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192.7.Cultures of Knowledge, Cultures of RiskSheila Jasanoff, Harvard University (sjasanof@ksg.harvard.edu)Knowledge about health and illness does not simply accumulate in the abstract but takes shape withinproblem framings that reflect deeper institutional and cultural configurations. These framings, in turn,influence how inquiry is organized, what facts are known, and how these facts bear on the allocation ofresponsibility and blame. Drawing on comparative research in science and technology studies, this paperwill discuss the cultural underpinnings of the framing of such conditions as tobacco or alcohol dependenceand obesity in the United States. In particular, the paper will address the role of the law as a framing devicein relation to issues of public health.2.8. Mandatory Drug Testing for Adolescent Athletes: An Effective Method to ReduceSubstance Abuse or an Encroachment on Personal Freedoms?Linn Goldberg, Oregon Health & Science UniversityTimothy Volpert, Oregon Health & Science University (timvolpert@dwt.com)Alcohol and other drug (AOD) use results in more deaths, illnesses and disabilities than any otherpreventable health condition in the United States. AOD abuse by adolescent athletes is a significant andgrowing problem. In fact, sport participation may encourage use of certain athletic-enhancing substances,including anabolic steroids and a variety of stimulants. Despite a U.S. Supreme Court decision (Acton vVernonia, 1995) endorsing drug testing as a tool to reduce children and adolescent drug abuse, no researchhas ever determined if such programs work. A recent randomized control research study entitled SATURN(Student Athlete Testing Using Random Notification), based on the “out of competition” drug testingmethods used by Olympic agencies, was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NationalInstitutes of Health (NIH). SATURN was designed as a landmark study to determine whether drug andalcohol testing provided a deterrent to 9 th -12 th grade students engaged in school sponsored sports. Despite arigorous review of the study’s methods, procedures, and safeguards by an accredited Institutional ReviewBoard, funding from NIDA/NIH, and the prior Supreme Court decision, a large advocacy group issuedlegal challenges and federal oversight regulators questioned the use of drug testing and its scientificevaluation. This presentation will review the 2 year research findings of the SATURN study, the courtdecisions, and potential effects of oversight regulators on scientific inquiry.2.9. Some Ethical Reflections and Policy Implications for AddictionRenzo Pegoraro, Fondazione Lanza, Padua, Italy (info@fondazionelanza.it)An ethical approach to addiction, particularly considering therapeutical issues, first of all requests to avoidforms of “criminalization” or “medicalization” or “reductionism”. A multidimensional and interdisciplinaryapproach could express some values and basic principles for decision-making process: Human person withown intrinsic dignity; Bio-psychosocial dimension of person; Respect of person without any form ofdiscrimination; Respect of the suffering of the person and search for relief; Freedom and therapeutical