADER, LEW, 3 8
DRYDEN, JOHN, I
DUBER, MARCUS A., 90
DUBIN, MAXWELL H., 95
Doctrines, 168; see also Creed
DUBINSKY, DAVID, 19
Documents, 13-14, 89,93, 95-97, 100 DUBOFSKY, MELVYN, I 00
Donaldsonville, La., 6
Duluth, Minn., 103
"Door of Hope" (name of Jewish congre- Dumbarton Oaks, Dumbarton Conference,
gations), I 34
Georgetown, D. C., 58-60, 63, 66-67
Dorchster (ship), 92
Dutch Brazil, 14; see also Brazil
DOUGLAS, WILLIAM O., 77, 96
Dover, N. H., 99
"Down with the Jews!," 3-8
Dutch Jews, 47
Dutch, the, I z ; see also Holland
Dutch West Indies; see Netherlands West
DOWNER, ANNA, I42
Indies
Downtown Vaad Synagogue, Cincinnati,
Ohio, 126
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 37
DRACHMAN, ALBERT, I 36
DWORKIN, FREDERIC S., 96
Dying Jewess, The, I oz
DRACHMAN, EMANUEL, I 36
DRACHMAN, ESTHER, I 3 6
DRACHMAN, HARRIS, I 36, 148
DRACHMAN, HARRY ARIZONA, I 36, 147
Earlville, N. Y., 26
East European Jews, 23, 80, 166
East Side, New York Gty, 80

Eastern Europe, 15-16, 50, 108, 126 Empathy: Its Nature and Uses, I 7 I
EBAN, ABBA, 9 I
Emperors, 83
EBAN, MRS. ABBA, 9 I
Employees, 19
Economic life, economics, 5, 7, 10, 16, Employers, 19
19, 21, 23, 48, 51, 58, 66, 77-80, 95, Endless Wanderer, The, 104
136, 141, 148, 163-64
England, the English, 3, 5, 8, 43, 91, 132;
EDDY, MARY BAKER, 129
Anglo-Se~hardic Jewry, 43- Jews of, 3,
EDEN, ANTHONY, 6 I
82, I 3 2 ; see also Great Britaln
Editors, 3, 169
ENGLANDER, HENRY, 9 I, 102
EDMONDSON, ROBERT EDWARD, 10 I ENGLANDER, MRS. HENRY, 91, IOZ
EDMUNDS, ETHEL, 159
ENGLANDER, REGINE FRANCES, 9 I
Education, 20, 32, 44, 78-79, 164-65, ENGLEHART (New York State Assembly-
169; see also Allday schools, Hebrew man), 6
schools, High schools, Public schools, English (language), 27, 109, 112-13, 117,
Religious schools, Schools, Secular educa- 124, 133-349 149
tion, Sunday schools
Entertainment; see Amusement industry,
Educational Alliance, New York City, 88 Theatre
Educational bureaus and institutions, 167 Episcopalianism, 10 I
Educators, 52; see also Instructors, Pro- EPSTEIN, GRACE GREENBAUM, 92
fessors, Teachers
EPSTEIN, JUDITH G., 96
EFRON, BENJAMIN, and ALVAN D. RUBIN, Equality, political, 8, 52
Your Bar Mitzvah, 83
Equitable Life Insurance Company, 7
Egypt, 4
ERLANGER, ABRAHAM L., 39
EHLBERT, MARKUS, 96
Essays, 20, 82, 97, 102, 120
EICHELBERGER, CLARK, 56-57, 63, 65, 68 Establishment of religion, 78
EICHHORN, DAVID MAX, 96
Esthetics, I 18, 171
Eighth Territorial Legislature, Arizona, ETCHELLS, CHARLES N., I 53
152
EINSTEIN, ALBERT, 82, 90-9 I
EINSTEIN, EDWIN, 5, 7
EISENDRATH, MAURICE N., 85, 91
EISENHOWER, DWIGHT DAVID, 22
El Paso, Tex., 98, I 35-36
Elementary schools; see Public schools,
Schools
Eleventh Territorial Legislature, Arizona,
151
Eulogies, 90, 98, 103
Eureka, Nev., 6
Europe, 8-9, 19, 33-34, 44, 52, 74, 84,
96, 108-9, I r 1-1 2, I 18; see also Central
Europe, Eastern Europe
European Jewry, European Jews, 11, 52,
57996
EVANS, MADGE, 40
Evansville, Ind., 90
"Even in Puritan Boston," 50
ELIAS (family), IOO
Evergreen Cemetery, Tucson, Ariz., I47
ELIAS, ELEANOR C., 100
Evil, 162
Elite, 10
Examiner (London, England), 7
ELLINGER, MORITZ, 6
Existentialism, I 72
ELLIS, BARROW, 8
Existentialist Theology of Paul Tillich, The,
ELSNER, L., New York State, IOI
172
ELY, JOSEPH B., 75
EYTINGE, ROSE, 6-7
ELYACHAR, JACOB SAUL, 96
EZEKIEL (family), 98
ELZAS, BARNE~ A., 10
EZEKIEL, JACOB, 98
Emancipation, 8
EZEKIEL, MOSES, 7
"Emanuel" (in the Bible), I 27-28
"Emanu-El" (name of Jewish congregations),
I 24, I 27
Factories, 3 I ; see also Manufacturers
Emanu-El Conereeation. Houston, Tex., FAINTER, FRANCIS F., 89
170; wichitc~ins., 88
Fairbanks, Alaska, 86
Emigrants, emigration; see Immigrants Fairfax Temple (Society for Jewish Cul-
EMMANUEL, ISAAC S., 47
ture), Los Angeles, Calif., 108

Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, Calif., 63 FITCH, FRED G., I 37
Faith healing, I 29
FITZPATRICK, DONOVAN, and SAUL
FALK, LAWRENCE L., 100
SAPHIRE, Navy Maverick: Uriah Phillips
Family, 32-33, 74, 88, 159-60, 164
Family counseling, I 66
Levy, 83
"Five Gates - Casual Notes for an
Famous Clothing Store, Syracuse, N. Y., Autobiography," 107-20, I 2 3
25
FARJEON, BENJAMIN, 7
Flag (the American), 76, 79
"Flag of Israel" (name of Jewish congre-
FARMER, WILLIAM C., 90
gation), I 33
Farmers, farming, 27-28, 3 I, 137; see also FLORENCE, New York City, 7
Agriculture
Florence, Ariz., 143
Fasclsm, IOO
Florida, 5
Feast of Tabernacles; see Sukkoth FOLKS, S., San Francisco, Calif., 137
Federal Council of Churches of Christ in Fondo Nacional de las Artes de la Repfib-
America, 63
lica Argentina, 85
Federated Jewish Charities, Boston, FORD, HENRY, 97
Mass., 166
Foreigners, 144
Federation movement, Jewish; see Jewish Forest Hills, N. Y., I 30
federation movement
Forgiveness, 161
Federation of Jewish Philanthropies, New Forgotten Pioneer, I 69-70
York City, 55
Forrest Theatre, Philadelphia, Pa., 38
Federations; see Jewish federation move- FORST, SIEGMUND, I 69
ment
FEIN, HARRY H., 88
FEIN, ISAAC M., 92, 96
Fort Bayard, N. Mex., 156
Fort Bowie, Arizona Territory, 154-56
Fort Delaware, Del., 160
FELDMAN, ABRAHAM J., 9 I
Fort Huachuca, Arizona Territory, I 54-55
Felix Frankfurter Reminisces: Recorded in Fort Riley, Kans., 93
Talks with Dr. Harlan B. Phillips (re- Fort Wayne, Ind., 86
view), 7376
Felix Frankfurter: Scholar m the Bmch
Fort Whipple, Ariz., 153
Fort Worth, Tex., 89
(review), 7879
Fort Yuma, Arizona Territory, 154
Festivals; see Jewish holidays
Foundries, 3 I
FIELD, ARTHUR J., 100
FIELD, WALTER L., A People's Epic: High-
Four Freedoms, 5 I
Four Powers; see Bi Four Powers
lights of Jewish History in Verse, 83 Fourteen Points (of woodrow Wilson).
FIELDS, LEWIS M., 37-38
FIERMAN, FLOYD S., "The Drachrnans of
5 1
Fourteenth Amendment (to the United
Arizona," 135-38, 141-57, 159-60 States Constitution), 78
FIERMAN, MORTON C., 93
Fourth Territorial Legislature, Prescott,
Filiopietism, 10
Ariz., 147
Financial News (England), 3
Financiers, finance, 3, 5
FINE, ALVIN I., 97, 99
France, 5, 9, 43, 51
FRANCO, MOSEH DE JACOB, 43
FRANK, MRS. ISADORE, 96
FINKELSTEIN, Syracuse, N. Y., 28-29 FRANK, LEO M., 9 I
FINKLESTEIN, MOTKEY, 2 3
FRANKFURTER, FELIX, 7 3-79, I 62
FIREMAN, BERT, I 36
FRANKS, JACOB, 45
First Amendment (to the United States FRANKS, MOSES, 9 I
Constitution), 76-78
"Free Loan Association News," Boston,
First Hebrew Congregation, Albany,
Ore., 86
First World War, 51, $5, 60, 69, 80,
939 96-97, 103, 107
FISHBACK, HENRY, 142
FISK, E. N., a Co., Tucson, Ariz., 151
Mass., 88
Free Synagogue, New York City, 124, I 32
Free Synagogue of Westchester, Mount
Vernon, N. Y., I 2 5
FREEDMAN, BEN H., 97
Freedom, 58-60, 64, 66-69, 7679; of

INDEX 185
assembly, 76; personal, 78; ~olitical, 5 I ; General Services Administration, Washof
the press, 76; religious, 51-52; of ington, D. C., 89
speech, 5 I, 77
Georgia, 32, 9 I, 99; sce also Atlanta
FREEHOF, SOLOMON B., 89,95, 104 German (language), I 07, I 09, I I I
FREEMAN, GRACE R., and JOAN G. Germany, 3, 5,9,52,92-93,96, 102, 107,
SUGARMAN, Inside the Synagogue, I 69 118, 123, 132, 149; Jewsof, 11, 16,32,
FREIBERG, JULIUS, 94
80, 92, 123, 132, 166; Army, 107;
Freight, freighting business, 142-43, 146 (scc also Ashkenazim)
FR~MONT, JOHN C., I 50
Gmdc Stein, I 70
French and Indian War, 48
Ghetto, 8
FREUDENTHAL (family), I 35
Gidcun, 96
FREY, SIGMUND, 9 I
GILDERSLEEVE, VIRGINIA C., 63
Friday, I 10, I 17, I 30
GIMBEL, ISAAC, 32
FRIEDMAN, ARTHUR, 2, 106
Gimbel Stores, New York City, 32
FRIEDMAN, EDWARD, I 01
GINZBERG, ELI, 91
FRIEDMAN, JENETTE, 89
GINZBERG, LOUIS, 91, 105, 114-15;
FRIEDMAN, LEE M., 3
Legmds of thc Jcws, 1 I 5
FRIEDMAN, LEO, 2, 106
Girls; sec Children
FRIEDMAN, LEONARD M.. 98
GITELSON (family), 9 I
Friendship (in names of Jewish congre- GITELSON, M. LEO, 90-91,94-95, 100
gations), I 3 3
GIVEN, HERBERT, I 3 5
FRISCH, DAVID HENRY, 83
GLADSTONE, N. H., Ft. Wayne, Ind., 86
FROHMAN, CHARLES, 39
GLANZ, RUDOLF, Jcw and Mom:
"From Metulla to New York," 17 I Historic Grmp Rclatirms and RcligioPls
Fuerth, Germany, 149
Outlook, 84
Fun Eign Hoyz, 8 2
Glen Burnie, Md., 1 z 5
Fund raising, I 66-67
GLENN, JACOB B., The Bible and Modem
Funerals, 94, 96-97, 100
Mcdicinc, I 69
Furriers, 22
Glory (in names of Jewish congregations),
I33
GLUECK, NELSON, 89, 91-93, 100
God, 43-44? 49, 110, 129, 161-62, 165,
GADSBY, JOHN, IOZ
169
Gaily, Gaily, I 70
God, Kingdom of; scc Kingdom of God
Galician Jews, 107, 163
GODCHAUX (member of the Louisiana
Galveston, Tex., 82, 90
Legislature), 6
GAMBETTA, L~oN, 5
Gold rush, gold, 3 t
GAMORAN, MAMIE G., Samson Bendnly, GOLDBERG & CO., I42
169
GOLDBERG & DRACHMAN, 138, 141-45,150
GARFIELD, JAMES A., 94, 97
GOLDBERG, AMELIA, 145
Garment industry, 19, 24, 26, 3 I
GOLDBERG, ARTHUR J., 92
Gary, Ind., IOI
GOLDBERG, DAVID, I 3 5-3 6
"Gates of Heaven" (name of Jewish GOLDBERG, HYMAN, I 36
congregation), I 3 3
GOLDBERG, ISAAC, 105, 136-38, 141-459
"Gates of Prayer" (name of Jewish con- 148-50
gregation), I 3 3
GOLDBURG, ROBERT E., 93-94
GEIGER, ABRAHAM, I 2 3
GOLDEN, HARRY, 23, 170; Forgotten
GELBART, GERSHON I., Jewish Education Pioneer, I 69-70
in America, I 69
Golden wedding anniversaries, 103
GELMAN, ROBERT L., 88
GOLDMAN, JOSEPH, 88
Genealogy, genealogies, 14, 90, 92, roo, GOLDSCHMIDT, LEO, 154, I 56
1'33
GOLDSCHMIDT, MEIR AARON, 6
Gmcral Adzrcrtiscr (Philadelphia, Pa.), I 03 GOLDSMID, ISAAC LYON, 8
General Assembly, Maryland, 89 GOLDSMID, JULIAN, 5

Goldsmith Directory of 1831 (Charleston,
S. C.), 88
GOLDSGIN, ABE, 3 I
GOLDSTEIN, FANNY, 92
GOLDSTEIN, HAROLD K., review of Felix
Frankfurter Reminisces; of Justice Frankfurter
and Civil Liberties; and of Felix
Frankfurter: Scholar on the Bench, 73-79
GOLDTREE, JOSEPH, 145, 149
GOLDWATER, A., San Francisco, Calif., 148
GOLDWATER, I., Tucson, Ariz., 149
GOLDWATER, JOSEPH, 105, I 36-37
GOLDWATER, MICHAEL, 105, 136-37, 145,
150
GOODE, ALEXANDER D., 92
GORDON, CUPKE, 24
GORDON, SOL, 24
GOSHLINSKI, San Francisco, Calif., 148
Government, American; see United States
Government contracts, government contracting,
141-43, 150-55, 159; see also
Mail contracts
Governors, 5, 80, 83,94, 97
Grace, 161
GRAFMAN, MILTON L., 86
Grand Opera House, Syracuse, N. Y.,
37-39
Grand Union Hotel, Saratoga Springs,
N. Y., 3-4
GRATZ,REBECCA, I 3, I7
GRAU, MAURICE, 6
GRAY, JOHN CHIPMAN, 73
Great Britain, 8, 58, 62, 83; see also
England
Great Depression; see Depression, The
Great
Greateruille, Ariz., 142, 15 I
GREENBAUM, San Francisco, Calif., 148
GREENBAUM, EDWARD S., 92
GREENBAUM, SAMUEL, 92
GREENEBAUM, J. VICTOR, 89,99
Greenhorns, I I I
GREENLEAF, RICHARD E., Zumhaga and
the Mexican Inquisition, 84
GREENSTEIN, HAROLD C., 92
GREENSTEIN, HARRY, 92
Greenville, Ala., 96
GREGORY, LESLIE E., 147
Grocers, grocery business, 3 2, 141
GROLLMAN, JEROME W., 87
GROSS & CHAPMAN, Syracuse, N. Y., 23-
24
GROSS, MR., Syracuse, N. Y., 23
"Growing Up in Syracuse," 22-34, 36-40
GRUNWALD, HENRY ANATOLE, Salinger:
A Critical and Personal Portrait, 84
GUGGENHEIM (family), 80
Guiana, 49
GUMBINER, JOSEPH H., 102
G~~NZBURG, HORACE, 5
Hadassah, 96
HAHN, MAYER, 6
Halachah (rabbinic law), I 65
HAL~VI, JACQUES F. F. E., 6
HALFORD, ELIJAH WALKER, 90
HAMAN, 8
Hamburg, Germany, 105, 107, 109, 120,
123, 148
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 97
HAND, AUGUSTUS NOBLE, 75
HAND, LEARNED, 7 3, 75
HANKEY, MAURICE P. A., 90
HARDER, JOSEPH, 90
HARDING, WARREN G.. . 97 ..
Harlan, Ky., 86
HARLAN. LOUIS R.. review of Herbert H.
~ehm2 and His Era, 80-8 I
Harper's Weekly (New York City), 7
HARRIS, PHIL, 3 I
HARRIS, SAM, 148
HARRISON, BENJAMIN, 90
HARRISON, PETER, 46
HARRISON, SCHMAREL, 29
Harrisonburg, Va., I 34
Harry S. Truman Library, Independence,
Mo., 90
HART, ALLAN JUDAH, 92
HART, BENJAMIN, 88
HART, EMANUEL B., 5, 7
HART, ISAAC, 43,49-50
HART, NAPHTALI, 45
HART, SOLOMON A., 7
Hartford, Conn., 9 I, 93
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.,
169; Law School, 57, 73, 75
Hasidim, Hasidism, 107, 163-65, 168
Hats, prayer; see Yarmelkes
Havah Nagilah: Classroom Games in Rhyme,
I 68
Havana, Cuba, 92
HAY, JOHN, 90
HAYDEN, CHARLES TRUMBULL, 143
HAYES, BENJAMIN, I 37
HAYS, DANIEL P., 92

Headin' South, 38
Hemld (New York City), 7
Health, 8, 169
Herald Square Theatre, New York City,
Heath, Mass., 161
HEATH, THOMAS, 38
39
Herald-Tribune (New York City), I I 3
Hebrew (language and literature), 20, 90, HERBERG, WILL, 162
101, 117, 124, 126, 128, 133-34, 136, Herbert H. Lehman and His Era (review),
164, 169
80-8 I
"Hebrew" (designation for Jews and HERBERT, HILARY A., 80
Jewish congregations), I r 5
Heritage A@nned, A: The Jewish Federatian
Hebrew American Republican League, Movement in America (review), I 66-67
New York City and Toledo, Ohio, 90 HERTZ, RICHARD C., What Counts Most in
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, At- Life?, 170
lanta, Ga., 86, I 34
Herzl Press, 163
Hebrew Benevolent Society, Cincinnati, HERZL, THEODOR, I I I, I 3 r
Ohio, 88
HESCHEL, ABRAHAM JOSHUA, I 62
Hebrew Committee of National Libera- HESS, JACOB, 6
tion, 97
Hidden Empire, The, I o I
Hebrew Fraternal Order (Sur Israel), High Holy Days, rr, 86, 170
Philadelphia, Pa., 94
High schools, 20
Hebrew Free Loan Association, Boston, HILL, GUS, 38
Mass., 88
Hillel (name of Jewish congregations), I 3 I
Hebrew Free School Association, New HILLMAN, SIDNEY, 19, 3 5
York City, 88
HILTON, HENRY, 3-4, 8
Hebrew Friendship Congregation, Har- "HiltonSeligman Affair," 3
risonburg, Va., I 34
Hebrew Ladies Benevolent Association of
HINDENBURG, PAUL VON, 107
Hingham, Mass., 125
the United Hebrew Congregation, St. HIRSCH, EDWARD, 6
Louis, Mo., 87
HIRSCH, MAURICE DE, 85, 97, 132
Hebrew Ladies' Benevolent Society, HIRSCHMAN, JACK, 168
Tucson, Ariz., I 5 2
Historians, 9, 13, 15-16, 19-21, 52, 81
Hebrew schools, 2 3, 103
Historic Landmarks Commission, Sacra-
Hebrew Union College, Hebrew Union mento, Calif., IOI
College -Jewish Institute of Religion, Historical and Philosophical Society of
Cincinnati, Ohio, 11-12, 14, 91-93, 95, Ohio, Cincinnati, Ohio, 86
102, 124, I 32, 17 I ; Board of Governors, Historical societies, American Jewish, I z
89; Endowment Fund, 92; Graduate Historiography, I 5-16, 19
School, 92; J. Leonard Levy Scholar- History, I, 9-16, 19-2 I, 67, 78-79,s I, 8 3,
ship, 91; Library, 98; Biblical and 103, 118, 129, 172
Archaeological School, Jerusalem, Israel, History of a Heart, 10 I
92-93
Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, 94
Hebrews; see Jewry
Hechal; see Ark
HECHT, ANTHONY, 168
HITLER, ADOLF, 4, 5 I, 74, I 3 r, I 34
HODGES, FRANCIS M., 145
HOFFMAN, FREDERICK J., Gemude Stein,
170
HOHEIMER, JOSEPH, 88-89
HECHT, BEN, Gaily, Gaily, 170
Holbrook, Ariz., I 3 5
HEILBRONN, musician, 6
Holidays; see Jewish holidays
HEINE, HEINRICH, 6
Holiness (in names of Jewish congrega-
Helena, Ark., 6
tions), I 3 3
Help (in names of Jewish congregations), . . Holland, 47, 49; see also Low Countries
'33
Hollwood, Calif., 40
HENRIQUES, M. J., New York City, 90 HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, 73-77
Henry Cohen, Messenger of the Lord, 8 2-8 3 Holy Blossom Congregation, Toronto,
Henry Street Settlement, New York City,
80
Canada, I 3 3
Holy Office; see Inquisition

"Holy Seed" (name of Jewish congrega- ILIOWIZI, HENRY, 101
tions), 134
Illustrated History of th Jews, Th, 17 2
Home Journal (London, England), 7 IIIust~ated History of t h Siaie of Oregon, An,
Homes for the aged, I 66
99
HOOVER, EARL R., 99
Illustrations
HOOVER, HERBERT, 74
Amalgamated Clothing Workers Asso-
Hope (in names of Jewish congregations), ciation leaders, 3 5
133
Drachman, Philip, I 57
"Hope of Israel" (name of Jewish congre- Drachman, Samuel H., I 57
gations), I 34
Gram, Rebecca, 17
Hope of Israel Congregation, Curagao; see Hebrew Union College, I 8
Mikveh Israel Congregation, Willem- Hillman, Sidney, 3 5
stad, Curagao
Holy Ark, Touro Synagogue, Newport,
HOPRINS, MR., Tucson, Ariz., 142
R. I., 53
HOPPER, DEWOLF, 39
Lehman, Herbert H., 72
Horse trade, 3 I
Lwin, Shmarya, 122
Hos~itds. 166
Potofsky, Jacob S., 35
~otkls, 3,. 5
Proskauer, Joseph M., 7 I
House of Commons (of England), 3 S. H. Drachman Store, 175
"House of Jacob" (name of Jewish congre- Shubert's Men's Store, Syracuse, N. Y.,
gation), I 3 3
36
"House of Mordecai" (name of Jewish Sonderling, Jacob, I z I
congregation), I 3 3
Temple Beth El, Akron, Ohio, I 39
"House of Moses" (name of Jewish con- Temple Israel, Boston, Mass., 140
gregation), I 3 3
Torah Scroll from the Newport Syna-
House of Representatives, Arizona Terri- gogue, 54
tory, 147
"Immanu-El," I 17-18
"House of Samuel" (name of Jewish con- Immigrants, immigration, I, 9-1 1, 15-16,
gregation), I 3 3
19-20, 22-24, 27, 31-34, 479 509 859 909
"House of the People"; see "Beth Am" 93,97-98, 105, 107, 113, 134, 136, 138,
Houston, Tex., 170-7 I
147, 164, 166-67, 172
HUDSON, MANLEY, 57
Impersonators, 38
Hudson River, I z
Import trade, importers, 103, 141
HULL, CORDELL, 57, 60
INDELMAN, ELHANAN, I 69
Human rights; see Rights, human
"Human Rights at San Francisco," 5 1-52,
55-70
Human Rights Commission, United Nations,
66, 68, 70
Humanitarianism, 58
Hungary, 56, 132; Jews of, 107, 112, 132,
163
HUNTER, FRANK, I 3 5
Huntington Park, Calif., 9 I
HYAMS, HENRY M., 5
HYAMS, LEILA, 40
Hygiene, 169
HYMAN, MARCUS, 40
HYNEMAN, HEWN NAPHTALI, 7
Idealism, idealists, 19, 67-68, r 3 3-34
IGNATOW, DAVID, 82
Indentures, I 38, 142, 144-45
Independence, political; see Freedom
Indiana Legislature, 6
Indians (American), 89, 138, 141, 143-45,
151-52
Individuals, 57-58, 60, 69, 76, 78
Industry, 3 I
Innovation, 124
Inquisition, inquisitors, 8, 10, 84, 103
Inside the Synagogue, I 69
Inspector (for Kashruth) ; see Mmhgiach
Instituto de Patologia Vegetal, Argentina,
85
Instructors, 165; see also Professors,
Teachers
Insurance, insurance companies, 7, r 5 I
Intellectual life, intellectuals, 23
Interfaith marriages; see Intermarriage
Interfaith relations, 87, r 62
Intermarriage, I 59

INDEX 189
International bill of rights; see Internationalism
Internationalism, international law, 5 I, 55,
57-60, 62-64, 66, 6870
Intolerance; see Anti-Semitism, Religious
prejudice
Iowa, 3, 170; see also Des Moines
Ireland, the Irish, 2 5-26, I I 2
Isaac Goldburg v. The United States and the
Apache Indims (lawsuit), 143
Isaac M. Wise Memorial Fund, 92
ISAAC, SAUL, 5
ISAACS, SAMUEL M., 10 I
Isaiah (name of Jewish congregations), I 30
Isaiah-Israel Congregation, Chicago, Ill.,
730
Ishpeming, Mich., I 25
"Israel" (name of Jewish congregations),
124, 129
Israel (people); see Jewry
Israel (state), Israelis, 20,91,97, I 27, 167,
I 7 17 2; Masonic Grand Lodge, 93; see
also Palestine
Israelite (Cincinnati, Ohio), 97
Israelites; see Jewry
Israelitischer Tempe1 Verein, Hamburg,
Germany, 105, 107, 109, 120
ISRAELS, JOSEPH, 7
ISSERLES, MOSES, Torat Ha-Olah, 120
Italy, Italians, 5, 16, I 12, 132
Ithaca, N. Y., 26
Jackson, Miss., 86-87, 102
Jacksonville, Ore., 87
Jacob H. Schif (shi ), 93
"~acob~enr~ %hi$ 1847-I~ZO'' (ms.), 95
JACOBS, theatrical magnate, Syracuse,
N. Y., 39
JACOBS sr PROCTOR, 37
JACOBS, CLYDE E., Justice Frankfu~ter and
Civil Liberties (review), 7 6-78
JACOBS, MRS. DAVID, 95
JACOBS, L. B., sr Co., Tucson, Ariz., 15 I
JACOBS, LIONEL M., 145, 152
JACOBS, MARK,
I 37
Jails, 8
Jalapeiios, I 36
Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y., 32
Jamaica, West Indies, 102
JANOWSKY, OSCAR I., 68-69
JASTRIMSKI, LEON, 6
JASTROW, MORRIS, JR., 95
JENICKE, PAUL, 146
Jerusalem, Palestine, and Israel, 4, 26.
91-93, 96; name of Jewish congregauons,
132
JESSEL, GEORGE, 5
Jessie James, 30
JESUS OF NAZARETH, 8, I 28, I 61
"Jew" (as name), 125, 129
Jew and M o m , 84
Jewelry, 31
"Jewish" (designation for Jews and Jewish
congregations), I 25, I 29
Jewish Advocate (Boston, Mass.), 88
Jewish Calendar for Fijty Years, A, from
A. M. 56r4 to A. M. 5664, 149
"Jewish Cemetery in Newport, The,"
41-42
"Jewish Center" (designation for Jewish
congregations), I 26-27
Jewish-Christian relations; see Interfaith
relations
Jewish Colonization Association, 85
Jewish Committee of the Dachau Concenuation
Camp, 89
Jewish community, 163-64, 166; see also
Community relations
"Jewish Community Center" (designation
for Jewish congregations), I 2 6
Jewish Community Relations Committee,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 79
Jewish Day School movement, 163
Jewish education; see Education
Jewish Education in America, 169
Jewish Family and Children's Service,
Denver, Colo., 88
Jewish Federation and Council of Greater
Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo., 102
Jewish federation movement, 166-67
Jewish Forum (New York City), 169
Jewish Historical Society of England,
London, England, 99
"Jewish History Week," I I
Jewish holidays; see High Holy Days,
Kol Nidre, New Year, Purim, Sukkoth,
Yom ~ip@r
Jewish Institute of Religion, New York
City, I 12
~ewiih labor movement, 19
Jewish learning; see Learning, Jewish
Jewish Ledger (Hartford, Conn.) , 9 I
Jewish life, Jewishness, 14, 74, 80, 105,
107, 120, 124, 163-65
Jewish National and University Library,
Jerusalem, Israel, 94, 102

Jewish National Fund, I I 3-14
Jewish people; see Jewry
Jewish Review, 59
Jewish Science (religious movement),
I 28-29
Jewish secular movement; see Secularism
Jewish State; see Israel (state)
Jewish Theological Seminary of America,
New York City, I 2, I 14; Library, 95
Jewish Welfare Board, 97
Jewry, Jews, 3-9, 13-14, 16, 19-21, 25-
26, 41-50, 52, 56-57, 74-75, 80, 83-87,
89-90, 96-97, 99-103, 108-9, 112-13,
120, 125, 127-29, 132-34, 148-49, 159,
I 6 1-66, 17 1-72; see also American Jewry,
AngloSephardic Jewry, Ashkenazim,
Bavarian Jews, Belgian Jews, Bohemia,
Canada, Dutch Jews, East European Jews,
England, European Jewry, Galician Jews,
Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Mexico,
Poland, Portuguese Jews, Prussian Jews,
Roumania, Russia, Sephardim
"Jews in America, The," 70
"Jews in Public Schools," 8
Jews in Suburbia, 163
Jews in Trmition, I 63
JOACHIM, JOSEPH, 6
JOACHIMSEN, PHILIP J., 6
John Carter Brown Library, Brown University,
Providence, R. I., 103
JOHNSON, LYNDON B., 96
Joint Distribution Committee; see American
Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
JONAS, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 5
JONES, H. B., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 z
I 00
JOSEPH, CAROLINE,
JOSEPHS, ETTA C. (MRS. H. Y.), 103
JOSEPHTHAL (director of Real Estate Trust
Company), 7
JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS, 82
Journal (Chicago, lll.), 170
Journal of the Virginia House of Delegates,
18r3-r8rq, 94
Journalism, journalists, 83, I 3 z
Journals, 99
Judah (country), I 28
JUDAH (family), 92
JUDAH, CHARLES, 92
JUDAH, NOBLE B., 92
JUDAH, SAMUEL, 45
Judaica (Boston, Mass.), 9 z
Judaism, 82, 84,93, 102, I 19, 123-24, 149,
I 59, 162, 165-66, 168; see also American
Jewry, Conservative Judaism, Jewish
Science, Orthodox Judaism, Reform Ju-
daism, Religious observance
Judaizers, Judaizing, 84
Judeophobia; see AntiSemitism
Judges, justices, 5-6, 78, 83, 92, 96, 102,
135
Judicial system, 76-79
Juniper House, Prescott, Ariz., 138
Junk dealers, 23
JUST, HAL, 8 3
Justice, 51, 56, 61, 66, 74
Justice Frankfurter and Civil Liberties
(review), 76-78
Kaddish, I z 6
KAGANOFF, NATHAN M., 100
KAHN, BERNHARD, 96
KAHN, ROBERT I., Lessons for Life, I 70-7 I
KALISCH, ISADOR, 103
Kallah, 9 z
KALLEN, HORACE M., 92
KANIUK, YORAM, Mim-metulah li-neyuyork,
I 7 I
Kansas, 90; see also Wichita
Kansas Citv. Mo., 06, 102; Kansas Citr *
Survey of ];wish ~ttikdes, The, 102
KAPLAN, MORDECAI M., 92-9 3
Karaites, 168
ash ruth, 9 I, I 14-1 6; see also Kosher food
Kashruth, inspector for; see Mushgiach
KATZ, IRVING I., 84-85; Successful Synagogue
Administration, 84-85
KATZ, JOSEPH, 89
KATZ, ROBERT L., Empathy: Its Nature and
Uses, I 7 I
KATZ, SAM, 40
KATZENBERG, (member of New York
Board of Education), 6
KATZENSTEIN, ALBERT, 142
KATZENSTEIN, LULU, I42
KATZENSTEIN, ROSA, I 36, 141
KATZENSTEIN, SAMUEL (SAM), I 36, 142
KAUFMANN, WALTER, 96
Kehillah, New York City, 169
KELLY, GEORGE H., Legislative History of
Arizona, 2864-rprz, I 50
KELLY, JOHN W., 38
KENNEDY, JOHN F., 92-93
Keren Hayesod; see Jewish National Fund
KERR, JUSTIN E., 169
KERTZER, MORRIS N., The Art of Being a
Jew, 171

Kctubot (marriage documents), 89 Lawyers, 5, 21, 52, 73
Kindness (name of Jewish congregations), Laymen, I 36, 162
100
LAZARON, MORRIS S., 93
Kingdom of God, 161
LAZARUS (family), I 03
King's Chapel, Boston, Mass., 46 LAZARUS, EMMA, 7, 102, 108, I72
Kingston, Jamaica, 44
LAZRUS, JAKE, 29
KIRBY, J., Cincinnati, Ohio, 86
League of Nations, 55-56
KIRSCHBERG, ELIAS, 93
Learning (in names of Jewish congrega-
KIRSCHBERG, MAURICE, 93
tions), 133
Kishinev, Russia, 52
Learning, Jewish, 8, 165
KLAW, MARC, 39
Lebanon, I 7 I
KLEMANN, EMMA, I07
LEBOWITSCH, JOHANNA, I 07
KOCH, JOSEPH, 6
LEBOWITZ, MENORAH, 9 I
KOHLER, KAUFMANN, 93, 105, I 20, I 2 3 Lectern, 46
KOHN, SYLVAN H., I 69
Lecturers, lectures, 92, I 26, 135; see also
Kol Nidre, 149; see also Yom Kippur Addresses, Sermons, Speeches
KOMPERT, LEOPOLD, 6
LEESER, ISAAC, I 5
KORN, BERTRAM W., 16, 94, 97, 99 Legends, I 14; Legends of the Jews, I 15
Kosher food, 9 I, I 16, 164; see also Kashruth Legislative History of Arizona, z864-zgz2,
KOSOVSKE, HOWARD, 92
'5."
Kovacs v . Cooper (lawsuit), 77-78
Legislature, 75-77; see also Congress (of
KRANZLER, GEORGE, Williamsburg: A the United States), Indiana, Louisiana,
Jewish Community in Transition (review), New York (State), Ohio
163-66
LEHMAN (member of the Indiana Legis-
KRAUSKOPF, JOSEPH, 92
lature), 6
Ku Klux Klan, 55
LEHMAN, HERBERT H., 72, 80-81
KUHN, ABRAHAM, 94-95
LEHMAN, MAYER, 80
KUHN, LOEB, a CO., 93
LEIHY, GEORGE W., 141
KUNITZ, STANLEY, I 68
LEINER, NORBERT, 90
LEIVICK, HALPERN, 8 2
LELY, PETER, I 3
LEONARD, MR., San Bernardino, Calif., I 37
LA GUARDIA, FIORELLO H., 55, 80 LEONARD, WILLIAM ELLERY, "The Jews
La Paz, La Paz District, Ariz., I 37-38, 141 in America," 70
Labor, labor movement, laborers, 19, 100; LESINSKY, H., a GI., Tucson, Ariz., I 50
see also Jewish labor movement, Workers LESINSKY, HENRY, 156
LAFOLLETTE, ROBERT, SR., 3 I
Lessons for Life, I 70-7 I
Lampoons, 3
LEVI, HERMANN, 6
Land, 43, 138, 142, 146, 152; see also Real LEVI, NATHAN, 102
estate
LEVIN, MILTON I., 100
LANE, LOUISA; see Drew, Mrs. John, Sr. LEVIN, SHMARYA, 105, I I I, I 13, IZZ Language, 66
LEVINE, JOSEPH, 86
Larchmont, N. Y., 171
LEVINE, JOSEPH M., IOZ
Larchmont Temple, Larchmont, N. Y., LEVINE, SAMUEL, I02
171
LEVINSKI (actor), 6
LARDNER, NATHANIEL, 47
LEVINSON, ROBERT E., 86-87, 98-99
Las Cruces, N. Mex., 135, 156
LEVITAN, SOLOMON, 3 I
LASKER, EDUARD, 5
LEVY, San Francisco, Calif., 148
LASKI, HAROLD, 73
LEVY, BENJAMIN, 6
Law, 13, 44, 73, 75, 78-79; Civil, 135; LEVY, F. H., San Bernardino, Calif., 137
Constitutional, 76; see also Pentateuch, LEVY, GERSHOM, 94
Scrolls of the Law, Torah
LEVY, I. HARRIS, 2 2
Law, international; see Internationalism LEVY, J. LEONARD, 9 I
Lawsuits, 76-78, 102-3, 143, 156 LEVY, JOSEPH H., 88

LEVY, JOSEPH MOSES, 7
Lodz, Russian Poland, I 36
LEVY, LIPMAN, 92
LOEB, JACQUES, 93
LEVY, MARK (AND LOUIS LEWISSON), LOEB, JAMES, 162
BANKING COMPANY, New York City, I 03 ~EWENSTEIN, EMIL, I 54, I 56
LEVY, MOSES, 43
London, England, 3, 42-45, 82, 90, 99,
LEVY, RABBI, Syracuse, N. Y., 22-24, 34 132
LEVY, URIAH PHILLIPS, 5, 8 3
Long Branch, N. J., 7
LEWISOHN (family), 80
Long Island, N. Y., 38; Railroad, 3
LEWISOHN, LUDWIG, 96
LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH, 41-42
LEWISSON, LOUIS; see LEVY, MARK LONGWELL, MARJORIE R., America and
Lexington, Mass., I 30
Women, I 7 1-72
Liberal arts, 165
Lookout Mountain, near Chattanooga,
Liberal Party, 5
Tenn., 133
"Liberal Synagogue" (name of Jewish LOPEZ, AARON, 49-50, 93, I7 2
congregations), I 24
LOPEZ, MOSES, 45-46, 49
Liberalism, liberals, 75, 80-8 I, 100, I 20 LORD WILLIAMS, Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I
Libertarianism, 76
LORD, CHARLES H., I43
Liberties, civil; see Civil liberties, Freedom Los Angeles, Calif., 6, I 2,82,96, 108, I 20,
Liberty; see Freedom
130, 136, 142; County, 137
Librarians, 92
Lotos Club, 7
Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., Lotteries, I 50-5 I
899 93-94
Louis Feinberg Synagogue, Cincinnati,
LICHTENSTEIN, MORRIS, I 29
Ohio, I 32
LIEBERMANN, Josh, Tierra Soiiada, 85 LOUIS LEWISSON AND MARK LEVY BANK-
LIEBMAN, SEYMOUR B., 103
ING COMPANY, New York City, 103
LIEPE, MRS. JACOB, 101
Louisiana, 5; Legislature, 6; see also Baton
Life, 59, 64, 170-71; see also Jewish life Rouge, Monroe, New Orleans
Life, American; see America
Love, I 19
Life and Letters of Montgomery Pnmguice, "Love of Isaac" (name of Jewish con-
The, 95
Life. lewish: . see - lewish life
~ife; ;eligious; see Jewish life
Light (in names of Jewish congregations),
I33
Light opera, 30; see also Opera
Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington,
Ind., 96
LINCOLN, ABRAHAM, 89, 99; in Black
Hawk War (I 832), 89
LINDEN, HARRY, 86
Lipine, Silesia, 107
LIPPMANN, WALTER, 73
LIPSKY, LOUIS, I I I
LIPSTON, MRS. RUTH, 98
Liquor trade, 141
Lisbon, Portugal, 103
LISTER, LOUIS, The ReligwuS School Assembly
Handbook, I 7 I
Literature, literary life, 5, 1 3,. 96, I 29;
see also Hebrew (language . - - and Ilterature),
Yiddish
Lithuania, 107, I 2 3; Jews of, 108, I I z
gregation), I 3 3
Low Countries, 5 I ; see also Holland
Lower East Side, New York City, , - I I 6
Loyal Order of ~oose, 22
Loyalists (Revolutionary War), I 3
LUCCA, PAULINE, 6
Lucius N. Littauer Foundation, 84
LUMBERG (family), 40
LURIE, HARRY L., A Heritage A#rmed
(review), I 66-67
Lusitania (ship), 95
LUTHER, MARTIN, 161
LYNCH, FATTY, Syracuse, N. Y., 34, 37
Lyons, France, 89, 94
LYONS, JACQUES JUDAH, 149
Lyric Theatre, New York City, 39
MACK, JULIAN W., 95
MACICAILL, DOROTHY, 40
MACLEISH, ARCHIBALD, 62, 66
Madison, Wis., 3 I, 96
Liturgies, 98
Lochnu v. N. Y. (lawsuit), 76
Madison Square Garden, New York City,
55

MADURO, JOSHUA MOSES LEVY, 86 MARSHALL, JOHN, 77
Magazines; see Periodicals
MARSHALL, LOUIS, 93
MAHLER, RAPHAEL, 94
MARTIN, BERNARD, The Existentialist Theol-
Mail contracts, I 5 I
ogy of Paul Tillich, 172
Mail order houses, 27
MARX, DAVID, 86
"Major Trends in American Jewish Marxism, 162
Historical Research," 9-16, 19-2 1 Maryland, 3 I, 89, I 7 2 ; General Assembly,
Majorities, majority groups, 60, 76 89; Maryland Historical Society, 102;
Malibu, Calif., 171
see also Baltimore
Man, mankind, roz, 161, 171
Masada-Young Zionists of America, 97
Man, rights of; see Rights, human
Mascot (light opera), 30
MANASSEE (MANNASSEE) , HYMN (HEY- Mashgiach (inspector for Kashruth), r I 5
MAN), 137
MASON, GENERAL J. S., I 38
MANASSEE, J. S., LOS Angeles County, Masonic Order, Masonry, Masons, 41,93,
Calif., I 37
97, 147, 152; Grand Lodge of Arizona,
MANASSEE, MOSES, r 3 7
93; Grand Lodge of Canada, 97; Grand
Manchuria (steamship), I 08
Lodge of Israel, 93; Tucson, Ariz., 1 ~ 2
Manhattan, New York City, I r 3 Massachusetts, 5, 75; Supreme Judiclal
Manhattan Beach, N. Y., I 13-14
Court, 75; see also Boston
Manhattan Beach Com~anv. . New York Mathematics, 9 I
d .
City. 3
MATTHEW, A. WENWORTH, 94
Manhattan Beach Hotel, New York City, 8 Mattoon, Ill., 87
Manhattan Club, New York City, 7 MAY, DAVID, 3 2
Manila, Philippines, 93
MAY, JEAN WISE, 98
MANN, LOUIS L., 102
MAY, LEWIS, 7
MANNER, EDNA B., 98, 103
MAYER, CONSTANT, 7
MANNIX, DANIEL P., with MALCOLM Mayors, 6, 80
COWLEY, Black Cargoes: A History of the MAZAR, BENJAMIN; MOSHE DAVIS; et al.,
Atlantic Slave Trade, 1118-1861, I 7 2 The Illustrated History of the Jews, 172
MANSFIELD, RICHARD, 37, !9
MCCARRAN, PAT, 8 I
Manufacturers, manufacturing, 30-3 I ; see MCCARTHY, JOSEPH R., 8 I
also Factories
McCollmn v . Board of Education (lawsuit),
Manuscripts, 84, 95, 136, 141
78
Map engravers, maps, 7
McCoy, G. L., Los Angeles County,
MARCUS, JACOB RADER, 93, 100, 103, 168; Calif., I 37
"Major Trends in American Jewish Mck, J. M., Los Angeles County,
Historical Research," 9-16, 19-2 I Calif., r 37
MARITAIN, JACQUES, I 62
McGx. W. W.. Los Aneeles " County,
MARKENS, ISAAC, r 3
calif.,. I 37
MARKS, B. S. (artist), 7
McCulloch v. State of Maryland (lawsuit),
MARKS, H. S., Hollywood, Fla., 98 77
MARKS, HARRY HANANEL, I ; "Down with MCGONNIGLE, MAJOR A. I., 155
the Jews!", 3-8
MCINTYRE & HEATH (comedians), 38
MARKS, MORRIS, 6
MCINTYRE, JAMES, 38
MARKS, PHILLIP A., 102-3
MCREYNOLDS, JAMES CLARK, 74
MARLOWE, JULIA, 38
Medicine, 13, 125, 129, 169; see also
MARQUESS, EMANUEL, I03
Physicians
Marquette, Mich., I 2 5
Medieval period, 8
MARQUSIE, JULIUS, 3 I
Memoir of Julius Ochs, A , 98
Marranos, 14, 103
Memoirs, 14, 98-99
Marriage, marriages, 8, 22,86,89,98, 100, Memphis, Tenn., 87-88, 99
107, 135-36, 141-42, 147, 159; see also MENDELSSOHN, FELIX, 6
Intermarriage, Ketubot
Mennonites, 2 2
MARSHALL, CHARLES C., 55
Mercantile industry; see Merchants

[Minnesota] State v. Weiss Sunday
Closing Law case, 103
Minorities, minority groups, 56, 60, 69,
76; rights, 76, 81; treaties, 55-56, 60, 69
Minstrels, 38, 149
Minyan (quorum of ten adult males for
religious worship), I 26
Miriam (name of Jewish congregation),
I 3 2; see also Temple Beth Miriam
Missionaries, 4, 34, 101-2
Missouri Valley Life Insurance Company,
Merchants, 31-32? 48, 132, 136-37, 151,
I 7 2 ; see also Businessmen, Department
stores, Retail trade, Storekeepers, Trade,
Wholesalers
Mesifta Torah Vodaath, New York City,
'65
Mesilla, N. Mex., I 50, I 56
Messiah, Messianism, 19, 42, 134, 162
Metro-Goldwyn
Calif., 40
studios, Hollywood,
Metulla, Israel, 17 I
Mexican Bureau, B'nai B'rith, 98
Mexican Campaign (1916), 90
151
MITCHELL, J. W., 93
Mexico, Mexicans, 14, 84, 98, 103, 141, Mitzvot, 49, I I o
149; Jews of, 98
"Mizpah" (biblical name), I 3 3
Mexico City, Mexico, 98
Mobile, Ala., 52
MEYERBEER, GIACOMO, 6
MEYERSBERG, LOUIS, 160
Modem period, modernism, I z 3
Mohel, 10 I
MEYEROVITZ, JACOB I., 9 1
MO~SE DELEON, Charleston, S. C., 93
Miami, Fla., 98
Money, 43, 48; see also Currency
Miami Beach, Fla., I 25
MONNET, JEAN, 7 3
Michigan, 61 ; see also Detroit
Monroe, La., 88
Michilimackinac Island, 89
Middle Ages; see Medieval period
MONROE, MARILYN, 93-94
MONTEFIORE, LEONARD, 7
Middle class, z I
MONTEFIORE, MOSES, 8, 87, 132
Midrash, I I 5
Montgomery, Ala., 6, 97
Midsummer Night's Dream, 3 7
MIGEL, JENNY; see Drachman, Jenny Migel
Montreal, Canada, 89, 149
Mooney Report, 75
Migration; see Immigrants
Morality, I 707 I
Mikado, The, 30
Moravia, 107
Mikveh (Mikve) Israel Congregation,
Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands An-
MORDECAI, ELLEN, I o 1-2
MORDECAI, MOSES &HEN, 94
tilles, 44, 48-49, 86
MORGENTHAU, HENRY, SR., 74
MILAN, GABRIEL, 89
Mormons, Mormonism, 34, 84
Military service, I I, 27; see also Army, Morocco, 102
Soldiers, War
MORRIS, RICHARD B., 82
Militia, 89; see also Soldiers
MORRIS, ROBERT, I4
Mill Street Synagogue, New York City;
see Shearith Israel Congregation, New
MORROW, ROBERT, 143
MORSE, LEOPOLD, 5
York City
MOSES, 8
MILLER, ARTHUR, 93
MOSES, ABRAHAM, 41
MILLER, JUDEA B., 90,93
MOSES, BAR~TTE E., 97
MILLER, SARAH RUBINOVITZ, 103
MOSES, MOSES, 9 I
Millinery Center Synagogue, New York Moss, LUCIEN, 7
City, 126
Moss, THEODORE, 6
Milwaukee, Wis., 15, 96
Motion picture industry, motion picture
Mim-metulah li-neyu-york, I 7 I
directors, 40
Minersville District v. Gobitis (lawsuit), 78 Mount Sinai, I 29
Minhag America, 103
Mount Vernon, N. Y., I z 5
Ministers; see Clergy, Rabbis
Mount Zion Hebrew Congregation, St.
Minneapolis, Minn., 103
Paul, Minn., 172
Minnesota, 98, 102-3; Jewish Council, Mourner's Prayerbook, 98
103; see also Duluth, Minneapolis, St. Mulberry St. Synagogue, Syracuse, N. Y.,
Paul
22, 24

INDEX '95
MURPHY (saloonkeeper), Syracuse, N. Y.. National Commission on Law and Social
30
Action of the American Jewish Congress,
MURPHY, FRANK, 77
79.
MURPHY, LOUIS, 40
Natlonal Council of Jewish Women, 94
MURPHY, RALPH, 40
National Jewish Welfare Board, I I
MURPHY, TOM, 25
National Union for Social Justice, IOI
Murphy's Shamrocks, Syracuse, N. Y.. Nationalism, 19,68, 70, 78, 127, 134, 162
a 5-2 6
Nationality, 5 z
MURRAY, JOHN COURTNEY, 162
Naturalization, I 37-38, 144
MURRAY, PHILIP, 64-65
NAUMBURG, GEORGE W., 99
Museums of the Peaceful Arts, New NAUMBURG, GEORGE W., JR., 99
York City, 95
NAUMBURG, WALTER W., 99 . .
Music, musicians, 6, 13, 103; see also Navigation, 5 I
Light opera, Opera
Navv (of the United States); see Navy
Musical comedy, 38-40
~baiunent, United States
Mutual Life Insurance Company, 7 Navy Department (United States), 80
My King and My God, 8 2
Navy Maverick: Uriah Phillips Lmy, 83
MYERS, HYAM, 94
Nazism, Nazis, 52, 81, 89, 92, 94
MYERS, MYER, 45
NEBEL, ABRAHAM L., 90, 94, 97
MYERS, NAPHTALY HART, 89
Nefutst Yisrael Congregation, Newport,
MYERS, THEODORE W., 7
R. I., 42-50; see also Yeshuat Yisrael
Congregation, Newport, R. I.
Negaunee, Mich., I 25
Negro Jews, 94
N. A. A, C. P.; see National Association Negroes, 10,25,38,61,112, 163,165,172;
for the Advancement of Colored People see also Slavery
NADICH, ISAAC, 98
NEILSON, ADELAIDE, 6
NADICH, JUDAH, 98
NEMEROV, HOWARD, I 68
N. A. M.; see National Association of Neo-Reformers, I zo
Manufacturers
Netherlands West Indies, 48
Narragansett Bay, R. I., 42
Neue Judische Mmatshefe, I Lo, I 2 3
Nashville, Tenn., 96
NEUGAS, MAX, 160
NA~, THOMAS, 7
NEUMANN (family), 103
NATHAN (family), 94
Neumann Memorial Publication Fund, 2,
NATHAN, ELI M., 94
106
NATHAN, FREDERICK, 7
NEUMANN, NORBERT, 103
NATHAN, HARMON, 7
Nevada, 3 2
NATHAN, HAROLD, 94
Nevin Bus Lines, 32
NATHAN, JONATHAN, 94
NEVIN, HARRIS, 3
Nathun Levi v. John Gadsby (lawsuit), loz
NATHAN MAUD, Once Upon A Time and
Today, 94
NATHAN, P. W.; see Nathan (family)
National agencies, 166
National Archives and Records Service,
Washington, D. C., 102, 148, I 60
National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People (N. A. A. C. P.), 61
National Association of Manufacturers
(N. A. M.), 61
National Association of Temple Adminis-
trators, 84
National Cemetery of the Pacific, Hono-
lulu, Hawaii, loo
NEVINS, ALLAN, review of Herbert H.
Lehman and His Era, 80-81
New Amsterdam, I z
New BastableTheatre, Syracuse, N. Y., 39
New Castle, Pa., 97
New Christians, 103
New Deal, 80
New England, 47
New Hampshire, 3 I
New Mexico, I 37; see also Albuquerque,
Las Cruces, Santa Fe
New Orleans, La., 50, 88, 132
New Rochelle Post No. 48, Jewish War
Veterans of the United States, New
Rochelle, N. Y., 94

19~
New Spain, 14
New Testament, 161; see also Jesus of
Nazareth
"New Thought Synagogue" (name of
Jewish congregations), I 24
New World, 10, 48
New Year (Rosh Hashanah), 86, 149
New York Bar, 55
New York Central Railroad, 34
New York City, 3,5,8, 10, 15, 32, 34, 37.
39, 44-47, 50, 52, 55, 80, 84, 87-97,
100-101, 103-5, 108-9, 111, 113-14,
I 16, I 18-20, 125-26, 132-34, 136, 141,
147-49,. 1-63, 169, 171; Bar, 55; Board
of Charltles and Corrections, 6; Board
of Education, 6; Charter Revision Com-
mittee, 55, Port of New York, 94; see
also East Sde, New York City; Lower
East Side, New York City
New York Club, 7
New York County, 55
New York (State), 5-6, 3 1, 40, 80, 101,
126; Appellate Div~slon, 55; Assembly,
6; Supreme Court, 55,92 ; see also Albany,
Bronx, The; Brooklyn, Buffalo, New
York City, Rochester, Syracuse
New York Sun, 10 I
New York Times, 6 I, 67,94
Newe Shalom Congregation, Paramaribo,
Surinam, 44
Newport, R. I., 1,7, 15,41-50,53-54,93,
132
Newsboys, 32-34
Newspapers, 3, 5, 7-8, 13, 24, 28, 32-34.
50, 88, 90, 95-97, 101, 103, 14.1, !47,
15 I, 153, 160, 169-70; see also Penod~cals
NIEBUHR, REINHOLD,
I 61-62 ; Pious and
Secular America, I 62 ; The Universal God,
I 62
Nineteenth Century (London, England), 7
NOAH, MORDECAI M., 5, 94
Nob Hill, San Francisco, Calif., 63
Nobel Prize, 2 I
Nobles, nobility, 8
NOLDE, 0. FREDERICK, 63-64
Nonimportation agreement (I 770), 9 I
Non-Jews; see Christianity, Hinduism,
Indians, Islam
Non-kosher food; see Treffa
Nordicism, Nordic racialism, 16, 19; see
also Racialism
Norfolk, Va., 94
North (United States), 16
North America, I 2, 14, 44
AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES, NOVEMBER, 1964
Norway, 34, 5 I
Norwich, N. Y., 26
Novels, novelists, 83
Nuclear physics, r 3
NUSSBAUM, PERRY E., 86-87
OBERMANN, JULIAN,
I I 0-1 I
Obiruaries, 9 I, 94, 97, 146-47
Observance, religious; see Religious observance
Occident (Philadelphia, Pa.), 10 I
OCHOA (of Tully, Ochoa & Co.), Tucson,
Ariz., 15 I
OCHS, ADOLPH S., 92
OCHS, JULIUS, 98
O'CONNELL, HUGH, 40
Odessa, Tex., 87
OFFENBACH, JACQUES, 6
Offering o Prayer, An, 82
Ofice o ! Public Affairs, United States
State Department, 62
Oheb Shalom Congregation, Sandusky,
Ohio, 87
Oheb Sholom Congregation, Washington,
D. C., 87
Ohio, 86-87, 133-34, 139; Senate, 6;
Volunteer Infantry, 99; see also Cincinnati,
Cleveland, Columbus, Piqua,
Toledo
Oklahoma City, Okla., 55
OLCOTT, CHAUNCEY, 38
Old age homes; see Homes for the aged
Old Testament, 8, 161; see also Bible,
Pentateuch, Torah
OLGIN, MOISSAY, 82
Omnipotence (of God), I 6 I
Once Upon A Time and Today, 94
Only Yesterday, 168
Opera, 6, I 23 ; see also Light opera
Orators, I 3 2
Ordination, 95, 107
Oregon, 6, 99; see also Portland
OREN, JUDITH, 169
Organ, I I 7
ORLINSKY, HARRY M., 83
Or~heum Vaudeville Circuit, 40
ORR, EDWIN J., 156
Orthodox Judaism, Orthodox Jews, Orthodoxy,
112-14, 116, 119-20, 124, 159,
163, 165
ORTIZ, ANGEL, 143

INDEX '97
101, 114, 120, 123, 169; seealso News-
papers
Persecution, religious, 5 z
Pesach; see Passover
Petersburg, Va., 15
Petit v. Minnesota Sunday Closing Law
Othniel Lodge No. 274, B'nai B'rith,
Memphis, Tenn., 88
OTTERBOURG, MARCUS, 6
Out-marriages; see Intermarriage
Overseas relief, 166
Oxford, N. Y., 26
case, 103
PETRIE, FLINDERS, 9 I
Petrikov, Russian Poland; see Piotrkow
Pharisees, 168
PACHECO, MOSES, 41
Philadelphia, Pa., 15-16, 38, 50,83,89,94,
Pacific (ship), 148
103, 132, 136-37, 148
Pacifists, 52
Philanthropy, philanthropists, 14, 44-45,
Pack Peddler, The, z 2-2 3
80, 87-88, 94-95? "8, 132, 134, 152.
Pack peddlers; see Peddlers
164, 166-67, 172
Painters, painting, 7, 13; see also Art, PHILLIPS, BENJAMIN SAMUEL, 8
Artists
PHILLIPS, HARLAN B., 73
Palestine, I I, 87,90-91,96-97; Orchestra PHILLIPS, HENRY M., 5
Fund, 9 I; Palestine Post, 9 I; see also PHILLIPS, NAPHTALI, I 03
Israel (state), Jerusalem
PHILLIPS, ROLLIE T., JR., 92
Palm Springs, Calif., I z 3
Philosophers, philosophy, I 18, 120, I 35,
Papago Indians, Arizona, I 5 z
162, I72
Paramaribo, Surinam, 44, 49-50
Phoenix, Ariz., 93, 135, 159
Paris, France, 95, 123; Peace Conference Photography, photographers, photographs,
(19'9). 967 99
7,9495,997 103, 147-9 169
PARKER, MR., Fort Whipple, Ariz., I 53 Phylacter~es; see Tefillln
Parliament (English), F
Physicians, 4, 3 z, 98
Partition (of ~&sc&j, 97
PICARD (family), loo
Pasquils, I ; see also Satire
PICARD, MORRIS D., 100
Passover, 44
Pierce City, Mo., 6
Patriarchs, I 28-29
Pietism, 107
Patriotism, patriots, 14, 82-83
PILCH, JUDAH, 169
Peace, 5 I-! 2, 64, 67; in names of Jewish Pima County, Arizona Territory, 144-45,
congregations, I 3 3-34
'47, 152, '55
Peace Conference (1919) ; see Paris PIMENTEL, SAMUEL RODRIGUES, 48
PEARLSON, JORDAN, 90
Pinafore, 30
Peasants, 34
PINSKI, DAVID, 82
Pedagogy, zo
Pioneer Brewery, Tucson, Ariz., 142
Peddlers, peddling, 16, 22, 24, 26-34? 38, Pioneers, 41,98, 105, I 59, 169-70
837 '38, 169-70
Piotrkow (Petrikov), Russian Poland, I 36,
PEIXOTTO, BENJAMIN F., 94, 98
147, I59
PEIXOTTO, GEORGE, 94
Pious and Secular America, I 62
Peninsula Temple Sholom, Burlingame, Piqua, Ohio, 87, 98
Calif., I z5
Pirates, 83
Pennsylvania, 5, z z, 3 1-32 ; see also Phila- Pittsburgh, Pa., 27, 39, 91
delphia, Pittsburgh
PLACZECK,BARUCHJACOB, 107
Pennsvlzlania Grit (Williamsport, Pa.), 24 Plantations, lanters, 103
PLAUT, W. ~UNTHER, 98
~ ~. .
Torah
Plays, playwrights, 38, 96, 104; see also
People, Jewish; see Jewry
Drama
People's Epic, A: Highlights of Jewish Plum Street Temple, Cincinnati, Ohio; see
History in verse, 83
Bene Yeshurun Congregation, Cincin-
PERELMUTER, HAYIM GOREN, 92, 97 nati, Ohio
Periodicals, 3, 7, I z, 59-61, 69,88,94-95, PLUMMER, MR., Rochester, N. Y., 37

PODET; ALLEN, 87
Poetry, poets, 41-42,83,96, 101, 103, 168,
172
Pogroms, 52
Poland, 22, 51-52, 56,93, 123, 132; Jews
of, 22, 105, 132, 136, 163; seealsoRussian
Poland
Political freedom; see Freedom
Political reform; see Reform, political
Politics, political life, politicians, 5, 19, 2 I,
55, 58, 80, 83, 93, 96, 100, 136, 152
Poor Will's Pocket Almanack, 10 I
Portland, Ore., 6, 15
Portsmouth, N. H., 99
Portugal, 103
Portuguese Congregation, Amsterdam,
Holland, 47
Portuguese Jews, 50
POSTAL, BERNARD, IOZ
Postmasters, 142
Postoffice Exchange, Tucson, Ariz., 146
POTOFSKY, JACOB S., 19, 35
POUND, ROSCOE, 74
Prayer, prayers, 43, 82, 98, 126-27, 136,
149, 161, 180; books, 98, 101, 103, 123,
149; garment, I I 7; in names of Jewish
congregations, I 3 3; special, 86
Prayer caps; see Yarmelkes
Prayer shawls; see Tallis
Prejudice, religious; see Religious prejudice
Prescott, Ariz., 138, 141. 146-47, 149-
50
Press; see Journalism, Newspapers, Period-
icals
Press Club, 7
Press, freedom of; see Freedom
Princeton, N. J., 90
Prisoners of war, 160
PRITZKER (family), too; Pritzker Book, The,
I00
PRITZKER, LEE, 100
Processions, 46
PROCTOR, FREDERICK F., 39
Producers, 38, 40
Professions, professional life, professional
men, 5, I 64
Professors, 3,3~,~2,57,68,73-74,81-83,
I 10, 124, 168, 17071
Progressive Era, too
"Progressive Synagogue" (name of Jewish
congregations), I 24
Progressives, 80
Prohibition, 108
Proletariat, proletarians, 19
Prmised Seed, The, A Sermon Preached to
God's Ancient Israel, the Jews, 102
Proof of Plot, I0 I
Proof of the Jewish Conspiracy to Cmmuniu
America and Rule the World, The, 101
Property, 77
Prophets, 127-28, I 30-3 I
PROSKAUER, JOSEPH M., 2, 52, 55-67, 69-
7 I
Prospectors, I 36
Protestantism, Protestants, 161
Proverbs, Book of, 85
Providence, R. I.,~I, roo, 102, 105, I 16-18
PROVOL, ANNA, 22
PROVOL, FANNY, 2 2
PROVOL, GEORGE J., 2 2-2 3
PROVOL, WILLIAM LEE, 22-23; "Growing
Up in Syracuse," 22-34, 37-40
PROVOLSKY
(family), 2 2
Prussian Jews, 3 I
Psalms, 6, I I 3
Psychoanalysis, I 7 I
Psychology, I 29
Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa,
Canada, 88
Public education; see Education
Public life, public service, 52, 73-74, 80
Public office, 5-6, 3 I, 80, 83, 94, 98, 101,
142, 147, 152, 162; see also Statesmen
Public Records Office, London, England,
87, 89, 102
Public schools, 8, 20-21, 33, 97, 103, 150;
religion in, 97; see also Education, High
schools, Schools
"Public Schools, Jews in," 8
Publications of the American Jewish Histor-
ical Society, I 6
Publishing, I 64
Publix movie houses, 40
Pueblo, Colo., 87
Pulpit, I 19; see also Sermons
Pupils, 8
Purim, I 52
Puritans, Puritanism, 50, 80
"Pursuer of Peace" (name of Jewish
congregation), I 3 3
Q
RAAP (E~PHAEL), DAVID, 89
Rabbinical law; see Halachah
Rabbinical Pension Plan, 98

INDEX I99
Rabbinical seminaries, I 3 2
Religious observance, ++,74, 10 I, I 36, I 59
Rabbis, rabbinate, 3, 15, 47, 82-83, 90, Religious prejudice, 9, 55; see also Anti-
95-98, 103, 107-9, 111-14, 116, 119,
123-26, 129-307 1327 135-369 1499 159,
162-63, 17072; see also Rebbes
RABINOWICZ, OSKAR, 90
Race, 8, 52, 59-60, 62, 66
RACHEL, LISA F~LIX, 6
Racialism, 9, 16; see also Nordicism
Radio, radios, 28, 17 I
RADZINSKI, EVA, 87
Railroads, 3, 7, 16, 28-30, 34, 146
RAMOS, JACOB, 10
RANDOLPH, JENNINGS, 96
RAPHAEL (family), 89
RAPHAEL, ISAAC, 89
Rapid City, S. Dak., I 3 3
Rassenlunde, 3 ; see also Racialism
Rationalism, I z 3
Reactionaries, reactionism, 8 I
Real estate, 32, 43, 102-3, 142, 146, 164;
see also Land
Real Estate Trust Company, 7
Realpolitik, 68
Rebbes (Hasidic rabbis), 164
Recent Americm Poetry, I 68
Recession, 164
Reconstructionist Foundation, 163
Recreation, r 26-27
Redemption, I 62
Redwood Library, Newport, R. I., 46
Reform Judaism, Reform Jews, Reformers,
18, 82-83, 107, 109, 119-to, 123, 165,
I 68 ; see also American Reform Judaism,
Classical Reform, Neo-Reformers
Reform, judicial, 75
Reform Movements in Judaism, 168
Reform, political, 52, 55, 89, too
Reformat~on (European), 16 I
Reformations (in Judaism), I 68
Reformed Society of Israelites, Charleston,
S. C., 88
Reformer and Jewish Times (New York
City), 3
Refugees, I 34
Rehabilitation, 80, I 3 2, 166
Relief, 80, 98, 166
Religio-therapy, I 29
Religion, 44, 66, 74, 76, 119, 123, 125-26,
130, 161
Religion, establishment of; see Establishment
of religion
Religious freedom; see Freedom
Religious life; see Jewish life
Semitism
Religious School Assmbly Handbook, I 7 I
Religious schools, I 7 I ; see also Education,
Schools, Sunday schools
Religious services; see Worship
Reminiscmces of a Lung Life, 99
"Reminiscences of Grandmother Drachman,"
141
"Remnant of Israel" (name of Jewish
congregations), I 34
"Remnant of Judah" (name of Jewish
congregations), r 34
Report oj The Royal Commissiun of Inquiry
Respecting the Arrest and Detentiun of
Rabbi Norbert Leiner by The Metropolitan
Torunto Police Force, The, 90
Report on the Bisbee Deportation, 75
Report on the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, 75
Reporters, 170
Republican Party, Republicans, 6 I, 90
Researchers, I 66
Restaurants, I 38
RESTON, JAMES, 61
Retail trade, retailers, 22, 141; see also
Businessmen, Department stores, Merchants,
Storekeepers, Trade
Revolutionary War (American), 13-14.
82, 132, I72
Rhode Island, r,q1,43,45,49,172; see also
Newport, Providence
RHODES, IRWIN S., 102-3
RHODES, MRS. IRWIN S., 101, 103
RICHMOND, HARRY R., 88
Richmond, Va., I 2, 98
RIESEL, VICTOR, 63
Righteousness (in names of Jewish congregations),
I 3 3
Rights, human, 51-52. 55-70
Rights, political; see Equality, ~olitical
Rip Van Winkle, 30
Rites; see Religious observance, Ritual
Ritual, rituals, ++, 129, I 36, 168
RIVERA, JACOB RODRIGUEZ, 43,48
Roads, 27, 3 I
ROBERTS, B., I 37
ROBERTSON, MRS. PHIL; see Drachman,
Minnie
Rochester, N. Y., IS, 3 I
Rockville Centre, N. Y., I 25
RODELL, FRED, 73
Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholics; see
Catholicism

RONSTADT, ARMAND V., 147
Sabbatarians, 90
ROONEY, PAT, 3 8
Sabbath, 29, I 10, "5, 117
ROOSEVELT, ELEANOR, 9 1,95
Sacco-Vanzetti case, 75
ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN D., 51, 55, 58, Sachs School, 80
60-61, 73-75, 80,95
SACKS, B., Phoenix, Ariz., 135, 148
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, 73, 75
Sacramento, Calif., 98, rot; City Council,
ROSE, MRS. NISSEL A., 86
r o I ; Historic Landmarks Commission,
ROSEMAN, NATHAN, 103
101
ROSENBAUM (family), 98
Sacrifices, sacrificial system, I zo, r 30
ROSENBAUM (director of Real Estate Trust St. Benedict's College Library, Atchison,
Company), 7
Kans., IOI
ROSENBAUM, BELLA WERETINKOW, 98 St. Eustatius, Netherlands West Indies, IOO
ROSENBERG, BENJAWN B., review Of A St. John's College Library, Collegeville,
Hcritagc Affirmed, r 66-67
Minn., 101
ROSENGARTEN, ISAAC, 169
St. Louis, Mo., 87
ROSENTHAL, ROBERT, 98
ST. MATTHEW, JOHN H., I 3 7
ROSENTHAL, SAMUEL, 99
St. Paul, Minn., 15, 172
ROSENWALD, JULIUS, 3 z
St. Petersburg, Fla., 87
ROSENZWEIG, FRANZ, 108
St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 89
Rosh Hashanah; scc New Year
St. Xavier, Arizona Territory, I 5 z
ROSVALLY, MAX L., 4
SALINGER, JEROME DAVID, 84; Salingcr:
ROSWALD, JACOB, 99
A Critical and Pcrsonal Portrait, 84
ROSWALD, SIMON, 99
SALOMON, HAYM, 14, I 3 2
ROTH, PHILIP, 96
SALOMONS, DAVID, 8
ROTHENBERG, MRS. ROBERT, 88
Saloonkeepers, saloons, 30, 146; scc also
ROTHENHEIM, WOLF, I03
"Jewish saloons"
ROTHSCHILD (family), 8
Salt Lake City, Utah, 22
ROTHSCHILD, CAROLA WARBURG, 99 Salvation of Israel Congregation, Newport,
ROTHSCHILD, JACOB M., 86
R. I.; scc Yeshuat Yisrael Congregation,
ROTHSCHILD, JAMES DE, 6-7
Newport, R. I.
ROTHSCHILD, NATHANIEL MAYER, 5 SAMPSON & CO., 146
ROTHSCHILD, WALTER, 90
Sa~nsun Bmdc~ly, I 69
Roumania, 8, 98; Jews of, 98
SAMUEL, I. N., New York City, 87
ROWE, JOHN J., 93
SAMUEL, MAURICE, I I I
RUBENSTEIN, ANTON, 6
San Bernardino, Calif., I 37, 147-48
RUBIN, ALVAN D., and BENJAMIN EFRON, San Diego, Calif., 142
Yovr Bar Mitzvah, 83
San Francisco, Calif., z, zz, 55, 61, 67-68,
RUBIN, BOB, 40
70, 87. 97, 141, 148, 150, 153; Opera
RUSSELL BROTHERS, 38
House, 63
RUSSELL, LILLIAN, 38-39
San Pedro, Calif., 148
Russia, 5, 52, 58, 62, 75, 102, 113. 123, San Pedro Valley, Arizona, 143
169; Jews of, 11, 15-16, 19, 32,85, 170; Sanburgh (ship), 93
scc also Russian Poland, Soviet Russia SANCHEZ, GABRIEL, 9-10
Russian Poland, r 36
SANDMEL, SAMUEL, 9 ~ ~ 9 5
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, Sandusky, Ohio, 87
N. J., 17 I; Library, IOI
Sandwich, Mass., 43
RUTLEDGE, WILEY BLOUNT, 77
Santa Ana, Calif., I z5
RYNERSON, W. L., Las Cruces, N. Mex., Santa Barbara, Calif., 148
156
Santa Fe, N. Mex., I 35
SANTANGEL, LOUIS, 9-10
S
SANZER REBBE, I07
Saar haSamayim Congregation, London, SAPHIRE, SAUL, and DONOVAN FITZ-
England; scc Bwis Marks Synagogue, PATRICK, Navy Maverick: Uriah Phillips
London, England
Levy, 8 3

SAPIRO, AARON, 95
Secondary schools; see High schools,
Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 3-4
Public schools, Schools
SARGENT, CHRISTOPHER S., 90
Secular education, I 65
SARONY (photographer), 7
Secularism, secular movements, 19
SASPORTAS, HANNAH, 48
Security, 5 1-52; see also World security
SASSOON, ALBERT, 8
SEEBACHER (New York State Assembly-
Satire, I ; see also Pasquils
man), 6
Saturday, 24, 29-30
Segregation, 93, 102
Saved from the Storm, 30
SEIGEL, ROBERT ALAN, 89
SAWYER, COMMANDER F. L., 95
Self-determination, 5 I
Scattered of Israel Congregation, Newport, SELIGMAN (family), 7, 80
R. I.; see NefutsC Yisrael Congregation,
Newport, R. I.
SELIGMAN & CO., 7
SELIGMAN, EDWIN R. A., 95
SCHAFER (family), 103
SELIGMAN, JOSEPH, 3, 7
SCHECHTER, SOLOMON, I 20
Seminaries, I 07 ; see also Rabbinical
SCHEIDEMAN, B., San Francisco, Calif., 87
Schenk v. U. S. (lawsuit), 77
seminaries
Senate (of the United States), senators,
SCHIFF (family), 99
5, 22, 61, 67, 81, 96; see also Congress
SCHIFF, JACOB H., 91-95
(of the United States)
SCHIFF, JOHN M., 93
SENDERS, ALBERT G., 98-99
SCHIFF, MORTIMER L., 94-95
SENDERS, MRS. ALBERT G., 98
SCHILLER, M., LOS Angeles County, SENDERS, JACOB G., 99
Calif., I 37
SCHLAGER, MILTON I., 99
Senior Cir~zens Congregation, Miami
Beach, Fla., I 25
SCHNEIDER (actor), 6
SENIOR, EMMA K., 95
SCHOEN, MYRON E., 84; Successful Syna- SENIOR, JAMES KUHN, 95-96
gogue Administration, 84-85
SENIOR, MARY, 95
Scholars, scholarship, 19-20, 73, 107, 129, SENIOR, MAX, 95-96
131, 172
SCHONBACH, MORRIS, 100
SENIOR, ROSE, 95
Separation of church and state; see Church
Schools, 7, 20, 33, 7879; see also Allday and state
schools, Education, Hebrew schools, Separatism, 50
High schools, Public schools, Reli- Sephardim, 10,43,45, 50, 96, 149; see also
gious schools, Sunday schools, Yeshivot Anglo-Sephardic Jewry, Spanish-Porn-
SCHWAB, JULIAN G., 94
guese Jews
SCHWARZ, JACOB D., 95; Adventures in Sermons, sermonettes, 82, 86, 92-93,
Synagogue Administration, 95; The Life 95-98, 100, 102, 118, 17071; see also
and Letters of Montgomery Prun juice, 95 Addresses, Lecturers, Speeches
SCHWEITZER, BERNARD, 6
Science, 10, 165
"Science of Judaism"; see Wissenschaft des
Service (in names of Jewish congregations).
- -
'3!
Serv~ces, religious; see Worship
Judenthumr
Settlers, 4 I
Scientific merhod, I 29
Setuket, Long Island, N. Y., 38
Scottsdale, Ariz., 87
Sex, 66
Scrap iron industry, 3 I
Shaar Hashamayim Congregation, Kings-
Scriptures; see Bible, New Tesrament, ton, Jamaica, qq
Penrateuch, Torah
SHAINES (family), 99
Scrolls of the Law, 46-47, 54, 87
SEARS, ROEBUCK Co., Chicago, Ill., 32
Shakespeare Hall, Syracuse, N. Y., 30
SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM, 37
SEASONGOOD, LEWIS, 6, 103
Shah (in names of Jewish congregations),
SEASONGOOD, MRS. LEWIS, I03
Secession (Civil War), 97
I34
SHANE, MRS. GERTRUDE SIEGEL, 87
Second World War, I I, 16, 51-52, 56, 59, SHANK, MRS. FLOYD C.; see Drachman,
68, 92, 100, 167-68
Lucille

SHAPIRO, EVELYN KATZ, 96
SHAPIRO, KARL, 96
SHAPIRO, MANHEIM S., IOZ
SHAW, ABRAHAM D., 100
SHEARER, NORMA, 40
Shearith Israel Congregation, New York
City, 10,4.4-45, 87
Shearith Jacob Congregation, New York
City, 87
SHER, ARNOLD, 87
Sheriffs, 5
Sherith Israel Congregation, San Francisco,
Calif., 87
SHIMBERG, Syracuse, N. Y., 27, 30
SHINEDLING, ABRAHAM I., 87,99, 103
SHINEDLING, MOSES, 99
SHIPERO, Syracuse, N. Y., 29
SHIPERO, MAX, 3 I
Shippers, 3 I, 89
Ships, 89, 91-93, 95, 108, 148
Shipwright (ship), 9 I
Sholom of East Gabriel Valley (congregation),
Covina, Calif., I z 5
Short stories, 85; see also Novels
SHOSTECK, ROBERT, 88,98
SHOTWELL, JAMES T., 52, 57, 62-63, 65,
Skullcap; see Yarmelkes
Slave trade, 172
Slaveholding, 97
Slavery, slaves, 10, 16, 80
Slavs, 16
SLOAN, ELEANOR B., 147
SMALL, IRWIN L., 96
SMITH, ALFRED E., 55, 80
SOBEL, SAMUEL, 100
SOBERKROP, HENRY, I 37
Sobriety, 8
Social gospel, 161
Social justice, 19, 67
Social Justice, I o I
Social life, 4, 7-8, 21, 51, 58, 66, 75-76,
78-79, 161, 163-64, 167
Social welfare, 20
Social workers, 21, 166
Socialism, Socialists, 19
Society; see Social life
Society for Jewish Culture (Fairfax
Temple), Los Angeles, Calif., 108
Society of Arizona Pioneers, Tucson,
Ariz., 147
Society of Biblical Literature, 95
Society of Concord, Syracuse, N. Y.,
67, 69
Show business; see Theatre
SHUBERT (family), 33, 37-38, 40
SHUBERT, JACK, 40
SHUBERT, LEE, 40
Shubert Men's Store, Syracuse, N. Y., 36
SHUBERT, SAM (SAMMY), 3 3-34, 37-40
SHUCHAT, JOSEPH J., 87
SHWAYDER, NELLIE WEITZ (MRS. JESSE),
Five Stories, 85
SIEGEL, BENJAMIN M., 103
Silver King, 3 o
SILVER, SAMUEL M., 96
SILVERMAN, Syracuse, N. Y., 27, 30
SILVERMAN, MARTIN I., 88
SIMON, ERASMUS H., 94
SIMON, JOHN, 5
SIMON, JULES FRAN~OIS, 5
SIMSON, JOSEPH, 45
SIMSON, NATHAN, 87
Sin, 161
"Sinai" (name of Jewish congregations),
129
Sinai (Mount) ; see Mount Sinai
Since Yesterday, I 68
SINCLAIR, UPTON, 96
Singers, 38
Sisterhoods, 92
I34
Sociology, sociologists, 16, 19, 21, 163,
166, 171
SOKOLOFF, BENJAMIN A., 96
Soldiers, 89,97,gg-100, 108, 143, 147-48,
160; see also Military service, Militia
SOLINS, SAMUEL, 96
SOLOMON (family), I 35
SOLOMON, ADOLPH, 13 5
SOLOMON, EVA, I 3 5
SOLOMON, EZEKIEL, 89
SOLOMON, HANNAH G., 94
SOLOMON, ISIDOR ELKAN, I 3 5
SOLOMON, ROSA A., I 3 5
Solomonville, Ariz., I 35
Some Burning Questions, 97
SONDERLING, EGMONT, 107
SONDERLING, FRED, I 07
SONDERLING, JACOB, 105, I z I ; "Five
Gates -Casual Notes for an Autobiography,"
107-20, I 23
SONDERLING, MRS. JACOB, 107, I I 7
SONDERLING, JOHANNA LEBOWITSCH, I07
SONDERLING, PAUL, 107
SONDERLING, WILHELM, 107
Song writers, 99
"Sons of Aaron" (name of Jewish congregation),
I 3 3

"Sons of Abraham" (name of Jewish
congregation), I 3 3
"Sons of David" (name of Jewish congregation),
1 3 3
"Sons of Isaac" (name of Jewish congregation),
I 3 3
"Sons of Jacob" (name of Jewish congregation),
I 3 3
"Sons of Joshua" (name of Jewish congregation),
1 3 3
"Sons of Judah" (name of Jewish congregation),
I 3 3
SOTHERN, EDWARD HUGH, 38
South (United States), Southerners, I 6, 3 2,
Stephen S. Wise Free Synagogue, New
York City, 84
STERN, MALCOLM H., 94, 100
STERN, MYER, 6
STERNBERGER (family), 7
STETTINIUS, EDWARD R., JR., 60-67, 69
Stewardship, 80
STILES, EZRA, 42, 46-47
STIMSON, HENRY L., 7 3-75
Stock companies, 39
Stock raising, I 37
STOLZ, JOSEPH H., 96-97
STOLZ, MRS. JOSEPH H., 96
STONE, HARLAN F., 7778
949 137, 170
South Amenca, 49-50, 85, 162
South Carolina, 10, 94, 99; see also
Charleston, S. C.
Southampton, N. Y., 38
Southern Democrats, 80
Southwest, I 35-36, I 59
Soviet Russia, Soviets, 62; see also Russia
Spain; set New Spain
Spanish (language), 48
Spanish-American War, 96, 147
Spanish-Portuguese Jews, 10; set also
. Portuguese Jews, Sephardim
SPARKS, Q. S., San Bernardino, Calif., I 37
Speech, freedom of; see Freedom
Speeches, 95, 102-3; see also Addresses,
Lecturers, Sermons
SPINGARN, JOEL ELIAS, 100
STAAB, A., Santa Fe, N. Mex., 156
Stage; see Theatre
Standard (Syracuse, N. Y.), 24, 34
STARKOFF, BERNARD, 2, 106
STASSEN, HAROLD E., 62
State Department (United States), 56, 59,
62, 65
State rights, states, 58, 60, 68, 79
Statesmen, 5-6, 32; see also Public office
Statistics, 43-44, 47-48? 50, 100, I 37-38,
142-46, 15 1-56, 166,
Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, 7,
Storekeepers, 32, 138, 141-42, 175; see
also Businessmen, Department stores,
Merchants, Retail trade, Trade
STRAKOSCH, MORITZ, 6
STRAUS, NATHAN, 32
STRAUS, OSCAR S., 9-10
Straus Store, New York City, 3 2
STRAUSS, JOHANN, 6
STRAUSS, LEVI, I70
Strike Me Pink, 40
STROUSE, SAMUEL S., 89
Students, 13, 52, 102
Study; see Learning, Jewish
Suburbs, suburbia, 21, 163, 165
Successful Synagogue Administration, 84-85
SUGARMAN, JOAN G., and GRACE R. FREE-
MAN, Inside tht Synagogue-, I 69
Sukkoth (Feast of Tabernacles), 149
SULZBERGER, MRS. ARTHUR HAYS, 89, 98
Sun (New York City), 8
Sunday, 30, 34, I 18; Closing Law bill,
Kansas, 90; Closing Law cases, Minnesota,
103
Sunday schools, I 17-18, I 28-29, I 3 I
Sunday Times (Syracuse, N. Y.); see Times
(Syracuse. N. Y.)
suppliers, 1s4 '
Supreme Court (of the United States), 2 3,
74-75? 77-79? 102
Supreme Court of the State of New York,
172
STEIN, GERTRUDE, I 70
Steinberg Shul, Syracuse, N. Y., 2 2
STEINERT (New York State Assemblyman),
6
STEINFELD, ALBERT, 142
STEINFELD, FREDA, 142
STEINFELD, HAROLD, 142
"Stella" (niece of Edwin R. A. Seligman's
brother), 95
j5, 92
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts,
7 5
Sur Israel mebrew Fraternal Order),
Philadelphia, Pa., 94
Sureties (bonds), 153-54, I 56
Surinam, 49-50
Survival, I 59
SUSSKIND, DAVID J., 87
Sweden, 22, 27, 34

204 AMERIC
Swedish (language), 34
Temple Emanuel, Curafao, Netherlands
Symbolism, symbols, 79
Antilles, 86; Honolulu, Hawaii, roo;
"Synagogue in Newport, A," 41-50 Newton, Mass., 163
Synagogue of the Hills, Rapid City, S. Temple Emanu-El, New York City, 93,
Dak., 133
109, 125; San Francisco, Calif., 97;
Synagogues, the synagogue, I, I I, 29-30, Scottsdale, Ariz., 87
41-50, 53-54, 74, 84-85, 93, 105, 110,
113, 115, 124-34, 164, 169; see &so
Congregations, Temples
Temple Isaiah, Forest Hills, New York
City, 130; Lexington, Mass., 130; Los
Angeles, Calif., I 30
"Synagogues, American, The Lessons of Temple Isaiah Israel, Chicago, Ill., 92
the Names," I 24-34
Temple Israel, Boston, Mass., 140; Mem-
Syracuse, N. Y., r, 22-34, 36-40, 92, I 34 phis, Tenn., 87
Syracuse Herald (Syracuse, N. Y.), 24, 34 Temple Miriam; see Temple Beth Miriam
SZOLD (family), 96
Temple Mizpah, Chattanooga, Tenn., r 33
SZOLD, HENRIETTA, 96
Temple Mount Sinai, El Paso, Tex., 135
Temple on the Heights, Cleveland Heights,
Ohio, 133
Temple Sinai, Brookline, Mass., 82; Summit,
N. J., 82; Washington, D. C., 171
Tabernacles, Feast of; see Sukkoth Temples; see Congregations, Synagogues
TAFT, WILLIAM HOWARD, 73-74
Tallis, Taleisim, Tallesim (prayer shawls),
Ten Commandments, 8
"Ten Year Chronological Sketch of
109, .. I 26, . 164; .. Tallis Karm, I 17
Talmud, I 3 r
Isidor Cohen, Leading Jewish Pioneer of
Early Miami, Florida," 98
Talmud Torah, Duluth. Mim.. 103
Tammany, amm man^ 'Hall, ~ e York w
Tennessee, 99; see also
Memphis, Nashville
Chattanooga,
City, 80-8 I
TAVEL, HENRY, 96
Tenth Legislative Assembly, Arizona, I 50
Tercentenary (of Jewish settlement in
Taxation, 79
Teachers, 22, 73, 118, 166; see also
America), 12, 15
Territorial integrity, 5 I
Instructors, Professors, Rabbis
Terrorism, 97
Tebah; see Lectern
Texas, 82-83; see also Dallas, El Paso,
Technology, I 70
Fort Worth, Galveston, Houston
Tefllin (phylacteries), I I 7, I 26, I 64 Texas Western College, El Paso, Tex., r 35
Tel Aviv, Israel, 93
Thalheimer's Wholesale Grocery, Syra-
Telephones, 28
cuse, N. Y., 32-34
TEMKIN, SEFTON D., IOZ
THALMESSINGER, MEYER, 7
THAYER, JAMES BRADLEY, 75
Theatre, theatres, 5-6, 30, 37-40, 126;
Yiddish theatre, 104; see also Drama,
Musical comedy
Theatrical managers, 37-39
Theatrical producers; see Producers
Theological seminaries; see
seminaries
Rabbinical
Theology, theologians, 93, 96, 161, 172
THOMAS, HELEN SHIRLEY, Felix Frdfurt~r:
Scholar m the Bmch (review),
7879
Thom~sm, 161
Three Rivers, Canada, 88
Through Morocco to Minnesota, Sketches of
Life in Three Cmtinmts, 102
Timra Wda: Episodios de la Colmimcih
Tempe, Ariz., 143
Temple (of Jerusalem), I 20
Temple Aaron, Trinidad, Colo., I 3 2
Temple Akiba, Culver City, Calif., 13 I
Temple Albert, Albuquerque, N. Mex.,
132
Temple Beth El, Akron, Ohio, 139;
Detroit, Mich., 84, I 7 3 ; Elizabeth,
N. J., 178; Odessa, Tex., 87
Temple Beth-El, St. Petersburg, Fla., 87
Temple Beth Israel, New York City, 103
Temple Beth Miriam, Elberon, N. J., I 3 2
Temple Beth Sholom, Ish~eming, Mich.,
125; of Orange County, Santa Ana,
Calif., I z 5
Temple B'nai Israel, Columbus, Miss., 86
Temple Concord, Bingharnton, N. Y., I 34

INDEX 205
Agraria Judfa en la Argentina, 1889-1959,
85
TiIim; see Psalms
TILLICH, PAUL, 161, 172
TILLY, VESTA,.~~ .
Times, Sunday Times (Syracuse, N. Y.),
24, 34
Tinplate industry, 27
To Judrrt Iscariot, I o I
Tobacco trade, 3 I, 146
TOBIAS, THOMAS J., 103
Toledo, Ohio, 90
Tombstone, Ariz., 142
Tombstones, 87
TOPEL, JOSEPH, 103-4
Torah, I 7 2 ; see also Bible, Pentateuch
Torah scrolls; see Scrolls of the Law
Torat Ha-Olah, I 2 o
Tories, I-j
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 90, I 3 3
TORQUEMADA, TOMAS DE, 8
Tortillas, r 36
TOURO, ISAAC, 47
TOURO, JUDAH, 7, I 32
Touro Synagogue, Newport, R. I., 1,
5 3-54
Trade, traders, trading, 4, 13, 3 I, 48,
I 5 I -53 ; see also Economic life
Tradition, I 20, 166
Traditional Judaism; see Orthodox Judaism
Trans-Jordan, 9 r
Translations, translators, 104, 169
Transportation, I 54
Travel, travelers, 91, 95, 108
Treaty of Berlin; see Berlin, Treaty of
"Tree of Life" (name of Jewish congregation),
I33
Trcffa (non-kosher food), r 14
Trinidad, Colo., I 04
TROTSKY, LEON, 75
TRUMAN, HARRY S., 89-90, 96-97; Library,
Independence, Mo., 90
Tucson, Ariz., 135, 141, 143, 145-53;
Masonic Order, I 52
Tudescos; see Ashkenazim
TULLY, OCHOA CO., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I
Turkey, 56
TURNER, JUSTIN G., 94
Tuscaloosa, Ala., 93
Tweed Ring, New York City, 3
Union (American), 50; see also America,
United States
Union Club, 7
Union, congregational (proposed), 10 I
Union League Club, 7
Union of American Hebrew Congregations,
84, 89, 92-93, 95, 97-98, 132
Unions, 19
United Booking Office, 40
United Hebrew Congregation, St. Louis,
Mo., 87
United Jewish Appeal, I 67
United Nations, United Nations Charter,
United Nations Organization, United
Nations Conference on International
Organization, 2, 56, 58, 60-62, 64,
66-69, 97; Commission on Human
lb hts, 56; Conference, San Francisco,
Cafif., 55; Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration (UNRRA) , 8 I
United Palestine Appeal, 97
United States, 5, 7, 12, 19, 27, 3 I, 409
50-52, 55-56, 58, 66-67? 74, 909 93-94,
roo-101,113,137-38,141, 144-45, 147,
154-56, 162, 166; Army, 92, 143;
Atlant~c Fleet, United States Navy,
94-95; Bill of Rights, 56; Navy, 5, 83,
94-95; see also America, North (United
States), South (United States), West
(United States)
Universalism, 19, I 62
Universities, 13, 51,81-82,86-87,97, 107,
r 10, r 18, 129, 165, 170; seealso Colleges
University of Breslau, 107
University of California, Riverside, Calif.,
170
University of California Library, 97;
Jacob Voorsanger Memorial Collection,
97
Umversity of Cincinnati, 81 ; of Mississippi,
86; of Nebraska, 82; of North
Carolina Library, Chapel Hill, N. C.,
102; of Oregon, 87; of Tiibingen, 107;
of Vienna, 107; of Washington, 98
Upper class, 9
Urban areas, 13, 21, 31-32, 163-64
U. S. v. Carolene Prodwts CO. (lawsuit),
77-78
Utah, 34
Utica, N. Y., 15, 94
Utica Saturday Globe (Utica, N. Y.), 24
Vaad Hakashruth, New York City, I 14
Valley Temple, Cincinnati, Ohio, r 3 3
VAN DEUSEN, L. MARSHALL, JR., 100

206 AMERICA
VAN STRAATEN, MINNIE (MRS. JACOB S.) , WARBURG, EDWARD M. M., 93, 99
87
WARBURG, FELIX M., 94-96,99
VANBRUGH, JOHN, 46
WARBURG, FRIEDA SCHIFF, 99; Reminis-
VANDENBERG, ARTHUR H., 61, 66-67 cences of a Long Life, 99
VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS, 95
WARBURG, R. D., CO., 89
VELASCO, D., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I
WARD (of Ward & Volkes), 38
Vendome Hotel, El Paso, Tex., I 35 Warehouses, 3 I
Ventura, Calif., I 25
Warsaw, Mo., 88
Ventura County Jewish Council, Ventura, Washington, D. C., 12, 87, 89-90, 93-97,
Calif., I 25
I 7 I ; Washington Hebrew Congregation,
Vermont, 3 I
87
VERVEER, ELCHANON, 7
washington Heights, New York City,
VERVEER, SALOMON, 7
114-15
Victorianism, Victorians, 10-1 I
WASSERMAN, MRS. SIDNEY, 87
Vienna, Austria, 107, I 32
WATSON, BILLY, 3 8
VIERECK, GEORGE SYLVESTER, 70 WATERMAN, A., 160
Village Temple, New York City, I 3 3 WATSON, HENRY (alias Henry Benjamin),
Virginia, 32, 94; see also Norfolk, Rich- 90
mond
WAX, JAMES A., 87,99
Vistula River, 19
"Way of Pleasantness" (name of Jewish
VOGEL, JULIUS, 8
congregation), I 3 3
VOLKES (of Ward & Volkes), 38 Wealth, 80
VOLKMAN, SAMUEL, 89
WEBER, JOSEPH M., 37-38
VOORSANGER, ELKAN C., 97
WECHSLER, JAMES, 162
VOORSANGER, JACOB, 97, 99; Memorial Weddings; see Marriage
Collection, University of California Weekly Ariwna Citizen (Tucson, Ariz.),
Library, 97
'47, '5'
VOSBURGH, LEONARD, I 70
Weekly Arizonian (Tucson, Ariz.) , 142,
Voss, CARL HERMANN, review of Courage
to Change, I 6 1-62
'53
WEHLE, BERTHA (MRS. ELKAN), 99
WEIGEL, GUSTAVE, 162
WEIL, JOSIAH, 97
Wabash River, 3 2
WACHOLDER, BEN ZION, 9 I
WAGNER, RICHARD, I 2 3
WAISMAN, F., 95
WALETZKY, CECILIA G., 168
WALKER, JAMES J., I 16
WALLACH (director of Real Estate Trust
Company), 7
WALLACK, LESTER, 6
Wallack's Theatre, New York City, 6
WALSH, JOE, 38
WALTER, BRUNO, 108
War, 43, ?9-81; see also Black Hawk
War, Civd War (United States), First
World War, French and Indian War,
Mexican Cam aign (19162, Second
World War, lPanish-~merlcan War,
War of 1812
War Department (United States), 80
War of 181~,94
WARBURG (family), 99
WEIL, LEOPOLD JACOB, 97
Weimar, Germany, ror
WEINSTEIN, JACOB J., 90
WEISS, LOUIS, 97; Some Burning Questions,
97
WEISS, LOUIS R., 87
Weiss, State [Minnesota] v., Sunday Closing
Law case (lawsuit), 103
WEIZMANN, CHAIM, 7374
Welch, W. Va., 96
Welfare, 80
WELISCH, THEODORE, I 5 I
Welsh, the, 27
WERETINKOW (family), 98
WERETINKOW, BELLA, 98
West (United States), I 37
West Shore Railroad, 34
West Virginia State Board of Education V.
Barnette (lawsuit), 76
WESTERMANN, EMMA, 95
WETZLER, JULIUS, I 35
What Cants Most in Lije?, I 70

INDEX
WHEATON, GENERAL, Ft. Whipple, Ariz.,
I54
White collar class, 2 I
White House, Washington, D. C., 95
WHITEMAN, PAUL, 40
Wholesalers, 27, 3 1-32, 141
Wichita, Kans., 6, 88, 90
WIENIAWSKI, HENRI, 6
Willemstad, Cura@o, 44
WILLIAMS (of Lord & Williams), Tucson,
Ariz., 151
Williams College, 80
WILLIAMS, WHEELER W., 143
Williamsburg (Brooklyn), N. Y., I 63-66;
Williamsburg: A Jewish Community in
Tmitiun, I 63-66
Williamsport, Pa., 24
WILLISTON, SAMUEL, 7 3
Wills, 90
Wilmington, Del., 96
Wilmington, N. C., 6
WILSON, WOODROW, 51,73-74,83
Wine, I I 3
Winnetka, Ill., 130
WINSTON, JOHN C., COMPANY, zz
WINTER, M. M., Gary, Ind., IOI
Wisconsin, 3 I; see also Madison, Milwaukee
WISE, CARRIE, 95
WISE, IPHIGENE, 89
WISE, ISAAC MAYER, 3, 89, 97, 103, 132,
I 60; Memorial Fund, 92
WISE, JONAH B., 96
WISE, STEPHEN S., 83, 96-97, 105, I I I,
114, 124-28, 132
Wissenschaft des Judenthums, I 07, I 29
Wizard of Oz, The, 37
WOLF, FREDERICK, 99
WOLF, LUCIEN, 99
WOLF, MORRIS, I 37
WOLF, SIMON, 97-98
Women, 4, 13, 95, 109, 115, 152, 174,
'77
Women's clothing industry; see Garment
industry
WOOD BROS., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I
Woodbine, N. J., 134; Woodbine Brotherhood
Synagogue, I 34
Wool trade, 3 I
WOOLF, MICHAEL A., 7
Work Projects Administration (WPA),
11
Workers, 19, 27, 34; semiskilled, 164;
skilled, I 64; see also Labor
WORKUM (family), 99
World Affairs, 60, 69
World Jewish Congress, 56
World security, 52; see also Security
World War I; see First World War
World War 11; see Second World War
Worship, 10, 24, 29-30, 46-47, 86, I 17,
125-27, 130-31, 134, 162
Worship, freedom of; see Freedom
WPA; see Work Projects Administration
Writers, 84, 96, 98; see also Authors
Yale College, Yale University, New
Haven, Conn., 46, I 10; Yale Law
School, 73
Yarmelkes (prayer caps), 109, I 26
Yeshivot, I 64
Yeshuat Yisrael Congregation, Newport,
R. I., 42-50; see also NehtsC Yisrael
Congregation, Newport, R. I.
Yiddish, Yiddish literature, 19, 82, 108
Yiddish Marionette Theatre, New York
97,
104
Ylddlsh Scientific Institute (YIVO), New
York City; see YIVO Institute for
Jewish Research
Yiddish theatre; see Theatre
YISMACH MOSHEH, I07
Yivo Annual of Jewish Social Scirnce, I z
YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New
York City, 11-12, 88, 92
Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), 43, 149
York, Pa., 103
Young Men's Hebrew Association, Cincinnati,
Ohio, 88; Literary Circle, 88
Young Men's-Young Women's Hebrew
Association, New York City! 55
Young People's Branch Committee of the
Educational Alliance, New York City,
8 8
Your Bar Mitzvah, 83
Youth, 83, 95, 123, 133
YULEE, DAVID S., error for David Levy
Yulee, 5
Yuma, Ariz., 146
Yuma County, Ariz., I 37
ZECKENDORF BROS., Tucson, Ariz., I 5 I
ZEISLER, ERNEST B., 90-9 I
ZEPIN, GEORGE, 9 I, 98

ZIELO~, MARTIN, 98
"Zionism and the Future of Palestine,"
"Zion" (name of Jewish congregations), 95
131
Zionist Organization of America, I I I
Zionism, Zionists, Zionist movement, Zurnhraga and th Mexican Inquisition, 84
19-20,90,95,111,132, 162 ZUM~RAGA, JUAN DE, 84
The editors of the American Jewish Archives have learned, and believe
others will wish to be informed, that individual issues and volumes, along
with a few complete sets, of Th Menorah Journal (191 5-1961 ) are avail-
able for purchase by institutions and private collectors. Inquiries may be
addressed to Kraus Periodicals, Inc,, 16 East 46th Street, New York,
N. Y., 10017.
The American Jewish Archives is eager to secure for its collection,
letters, papers, and other material dealing with the late American Jewish
writer, Ludwig Lewisohn. The Archives will gladly accept originals, but
if holders of Lewisohniana wish to retain the originals in their own posses-
sion, the Archives is able to photoduplicate such items for its collection
and return the original to their owners.

Pllt:!TE.KI 15 'PI1F. U?IlTEU S7h'FPS LIV AMERICA