Anatomy & Physiology - Arkansas State University

Anatomy & PhysiologyCells: The Living UnitsChapter 3Page 90-9999

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Sizes of Human CellsSCALE: 1000 µm = 1 mmred blood cellhuman egg cellwhite blood cellSmooth muscle cell

Cell Type and Functions: ExamplesNerve cell – transmits impulsesEpithelial cells – form protective layersMuscle cells - contraction

“Typical” Human Cell

Extracellular Materials• Body Fluids (interstitial fluid; blood plasma,cerebrospinal fluid)• FYI: Interstitial fluid is found in the spaces between tissue cells, cconstituting on average about 16% of human body or about 11 liters (2.42gallons) of interstitial fluid in an adult providing the cells of the body withnutrients and a means of waste removal.• Cellular Secretions (gastric fluids, saliva, mucus)• Extracellular Matrix (organized mesh of proteins andpolysaccharides secreted by cells into the extracellularspace)

The Cell or Plasma Membrane

The Cell or Plasma Membrane

The Cell or Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm – material between plasmamembrane and the nucleusThree major elements:• Cytosol – largely water with dissolved protein,salts, sugars, and other solutes• Cytoplasmic organelles – metabolic machineryof the cell• Inclusions – chemical substances such asglycosomes, , glycogen granules, and pigmentProtoplasm – living matter – cytoplasm and nucleus

Cytoplasmic Organelles - specialized cellularcompartments with specific functionsSome (membranous) are bounded by amembrane similar to the cell membraneMitochondria, Peroxisomes, Lysosomes,Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleus, GolgiBodies, VesiclesOthers (nonmembranous) lack a membraneCytoskeleton, Centrioles, and Ribosomes

The Cell Cycle

InterphaseG 0 – no cell divisionG 1 – gap1, metabolismand growthS Phase – DNA synthesisG 2 – gap 2, growth andpreparation for divisionCell CycleMitosis (Nucleardivision – Karyokinesis)Cytokinesis(Cytoplasmic Division)

DNA Replication•Each free nucleotide strand isa template for building a newcomplementary strand(semiconservative replication)•DNA + Protein = chromatin(uncondensed) or chromosomes(condensed)•Chromatin or chromosomesconsist of about 40% DNA and60% protein

DNA Fingerprinting or Profiling•DNA is extracted from cells and cut intofragments of various sizes by restriction enzymes.•Gel electrophoresis separates the fragments by size.•Separated fragments are transferred to anylon membrane (Southern blot).•Some of the sequences are labeled withradioactive substances (probes).•X-ray film is exposed by the radioactivityof the labeled sequences.•The autoradiogramshows the patternof a DNA profile.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/labwave.html

Interphase – G 1 , S, G 2

Unduplicated & Duplicated Chromosomes• During interphase chromosomes go from beingunduplicated to duplicated.• Each chromosomes goes from possessing one DNAmolecule to possessing two DNA molecule.• Each chromosome goes from possessing one chromatid topossessing two chromatids.• For animation of cell cycle visit: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter11

Mitosis followed by Cytokinesis

Mitosis – P, M, A, TChromosomes become visible as the chromatin coils andforms rod-shaped strands. Each chromosome now consistsof two identical strands called sister chromatids attachedat the centromere.The nuclear membrane breaks down and disappears.The centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell and themitotic spindle forms.Microtubules attach to the kinetochores (part of centromere)

Mitosis - prophase

Mitosis - metaphaseChromosomes (sister chromatids) are moved to theequator (metaphase plate) of the spindle.

Mitosis - anaphaseSister chromatids separate (now called chromosomes) and aremoved towards opposite poles of the spindle by the spindlefibers (microtubules).

Mitosis - telophaseThe chromosomes reach the poles. A nuclear membraneforms around the chromosomes, nucleoli reform, and thespindle disappears. Two identical daughter nuclei are formed.

Mitosis – telophase; ; Cytokinesis

Fertilization and the Fate of Cells

Cell Differentiation

Cancer: cell divison gone wrong

Cell Tissue Culture; Tissue/Organ RepairIN THE NEWSImplanted Tissue Repairs Damaged BladdersNational Public Radio - April 4, 2006 · Researchers announce they'vegrown bladder tissue in a laboratory and used it to successfully repairdamaged bladders. The Wake Forest University researchers publishedtheir results in The Lancet. Link available at:http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5321689-------------------------------------------------------------------------Doctors grow organs from patients' own cellsWednesday, April 5, 2006HADDAM NECK, Connecticut (CNN) -- Seven living with bladders from newprocess. Link available at:http://edition.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/conditions/04/03/engineered.organs/index.html

Lab Grown Organs – Human Bladder• Scientists RebuildBladder in 7 PatientsBOSTON, Apr. 3,2006• See link at:http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/03/ap/health/mainD8GOQ9C83.shtml