Visual apparatus Visual pathway Cortical visual fields

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The Photoreceptors:PHOTOTRANSDUCTION• Rods and cones contain photopigments- chemicalsthat release energy when struck by light.Photopigments consist of 11-cis-retinal(derivative of Vitamin A) which is bound to opsin (aprotein).Light converts 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal,which ultimately activates 2 nd messenger systems thatwork to close Na+ channels, hyperpolarizing thereceptor.
The Photoreceptors:PHOTOTRANSDUCTIONPhotoreceptors input to retinal bipolar cells, which input to retinalganglion cells.Photoreceptors and bipolar cells do not produce action potentials. Theyproduce graded potentials.lightRetinal ganglion cells produce actionpotentials.
Page 1 and 2: Charles University in Prague - Firs
Page 3: Brain regionscortexbasal gangliatha
Page 6 and 7: The development of the eye
Page 9: Lens developmenthttp://www.dogstuff
Page 14 and 15: VISUAL PATHWAY1.,2.,3. N - rods and
Page 18 and 19: Regulation der Kapillardurchblutung
Page 20 and 21: a.+v. centralis retinae
Page 22 and 23: BLIND SPOT
Page 24 and 25: “red” or “L” cones long wav
Page 28 and 29: The Photoreceptors:PHOTOTRANSDUCTIO
Page 30 and 31: Geometric illusions
Page 32 and 33: Visual Pathways to the Cerebral Cor
Page 34 and 35: Cortex - quadrantanopia(ischaemia i
Page 36 and 37: Optical tractPetrovický et al.: An
Page 38 and 39: Lateral Geniculate Nucleus•(LGN)
Page 40 and 41: V1(Br17) - primary visual cortex,si
Page 42 and 43: Branches of the visual pathway (all
Page 44 and 45: http://anthropotomy.com/assets/imag
Page 46 and 47: gangl. cervicale ▪superiusnn. cil
Page 48 and 49: Pupillary light reflex + accommodat
Page 50 and 51: Pupillary dilation and constriction
Page 52 and 53: ?????????-ocular reflex - the Extra
Page 54 and 55: ExtraocularmusclesWiliams P.L. (Ed)
Page 56 and 57: Senile macular degenerationhttp://w
Page 58 and 59: Retinal amotionhttp://www.lexum.cz/
Page 60 and 61: Lacrimal apparatusWiliams P.L. (Ed)

Visual apparatus Visual pathway Cortical visual fields

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