The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) - Service correctionnel du Canada

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The two scales on the DHS, Depression and Hopelessness, were shown to be very accurate (ROC of .99 and .92 respectively) in detecting offender distress as defined by multiple elevations of the four domains of Depression, Anxiety, Hypochondrias and Self- Depreciation on the Basic Personality Inventory (Mills & Kroner, 2005). The DHS is related to the “psychache” (defined as intense psychological pain) which is considered a precursor to acts of self-harm (Mills, Green, & Reddon, 2005). Elevations on the Depression scale indicate endorsement of thoughts and feelings of sadness, disappointment and failure. Items reflecting difficulties sleeping, lack of energy and loss of appetite are included in the scale. High scores on the Hopelessness scale suggest the respondent sees the future as bleak and unhappy. A third component of the measure is the 12 items associated with risk for suicide. Scoring, interpretation and recommended cut-off scores The authors of the DHS have advised that T-scores can be used to determine suitable cut-offs for a given population. In addition, elevations on the scales of Depression and Hopelessness in conjunction with a history of self-harm and cognitions permissive of suicide have been shown to indicate an increased likelihood for suicide related ideation (Mills & Kroner, 2008). For the purposes of this report, we have identified offenders with T-scores of 65 and above which is consistent with the same cut-off score chosen for the BSI as well as T- scores of 60 and above. The authors advise that mental health professionals need to establish their own decision rules around intervention for respondents endorsing the suicide risk items, but they recommend that endorsement of any of the three items related to current suicidal ideation warrants a further assessment for potential risk for suicide. The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) The BSI (Derrogatis, 1993) is a 53 item self report symptom inventory that assesses nine patterns of clinically relevant psychological symptoms. It is a brief version of the Symptom Checklist List 90-R (SCL-90-R). Correlations between the BSI and SCL-R-90 are reported to range from .92 to .99 (Derogatis, 1993). The BSI has been used in a variety of clinical and counselling settings as a mental health screening tool and as a method of measuring symptom reduction during and after treatment. It has been demonstrated to retain its reliability and validity in numerous cross cultural studies. The nine dimensions the scale measures are: Somatization (distress arising from perceptions of bodily dysfunction), 6
Obsession-Compulsion (thoughts and impulses that are experienced as unremitting and irresistible but are of an unwanted nature), Interpersonal Sensitivity (feelings of personal inadequacy and inferiority in comparison with others), Depression (symptoms of dysphoric mood and affect as well as lack of motivation and loss of interest in life), Anxiety (nervousness and tension as well as panic attacks and feelings of terror), Hostility (thoughts, feelings or actions that are characteristic of anger), Phobic anxiety (persistent fear response to a specific place, object or situation that is irrational), Paranoid ideation (disordered thinking characteristic of projective thoughts, hostility, suspiciousness, grandiosity, fear of loss of autonomy, and delusions) and Psychoticism (withdrawn, isolated, schizoid lifestyle as well as first rank symptoms of schizophrenia such as thought control). The BSI also includes three indices of global distress: Global Severity Index (GSI), Positive Symptom Distress Index, and Positive Symptom Total. The global indices measure current or past level of symptomatology, intensity of symptoms, and number of reported symptoms, respectively. The author reports good internal consistency reliability for the nine dimensions, ranging from .73 on Psychoticism and Paranoia to .88 on Anxiety. The GSI had strong internal consistency reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of .97 (Derogotis, 1993). Good internal consistency reliability is supported by several other independent studies (Croog et al., 1986; Aroian & Patsdaughter, 1989 in Derogatis, 1993). No alpha reliability is reported for the other two global indices. Test-retest reliability for the nine symptom dimensions ranges from .68 (Somatization) to .91 (Phobic Anxiety), and for the three Global Indices from .87 (PSDI) to .90 (GSI) (Derogotis, 1993). Correlations between the BSI and other measures evaluating similar symptoms are moderate to high. The BSI correlation with the Wiggins content scales and the Tryon cluster scores from the MMPI ranged from .30 to .72 with the most relevant score correlations averaging above .50 (Conoley & Kramer, 1989; Derogatis, Rickles, & Rock, 1976 in Derogatis, 1993). Some research using factor analysis has confirmed the a priori construction of the symptom dimensions. Many studies have demonstrated the utility of the measure in accurately identifying distress in samples from various ethnic backgrounds. Internal consistency estimates and triangulation of individual BSI global and subscale scores with verbal self-reports and clinical assessments demonstrate that the BSI is a relatively reliable and valid cross-cultural measure of global psychological distress (Aroian, Patsdaughter, 7
Page 1: _________ Research Report__________
Page 5: Acknowledgements The authors would
Page 9: Table of Contents Acknowledgements
Page 13: List of Figures Figure 1. Frequency
Page 17 and 18: Introduction Mental health problems
Page 19 and 20: This research report provides the r
Page 21: (Kroner & Weekes, 1996). In additio
Page 25 and 26: The BSI manual provides norms based
Page 27 and 28: Procedure For the pilot, the CoMHIS
Page 29 and 30: Table 1 Demographic Profile of CoMH
Page 31 and 32: Table 2 Risk-Need Profile of CoMHIS
Page 33 and 34: Table 3 Alcohol and Drug Use Among
Page 35 and 36: These tables apply the non patient
Page 37 and 38: Table 6 BSI Results by Aboriginal S
Page 39 and 40: Table 8 BSI Results by Aboriginal S
Page 41 and 42: eception. Similar to the BSI, a T-s
Page 43 and 44: Table 11 DHS Results by Aboriginal
Page 45 and 46: Table 14 Results of CoMHISS by Rece
Page 47 and 48: However, 3.0% (27) of the offenders
Page 49 and 50: whether they have a current mental
Page 51 and 52: determine the rate of co-occurring
Page 53 and 54: intervention immediately on entry i
Page 55 and 56: References Aroian, K.J., Patsdaught
Page 57 and 58: Skinner, H. A. & Horn, J.L., (1984)
Page 59 and 60: Sub Scale N Mean T-score ≥ 60 % (
Page 73 and 74:
Sub Scale N Mean T-score ≥ 60 % (
Page 75 and 76:
Sub Scale N Mean T-score ≥ 60 % (
Page 77 and 78:
Appendix K: CSC Norms for Male Offe
Page 79:
Screen Reader Descriptions for Grap
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