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MARINE MAMMALS AND SEA ICE LOSS;CONVERGENCE OF ECOLOGICAL ANDEVOLUTIONARY TIMENothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution- DobzhanskyLikewise, Arctic environmental change needsto be understood in evolutionary termsBrendan P. KellyPeter Boveng

Land massArea (sq km)

Asia 44,579,000 km 2Sea ice 36,000,000 km 2Africa 30,065,000 km 2N. America 24,256,000 km 2S. America 17,819,000 km 2Antarctica 13,209,000 km 2Europe 9,938,000 km 2Australia 7,687,000 km 2Islands 1,387.000 km 2

Breeding speciesBreeding species10864201086420True sealsSeal lions, fur seals, walrusesCol 12Col 1485N 75N 65N 55N 45N 35N 25N 15N 5N 5S 15S 25S 35S 45S 55S 65S 75S 85S90°N0°90°SLatitudeLatitudeKelly 2001

I) Southern species move north and interbreed with Arctic speciesII) Atlantic forms reconnect and interbreed with Pacific formsIII) Interbreeding among Arctic forms

Northern right whaleEubalaena glacialisBowhead whaleBalaena mysticetus

BelugaDelphinapterus leucasNarwhalMonodon monocerus

Hooded seal pup(Cystophora cristata)Hooded / harp seal hybridHarp seal pup(Pagophilus groenlandicus)Kovacs et al. 1997