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of such goals and desires and how to return the context to its desired state whenever a disturbingsituation has taken place. Despite the fact that stating the system goals can be successfully achieved,by resorting for instance to Multi-Agent Systems, there is much room for improvement in providingflexible responses that address undesired situations.Besides, an additional weakness can also be pointed out as a direct consequence of the multidisciplinarynature that characterizes Ambient Intelligence. It has already been stated that the mostcompelling approach to tackling this multidisciplinarity is by means of a comprehensive approach[25] entailing different technologies and approaches. However, this is a highly demanding task thathas generally been simplified by reducing the set of challenges being addressed, ignoring or overlookingthe rest of them. The state of the art revision is also intended to identify how this weaknessis managed by the different approaches.Apart from the aforementioned weaknesses, there are some other relevant aspects that are of interestfrom the perspective of the revision of the state of the art in systems for Ambient Intelligence. Inthis sense, the following section revises the most relevant works proposed to date with the intention inmind of highlighting features worth mentioning, but also intended to determine those essential aspectsof Ambient Intelligence that have been overlooked. Moreover, the remaining sections focus on analyzinghow three of the most relevant challenges have been addressed. The first of those challenges,addressed in Section 2.3, concerns how device communication demands have been fulfilled by meansof middleware architectures. Special emphasis has been given to the revision of research approachesrather than on commercial implementations. Section 2.4 revises the solutions proposed to date totackle the problem of knowledge modeling. Section 2.5 starts by revising the different existing strategiesto service composition, and it continues with a revision of the implementation decisions that thepreviously surveyed architectures have adopted with the purpose of supporting service composition.Finally, the last section is devoted to summarizing the interim conclusions arrived at from reviewingthe state of the art.2.2 Ambient Intelligence SystemsThe inherent complexity of building system architectures for Ambient Intelligence, as mentionedabove, is an effect of the multidisciplinary aspect of the challenges involved in such tasks. As a majorconsequence, such multidisciplinarity has repercussions on the scale of the efforts that are requiredfor accomplishing the development of such systems. As can be noticed from the following lines, themagnitude of the approaches proposed to date clearly reveals the need for addressing this endeavorfrom a divide-and-conquer perspective.The different fields of knowledge from which the task of building solutions for Ambient Intelligenceis being addressed, range from Artificial Intelligence to Robotics, Communication Networks,or Electronic Engineering among others. Some of the contributions made to these fields of knowledgecan be successfully extrapolated to Ambient Intelligence, reporting great benefits in addressingsome of the unresolved issues of Ambient Intelligence. However, this section is not concerned aboutdescribing such contributions from an implementation perspective, but rather it focuses on outliningthe most relevant aspects of such contributions and how they helped bridge the differences with theenvisioned scenarios for Ambient Intelligence.At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that research efforts in the Ambient Intelligence fieldare receiving important support from the European Union, as is evidenced by the significant numberof projects that are directly funded.Before starting the description and analysis of the surveyed works, it is necessary to state theterms that determine how such activity has been carried out. The following projects have been ana-16
lyzed from the point of view of the shortages or weaknesses they are intended to solve, the approachesand solutions they propose and the details they have also overlooked. In the following lines, theseprojects and the architectures and approaches they propose are assessed from the perspective of twoof the major concerns that this thesis is trying to cope with: a) how to deal with novel or unexpectedsituations; and b) how to implement the ad-hoc system behaviors that are supposed to lead the environmentto the desired state. Nevertheless, these challenges have been overlooked for the majority ofthe approaches for Ambient Intelligence and, traditionally, attention in this field has been addressedto different concerns, such as to those related to human-centered computing, network managementissues, service discovery and management, or Quality of Service, among the most relevant.It is a general trend, among the following surveyed work, that despite successfully coping withsome of the aforementioned common concerns, they tend to make simple assumptions about the setof situations that they are considering, therefore ignoring the possibility of unpredictable situationsto take place. In addition to this, the spectrum of possible system responses implemented by theseapproaches is fixed and static, rather than being subject to the requirements and peculiarities of thespecific ongoing situation. Despite having overlooked the management of unpredicted situations orthe implementation of flexible responses, the surveyed projects have made breakthrough contributionsto the field of Ambient Intelligence, and they are quite definitely the groundings upon which this andfuture works have to be built upon.To start with, the emblematic MIT project called Oxygen 1 was one of the main and most successfulapproaches to the problem of pervasiveness. This project was mainly devoted to simplifyingcomputer interaction, in such a way that efforts were addressed to achieve an interaction paradigm as“pervasive as the air”. The relevance of this project is grounded in the fact that it was one of the firstserious attempts to achieve a pervasive environment, based on the combination of the technologiesthat were populating the environment. Moreover, this project is mainly motivated by the desire to devisean interaction style that resembles the one that humans naturally use. In this sense, the intentionis that rather than having to adapt human interaction patterns to those offered by machines, communicationroutines adapted to humans are provided. Basically, the Oxygen project can be consideredas one of the firsts project aimed at placing humans at the core of computing.The main focus of this project was to determine how to overcome the technical challenges thatwere involved in the advocated vision. The proposed approach consists in considering the environmentas a combination of eight different technologies, each of which is specifically designed toaddress certain user needs. The different sets of technologies are arranged in such a way that interactionsare offered in an easy-to-use and adaptable way, exploiting the benefits derived from thedifferent technology cooperation as well as from the enhanced access to information based on customizedinformation about user preferences.Despite the fact that this project was not originally conceived to address Ambient Intelligence, itis worth noticing that the contributions it made have been foundational for the majority of the projectsproposed for Ambient Intelligence.The Computers in the Human Interaction Loop (CHIL) [147] project is proposed by a consortiumof 15 research laboratories. The focus of this project is on how humans interact with computers,and how to turn this interaction into a more natural mechanism of communication in which people’sattention is not drawn to the artifact, but on the contrary, it is the artifact’s responsibility to focus onhumans and their interactions.Improving the interaction loop, in such a way that it comes to resemble human to human interac-1 http://oxygen.csail.mit.edu/Overview.html17
Page 1: DEPARTAMENTO DE TECNOLOGÍAS Y SIST
Page 4 and 5: María José Santofimia RomeroTelé
Page 7: ResumenLa Inteligencia Ambiental, p
Page 11 and 12: ContentsContentsList of TablesList
Page 13: CONTENTSVII7.4.4 The Plan Executor
Page 17: List of Figures4.1 Kripke model for
Page 21: Part IPreliminaries3
Page 24 and 25: This gap poses an urgent need to de
Page 26 and 27: and events, and the mechanisms to r
Page 28 and 29: Maria’s ankle as an impediment to
Page 30 and 31: 1.3 Aims and objectivesGiven that t
Page 32 and 33: The fourth item concerns the way th
Page 36 and 37: tion, is addressed by coping with a
Page 38 and 39: networking from being widely spread
Page 40 and 41: The MERL’s Ambient Intelligence f
Page 42 and 43: tions come into play. These scenari
Page 44 and 45: interact with electronic devices, e
Page 46 and 47: tionally, the middleware architectu
Page 48 and 49: The idea behind the work proposed h
Page 50 and 51: esources under a middleware based o
Page 53: Part IIUnderstanding35
Page 56 and 57: obvious. In this sense, sociologist
Page 58 and 59: true throughout a time interval, or
Page 60 and 61: application domain is (true, false)
Page 62 and 63: (SubAsbstrac Nathan Nathan2007)(Sub
Page 64 and 65: Moreover, events not only cannot be
Page 66 and 67: epresented by means of the notion o
Page 68 and 69: Context-awareness is one of the mai
Page 70 and 71: In any case, the adopted behavioral
Page 72 and 73: when the water level starts increas
Page 74 and 75: Traditionally, these responses have
Page 76 and 77: true.Additionally, the meaning of t
Page 78 and 79: (6) Statement → Service-ID perfor
Page 80 and 81: the set of possible contexts, and M
Page 82 and 83: in which S is a nonempty set of sta
Page 84 and 85:
are considered possible given the p
Page 86 and 87:
cope with the demands involved in d
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 5Understanding Context Situ
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Figure 5.1: Overall view of the pro
Page 93 and 94:
adjusting existing knowledge to sim
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of some events involves the stateme
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( new-statement { picker } {is loca
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The way of determining which after
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CL-USER > ( the-x-of-y-is-z { enter
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CL-USER > ( the-only-x-of-y-is-z {
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CL-USER > ( get-element-fluent ( lo
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The specificity of the propositiona
Page 109 and 110:
Following the same dynamic, the dif
Page 111:
part is intended to propose a solut
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 6Behavioral Response Genera
Page 117 and 118:
and action selection by means of a
Page 119 and 120:
wants the room to be at a higher te
Page 121 and 122:
state of the world with those plann
Page 123 and 124:
conflict. The later strategy requir
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Function f returns the actions, fro
Page 127:
next step selected in the plan. The
Page 130 and 131:
of it. It is also possible to try t
Page 132 and 133:
Agent System (MAS), individual agen
Page 134 and 135:
the requirements stated for the BRG
Page 136 and 137:
The action planning algorithmMaking
Page 138 and 139:
The advantages underlying service c
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effects. On the contrary, an approp
Page 143:
Part IVValidation and discussions12
Page 146 and 147:
taking place. The interpretation of
Page 148 and 149:
The key elements of the evaluation
Page 150 and 151:
also been proved to serve as a mean
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Table 8.2: Simulation Configuration
Page 154 and 155:
the knowledge-base, it saves time i
Page 156 and 157:
effects and the sensed ones leads t
Page 158 and 159:
Table 8.3: Personal information of
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Scenario Interpretations Number of
Page 162 and 163:
understand the terms used to descri
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Finally, the causal explanation app
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2. A2: To provide a service composi
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System has to be motivated by goals
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een addressed by this thesis. Howev
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Bibliography[1] Gregory D. Abowd, A
Page 175 and 176:
[25] Diane J. Cook, Juan C. Augusto
Page 177 and 178:
[54] Tao Gu, Hung Keng Pung, and Da
Page 179 and 180:
[83] Clemens Lombriser, Nagendra B.
Page 181 and 182:
[110] Davy Preuveneers, Jan Van den
Page 183 and 184:
[134] John F. Sowa. Conceptual Stru
Page 185:
Part VIAppendix167
Page 188 and 189:
Ambient Intelligence environment, i
Page 190 and 191:
invocation. However, in reality the
Page 192 and 193:
consists in querying the Topic Mana
Page 194 and 195:
Figure A.4: Multi-Agent System over
Page 196 and 197:
The result of the planning algorith
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concepts and relationships are impl
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As listed below, the recognition ac
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184Figure A.8: Sequence diagram for
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}query = " ( b−wire ( car ( list
Page 207:
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