Monosaccharide inhibition of adherence by Pseudomonas ...

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00678.xMonosaccharide inhibition of adherenceBlackwell Publishing Ltdby Pseudomonas aeruginosa to canine corneocytesNeil A. McEwan*, Christophe A. Rème†,Hugo Gatto† and Timothy J. Nuttall**Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,†Medical Department, Virbac SA, Carros, FranceCorrespondence: Dr Neil McEwan, Faculty of Veterinary Science,Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst,Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.E-mail: n.a.mcewan@liverpool.ac.ukat 0.1% concentration, the mean reduction in adherencewas 52.9%. The monosaccharides studied mayhave a potential role in the management of Pseudomonasinfections in dogs.Accepted 22 April 2008What is known about the topic of this paper• Antibiotic resistance by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is arecognized and growing problem.• Microbial adhesion is an acknowledged important processin colonization and infection.• P. aeruginosa is known to bind to carbohydrate molecules.What this paper adds to the field of veterinarydermatology• This is the first study to demonstrate blocking of adhesionby P. aeruginosa to canine corneocytes.• Monosaccharides have potential for the treatment ofPseudomonas infections.AbstractThe effect of D-galactose, D-mannose, L-rhamnose anddextrose on the adhesion to canine corneocytes bythree strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studiedin six healthy dogs. Canine corneocytes were collectedfrom the inner aspect of the pinna using adhesive discs(D-Squame®). Half millimetre of bacterial suspensionin phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with or withoutthe addition of a monosaccharide was placed over thecorneocyte layer and incubated in moist chambers.Image analysis was used to quantify bacterial adherenceto corneocytes. The three strains of Pseudomonasadhered well to canine corneocytes. All monosaccharidestested inhibited the adherence of Pseudomonasto canine corneocytes. The mean reduction in adhesionfor individual sugars at a concentration of 0.1%was 40.2% (dextrose), 30.8% (L-rhamnose), 25.6%(D-galactose) and 19.4% (D-mannose). When D-galactose,D-mannose and L-rhamnose were used in combinationPresented as abstractsMcEwan NA, Rème CA, Gatto H. Sugar inhibition of adherence byPseudomonas to canine corneocytes. Veterinary Dermatology (2005)16; 204–5 (Abstract of the North American Veterinary DermatologyForum).McEwan, N.A., Rème, C.A and Gatto, H. (2005). Monosaccharideinhibition of adherence by Pseudomonas to canine corneocytes.20th Annual Congress of the ESVD-ECVD Chalkidiki, Greece. 2ndVirbac European Symposium 7 September Proceedings. 17–19.Sources of FundingThis study was supported by a research grant from Virbac SA.Conflict of InterestNo conflict of interest declared.IntroductionAdherence is an established prerequisite for microbialcolonization and subsequent invasion. 1,2 Pseudomonasaeruginosa is known to adhere to various epithelial surfacesusing lectins as adhesins. 3 The receptors for these lectinsinclude simple sugars. 3–5 Because of the growing concernof the development of widespread and multiple antibioticresistances 6 by P. aeruginosa, novel therapies that do notdepend on antibiotics, such as inhibition of microbial adhesion,would be a welcome addition to the armoury for the treatmentof Pseudomonas infections. The aim of this studywas to determine the antiadhesive properties of threemonosaccharides (D-galactose, D-mannose and L-rhamnose)by three strains of Pseudomonas to canine corneocytes.Dextrose was included in the study as a controlmonosaccharide.Materials and methodsSix healthy dogs, belonging to staff at the University of Liverpool,were used in the study. None of the dogs had evidence of skin diseaseon clinical examination or a history of skin disease. The animalshad not received either systemic or topical treatments (includingshampoos) for at least 3 weeks prior to collection of corneocytes. Thedogs had a mean age of 4.7 years with a range of 2–8 years. Therewere three neutered females, two neutered males and one entiremale. Two dogs were cross-breeds and the remaining four dogs were:German shepherd dog, Border collie, Cairn terrier and greyhound.Three strains of P. aeruginosa, identified by conventional microbiologicaltechniques and isolated from samples obtained from clinicalcases of canine otitis, were used. Bacteria were cultured on sheepblood agar, subcultured into liquid medium (Oxoid nutrient brothno. 2. Unipath Ltd, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England) and frozenat –70 °C in 1 mL aliquots. When required, a frozen aliquot of bacteriawas thawed and plated on sheep blood agar and incubated at 38 °Cfor 24 h. Colonies were harvested and the bacteria were washedtwice in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by centrifugation with the© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 ESVD and ACVD. 19; 221–225 221

McEwan et al.Table 1. Effects of individual sugars used at concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1% on adherence by three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa tocanine corneocytesStrain of Pseudomonas aeruginosaP1 P2 P3MonosaccharidesDog 1 Dog 2 Dog 1 Dog 2 Dog 1 Dog 2 Values for all dogs (n = 6)Dextrose 0.05% 63.6 46.7 37.9 51.2 68.6 72.8 56.8 13.7 43.20.10% 58.9 55.9 55.1 58.2 42.6 88.0 59.8 15.0 40.2D-galactose 0.05% 76.7 62.0 99.8 83.1 78.0 104.6 84.0 15.8 16.00.10% 42.5 71.5 95.7 75.8 88.3 72.9 74.5 18.3 25.6D-mannose 0.05% 59.3 73.5 88.1 81.1 87.5 97.5 81.2 13.4 18.80.10% 40.5 84.7 87.5 100.6 85.4 85.0 80.6 20.5 19.4L-rhamnose 0.05% 78.4 74.5 78.3 86.9 89.6 48.5 76.0 14.7 24.00.10% 48.6 70.9 71.9 68.1 68.5 87.1 69.2 12.3 30.8Each cell represents the percentage of bacterial adhesion compared to control (Pseudomonas aeruginosa added without sugar).MeanSDMean reductionin adherenceTable 2. Effects of combined D-galactose, D-mannose and L-rhamnose used at concentration of 0.1% on adherence by three strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosa to canine corneocytesDogMean reductionStrain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean SD in adherenceP1 28.3 37.0 73.3 28.3 37.0 73.3 46.2 21.3 53.8P2 38.6 50.1 53.5 35.9 48.4 52.4 46.5 7.4 53.5P3 56.3 40.1 50.8 61.8 30.4 52.3 48.6 11.5 51.4Combined results 47.1 13.8 52.9Each cell represents the percentage of bacterial adhesion compared to control (Pseudomonas aeruginosa added without sugar).resulting suspension adjusted to an optical density of approximately0.15 at 570 nm (OD 570).A modification of an adhesion assay previously developed andvalidated 7 was used to quantify adhesion by Pseudomonas bacteria tocorneocytes. Prior to the study, repeatability of the counting methodand the optimal bacterial concentration was determined. 7 Briefly, corneocyteswere collected from the inner aspect of the pinna by usinga 22-mm-diameter adhesive disc (D-Squame®, CuDerm Corporation,Dallas, TX, USA). Prior to sampling, surface debris was removed fromthe collection site by applying five successive adhesive tape strips(Sellotape® Original, Henkel Consumer Adhesives, Winsford, Cheshire,UK). The adhesive disc was placed over the collection site and gentlypressed before being carefully removed. Where multiple sampleswere required from the same animal, discs were applied sequentiallyto the same area of skin. Half millimetre of bacterial suspension inPBS with or without the addition of a monosaccharide (D-galactose,D-mannose, L-rhamnose or dextrose) was placed over the corneocytelayer and incubated for 45 min in moist chambers. All monosaccharideswere obtained in pure form from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, Dorset,UK). After incubation, the corneocytes were washed and stained.Adherent Pseudomonas bacteria were quantified using image analysisby calculating the corneocyte surface area covered by bacteria.From each D-Squame® disc 10 areas were selected and saved asblack and white TIFF files at ×630 magnification. From each TIFFfile, the surface area covered by bacteria in a 400 × 400 pixel box wascalculated. The analysis gave a final value of the bacteria adheringover a surface area equivalent to 100 corneocytes. The operator wasblinded to the identity of individual samples during the image collectionand the counting process.In the first part of the study, three P. aeruginosa strains were eachtested in two dogs at sugar concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1%. In thesecond part of the study, a combination of D-galactose, D-mannoseand L-rhamnose in 0.1% solution was tested in the same six dogsusing the same three strains of P. aeruginosa. Bacteria incubated withPBS without sugar was used as a positive control and PBS alone wasused as a negative control. Dextrose was included as a controlmonosaccharide. The antiadhesive effect of the monosaccharideunder test was calculated as a percentage of the adherence shown bythe positive control.Statistical analysisData were tested for normality before statistical analysis. One-wayanalysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey post-test was used to analysethe appropriate data. Significance was set at P < 0.05. All analyseswere performed using Graphpad Prism version 4.00 (Graphpad Inc.,San Diego, CA, USA [www.graphpad.com]).ResultsAll three test sugars and dextrose inhibited adherenceby Pseudomonas to corneocytes. The mean adherencecompared to the positive control for individual sugars at0.05% was 56.8% (dextrose), 76.0% (L-rhamnose), 81.2%(D-mannose) and 84.0% (D-galactose). Incubation withdextrose significantly reduced adherence compared toD-galactose and D-mannose (Tukey post-test, P < 0.05).The mean adherence using individual sugars at 0.1% was59.8% (dextrose), 69.2% (L-rhamnose), 74.5% (D-galactose)and 80.6% (D-mannose). There were no significant differencesamong the sugars at this concentration. When thethree sugars were used in combination at 0.1% concentration,the mean adherence was 47.1%, which gave areduction in adherence of 52.9%. The mixture of thethree sugars gave a significantly lower adhesion comparedto D-galactose and D-mannose (Tukey post-test, P < 0.01),L-rhamnose (Tukey post-test, P < 0.05) but not dextrose.Tables 1 and 2 and Figs 1 and 2 summarize all data.DiscussionAll three strains of P. aeruginosa were shown to adherestrongly to canine corneocytes which supports a similarfinding by Forsythe et al. 8 This study is the first to documentsugar inhibition of adherence by P. aeruginosa to222 © 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 ESVD and ACVD.

Monosaccharide inhibition of adherenceFigure 1. The effect of monosaccharides on adhesion by Pseudomonasaeruginosa to canine corneocytes. All sugars at 0.1% concentration.Combined sugars consist of D-galactose, D-mannose andL-rhamnose. Bars show mean percentage adherence with standarderror bars compared with control (bacteria without sugar added).*P < 0.01 compared to combined sugars.†P < 0.05 compared to combined sugars.Figure 2. (a) Control. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in phosphatebufferedsaline incubated with canine corneocytes. (b) Adherenceto canine corneocytes by P. aeruginosa after addition of combinedD-galactose, D-mannose and L-rhamnose in a 0.1% solution. Originalmagnification ×630. Crystal violet staining.canine corneocytes. All sugars studied produced decreasedadherence but the combination of D-galactose, D-mannoseand L-rhamnose proved particularly effective. Dextrosewas surprisingly effective in preventing the adhesion tocanine corneocytes by P. aeruginosa but should be considereda poor choice for a therapeutic agent as it is aready energy and carbohydrate source and, as such, mayhave the effect of enhancing microbial growth.Sugars have been known to have the potential to blockbacterial adhesion to animal cells for over two decades 9and a major goal of many current studies has been theinhibition of bacterial adherence. Few studies have beenconducted in the veterinary field. One study 5 demonstratedthat mannose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine played a rolein inhibiting the adhesion of Streptococcus zooepidemicus,P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli to equine endometrialepithelial cells. Other studies have shown that Pseudomonasadherence to various substrates could be blocked by thefollowing sugars: D-galactose (human buccal epithelial cells), 10D-galactose and D-mannose (collagen type I molecules), 11D-galactose (erythrocytes) 12 and D-galactose (rodent trachealepithelial cells). 13 In a human study of P. aeruginosa otitis,patients treated with a combination of galactose, mannoseand N-acetylneuraminic acid recovered more rapidly thana control group. As bacteria typically employ several differentadhesins, it has been proposed that using mixtures ofsugars which block more than one bacterial adhesin arelikely to be more effective than using a single sugar. 3Results of our study support this hypothesis.Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a number of adhesivemolecules, including sialic acid-binding, gangliosidebindingand hydrophobic adhesins. 3 Lectins are commonlyused by bacteria as adhesins and are proteins capable ofbinding saccharide structures with high specificity andaffinity (reviewed in 3,14–16 ). Two soluble lectins, PA-IL 17and PA-IIL, 18 have been identified from P. aeruginosa andthese adhesive molecules are considered to be virulencefactors playing important roles in human infection andtissue damage. 19,20 Sugar inhibition experiments demonstratethat D-galactose and L-fucose inhibit both lectins, 21although clear preferences of D-galactose for PA-IL and ofL-fucose for PA-IIL exist. The PA-IIL lectin will also recognizeother monosaccharides including D-mannose. 22 The abilityof D-galactose and D-mannose to inhibit P. aeruginosaadherence in this study may be due to blocking of thePA-IL and PA-IIL lectins. L-rhamnose can inhibit bacterialadherence 23 but no studies have been specifically conductedfor P. aeruginosa. L-rhamnose is chemically similarto L-fucose both being deoxy sugars which may suggestthat L-rhamnose may also block the PA-IIL lectin.Microbial adherence can be thought of a multistep processwith initial nonspecific or reversible binding followedby specific and irreversible binding. Biofilms, produced bysome bacteria including P. aeruginosa, may also contributeto the adhesive process. EPS (extracellular polymer substances)is used as a collective term for the sugar componentsof microbial biofilms. Monosaccharides, includingthose used in this study, often form part of microbial biofilms.The PA-IL lectin has been shown to contribute tobiofilm development where it would be important incross-linking bacteria through galactosides to form microcoloniesthen mature biofilms. 24 Competitive inhibition ofthe PA-IL lectin results in reduced biofilm production. 24Although biofilm development is typically a later phenomenon,it is conceivable that the inhibitory effects of thesugars in this study are related to biofilm activity. Lastly,sugars may influence adhesion by binding to keratinocytes.14 Human keratinocytes are known to have specificsugar receptors on their cell surface 25 some of whichrecognize L-fucose and L-rhamnose. 26© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 ESVD and ACVD. 223

McEwan et al.Antiadhesive therapy of bacterial disease is an attractiveprospect particularly as drug-resistant bacteria are increasing.As bacteria utilize several adhesins, treatments thattarget multiple adhesins are likely to be more efficienttherapeutic agents. 15,16In conclusion, this study demonstrates that P. aeruginosaadheres strongly to canine corneocytes. The monosaccharidestested resulted in reduced adherence by P. aeruginosato canine corneocytes. The combination of the three monosaccharides,D-galactose, D-mannose and L-rhamnose, wasmore effective than individual monosaccharides.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to acknowledge the help andsupport freely given by staff of the Connective Tissue, andMicrobiology and Infectious Disease Research Groups atThe University of Liverpool Faculty of Veterinary Science.References1. Feingold DS. Bacterial adherence, colonization, and pathogenicity.Archives of Dermatology 1986; 122: 161–3.2. Patti JM, Allen BL, McGavin MJ, Hook M. MSCRAMM-mediatedadherence of microorganisms to host tissues. Annual Review ofMicrobiology 1994; 48: 585–617.3. Ofek I, Hasty DL, Doyle RJ, Ofek I. Bacterial Adhesion to AnimalCells and Tissues. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2003.4. Acord J, Maskell J, Sefton A. A rapid microplate method for quantifyinginhibition of bacterial adhesion to eukaryotic cells. Journalof Microbiological Methods 2005; 60: 55–62.5. King SS, Young DA, Nequin LG, Carnevale EM. Use of specificsugars to inhibit bacterial adherence to equine endometrium invitro. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2000; 61: 446–9.6. Petersen AD, Walker RD, Bowman MM, Schott HC 2nd, Rosser EJ Jr.Frequency of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns ofStaphylococcus intermedius and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolatesfrom canine skin and ear samples over a 6-year period (1992–97).Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 2002; 38:407–13.7. Lu YF, McEwan NA. Staphylococcal and micrococcal adherenceto canine and feline corneocytes: quantification using a simpleadhesion assay. Veterinary Dermatology 2007; 18: 29–35.8. Forsythe PJ, Hill PB, Thoday KL, Brown J. Use of computerized imageanalysis to quantify staphylococcal adhesion to canine corneocytes:does breed and body site have any relevance to the pathogenesisof pyoderma? Veterinary Dermatology 2002; 13: 29–36.9. Aronson M, Medalia O, Schori L, Mirelman D, Sharon N, Ofek I.Prevention of colonization of the urinary tract of mice with Escherichiacoli by blocking of bacterial adherence with methyl alpha-Dmannopyranoside.Journal of Infectious Diseases 1979; 139: 329–32.10. Wolska K, Bednarz B, Jakubczak A. Adherence of Pseudomonasaeruginosa to human buccal epithelial cells. Acta MicrobiologicaPolonica 2003; 52: 419–23.11. Stepinska M, Trafny EA. Modulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosaadherence to collagen type I and type II by carbohydrates. FEMSImmunology and Medical Microbiology 1995; 12: 187–94.12. Gilboa-Garber N, Sudakevitz D, Sheffi M, Sela R, Levene C. PA-Iand PA-II lectin interactions with the ABO(H) and P blood groupglycosphingolipid antigens may contribute to the broad spectrumadherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to human tissues insecondary infections. Glycoconjugate Journal 1994; 11: 414–7.13. Marcus H, Austria A, Baker NR. Adherence of Pseudomonasaeruginosa to tracheal epithelium. Infection and Immunity 1989;57: 1050–3.14. Lloyd DH, Viac J, Werling D, Reme CA, Gatto H. Role of sugarsin surface microbe–host interactions and immune reactionmodulation. Veterinary Dermatology 2007; 18: 197–204.15. Ofek I, Hasty DL, Sharon N. Anti-adhesion therapy of bacterialdiseases: prospects and problems. FEMS Immunology andMedical Microbiology 2003; 38: 181–91.16. Sharon N, Ofek I. Safe as mother’s milk: carbohydrates as futureanti-adhesion drugs for bacterial diseases. Glycoconjugate Journal2000; 17: 659–64.17. Gilboa-Garber N. Purification and properties of hemagglutininfrom Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its reaction with human bloodcells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1972; 273: 165–73.18. Gilboa-Garber N, Mizrahi L, Garber N. Mannose-binding hemagglutininsin extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Canadian Journalof Biochemistry 1977; 55: 975–81.19. Mitchell E, Houles C, Sudakevitz D et al. Structural basis foroligosaccharide-mediated adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosain the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. Nature Structural Biology2002; 9: 918–21.20. Wu AM, Wu JH, Singh T, Liu JH, Tsai MS, Gilboa-Garber N. Interactionsof the fucose-specific Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin, PA-IIL, with mammalian glycoconjugates bearing polyvalent Lewis(a)and ABH blood group glycotopes. Biochimie 2006; 88: 1479–92.21. Mewe M, Tielker D, Schonberg R, Schachner M, Jaeger KE,Schumacher U. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins I and II and theirinteraction with human airway cilia. Journal of Laryngology andOtology 2005; 119: 595–9.22. Glick J, Garber N. The intracellular localization of Pseudomonasaeruginosa lectins. Journal of General Microbiology 1983; 129:3085–90.23. Naess V, Johannessen C, Hofstad T. Adherence of Campylobacterjejuni and Campylobacter coli to porcine intestinal brush bordermembranes. APMIS 1988; 96: 681–7.24. Diggle SP, Stacey RE, Dodd C, Camara M, Williams P, Winzer K.The galactophilic lectin, LecA, contributes to biofilm developmentin Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environmental Microbiology 2006;8: 1095–104.25. Palacio S, Viac J, Vinche A, Huband JC, Gatto H, Schmitt D. Suppressiveeffect of monosaccharides on ICAM-1/CD54 expressionin human keratinocytes. Archives of Dermatological Research1997; 289: 234–7.26. Cerdan D, Grillon C, Monsigny M, Redziniak G, Kieda C. Humankeratinocyte membrane lectins: characterization and modulationof their expression by cytokines. Biology of the Cell 1991; 73: 35–42.Résumé Cette étude a évalué les effets du D-galactose, du D-mannose, du L-rhamnose et du dextrosesur l’adhésion aux cornéocytes canins de trois souches de Pseudomonas aeruginosa chez 6 chiens sains.Les cornéocytes ont été récoltés sur la face interne des pavillons auriculaires en utilisant des disquesadhésifs (D-Squame®). Un demi millimètre d’une suspension bactérienne dans du phosphate bufferedsaline (PBS) avec ou sans addition de monosaccharides a été placé sur la couche de cornéocytes et mis àl’incubation. Une analyse d’image a été réalisée pour quantifier l’adhérence bactérienne. Les trois souchesde Pseudomonas adhéraient bien aux cornéocytes. Tous les monosaccharides testés ont inhibé l’adhérencede Pseudomonas aux cornéocytes. La réduction moyenne de l’adhésion pour une concentration de 0.1%était de 40.2% (dextrose), 30.8% (L-rhamnose), 25.6% (D-galactose), et 19.4% (D-mannose). Lorsque leD-galactose, le D-mannose et le L-rhamnose ont été combinés à la concentration de 0.1% la réductionmoyenne d’adhérence était de 52.9%. les monosaccharides étudiés ici pourraient avoir un potentiel pourle traitement des infections à Pseudomonas chez le chien.224 © 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 ESVD and ACVD.

Monosaccharide inhibition of adherenceResumen Se estudiaron en seis perros sanos los efectos de la D-galactosa, D-manosa, L-ramnosa y dextrosaen la adherencia a corneocitos caninos de cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Los corneocitos setomaron de la parte interna del oido externo usando discos adhesivos (D-Squame®). Se colocaron sobrelos cultivos de corneocitos medio mililitro de suspensión bacteriana en solución tamponada de fosfatos.cono sin la adición de monosacáridos y se incubaron en cámaras húmedas. Se utilizó análisis de imagen paracuantificar la adherencia bacteriana a los corneocitos. Las tres cepas de Pseudomonas se adhirieron biena los corneocitos caninos. Todos los monosacáridos probados inhibieron la adherencia de Pseudomonas alos corneocitos. La reducción media de la adherencia para azúcares individuales a la concentración de 0.1%fue de 40.2% (dextrosa), 30.8% (L-ramnosa), 25.6% (D-galactosa) y 19.4% (D-manosa). Cuando se utilizaronen combinación al 0.1% D-galactosa, D-manosa y L-ramnosa la reducción en la adherencia fue del 52.9%.Los monosacáridos estudiados pueden tener potencial en el control de la infección por Pseudomonas enperros.Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von D-Galaktose, D-Mannose, L-Rhamnose und Dextrose auf dieAdhäsion von drei Pseudomonas aeruginosa Stämmen an canine Corneozyten wurde bei sechs gesundenHunden untersucht. Canine Corneozyten wurden von der Innenseite der Ohrmuschel mittels Klebe-Disks(D-Squame®) entnommen. Ein halber Millimeter bakterieller Suspension in Phosphatbuffer (PBS) wurdemit oder ohne die Zugabe eines Monosaccharids über eine Lage von Corneozyten gegeben und diesein feuchten Kammern inkubiert. Die Bildanalyse wurde verwendet, um die bakterielle Anhaftung anden Corneozyten quantitativ zu bestimmen. Die drei Pseudomonas Stämme hafteten gut an den caninenCorneozyten. Alle getesteten Monosaccharide verhinderten die Anhaftung der Pseudomonas an die caninenCorneozyten. Die durchschnittliche Verminderung der Adhäsion für die einzelnen Zucker in einer Konzentrationvon 0.1% lag bei 40.2% (Dextrose), bei 30.8% (L-Rhamnose), bei 25.6% (D-Galaktose) und bei 19.4%(D-Mannose). Wenn D-Galaktose, D-Mannose und L-Rhamnose in einer Konzentration von 0.1% kombiniertwurden, lag die durchschnittliche Verminderung der Adhäsion bei 52.9%. Die untersuchten Monosaccharidekönnten eine mögliche Rolle beim Management von Pseudomonas Infektionen des Hundes spielen.© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 ESVD and ACVD. 225