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146 Kirsten Schaetzelas discussion facilitators and, after viewing a videotape of themselves asfacilitators, they can write a reflective report on their strengths and weaknesses,and how they felt while facilitating the discussion.SummaryIn this article, five areas crucial to teaching discussion skills have beenexamined: (1) factors which discourage the development of discussionskills; (2) creating a classroom climate for discussion; (3) guiding principlesfor deciding what to discuss; (4) ways to prepare students for discussion;and (5) monitoring discussion and giving feedback. It is hoped thatthrough consideration of these five areas, teachers will be able to help studentsdevelop discussion skills and, thus, enhance the quality of cooperativelearning activities.As Brown (2003) states, "Authentic learning requires the learner to communicatean in-depth understanding of a problem or issue rather thanmemorize sets of isolated facts, and it must result in achievements thathave relevance beyond school" (p. 2). Good discussion skills used as partof cooperative learning give students authentic learning experiences; thisboth aids them in their education and also prepares them for the worlds ofbusiness, government, teaching or whatever profession they choose.ReferencesArnold Publishing (2000). Skimm: Skills, Models and Methods [Online].Available at http://www.arnold.ca/skimm/main/main.html [31August 20031.Bateman, W.L. (1990). Open to Question. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Brown, B. (2003). New Learning Strategies for Generation X. ERIC DigestNo. 184.Christensen, C.R. (1991). Premises and practices of discussion teaching. InC.R. Christensen, D.A. Garvin &A. Sweet (Eds.), Education for Judgment:The Artistry of Discussion Leadership (pp. 15-36). Boston: HarvardBusiness School Press.Jin, L. & Cortazzi, M. (1998). The culture the learner brings: A bridge or abarrier? In Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective: ApproachesThrough Drnma and Ethnography (pp. 98-118). Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
Developing Discussion Skills 147Kim, S., Parks, B. & Beckerman, M. (1996). Effects of participatory learningprograms in middle and high school civic education. The Social Studies,87(4), 171-176.McGrath, K. (2003). Interactive exhibit theory: Hints for implementinglearner-centered activities in elementary classrooms. Education, 121(3),610-615.Palmer, P. (1993). To Knoru as We Are Known. San Francisco: Harper Collins.Reagan, T. (2000). Non-Western Educational Traditions. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.Ritts, V. & Stein, J. (2002) Six Ways to Improve your Nonzlerbal Commnnic-ation(Online). Available at http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/te(15 March 2003).Shaw, V. (1992). Community Building in the Classroom. San Juan Capistrano,CA: Kagan Cooperative Learning.Stahl, R. (2003). The Essential Elements of Cooperative Learning in theClassroom. ERIC Digest No. ED370881.Wilhelm, K.W. (1999). Collaborative dos and don'ts. TESOL Journal, 8(2),14-19.Wilkinson, J. & Dubrow, H. (1991). Encouraging independent thinking. InC.R. Christensen, D.A. Garvin & A. Sweet (Eds.), Education for [udgrnent:The Artistnj of Discussion Leadership (pp. 249-2641, Boston: HarvardBusiness School Press
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REACTReview of Educational Research
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About the ContributorsChai Ching Si
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REACT, Vol. 22, No. 2 (December 200
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REACT, Vol. 22, No. 2 (December 200
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Cooperative Learning and Service-Le
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