23.11.2012 Views

Wrestling with the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Wrestling with the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

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Bernhard Riemann (1852, 1867) On <strong>the</strong> representation<br />

<strong>of</strong> a function as a trigonometric series<br />

b<br />

( ) "<br />

#<br />

! ( )<br />

i i i"<br />

1<br />

Defined f x dx as limit <strong>of</strong> f x x x<br />

!<br />

a<br />

( )<br />

Key to convergence: on each interval, look at <strong>the</strong><br />

variation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> function<br />

V sup f x inf f x<br />

i<br />

= ( )! ( )<br />

x" [ x , x ] x" [ xi! 1,<br />

xi]<br />

i! 1 i<br />

!<br />

( )<br />

Integral exists if and only if Vi xi " xi"1<br />

can be made as<br />

small as we wish by taking sufficiently small intervals.

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