The War On Cancer
The War On Cancer
The War On Cancer
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<strong>The</strong> <strong>War</strong> <strong>On</strong> <strong>Cancer</strong>Where we are in the battle and whywe haven’t wonAdrianna San RomanLeah LiuClare Malone
$200 billion oncancer researchin U.S.A.<strong>The</strong> <strong>War</strong> on <strong>Cancer</strong>1971 State of the UnionAddress
<strong>Cancer</strong> Progress569,470 people projected to die fromcancer in 2010
“Advances Elusive in theDrive to Cure <strong>Cancer</strong>” –New York Times, April 23,2009Why haven’t we cured canceryet?“Off Target in the <strong>War</strong>on <strong>Cancer</strong>” –Washington Post,November 4, 2007
Tonight’s TalksPrinciples of cancer<strong>Cancer</strong> therapeuticsObstacles in developing cancer therapies
Know the enemy!Define: Normal cells vs. <strong>Cancer</strong> cellsExplain: DNA mutations, cell signaling pathwaysRecognize: <strong>Cancer</strong> is not one disease
<strong>The</strong> Human Body is Made Upof Organs With SpecificFunctionsLiverMuscleStomachLungs& heartIntestineKidneys
Organs Are Made of CellsCellsPiece ofintestineIntestine
Cells Are Organized in aParticular WayJanghee WooIntestinalCellCross-sectionof theIntestine
Normal Cells Listen toSignalsRequire growth signals todivideRequire antigrowthsignals tostop dividingXNormalCellNormalCell
<strong>Cancer</strong> Cells IgnoreSignalsSelf-sufficient ingrowth signalsInsensitive to antigrowthsignals<strong>Cancer</strong>Cell
Cell Division is Uncontrolled in<strong>Cancer</strong>NormalCell<strong>Cancer</strong>CellTumor
<strong>Cancer</strong> Cells Avoid CellDeathCellDeathSignalsNormalCell<strong>Cancer</strong>Cell
What does uncontrolledgrowth look like?Janghee WooNormalIntestineAdenoma(precursor to colon
<strong>Cancer</strong> Cells Can Leave <strong>The</strong>irHome Tissue and SpreadThroughout the BodyLiverMuscleStomachLungs& heartIntestine“MetastasiKidneys
General Properties of <strong>Cancer</strong>1.Ignore signalsCells2.Uncontrolled cell division3.Avoid cell death4.Able to move throughout thebody (metastasize)
What causes abnormalproperties of cancer cells?
Cell Signaling Pathways• Like a phone tree!SignalReceptorPathwayComponePathwayComponeOutput
Cell Signaling PathwaysExamples: Cell division, cell death, etc.Stephen McKay
Cell Growth Example – RasPathwayNormal CellGrowthsignalRasB-rafMekCellgrowthanddivisionSignalReceptorPathwayComponentPathwayComponentPathwayComponentOutput
Cell Growth Example – RasPathway<strong>Cancer</strong> CellGrowthsignalRasB-rafMekAbnor Cellmal growth cellgrowth anddivision anddivisionSignalReceptorPathwayComponentPathwayComponentPathwayComponentOutput
<strong>The</strong>re are many diversetypes of cancerSignalingPathway ASignalingPathway BSignalingPathway C
What Causes Alterations inCell Signaling Pathways?It starts with DNA…Michale Strock
Genes and ProteinsDNA = instruction manualGenes = chaptersProteins = machines
MutatedDNAMistakes or Damage to DNACauses MutationsInheritedUVExposureSmokingClick to edit Master text stylesSecond level●Third level●Fourth level●Fifth levelAbnormalprotein
<strong>On</strong>cogenes<strong>On</strong>cogenes are genes that can cause cancer.<strong>On</strong>cogenic proteins are usually stuck in the “ON” state in cancer.
Cell Growth Example – RasPathway<strong>Cancer</strong> CellRasB-rafMekAbnormal cellgrowthanddivisionSignalReceptorPathwayComponentPathwayComponentPathwayComponentOutput
Tumor SuppressorsTumor suppressors are genes that work against cancerTumor suppressor proteins are usually turned OFF in cancerNormalCell<strong>On</strong>cogenicProteinTumor Suppressor Protein<strong>Cancer</strong>Cell
<strong>The</strong>re are many diversetypes of cancerMutation ASignalingPathway AMutation BSignalingPathway BMutation CSignalingPathway C
RecapProperties of cancer cellsAbnormal growth and migration through the bodyMutations in DNA and signaling pathways can cause cancerExample: mutation in the Ras pathway<strong>Cancer</strong> is not one disease!
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