IGFRI Annual Report 1989-1990 - Indian Grassland and Fodder ...

Printed November 1990Supervision and guidancePanjab SinghEditing and CompilationVinod Shankar'A. K. SrivastavaAssistanceR. B. MathurKalpana SrivastavaPublication CommitteeVinod ShankarP. S. PathakMenhiLalA. K. SrivastavaPhotographsC.B.MishraPublished by the Director, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi andPrinted at Bhawana Printers and Publishers (Pvt.) Ltd, Jhansi.

I PREFACE IThe long felt need for a central set up to take care of research on grasses,grasslands and fodder crops culminated into establishment of the Indian Grassland& Fodder Research Institute at Jhansi. The research endeavour- of the IGFRI isexposed through many outlets, most prominently through its Annual ProgressReports published at the close of each financial year.For increasing productivity per unit area per time, effecient and high yieldingvarieties playa pivotal role. During the year, Bundel Anjan-l variety of Anjangrass, JLP-4 of field bean, Bundel Dinanath-2 of Dinanath grass and Bundel Jai­822-a multicut variety of oat have been released for cultivation in the country.Similarly, JHO-829 variety ofoat, IGFRI 212-1 of guar, Bundel Lobia-I and BundelLobia-2 of cowpea and IGFRI-56-2 and JHP-4 of Dinanth grass have been recommendedfor release.Besides, a large number of forage and pasture crops varieties ­are being tested under all India trials. Special efforts were made to build infrastructurefor increasing breeder and nucleaus seed production of cultivated fodders,pasture grasses and legumes. Similarly, greater efforts were made in developingmanagement technologies for increasing forage production from dryland, rainfedand degraded- land situations.The report speaks of the progress of research projects handled during the yearand also related activities. Efforts have been made to put up the scientific informationin a simple language intelligible to a wide clientele specially those concernedwith forage production and utilization. '. ~ '.-+.-1-'" __PANJAB-ĪSINGHDIRECTOR

Cover iUustrationsTop: SiIvipasturaI System underneath Acacia treeLeft: BundeI Dinana~- I variety ofPennisatum pedicellatum intercropped with cowpeiRight: Hybrid napier intercropped with Subabul

CONTENTS1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.GeneralDivisionof Plant ImprovementDivisionof AgronomyDivisionof GrasslandManagementDivisionof AgrosilvipastureDivisionof Soil ScienceDivisionof Plant AnimalRelationshipDivisionof Seed TechnologyDivisionof Plant PhysiologyandBiochemistryDivisionof Plant ProtectionDivisionof Agricultural Engineeringand Post HarvestTechnologyDivisionof Rural EConomics and BiometricsDivisionofExtension and Training .Inter-Institutional CollaborativeResearchCoordinatedresearchRegional Station, Avikanagar(Rajasthan)Regional Station, Dharwad (Karnat8lca)PublicationsDistinguishedVisitorsAwards/ HonoursInter InstitutionalZonalSportsList of StaffBudgetPageI73749S9728S94100108117125132142148ISS161167182185187Appendix-IAppendix-ll

GENERALINTRODUCTIONThe importance of forages in feeding. thelivestock, the ever increasing gap betweensupply and demand, the diversity and. complexity of the problems and their impact.on agricultural economy of the country ledto the establishment of the Indian Grasslandand Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi towardsthe end of Third Five Year Plan in 1962 bythe Government of India and administered bythe Indian Council of Agricultural Research,New Delhi from April, 1966. Since than, itsactivities are geared to develop technology onthe subject for sustained production of foragesto meet the needs of growing livestock.population. The area under fodder crops hasremained more or less static over last two anda half decades and is not likely to increaseinnear future due to preference for other crops.Therefore, the major emphasis has been laidto persue research programme for increasingproductivity per unit area per unit time fromthe arable areas as well as augmenting forageproduction from wastelands which otherwiseare not being utilized.THE MANDATE- Basic and applied research onimprovement, production and utilization ofgrasses, grasslands, fodder crops and trees.- To collect, coordinate and collateresearch work on the subject in the countryby centralising direction. operation andsuperintendence.- Technology transfer and training.ORGANISATIONThe Institute is organised .into twelvescientific divisions, besides central units andthree regional stations.Scientific Divisions- Plant Improvement- Agronomy• Grassland Management .• Agro Silvipasture- Soil Science- Plant Animal Relationship- Seed Technology• Plant Physiology and Biochemistry- Plant Protection .• Agricultural Engineering and PostHarvest Technology• Rural Economics and Biometrics- Extension and TrainingThe nine central units are: (i) Administration(ii) Audit and Accounts (iii) Estate (iv)Farm(v)Library (vi) Technical Cell (vii)Photo~raphyand Arts (viii) Central Laboratory Servicesand (ix) Medical Unit. The headquarter of AllIndia Coordinated Project for Research onForage Crops is also located at the Institute.The Institute houses research centres for AllIndia Coordinated project on (i) DrylandAgriculture (ii) Agroforestry (iii) UnderUtilized and Under Exploited Plants. (iv) .Prototype Testing and Feasibility. The centresof (i) National Seed Project (ii)NMWD SeedProject (iii) DST Tissue Culture Project and.(iv) NARP Training Programme are also'located.

2The Institute has one International Projectviz. IDRC-IGFRI Silvipasture OperationalResearch Project.The Institute has three Regional Stationslocated at Srinagar in J&K, CSWRI farmAvikanagar in Rajasthan and Tegur nearDharwar in Karnataka for conducting researchin variousagroclimatic regions ofthe country.RESEARCH COLLABORATIONThe collaborative research programmes onforage production and its utilization withvarious Institutes/Organisations at national andinternational level are in progress. These are:All Indill Coordinated Research Projecton Forage CropsThe coordinating unit ofthe project islocatedat the Institute. The project has the majormandate ofidentifying high yielding varieties/production systems for various agroclimaticzonesofthe country through its research centreslocated throughout the country. Through thisproject, the Institute closely establishes theliaision with various Agricultural Universitiesand Research Institutes in the country.National Seed Project (NSP)The National Seed Project located at thisInstitute is entrusted for production ofreleasedor notified forage crops varieties.AU India Coordinated Research Projecton Dryland AgricultureThe centre of All India Coordinated. Research Project on Dryland Agriculture isengaged in research based on watershedapproach to evolve suitable integrated cr~pproduction strategies for drought prone areasof the Bundelkhand region.IGFRIAU India Coordinated Research Projecton AgroforestryThe centre of this project is engaged inthe collection and evaluationofpromising fuel,fodder and small timber producing species!cultivars with a view to work out suitablesystems for different situations.AU I!1dia Coordinated Research Projecton Under-utilized and Under-exploitedPlantsThe centre functioning at the Institute isengaged in the collection, evaluation,multiplication and testing of under-exploitedand under-utilized plant species for varioushabitats and farming systems.AICRP on Development and Testing ofPrototype Farm Implements andMachinery .The centre is engaged in development andtesting of improved agricultural implementsand farm machinery for forage based farmingsystem and also-creating an awareness amongthe farmers for its usefulness, handling andmaintenance of improved implements.NMWD Seed ProjectThe National Mission on Wasteland IDevelopment supported Seed Project on rangegrassesand legumes started functioning at threecentres viz., Jhansi, Avikanagar and Srinagarat the Institute and CAZRI Jodhpur. Jhansiand Avikanagar centres produced 2.55 tonnesgrass seed besides 0.28 tonnes produced atCAZRI.I

Annual Report 1989 - 90NARP ProjectThe National Agricultural Research Projecthas been sanctioned to strengthen trainingfacilities in the field of agroforestry and animalnutrition at the Institute. 30 days trainingprogramme has been designed for 25 personsat a time.DST Tissue Culture ProjectDepartment of Science and Technologysupported project on "Induction of sexualityin Cenchrus ciliaris through in vitro androgenichaploid plant production started functioningat the Institute. The tissue-culture laboratorywas established and research work progressedas per envisaged schedule.IDRC-IGFRI ProjectThe IORC aided Silvipasture OperationalResearch Project completed its I phase in June1989 after running for 7 years at three sites.The project entered in its II phase from June1989 for next 5 years. The operational researchremained in progress at 4 sites.SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS/WORK­SHOPSl.Group Meeting of All India CoordinatedResearch Project on Forage Crops held atNBPGR"New Delhi from April 14-15, 1989.2. XV Annual Workshop of All IndiaCoordinated Research Projecton Forage Cropsand National Symposium on Strategies forForage' Production and Improvement by 2000AD held at Kerala Agricultural University,Trivandrum from September 20-23, 1989.3. National Workshop on MultipurposeTreespecies for Agroforestry Systems held at IGFRI,Jhansi from February 1-3, 1990·.STAFFThe Institute had a sanctioned strength of96 Scientific, 129 Technical, 67 Administrative,141 .Supporting 'and 27 Auxiliary staff. Thestaffposition as on 31.3.90 is given in Appendixl.FINANCEDuring the year 1989-90, the Institute hasutilized the budget grant of Rs. 228.12 lakhsof which Rs. 47.86 lakhs was utilized underplan and Rs. 180.261akhs under non-plan. Thecapital expenditure was to the tune of Rs. 4.90lakhs. During the year, a revenue of Rs 5.50lakhs was realised. The head wise expenditureis given in Appendix II.F'ACILITIESCentral Research FarmThe Institute farm has a total area of 574hectares including the area under campus. Thefarm has varying topography with rakar, parwaand kabar types of soils. Existing wells havebeen deepened to increase recharge of water.The existing pond at the farm has been alsosurveyed for deepening.Administrative wing and ResearchLaboratoriesThe Administrative wing and ResearchLaboratories comprises offivelaboratory wingsand one administrative wing. It has wellfurnished Conference hall and Committee room3

4for symposia/conferences and otherdeliberations. The laboratory wings have 51sitting rooms and 25 laboratories well equippedwith fixtures and furnitures and sophisticatedinstruments. The Central Analytical Laboratoryand Central Instrumentation Laboratory providecentralised research services for chemicalanalysis.'LibraryThe Institute library procured 192 titles ofbooks, besides the books received oncomplementary basis during the year. Thelibrary subscribed for 100 Indian and 85 foreignjournals. Library is also providing currentawareness service to the scientists. The Ph.Dscholars and scientist of other organisationsare provided library consultation facility fromtime to time. The reprographical services arealso available.Photography &Art UnitThe photography and.art unit undertakesthe preparation of charts, maps, illustrationsand slides. The facility for preparation ofcoloured photographs is also available.Residential ComplexThe residential campus named Krishi Nagarhas 132 quarters of various categories. It hasalso a community centre with necessaryinfrastructure for providing better social lifeto the residents. A state government aidedprimary school is also available in the campus.The recreation and playground facilities wereadded in the campus during the year.Scientist Home and Guest HouseIGFRIA five suit Scientist Home along with 13room PG Training Hostel was already available.The construction work of 17 room on firstfloor was completed during the year. This isbeing furnished. A type V residential quarteris being used as three suit Guest House whichcaters the present need of visitors.Theconstruction of Guest House has been initiatedthis year.Medical UnitThe Medical unit is located in the premisesof the Institute with a Medical Officer andother auxiliary staff. The already availablefacilities were strengthened to provide betterhealth care to the staffand their family members.WEATHERIn the Year 1989, 700.5 mm of rainfall wasreceived in 31 rainy days (Table 1) which isonly 75% of the normal rainfall of this region.The late onset of monsoon in the 2nd weekof July (28th standard week) with a br~ak of2 week (30th & 31st standard week) wasobserved. Again well distributed rainfall of478.7 mm in 14 rainy days from 32nd to 35thstantard week was recorded. Total monsoonrain of 629.8 mm was recorded against thenormal monsoon rain of 870 mm. A long dryspell from Ist week of September to last weekof January 1990 was observed which affectedthe rabi crop. The rainfall of 42.3 mm in 5rainy days in the month of February 1990 wasreceived which was very useful for rabi crop.The peak maximum temperature 46.7° C on17 th May and peak minimum temperature 1.3°C on 13th January 1989 was recorded. In theyear 1990 peak minimum temperature 0.5° Cwas recorded on 1st January.':

Annual Report 1989 - 90 5

IGFRI,An improved Cowpea varietyI~Dlnanath grass tPennisatum pedlcellatumi variety Bundel Dinanath-2

DIVISION OF PLANT IMPROVEMENTPI-I: COLLECTION, EVALU­ATION AND MAINTENANCE OFGENETIC RESOURCES IN FOR­AGE CROPSDuring the year 252 collections - including227 of grasses and 25 of legumes wereaccessioned,1.1 Grasses(S.R.Gupta and J.N.Gupta)Under the programme of characterisationand maintenance of genotypes of tropical forageplants 16 elite genotypes of Dicanthiumannulatum, 16 of Chrysopogon fulvus, 7 ofPanicum antidotale, 8 of Sehima nervosumand 16 of Eragrostis spp. were observed forgrowth attributes (Table 2). The vegetativegrowth phase ofgrasses was generally reducedwith poor seeding due to irregular raindistribution pattern.Sehima nervosumOut of 25 genotypes of Sehima nervosum(21 local and 4 from the peninsular region)raised in nursery from seeds, 16 could establish.These seedlings were transplanted in the fieldby the end of July. Observations on the eightgenotypes which picked up growth (IG 2036,2041,2045,2048,2061,2252-1,2252-2) wererecorded (Table 2). On the basis of variationsin phenology and growth habits a few superiortypes IG 2036-2,2252-1 and 2048 having higherleaf/stem ratio, semiprostrate deep green tillersand leaves and high green fodder yield (GFY)and dry matter(DM) production have beenselected for further studies.Chrysopogon fulvesAmongst 27 genotypes sown in 1988, 18established, all of them from south and centralIndia, survived. These were slow growing ascompared to local genotypes. The localgenotypes flowered during October whilesouthern ones showed delayed flowering (midto end of November).In GFY and DM production and leaf/stem(L/S) ratio, selection IG 2014 B was superiorfollowed by IG 2020, 2008 and 2007.Panicum antidotaleThere. was remarkable variation amongst27 genotypes of the P. antidotale The plantshaving blue,- green and mixed colour ofinflorescences, deep to light green leaves, withvarying degree of hardiness of leaf lamina,differed in length and density of tillers. During1987-89 plants with blue, green and mixedinflorescences have been isolated. Observationson seven genotypes with green inflorescencewere recorded (IG 2259, 2301, 2301-S-1, 2303­1, 87-3, 75-1, M-49). The range of variationin variou~ growth attributes are given in table2. The selection IG 2301-S-1 was leafy typewith soft stem, higher GFY, L/S ratio (DMbasis) and number of reproductive tillers.Genotypes IG M-49, 2259 and 75-1 weresuperior in GFY, DM production, length of

Annual Report 1989 - 90internode and leaf area followed by 87-3.Dicanthium annulatumSixteen elite genotypes were grown in atrial (3 replications each having 56 plants in30m 2 area) for observations on forage potentialand growth attributes during monsoon andregrowth harvested during September andDecember. On the basis of the pooled yieldof two cuts, monsoon and winter genotype IG1985 was superior followed by genotype 1978,1981, 2172, 1986. The accessions withdecreasing forage production during monsoonwereIG 1978,1981,1995,2172and2225andthe winter ones were 2172, 1981, 2173 and2225. Range of variation in forage and DMproduction and some of the morphologicalcharacters are given in Table 2.1.2 Cultivated legumes(U.P. Singh and J. N. Gupta)Guar (Cluster bean)In kharif 1989, guar was evaluated forforage/grain production through four trialsmentioned below:(i) Advanced varietal trial : In advancedvarietal trial most promising genotypes weretested with two national checks viz. HFG-119and HG-75 for fodder and grain production.Data in table 3 indicate that varieties IGFRI­2395-2,212-1, 1019-1 and 24-1 yielded 12.0­29.7% higher GFY and 8.1 - 23.6% higherDM over the check HFG-119.IGFRI-212-1 yielded 26.0% higher seeds(1.86 t/ha) against the national check HG-75(1.48 t/ha ) followed by IGFRI-2395-2 and23-1 with 1.72 t/ha grain yield.(ii) CAVT-l (Coordinated trial): Eightvarieties received from various Institutes/Universities were tested in advanced varietaltrial with two national checks HG-258 andHG-75. Highest grain production was recordedin GAUG-42 (1.82 t/ha) followed by IGFRI­212-1, GAUG-34 and IGFRI-2395-2 giving9

10 IGFRI1.81, 1.75 and 1.72 t/ha higher seed yield,respectively compared to the check HG-75(1.39 t/ha).(iii) lET (Coordinated trial): Fifteengenotypes from different parts of the country.with two national checks viz. HG-258 and HG­75 were evaluated in the initial evaluationtrial. Variety GAUG-44 was found higheryielder genotype with 1.86 t/ha grain followedby IGFRI-1539-1 and GAUG-14 with 1.79 and1.78 t/ha higher seeds yield respectively overthe best check HC-75 (1.41 t/ha) while IGFRI1538-1 was proven as a bold seed variety (with3.802 g test weight for 100 seeds).(iv) FET (Coordinated trial): Eleven varietieswere evaluated for their fodder production

Annual Report 1989 - 90 11Moth bean (Vigna acontijolia)Evaluation of ten promising genotypes ofmoth bean during last three years indicatedthat this being a drought tolerant species, allthe genotypes of moth bean gave better yieldduringthis year. The maximum green fodderyield was recorded in IGFRI-1202-1 (17.2 t/hal while maximum OM was found in IGFRI­1073-1 (3.9 t/ha). The general performanceof other varieties is given in table 5.During rabi 1989-90 existing germplasmlines of Melilotus species and Yicia specieswere maintained. Data o~ growth parametersand regenerations capacity was recorded. Thisyear again M .italica was found better yielder(9.75 t/ha) with very poor regeneration whileM.alba regenerated for next harvest and yielded7.15 t/ha.1.3 Under exploited and nonconventional plants(1. N. Gupta, S. R. Gupta and U. P. Singh)Forage groundnutGreen forage yield of 53.7 and 66.8.t/bal..nnura was obtained from A.glabrata ~d A.hagenbeckii, respectively. This year forage. yield was comparativelylowdue to lowrainfall.A. hagenbeckii has shownbetter yield potentialand persistancy. Animal feeding of forageindicated 60% digestibility of A. hagenbeckiiforage in the rainy season. Itis a good palatableforage with no anti-quality factors.Among 42 accessions, wide variability wasobserved in plant height (58.6 to 180.2 em),number of branches (1.7 to 29.0), leaves (43.7to 218.6), leaf length (8.2 to 14.6 cm),leafbreadth (5.1 to 8.2 em), fresh weight/plant(11.8 to 158.4 g) and LIS ratio (0.23 to 0.78).Twelve selections were 'made out of theseaccessions.Atylosla ,caraba,oldlSSixteen tetraploid genotypes wereevaluatedfor forageand seed productionpotential. Tweive

....IVTable> 6 :.".::>.;-:".: -;..'Range of variability and frequency distribution ofsevenplanfcharactersof'308genotyp~s of··sorghum. ., .. ,Characters12. Frequency Classes345Days of 50%flowering45- 57(27)·,58 ~69(38)70 -81(180)82- 93(58).Cl.1lmthickIl,ess>(em)0040 - 0;74(17)0.75 -L08(70)1.09- 1.42(14)1.43- 1.76(67)No. of leaves,per plant5.0 - 8.0(27)8.1 - 11.0(73)1l.1 c 14.0(138)14.1 - 17.0(65)17.1~2().0(3)Leaf length(em)27 - 43(6)44 - 59(80),60 - 75(161)76 - 91(51)92- 107(11)"." - .-

Annual Report 1990 - 91 13Table 0;7: Performance of newly developedsorgllum strains in single cut. system during kllarif 199(); .. .' ... . .....Sorghum strainsGteen. fodderyield (t/ha.)~ry JqdderYi~lddforQilys of5()%/[)ry fodder·fIb~~Hrtg(~o.)....yield(t/lla}.1-3-8-3 32.8ScI. F.F. 27.0PC-6 (Control) 35.QI. .S. 14387-132.9HD-2 32.5I. S. 1245 33.1M PC -1 33.5M-I-3-1 36.81-1-3-1 35.4l.S. 296 X MPC (Poe) 37.0l. S. -3 37.1l. S. 2219 XI. S. 3191 (11-1)36.6F. valve -0.58C. D. at 5% 0.4826.629.531.619.326.535.025.6.26.625.226.831.025.29§/ .70: .659585···.6670859685$,7··8.0··11.26;48;(ii1.6..~t69..88.99A11.59.2123 progenies of six crosses in F, and 145progenis of two crosses in F, were planted.Keeping in view the forage attributes, 354single plants in F 3, 222 plants in F 4and 34plants in F s were selected for further study.Multiplication of elite selections26 elite selections were multiplied. Thematerial which produce sufficient quantity ofseed, will be tested in yield trials for differentcutting management systems.Five varieties were entered in the AllIndia Co-ordinated Trials.on forage sorghum.Initial evaluation trial (single cut earlymaturing)27 varieties were evaluated includingthe Institute entry No. HD 2, HD s and JHS-22.Out of these, HD s topped in forage yieldamongst all the varieties.Initial Evaluation trial. (late group)This was a trial of 19 varieties with noentry from the Institute.Advanced varietal trial (single cut)-This wasa trial with 14 entries includingJ. Selection-S from IGFRI which excelled inforage yield over all other varieties.Advanced varietal trial (multi cut)This was a trial with: 13 varietiesinclusive of HD 6from this Institute which was

Annual Report 1989 - 90 13genotypes were superior to the diploid in dryweight/plant, leaf-stem ratio, and leaf size.Wide range of variability of growth attributesin the tetraploid genotypes was recorded (Table6).Another trial of 6 varieties of faba beanconducted in rabi 1989-90, data on growthattributes were recorded (Table 7). On thebasis of forage yield HB 186 ranked firstfollowed by HB 180 and HB 24.Cassia sericea seeds received from UAS•-Bangalore for the' biological control ofParthenium hyslerophorus were sown in about0.5 hectare area which, was infested withParthenium weed. The emerged weeds wereremoved only once and observations on theweed emergence, if any. are to be recordedat regular intervals. Another plant materialreceived from UAS Bangalore was Zizaniacaducifolia (wild rice). This material wasplanted at three different locations. but plants "were badly affected by rhizome rot fungus andeven after control measure only few plantscl\uld be saved.PI·2 PRODUCTIONQUALITY BREEDINGFODDER GRASSES2.1 Breeding superior vartetles offorage sorghum(D. S. Katiyar and U. S. Mishra)Evaluation of germplasmANDIN1199 new accessions received fromICRISAT were evaluated. The observationswere recorded on 215 lines. homogeneousin growth. Due to poorexpression remaining984 lines were discarded due to scanty rainfalland non' availability of irrigation.The range of variability in plantcharactersis. given in table 8...Promising strains for single ~utEleven strains of sorghum developedthrough hybridization (Table 9) were

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Annual Report 1989 - 90evaluated in RBD for single cut system, HD zwas used as check, The data revealedsignificantly higher yields in green fodderRio x HD1-P 1Z (44,8 t/ha) followed by Rio xHD 1-P3 (44.1 t/ha) and D-23-2-1 (44.0 t/ha)as against check (43.0 t/ha).The highest DM was given by strain Riox HD-I-P 1Z (15.5 t/ha) followed by Rio x HD­I-P, (14.8 t/ha) with that of HD z - (14.0 t/ha). The yield difference were significant.Evaluation of multicut strainsEight strains of sorghum developed throughhybridization (Table 10) were evaluated inRBD for multicut system. HD z was used ascheck. The first harvesting of the experimentwas done on 4th day, the subsequent harvestingafter 40th day from the first date of harvesting.Data revealed that in first cut strain D-23­2-1 was highest yielder for green fodder yield,followed by MPC. x 491-10 and 4-1-1-4 asagainst the .check. The strains were highlysignificant at both the levels (1% and 5%).In second cut significantly higher yields wererecorded in MPC x 491-10 followed by 1-1­3-1 and Rio x HD1-P, (Table 10).In the cumulative GFY of two cuts, thestrains in decreasing order of productivity wereMCP x 491-10 and Rio x HD'I-P 1Z'The highest DFY for the first cut was givenby strain MPC x 491-10 followed by D-23­2-1 and 4-1-1-4. The strains were significantat 5% level only.In second cut the highest DM was givenby the strain MPC x 491-10 followed by 1­1~3-1 and all other yielded below the check.The strains were significant at 5% level onlywhere as CD was not significant., 15On the basis of the pooled DM cumulativefor 2 cuts, the strains MPC x 491-10, 4~1­1-4 and D-23-2-1, were significantly superior.Initial evaluation of newly developedstrainsEleven newly developed strains along withone control i.e. HD z was evaluated in threerows, 30 em apart and three meters long rows(Tabie m. Plant to plant 10-15 em distancewas maintained. All the strains floweredbetween 67 to 94.4 days. On the basis of. average GFY (ofthreeplants), the top yieldingstrains were ranked Ist to 4th which gave 235.6,140.0, 135.0 and 124.0 per cent higher yieldsover the control.Evaluation and multiplication of eliteselectionsOut of thirty two elite selections sown on13.7.1989, twenty strairis were selected fortesting under field trials.Advancing of hybrid generationsDue to uncertain weather; the planting ofhybrid material for further advancement andevaluation was stopped and only the followingand•F, material were planted..F 3Out of 638, F 3progenies of eleven crossessown, 128 single superior plants were selectedfor further studies.19 progenies of five crosses (1) Spy 544x aispuri = 10, (2) Spy 141 xM-35.,.1 ... 1(3) IS 3443 x Spy 234 = 3 (4) M-35-1 x aisputi= 3 and (5) Spy 544 x aispuri=2 were plantedon 25.7.89 for evaluation with HD z as chect.Due to erratic monsoon, there was poorgrowthin general, however few superior plant types

16 IOFRI

Annual Report 1989·90 11were selected for further testing.2.2 Production and quality breeding infodder oats (A vena sativa L.) and foragePennisetums(R. N. Choubey and S. N. Zadoo)1. FODDER OATSi) Genetic Resources : One hundred newexotic. accessions of oat comprising diploidand hexaploid species obtained from Brazilwere grown to evaluate them with respect tovarious plant traits. A wide range of variationwas found in plant height, leaf number, leaflength, leaf width, flowering duration, paniclelength and spikelets per panicle (Table 12).Presence of a number of plants combininglong stature with short/long flowering durationindicates their possible utilization for forageproduction under different cropping situations.Scoring of plants for plant diseases under fieldconditions also revealed the susceptiblereactions of some lines for bacterial leaf blight.and fungal leaf spot.ii) New hybrids and segregating progenies:Promising forage oats like Black Mesdag, JHO­851, Tajeznik, Orbit, CI 9110, Veli,

18 IGFRICuauhtemoc, Blacknip, PA 8224, (OS-7 x IG­320) -1-1-6 and (OS-7 x IG-320) -1-1-10 wereused in intervarietal crossing so as to recoverimproved genotypes useful for forageproduction. Efforts were also made to crosswild tetraploid A. maroccana with inducedtetraploid ofA. strigosa. Segregating progenieshandled during the year were: 12 crossesin F , 210 progenies in F 3, J5 progenies in F 4,18 progenies in F 5, 14 progenies in F 6and10 progenies in F 7generation. .Many superior recombinants were selectedfrom advance generation progenies of oatcrosses viz. (OS-7 x IG-320), (OS-6 xAkiyutaka), (UPO-94 x IG-320) x Akiyutakaand (Flemingold x Pennline).iii) Advanced evaluation trial : Thirty sixnew oat strains developed through inter specifichybridization along with the checks 'JHO-861'and 'JHO-891' were evaluated for GFY andrelated traits. Varietal differences were foundsignificant for all attributes except forageyield at second and third cutting. In the initialcut, the highest forage yield (21.73 t/ha) wasobtained from (OS-7 x IG-320)-86-3 whilemaximum yields in the second, third and forthcut were scored by (OS-7 x IG-320)-113-9(OS-7 x IG-320)-4-1 and (IG-320 x JHO-810)­_4, respectively. In case of pooled yield overthe cuts, the highest yield (73.06 t/ha) wasrecorded by (OS-7 x IG-320)-57-5. In thepresent study, the cross combination (OS-7x IG-320 ) appears to be most potent ingenerating highly productive genotypes underrepeated cutting management. The topperforming strains were also found to combinethe longer plant stature indicating the closeassociation of forage yield with plant height.

Annual Report 1989 - 90 19Iv) Characteristics of C;J progenies of inducedA v'IIa strlgosa tetraploids: Morphologicaltraits in C;J indicated a wide range of variationbetween various progenies (Table 13). Withinprogeny, variation wasnot apparent indicatingthe stable nature of most of the progenies. Ingeneral, the tetraploids flowered 10-15 dayslater than their diploid counterpart and someof the progenies registered increase in statureand leaf size. The preliminary observationsindicate the desirability of induced tetraploidsfor forage especially for mixing with legumeforages viz. Egyptian clover.v) Amphiploid progenies of A. sativa x A.maroccalla : One hundred thirty six selectedprogenies were raised in C s generation andwere screened for chromosome number andmorphological characters. The cytologicalanalysisof randomly selected40 plantsrevealedthat 73.68 per cent plants involving 180-801,70.00 per cent plants involving UPO-94 andonly 25.0 per cent plants involving OS-6 asone of the parents show a normal euploidchromosomal constitution of 2n = lOx =70.. The difference in chromosomal stabilityappears to be directly correlated with thecytological behaviour of the pentaploid F1progenitors. Amphiploid progenies derivedwith different sativa background also differedfor seed fertility like chromosomal stability.The progenies involving 180-801 had morethan 50 per cent seed set while those involvingUPO-94 and OS-6 had about 40 per cent andless than 1.0 per cent respectively.~i) Backcross progenies of crosses of A.sativa with A. marocctllJa and A. sterill, :Five selected back cross progenies evaluatedwith respect to forage traits indicated that they

20combined the desired parental characteristicsviz. late flowering duration, high leafiness andseed fertility. Their performance under multicutwill be tested.vii) Identification and release of new oatstrains : Based on the superior performanceof the oat strain 'Bundel Jai-822' over yearsand locations under multicut system, theCentralVarietal Release Committee recommended forrelease the variety for commercial cultivationin Central zone of the country.The oat strain, JHO-829 was found suitablefor forage production in multicut system afterits superior performance in initial and finaltrials over the years. All India CoordinatedForage Workshop, 1989 identifiedthe varietyfor its release in Hill zone by the CentralVarietal Release Committee.viii) Varietal testing under All IndiaCoordinated Forage Project: The oat strainsJHO-861, JHO-862, and JHO-863 in initialtrial and JHO-81, JHO-829, JHO-831, JHO­841, JHO-842 and JHO-851 in final trial weretested for their performance under multi cutsituation.The strain JHO-861 was found suitable forfurther test over the years while the strainJHO-851 revealed its excellent regenerationability alongwith high leafiness under repeatedcutting situations in final trial over the locationsand years.2. NAPIER.BAJRA HYBRIDSi) Clonal selection: Out of 186 hybrid clonesstudied for growth habits, leafiness, hairinessand quick regeneration, 36 superior clones forfurther propagation and testing for forageproduction and quality under repeated cuttingmanagement system have been selected. ManyIGPaIclones exhibited high leafy growth and erecthabit.ii) Varietal testing under All IndiaCoordinated Forage Project : Four newnapier-bajra hybrids developed viz. BN-86061,BN-86073, BN-86089 and BN-82048 weretested alongwith other 10 hybrids in RBD with3 replications. The highest forage producinggenotypes CN-8 was closely followed by BN­86073 in terms of green and dry matter at firstand second cutting. The later entry alsoexhibited high leafiness and quick regrowth.2.3 Breeding superior varieties in foragemaize (Zea mays L.)(G.P.Shukla)The researches on forage maize comprisedof two main components viz., improvementsin African Tall materials through modifiedmass selection. The second component wasthe conduction of coordinated trials.I) Improvements in African Tall: A fifthcycleof modifiedmassselection wasattempted.One hundred p_tsof lood health andvilourwere intermated and rest were dotassolled inthe experimental plot. In general, the cropgrowth was affected adversely duo to irregularrainfall and sloppy soil topography.ii) Coordinated trial: Final ovaluation trialwith ten entries was conducted in RBD withthree replications. The not plot size was 4· x3 m"accommodating to rowsat40 em. Fertilizerdoses were given @ 50 kg Nlba-top + 40kg P"OJha as a basal dose and ~ q NIb~top dressing. Harvesting was done auas~li.ngstage. Results presented in table- 14showodthat none of the entries was better than. ~check for GFY. However, the next sUpeQprentries were J 1006 and Prabhat. For DMall

Annual Report 1989 - 90 21the entries were found to be at par. However,J 1006 gave higher yield than others. Thecheck ranked at the third place.PI·3 BREEDING SUPERIORVARIETIES FOR CULTIVATEDFODDER LEGUMES3.1 Breeding varieties for high fodderyield and quality in cowpeas(K. S. Kohli and C. B. Singh)1. Germplasm evaluationOut of 336 cowpea germplasm materialgrown, 319 germinated. Amongst these 38 werevery early maturing seed types, 120erect growthtypes with medium maturity and 167decumbentgrowth types which were late in maturity.Except for the early and a few erect growthtypes all the genotypes produced tendrilargrowth. In general the plant height of genotypesranged between 71 to 191 em, branch length18 to 108 em and branch number per plantI to 5. The early and medium maturity typeshad lower values of these characters than thelate types (Table 15).

22 IGFRI

Annual Report 1989 - 902. Varietal evaluation trialsi) FET AICRP on cowpea: This trial wasconducted with 14 varieties including threechecks. The IGFRI entries superior to all thechecks in GFY were IFC 8501 (39.5 t/ha), IFC8503 (38.5 t/ha), IFC 8802 (32.9 t/ha) and IFC8411 (30.0 t/ha). As compared to these thecheck varieties UPC 287, EC 4216 and UPC5287 produced 29.5, 29.0 and 27.1 t/ha GFY(Table 16).On the OFY basis, the varieties IF9 8503and IFC 8501 were the outstandingly superiorwith 8.4 and 8.2 t/ha yield respectively ascompared to the best check variety EC 4216(5.6 t/ha).23ii) lET AICRP on cowpea: This trial wasconducted with 11 varieties including threechecks (Table 17). Amongst the entries, thehighest GFY and OM varieties were the IGFRIIFC 8802 (GFY 39.8 t/ha, OM 5.8 t/ha) andIFC 8801 (GFY' 36.3 t/ha, OM 5.3 t/ha). Ascompared to these the green and dry matteryield of the best check variety UPC 287 was34.5 t/ha and 4.6 t/ha, respectively.3. Advance progeny trialIn this trial 26 advance hybrid progeniesand 3 non hybrid varieties were tested againstthe standard check variety, EC 4216.Morphological data on plant height, lengthand number of the primary branches wererecorded. Five hybrid progenies viz., Hy 5 P

245-4, Hy 6 P 52-5, Hy 8 P 60-19, Hy 10 P36-8 and Hy 8 P 60-4 and non hybrid selection1093were found promising and are to be studiedin subsequent year.4. Advancing hybrid generations440 progenies of 8 crosses comprising 46in F 4generation of cross land the remainingin F 3generation of all the crosses, were raisedin single row plots. All the 46 F 4and 26 F 3progenies of hybrid 1 were photoinsensitivetypes as they flowered during the 2nd and 3rdweek of August and matured by the middleof September. Majority of these extra earlymaturity types retained green foliage until theharvest of mature pods. These types appearto be an ideal dual purpose (pulse-cum-fodder)suitable for cultivation in the low rainfall ormarginal farming situations. The remainingprogenies were medium to late maturing foddertypes, where flowering occurred betweenSeptember to November months., Widevariations were observed in the growth habits,vigour of plants, leafiness and fruitingbehaviour of these progenies.s. New entries in the coordinated trialBased on the institute trial two new entriesIFC 8901 and IFC 8902 would be entered in,AICRP (FC).6. Identification for releaseBased on the all India Coordinated trialsconducted during 1987 to 1989, IGFRI entryIFC 8503 has been identified as the best foddervariety for the north-western ~one.3.2 Strain building in lucerne for yieldand persistence(C. B. Singh and K. S. Kohli)IGFRI1. Germplasm and plant progenyevaluation185 germplasm lines and 440 individualplant progenies being maintained as 3 yearold perennial tussocks in the single row plotshave been studied for the degree of persistence(stand density), crop vigour at different growthphases, productivity of fodder and seed. Basedon visual observation and yield data, 91germplasm lines and 131 plant progenies havebeen identified for testing in larger plots' nextyear.2. Varietal evaluation trialsThe productivity (green fodder yield/ha),stand density and tiller weight of 27 lucernevarieties were recorded in two different trials.Coordinated trial: Based on green fodderyield data of 9 cuts over the past two yearsin 10 varieties of lucerne which constitutedthe all India coordinated trial, the highestyielding varieties in descending order wereIGFRI -112 (136.4 l/h) followed by controlvarieties Anand-3 (130.4 t/h) and Anand-4(127.5 t/h). The IGFRI-1212 produced only124.9 t/h. The productivity was related to standdensity which was maximum inIGFRI-112',(73%) followed ~y Anand-3 (63%)/ Anand­4 (53%). The average tiller weight wasrelatively high for Anand-3(5.62g) and Anand­4 (5.4 g) as compared to IGFRI-1212 (5.06g) and IGFRI-1212 (5.0 g) at 10 days growth,but at 30 days growth IGFRI-1212 bad highestaverage tiller weight (15.16 g) followed byIGFRI-112 (12.16 g) and Anand~3 (10.46 g).The data revealed that IGFRI entries wererelatively more persistent in maintaining standdensity over two years than the Anandvarieties.Final evaluation trial : This trial was laidout with 17 varieties and green fodder yield(t/ha) was recorded for 5 cuts during the last

Annual Report 1989 - 90 25two years. Widevariation amongst the varietieswere observed in green fodder yield. standdepsity and tiller weight. The green fodderyield ranged between 47.0 t/ha to 70.7 t/ha.average tiller wt. at 10 days growth 3.6 to5.2 gmt at 30 days growth 13.2 to 17.2 gmtand stand density 63 to 87%. The highestyielding varieties in discending order were IL­439 (70.7 t/ha) followed by IL-55 (67.8 t/ha).IL-440 (67.3 t/ha) and IL-68 (60.5 t/ha). Thecontrol variety IL-244 (check) produced only58 t/ha. In all only six varieties excelled inproductivity over the control. The ~dder yieldwas related to stand density in these varietiesand was maximum for IL-439 (80%) ascompared to other varieties where it rangedbetween 63 to 73%. Although average tillerweight of IL-439 was relatively lower (3.74g) than other varieties (4.4 to 5.2 g). its weightprogressively increased much- faster andattained an average weight 15.80 gm at 30days as compared to 14.48 gm in IL-55. 15.34gm in IL-440 and 15.08 in IL-244. The resultsindicated that IL-439 is a fast growing varietywith high yield and persistence.3.3 Genetic improvement of Trifollumsps, with special reference to egyptlalYclover(G. P. Shukla and D. R. Malaviya)Germplasm evaluationGermplasm collections numerically about400 lines were grown. The seeds from bestperforming plants from each accessi~n .wascollected for inclusion in future improvementprogramme.

26Mutation breedingEntries in Coordinated trialsIGFRIA promising line 57 P, was treated withcolchicine (0.2%) and two distinct treatmentswere made by exposing the seeds in thecolchicine solution for four hours once only(crt) and the same treatment exposing 4 hourstwice in two consecutive days (CT2)' Theselections for 85 plants in crt and 75 plantsin CT2 were done. The selections were advancedfor next generation. Selections are also beingdone in current stand.Studies in the selfed progeniesThree generation selfed progenies ofWardan, JHB-146, JHB-182 P z ' JHB-220 andJHB-ISB 86 were grown and quantitative datawas recorded. Results indicated coefficient ofvariation to be high in general. Leaflet sizeappeared to be almost stable. The high CVvalues for flower heads per plant for all thevarieties (Table-18) and least variation in theaverage presumes that in the population ofeach variety plants may have variable numberof inflorescence bearing branches. Thesubstantial magnitudes of CV for some of theI characters and low for the other within thevariety insights the varietal composition to bein terms ofa multilineal blend with differentialphenotypic plasticity.SelectionsA number of variants for leafiness, leafletnumber, inflorescenceand duration of floweringidentified. The progenies of such importantplant types have been grown for further studies.Coordinated trialsTwo coordinated trials RBT-1 and RBT­2 were conducted and the data were recordedfor yield and attributes.One entry JHB 146 was retained in theadvance varietal trial for testing for third year,JHB-ISB-86 for second year and three entriesJHB199 P 3, JHB 182 P z and JHB 183 P thavebeen promoted to advance varietal trials. Fivenew entries viz,. JHB 89-1 JHB 89-2, JHB89-3,JHB 89-4 and JHB89-5 have been enteredin the initial evaluation trials.3.4 Breeding high yielding foddervarieties in field bean (Lilblabpurpureus)(D. N. Singh)1. Maintenance and screening of thegermplasmOne hundred forty genetic lines of fieldbean (Lablab purpureus) selected from thegenetic stock in the previous year and 25 newentries were raised in nursery for theirmaintenance and initial screening. Because oflow viability 10new arrivals did not germinate.Wide variability among the genetic lines wasobserved in plant type, growth habits, daysto pods and seeds. New arrivals were mostlyearly type which flowered in 65 to 85 days.Earliest genotypes were JLP 8908, JLP 8924and JLP 16. On the basis of morphologicaldata, genotypes were grouped into differentclasses.2. Varietal evaluationA varietal evaluation trial of 15 previousyear and 5 new developed strains was.laid in6 m Z plots in randomized block design withthree replications. Yield and quality estimatesof the promising varieties performing betterover the general mean are presented in table18. Grain yield varied from 0.34 to 1.29 t/ha whereas GFY ranged from 22.3 to 38.4 t/

Annual Report 1989 - 90 27ha. In grain yield four of the varieties viz.JPL 27, JPL 29, JPL 31-IIIandJPL 21-11 werefound to be highly promising as they havegiven more than 1.0 t/ha yield. For fodderbesides first two of the former varieties, threemore varieties viz., JLP 2216, JLP 836 andJLP 2218 proved superior. Leafiness, whichis a desirable attribute for fodder varieties,exhibited poor or no association with yieldcharacter, viz., two of the newly developedvarieties viz., JLP 89-1 and JLP 89-11 despitehaving maximum leafiness (above 41.0%) werepoor in fodder as well as grain yield. In crudeprotein (CP%), varieties did not differsignificantly among themselves. In light of theobservations it can be inferred that variety JLP27 and JLP 29 were the most promising foddercum grain varieties.3. Regeneration potential of the varietiesin 2nd yearLast year's trial on 15varieties (kharif 1988sown) were left for evaluating regenerationpotential and perenniality of the varieties in2nd year. 'Varieties showed differential response a~regard their plant mortality (between 20% to60%) and regeneration potential. In general,varieties with synchronous maturity ego JLP84, JLP 31-111 and 'JLP 336 had higher plantmortality (up to 60%). It is to mention thatthough plant population (per plot) was poorbut the fodder as well as grain yield was almostcomparable to the resown crop. Varieties JLP32, JLP-2214-1I and JLP-27 performed betterthan others in 2nd year of growth.

'28 IGFRI4. Performance of the varieties sown inearly summer\,A set of 40 diverse genotypes includingsome improved varieties were sown in 2ndweek of Mar&h '89 for evaluating theirregeneration ability, hardiness to summer,persistency and flowering behaviour. Allgenotypes were strictly sensitive to thermophotoperiodhence they remained in thevegetative phase ~II the onsetof winter season.During this period two cuttings were taken(i) at the end of May and (ii) in last weekof August. Bstimates of fodder and grain yieldoften superior strains (Table 19) revealed thatsummer sowncrop produced much higher yieldoffodder (20% to 50%) than their kharif sowncrop without affecting the grain yield. It wasalsoobserved thatgrowthof thiscrop in summerwas much better than cowpea which was sownin an adjacent plot in summer. Hence it wouldbe advisable to grow this crop in summer,provided irrigation facility exist in the areas,instead asa kharifcrop because early summersowncrop gets comparatively longer vegetativeperiod.5. Mutation breedingil) Studies on post Irradiation storage: Halfof the treated seeds o( tho two varieties viz.,JLP 2216 ancJ ILP 32 havinlgamma irradiationfrom 10 to 60 kr (with an intenral of 10 units)in the year 1988 were stored fot one year atroom temperature. As in' tho provioul year,seeds were sown.in petri dishes at 28t3 tICand also in the field. Observationl o,...eed:germination, seedling length (root tip to dOOttip), root/shoot ratio and survival ofthQplan~.(Table 20) confirmed the findings of th~previous year regarding effectivenesi al,lCtefficiency of the doses. Varieties showedI.

Annual Report 1989 - 90differential response to the doses. Post treatmentstorage increased effectiveness of gammairradiation asregard to the biological damageslike seedling mortality, restricted growth ofthe seedlings and retardation effects on rootgrowth as compared to the shoot. In storedseeds doses above 10 kr proved 50% lethalwhereas30 kr and 40 kr indicated same mortalitywithout storage.ii) Raising M 2populations: M 2seeds derivedfrom 12 M 1populations of the two varietiesviz., JLP 2216 and JLP 32 described aboveweresown alongwith the controls. Observationson various polygenic traits revealed inductionof considerable amount of variability in thesetraits. In general, variability occurred in bothdirections for most of the traits i.e. there wasincrease as well as decrease in the value ofthe traits. However, there was not muchdeviation in mean value of the trait from thecontrol, indicating that mutations in major andminor genes had occured in both the directions.6. Preliminary evaluatlon of the newlydeveloped strainsWide range of variability was observed foryield and other quantitative characters in 50selected hybrid populations (in, F 7).Numberof pots and graia yield per plant exhibitedhighest variability as their coefficient ofvariation was 44.2 and 29.5 per cent,respectively. Days to flowering showedminimum variability (9.4%) followed by testweight (12.4%). Out of these, 13 strains wereconsidered to be highly superior, over otherregarding yield.7. Varieties under All India CoordinatedtrialIn the current yeat 8 varieties were testedin AICRP (Fe). Out of these 6 were' in .the\29final year while other two were in 2nd yearof testing. Based on two years data over allzonesllocations three varieties of this Institute :viz., JLP 3, JLP 4 and JLP 6 were found tobe promising by giving an average about 20.0t/ha GFY. Current year station data on fodder,have confirmed the results.8. Seed multiplicationSeed multiplication of the". improvedvarieties was undertaken and 10 to 1Skg seedsof each have been harvested.PI-4 : BREEDING SUPERiOR VA­RIETIES OF PASTURE SPECIESFOR YIELD AND PERSISTANCE4.1 Varietal improvement for fora.eyield and quality in range grasses(U. S. Mishra and D. s. Katiyar)Germplasm maintenanceEntire germplasm comprising eighty fiveof Cenchrus ciliaris, forty five of Cenchrussetigerlls and ninety five of Dichanthiumspecies were maintained and seed of promising,selections, based on previous years single plant;data, were collected for further large scale"testing. 'Varietal evaluationi) C,nehru,cUmri, : Ten promising selectionswere evaluated for their production potentialand' other related characters in the third yearof growth. Two cuttings were taken duringthe year..' Analysis ofdata revealed that in green anddry forage yields, strain IGFRI 660 was superior

30 IGFRI

Annual Report 1989 - 9031in both the cuts, individually as well as onthe pooled yield basis. The GFY in 1st andII nd cut was 27.59 and 6.6 t/ba and DM 7.05and 2.83 t/ba, respectively (Table 21). Thoughthe GFY of the varieties was non significantin individual cuts but the dry matter productionwas significantly superior in both the cuts aswell as on pooled basis.7Ji.ii) Cench,,,, setige,,,s : Seven promisingselections wereevaluated under third year ofgrowth. Observations on green forage yield,dry matter yield and growth attributes wererecorded on three representative plants. Twocuts were taken during the year.Significant differences were observed forgreen forage and dry matter yield in both thecuts as well as in pooled analysis. GFY rangedfrom 10.65 to 16.39 t/ba. The highest yieldwasrecorded in IGFRI4055 followed by IGFRI77 and IGFRI-S-569. In DM, IGFRI-S-77showed superiority by producing 3.57 t/ba.The next in other was IGFRI-5055 and IGFRI­569 (Table 22). Thus the selection IGFRI ­77 and IOIRI-4055 showed superiority,constantly over two years.iii) Dichanthl"m species : Ten promisirigselection comprising four species and onenatural B x D hybrids were evaluated in areplicated trial for forage production and othercharacters under third year of gr~h. Three \cuttings were taken during the year. Therewer~gnificant differences for green forageyield in all the three cuts as well as in pooledyield basis.Poole" yield data (Table 23) showed th.IGFRI-S-585 was the highest yielding strain(29.94 t/ba), followed by IGFRI-S-2058 (22.96t/ba) and IGFRI-19 B (21.56 t/ha). Thus thestrain IGFRI-S-585 and IGFRI-S-2058 showedsuperiority constantly over three years.Release of variety: IGFRI-S-3108 (BundelAnjan-l) of Cenchrus ciliaris and IGFRI·4·2-1 (Bundel Dinanath-2) of Dinanath g~asswere released by the Central Variety ReleaseCommittee for the cultivation for all ecologicalzones of the country ..vVariety recommended for release: On thebasis of superiority over two years in AICRP(F'C), two varieties ofDinanath grass i.e. IGFRI·56-1 and JHP-4 were recommended for releaseby the group meeting 1989.Seed multiplication: "Large scale seedmultiplication of released/recommendedvarieties were undertaken. The. seeds ofpromising strains were also multiplied fortesting under All India Coordinated trials.....Coordineted trials : Four coordinated trials,two each of C. eiliaris and C. setiger"s wereconducted for lInd sad IIIrd year evaluation.4.3 Genetic Improvement in guinea grass(Panicum maximum)(D. R. Malviya)1. Germplasm evaluation.Forty four accessions of guinea grass were .grown to-evaluate them for various plant traits.A high range of variation was observed forleafsize, internode length, spike length,length. and numberof spikelet, stem weight, leaf weightand total biomass/tussock. Linea combininghigh grades of plant attributes were identifiedso as to utilize them in breeding of improvedtypes. In a local survey, large number ofplaQUlof guinea grass were collected and they wereclasStfied into 12 groups of plant types basedon floral pigmentation, plant vigour, synchrony

32 IGFRIttf flowering, leaf and seed characters.2. Mu!atlon breedingWith an aim tocreate newgenetic variability,seeds of four varieties of guinea grass (PGG­26. 000-23. 63540 and Mixed green) wereirradiated with 75 kr, 50 kr and 25 kr dosesofgamma. in addition. root slips of PGG-123.PGG-26. PGO-92 and 59903 were also exposedto 50 kr and 25 kr doses. Irradiated seeds andvegetative materials' were sown in the field'so as to Streen 'the plant for various plantcharaCters in M 1aeneration.PI·5 : PHYLOGENETIC STUDIESIN FORAGE ''''A'ND 'PASTURESPECIES5.1 Cytogenetical studies in cultivatedlegumes(S. N. Tripathi)1. Cytomorphogenetic studies InCfljallu,cfljall x Atylolla ltlllc,olllta 'Cajanus cajan (an erect shrub) and Atylosialanceolata (shrubby in habit) Were used asseed and pollen. parent respectively. Thehybridization was successful'only when theC. cajan was usedas seedparent, the reciprocalcross wasnotsuCcessful. AcOmparativeaccountof the cytomorpbogenetic cbaracters of the

Annual Report 1989 - 90 33

34IGFRIparents along with theirF I hybrid aresummarized in table 24. The characters of C.cajan viz; tugaclous nature of stipules,deciduous nature of petals and their colour, 'absence ofvisible hairs on mature pods, colour ..of pod and seed and absence of strophiole onseeds were recessive to those ofpollen parent.Non-shattering nature of mature pods of C.cajan was dominant. Leaf shape and beat of. the pod were intermediate of the hybrid. TheF I hybrid showed superiority over A. lanceolata(the pollen parent) for number of leaves Iplant. This character is important towardsincreased leafiness, The non-shattering natureofmature pods ofthe hybrid has shown greaterpossibility of increased seed harvest.Meiotic studies of the parents revealedeleven bivalents of M I and regular separationof chromosomes at anaphase-I . Meioticanomalies were not observed. Contrary to this,irregular meiosis was noticed in the F I hybrid.It included loosely paired bivalents as wei)as unpaired chromosomes at MI" delayeddisjunction of a bivalent- 'and laggingchromosome during anaphasic separation.However, bivalent chromosomal association.was the most common at M I in the F I hybrid"'whichindicated a high level ofpairing between'homologues in the hybrid. The low occurrence,.of univalentsat M I in the hybrid indicated';considerable, chiasma formation and hence~erossing· over between C. cajan and A.'~anceolala. This is convincing evidence ofe}Ose similarity of the chromosomecomplements of these species on a geneticlevel. Hybrid plant showed lower percentageofpod set as compared with those ofthe parents(Table '24). At maturity, pods displayed threeseed stages viz; (a) fully developed seed (b). shrivelled seed and (c) undeveloped ovules.The proportion of ovules forming fullydeveloped lecdinpods on hybrid plant waslower than t6aHn,lbe pods on parefttal plants.The F IhYbrid~ited strophiole, suggesting:.4;",;~~{"t~,~~",,-:, :'complete dominance ofAlylosia type. The hairypods as observed on the hybrid plant possesmolPhological feature of potential value asit may repel the pod eating insects. Thesuccessful production of hybrid between C.cajan andA.lanceo lata (an Australian species) has shown that the genetic constitution ofthese species are able to work together toproduce mature plants..This has. clearlyindicated that A. lanceolata is sufficientlyclosely related to C. cajan to allow hybridization'-'gene exchange. And thus provides amplescope for successful transfer of usefulcharacters in A. lanceolate to C. cajan.Thepresent study has indicated that utilization ofexotic species hoW promise in developingdesirable plant types in the Cajaninae...-2. Desynapsis in Cajanus cajan (L) millsp. (n=ll)Meiotic analysis in one plant of Cajanus'cajan cv. ICP 7118 withdistinct stuntedgrowth,revealed it to be a desynaptic. The plant hasexhibited most of the characteristics ofmediumstrong type of desynapsis. It is suspected thatthis may be due to spontaneous gene mutationfor synaptic gene. The plant was found to behighly pollen sterile. The desynaptic plant didnot set seed on selfing. However, on openpollinated racemes, 1-2 seeds per pod wereobtained which indicated some extent offemalefertility in the plant. Most of PMC's analysedat M I exhibited almost all univalents. However,a maximum number of 3 bivalents were noticedin one cell out of 78 cells studied. The lowbivalent formation could have possibly resultedfromthe failure of chiasm formation atdiplotentstage. Other meiotic abnormalities observedincluded absence of active polar movement,dividing univalent, formation of laggards and'unequal distribution of chromosome atanaphase-I, At second meiotic division,. particularly at telophase-If, a few micronuclei

Annual Report 1989 - 90were seen. In addition to tetrads.monods.dyadsand triads were also recorded at sporad stage.Pollen grains were of variable size and pollensterility was very high. Such a desyriaptic plantmight be useful for physiological studies onchiasma formation and in establishingeneuploid lines for basic studies.5.2 Cytogenetic studies in range legumes(S. N. Zadoo)Induced tetraploids35identified which are proposed to be carriedforward for further cytological and fertilitystudies.ill) StylosallthlS spp. : Cytological studiesof colchicine treated diploid species ofStylosallthes hamata, S. humilis S.leiocarpaand S. viscosa which were isolated on the basisof morphological criteriabe have been foundto be unaffected on cytological examination.5.3 Cytogenetical studies in rangegrassesi) Atylosla scarabaeoldes : Sixteen lines ofC, progeny of induced tetraploids of Aty/osiascarabaeoides selected from cytologicallystable plants wereevaluated for their cytologicalstatus, forage and seed production potential.Out of 16 genotypes twelve were found to besuperior than diploid counterparts in dry weight!plan't, leaf stem ratio and leaf size. Individualplants from these lines were selected at randomand analysed for their cytological status. Noaneuploid derivatives were recorded and allthe 24 plants scored showed a euploidchromosomal constitution of21'1 = 4x =44. Thetetraploid progenies, however, showed widerangeofvariability for differentmorphologicalattributes.iij Macroptellll"a atropllrpu"um : In orderto improve the 'seed production potential ofinduced tetraploids of Macropteliumatropurpureum cv.'Siratro' attempts were made. to induce cyrptic structural changes throughgamma ray treatment. Treatment of inducedtetraploids did not give encouraging results.However, gamma ray treatment followed byinduced polyploidy, has been o}Jserved to givesome positive results, as' considerableimprovement in fertility has been observed intetraploids which were partially sterile atjdiploid level. Seven such plants havo-been(M. G. Gupta)Studies on induction of variations induced bygamma radiations on Cellchrus eiliaris,cytological and pollen studies in C. ciliarisand Dichallthium allllulatum were carried out.Induction of variationsMature and dry seeds from the plants ofsingle clone of C. ciliaris IGFRI 3078 werecollected and treated with 20 kr, 40 kr and60 kr of gamma radiations and seed germination,seedling growth in petri dishes in the laboratoryand in pots were studied together with thecontrol (unirradiated seeds). In petridishes thegermination were 66% - control ; 62.. - 20kr; 50% - 40 kr and 23% -60 kr, exhibitinga marked inhibition in higher doses (60'kr)of irradiations. The seedlings showed stuntedgrowth, subserization and browning of theradical, morphological deformities, such as,lack ofdevelopment of radical and also failureof emergence of coleoptile which.occ~more frequently in higher irradiation doles. (60 kr). Seed germination inposs were fondto OOS2.. - control: 49.. - 20 kr; 3S.. - 40kr and 12% -60 kr treatments showing a markedinhibitory effect of higher doses of gammamadiation. The ~ival of the germinated-..

36lOFRIseedli~gs were 95% - control; 95% -20 kr;80% - 40 kr and 65% - 60 kr in the first weekafter emergence and it was 75% - control; 75%- 20kr; 40%- 40kr and no survival -60 kr atthe end ofthird week after seedling emergence.Cytological and pollen studiesCytological studies were conducted in fouraccessions CP - 5, S- 14, S - 17 and S - 18of C. ciliaris. Meiotically dividing pollenmother cells of these accessions exhibited 2n= 36 as their chromosome complements.Occurrence of the chromosomes in 'variousconfigurations of uni to tetravalents led to theassumption of their autotetraploid nature. ThePMC's in five accessions of D. annulatumIGFRI-498, 499, 500 501 and 502 exhibited2n =40 as their chromosome complementduringmeiosis. Occurrence of uni to tetravalents invarious configurations supported for theirauto tetraploid nature.Pollen grain studies were conducted in sevenaccession of C. ciliaris CP-5,S-14, S-17, S­18, V-23, V-25 and V-37 and in eight accessionsof D. annulatum IGFRI - 498,499,500,502,503,504and 506.There was no much differencein percent viability ofthe pollen grains amongvarious accessions of C. ciliaris and D.annulatum. The pollen viability in C. ciliarisand D. annulatum accessions ranged between40-52%. The pollen grains ofall the accessionsofboth the grass species, understudy, exhibiteda wide variation in their size ranging from25 to 75 in diameter.PIIDST : Induction or sexuality inCellchrus ciliaris Dichallthiumallllulatum and Pallicum maximumthrough In vitro androgenic haploidplant production(M. G. Gupta)Project approval; The above project wassubmitted to the DST, New Delhi for itsfinancial support of Rs 47.5 lakhs in December1987. The same was approved by the DST forRs, 121akhsonly with the remarks that PrincipalInvestigator may select only one species forstudy. The total cost of the project may beRs. 12 lakhs only provided 50% to come fromIOFRI/ICAR. The manpower and otherrequirements may be reduced accordingly. Theproject was sanctioned for Rs. 11,25,000/­after budgetary discussion at DST.Establishment : Laboratory establishments,and renovation, procurement of instruments,chemicals, glasswares, other consumables andsemi-consumables laboratory infrastructures,procuring imported items processing for andappointment of two JRFs etc. had been themajor activities in addition to conduct theresearch work under this project.Research: Various explants, namely, leaf base,portions of young inflorescence, hypocotyl,epicotyl, scutellum and underground rhizomeswere cultured on culture media with differenthormone concentrations for induction of calli.All explants except rhizomatus parts respondedwell. Among all scuteUar calli were most quickto generate. Cam from inflorescence showedbrowning and. interfered in differentiationwhich was controlled by application of PVPand activated charcoal. Bud differentiationoccurredprofusely in the calli from all explantswhich subsequently responded well for rootinitiation. The rooted plantlets weresuccessfully transferred on filter paper bridgeon media salt composition only and are nowready to transfer in the pots. A somacJonalvariant showing total lack ofchlorophyll wasalso isolated and grown in vitro succeufully.Differentiation of calli into microclonel basbeen quite prominent. Callus inductioa wasalso done in the anthers though at a very lowfrequency. The anther callus is very .lowingrowth.

DIVISION OF AGRONOMYAG-3 : AGRONOMY OF IRRI­GATED/DRYLAND FORAGE ANDPASTURE CROPS3.1 Evaluation of Varietal response offorage crops(S. N. Tripathi)1. Performance of oat varieties under'different cutting regimesTwelve treatments involving thecombinations of 3 oat varieties (Kent, JHO­822 and JHO-851) and 4 cutting scheduleswere evaluated in randomised .block designon Parwa (sandy loam) soil. Basal fertilizerschedule consisted of 60 kg N + 40 kg ppsIha. In single cut system 30 kg N/ha was topdressed at tillering and 30 kg N/ha at jointingstage. For double cut regime, 30 kg N/ha wasapplied after 1st cutting taken 65 days aftersowing. In three cut management, the first cutVarietal response and cultural management in oat

38 IGFRIwas taken at 55 days growth and 2nd and 3rdcuts at 40 and 35 days intervals respectivelyand providing 30 'kg Nlha each after 1st and2nd cutUngs.Under four cut system the primarycut wu taken after 45 days of sowing andremainiag three cuts were at uniform intervalof 30 days and providing 20 kg Nlha to eachcut.Among varieties, J80·851 recordedsignific8D!1Y higher fresh fodder yield (64.0t/ha) over J90-822 (59.2 t/ha) and Kont (59.0t/ha), whichwereat par. The varieties, however,did not differ significantly with respect to drymatter yields producing in the range of 11.15lIha for Kent to 11.67 l/ha for J80-851.Significantly higher green forage (6?5 t/ha)was obtained under double cut.system of

Aluraal 'R~'1989 - 9039Dianagement: '·.stompared' toOlher cuttingschedules (S6.Stb SS5t/bil). Thesljnificantlymaximum dry matter yield of14.71 lIba wasrecorded with.single cutting at flowering stage.The other cutting regimes producedstatjsticallysimilar dry matter ranging from 9~94 l/ha forfour to 10.69 l/ha for two cUttingschedulcs.Maximum crude protein yield of 1480kg/hawas recorded by JHO-8S1 followed by J80­822 (1378 kgtha) arid Kent (132.2kgtha). Thecrude protein yields for 1,2, 3 and 4 cuttingschedules were. 1383, 1209, 1428 and 1554kgtha respectively.2. Response of berseem varieties to theapplication of phosphorus with andwithout sulphur., ,Three berseem varieties (Wardan, BL-60and JHB-137) were evaluated at three levelseach of phosphate (30, 60 and 90 kg £'20,1ha)and sulphur (0, 20 and 40 kg Slba) in 3'factorial confoundil1$~esign. Phosphorus and'sulphur were applied as per the treatments atsowing time in the forms of diammoniumphosphate and powder respectively. Fourcuttings were taken in growth period of 150days.Among berseem varieties, JHB-137produced significantly higher green fodder(92.6 t/ha) over Wardan (89.4 t/ha) and BL­60 (87.2 tlha )which were statistically at par , .between themselves. However, berseemvarieties did not differ significantly in drymatter accumulation as it ranged from 11.92t/ha for Wardan to 12.19 lIha for JHB-137.Increasing levels of phosphate increased' theforage production of berseem and maximumgreen forage (99.0 t/ha) and dry matter (13.10l/ha) yields were obtained with the applicationof 90 kg Pp:J / ha. Similarly, application ofsulphur resulted in significant increase in forageyields. Application of 20 and 40, kg Slbaproduced additional green forage yield of 10.6and' 14.8 t/ha respectively over controltreatment. The corresponding increase in drymatter yields were 1.47 and. 2.28 lIharespectively.3.2 Cultural management and fertilizeruse in forage/pasture crops(S. N. Tripathi)1. Studies on, nitrogen sources andcutting management of sorghum andtheir residual effect on oatTreatments comprised combinations ofnitrogen management techniques (90 kg Nlbaas .urea, 60 kg Nlba as urea + 30 kg Nlhathrough FYM,60 N/ha as urea + 30 kg N/h.thrQugh subabul leaves and' 60 kg Nlbato sorghum intercropped with cowpea in pairedrow system) and 3 cutting schedules ofsorghum(boot. neweringand silage stages). In rotation,oat was grown with 30 and 60 kg Nlha to studythe residual effect of the treatment imposed0" sorghum, The experiment was conductedin split plot design allocating, sorghumtreatmentstc main plots in kharif and oat tosub-plots in rabi season.Results indicated that various nitrogenmanagementpractices followed in the precedingsorghum crop did notexbibited significanteffect on forage yield of oat in the followingseason. However,harvesting schedules imposedon sorghum significantly affected the forageyield of succeedinlolltcrop.Forage p,&uctionof oat was significantly higher when it was,, grown in plots where sorghum was harvestedat boot stage (32.9 t/ha green and 8.7 t/ha drymatter ) as compared to its harvesting at

40flowering (27.8 t/ha green and 6.8 t/ha drymatter) and silage stage (26.5 t/ha green and6.4 t/ha dry) which were statistically at parbetween themselves. Application of 60 N/hato oat recorded 33.9 t/ha green and 8.4 t/hadry matter which was significantly higher tothat of 30 kg N/ha (23.8 t/ha green and 6.2t/ha dry matter).Green forage yields of sorghum grown insubsequent kharif season with differentnitrogen management techniques did not differsignificantly and ranged from 43.4 t/ha (12.8t/ha dry matter) for 90 kg N/ha as urea to41.0 t/ha (12.2 t/ha dry matter) for sorghumintercropped with cowpea and fertilized with60 kg N/ha as urea. Sorghum intercroppedwith cowpea,' however, recorded maximumcrudeprotein yield (1019 kg/ha) while it rangedfrom 827 to 859 kg/ha for other fertilizerschedules. Harvesting sorghum at floweringstage recordedsignificantly higher green forageyield (44.3 t/ha ) as compared to boot (40.5t/ha ) and silage stage (42.2 t/ha ). Dry matterproduction was, however, significantly higher(15.6 t/ha ) at silage stage as compared toflowering (13.2 t/ha') and boot stage (8.7 t/ha ). Maximum crude protein yield of 910 kglha was recorded by harvesting the crop atflowering stage f-allowed by silage and bootstage (Table 25).The sorghum crop may therefore, be grownmixed with cowpea and fertilized with 60 kgN/ha as urea and harvested at-flowering stageto obtain better yield of quality, forage.3.4 Evaluation and standardization ofpractices of dryland forages includingrange and pasture' grasses1. Evalu~tion of different ley farmingsystems under rainfed conditionsIGFRI(K. S. Gangwar, K. P. Niranjan & R. B. Yadav)A long term field experiment was undertakenwith a view to improve the fertility status ofmarginal and sub-marginal soils of drylandareas by inclusion of grasses andl or legumesin rotation with grain sorghum. In all, 14treatments involving Cenchrus ciliaris,Stylosanthes hamata, and Sorghum bicolor(grain ) were laid out in randomized blockdesign on a sandy clay soil having pH 7.1and organic carbon 0.36 %. The availablenitrogen (166.21 kg/ha) and phosphorus (9.24kg/ha) were low, while available potassium(472.22 kg K."Q /ha) was high. The crops wereplanted in lines 50 cm apart. Cenchrus andstylo were sown in 1:1 line orientation. Thefertilizer schedule consisted of 80 kg N + 30kg P."QJha for sorghum, 40 kg N + 20 kg P 105Iha for style and mixed stand of Cenchrus andstylo.Sorghum produced the highest grain (1.75t/ha) and stover (12.1 t/ha) yields and recordedmean plant heightof 184.9 cm.Significantlyhigher green fodder (18.5 t/ha) and dry matter(4.82 t/ha ) yields were recorded with mixedstand of Cenchrus + style followed by pprestand of Cenchrus (16.3 t/ha green and 3.92't/ha dry matter) and style (11.7 t/ha greenand 3.38 t/ha dry matter). The plant heightsof Cenchrus and stylo were 135.7 and 60 emin sole crops and 129.7 and 47.,5 em in mixedstands respectively.The crop wise average data on soil chemicalanalysis indicated that soil pH was minimum(7.51) under pure stand of stylo while it wascomparatively higher (7.53) under the mixedstand ofCenchrus and style. The organic carboncontent followed the same trend andranged

Annual Report 1989 - 90between 0.38 to 0.41 per cent. Highest availablenitrogencontent (137.2 kg/ha) was recordedunder the mixed stand of Cenchrus + stylewhile it was lowest (123.93 kg/ha) under thepure stand ofCenchru«. Similar trend was alsonoticed with available potassium (258.60 to289.52 kg K 20/ha ). The highest level ofavailable phosphorus was recorded in the mixedstand of Cenchrus +stylo while it was lowestin the pure stand of Cenchrus.3.5 Suitability of weed controltechnology for forage crops in croppingsystems(S. D. Gupta )1. Effect ofweed management practiceson economy of nitrogen fertilizer forforage production in maize-oat rotationIt was second year ofthe experiment. Fiveweed control treatments comprising use ofweeder cum mulcher at 2 weeks crop stages,weed free environment through hand weeding,pre-emergence atrazlne @ 0.75 kg ai/ha and)cowpea as intercrop in additive series alongwith weedy check in main plots and four levelsof nitrogen (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha )in subplots, were evaluated in split plot design.The weed flora included grassesBchinochloa cotonum.: Dactylocteniumaegyptium and Digitaria sangulens. All theweed control methods effectively reduced theweed intensity. Intercropping of cowpea anduse of weeder cum mulcher each caused 70per cent reduction in associated weed flora.These treatments produced significantlyadditional dry matter of 2.92. and 2.09 t/hawith corresponding gain in crude protein of200 and 500 kg/ha over weedy check. Weedfree condition and atrazine improved fodderproduction and gave additional dry matter of3.16 and 3.19 l/ha and crude protein of 325and 285 kg/ha over weedy check respectively.The smothering effect of cowpea causedreduction in dry weight of weeds to the tuneof 0.81 and 0~37 t/ha over weedy a check andweeder cum mulcher treatments respectively.Intercropping of cowpea yielded 6.41 t/ha drymatter and 714 kg/ha crude protein.41Increasing levels ofnitrogen increased dryforage and crude protein yields. The differencesbetween 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha were notsignificant in terms of dry matter and crudeprotein yields. However, 80 kg N/ha producedsignificantly higher dry matter and crude proteinover 0 and 40 kg N/ha.Intercropping maize with cowpea under 40and 80 kg N/ha reduced weed intensity to thetune of 70 per cent and produced additionaldry forage yields of 1.25 and 2.31 l/ha andcrude' protein of 365 and 463 kg/ha over 80and 120 kg N/ha in weedy check treatmentrespectively.The residual effect of treatments appliedto kharif maize was assessed on oat crop inrabi. Significant (over weedy check) dry forage(6.1 l/ha) was obtained in weed free-treatment.However, nitrogen levels 40 to 120 kg N/haleft significant residual effect and increaseddry forage yield of oat over weedy check.2. Weed management In lucerne-.Treatments consisting ofpr~.. plan.t basalin@ land 2 kg a i/ha, blanketspray of'sramaxbne·@ .. lkg/haat3 weeks ctop stage; handwee4iinjand use of weeder CURt mU1C~r at3 weeks"crop stage, broadcast sowing of 2.Sk8fhamustard and 30 kg seeflhabatra, weed freecondition throughOut, use ofpassmuloh@1 t/ha aridw~cheek were evaluated in.randomised· block design with three'---------~.- ~-~-"._--_."._"

42replications. Weed flora associated with cropwere Anagalis arvensis, Spergulla,arvellsis,Medicago dellliculala and Melilolus alba. Allthe weed control treatments effectively reducedweed intensity and its dry weight. Use of weedercum mule her reduced 95.8 per cent weedintensity followed by grass mulch, handweeding, broadcast sowing of batra andmustard. The use of grass mulcher reduceddry weight of weeds by 1.59 t/ha over weedycheck (2.24 t/ha).Higher dose ofbasalin (2 kg a i/ha ) caused-phytotoxic effect and reduced forage yield oflucerne 'by 2.22 t/ha over weedy check. Preplantbasaltii @ I kg a ilba reduced crop standby 8.3 per cent over weedy check. This treatment. reduced 99.4 per cent weed intensity and gave1.6 t/ha additional dry forage over weedy check.The use of weeder cum mulcher produced0.96 and 0.59 t/ha additional dry forage overweedy check and hand weeding treatmentsrespectively.Broadcast sowing of batra produced" significantly additional dry forage of 2.22 t/ha over weedy check (6.15 t/ha).This treatmentgave i.04 t/ha more dry forageover grass,mulch and thus resulted in maximum forageyield.3. Weed management in berseemTen treatments consisting ofseed treatmentwith to an\20 per cent salt solution, preplantbasalin@ I and 2 leg a' ilba manualweeding: of 3 .weeks stage ofhop, pre-plantbasalin @ tkg a i/ha followed by manualweeding of 3 weeks crop stage, seed treatmentwith tOper cent salt solution followed bymanual weeding of 3 weeks crop stage andweedy check were evaluated in randomisedblock design.IOFRIAll the chichory management practicesreduced the chichory plant stand (46.7 to 96.7per cent ) over weedy check. Pre-plantapplication ofbasalin(l and 2 kg ailba) causedphyboxiceffecton chichory as well as berseemcrop and caused drastic reduction in berseemdry forage yield over weedy check. 10/20 percent salt solution caused significant reductionin chichory plant intensity (90 to 93 per cent)and chichory seed (73 to 78.2 per cent) inberseem seed lot over weedy check. Manualweeding applied at 3 weeks crop-stagesignificantly reduced the chichory plantweightand produced 0.77 t/ha additional dry forageof berseem. However, efficacy of 10 per centsalt solution further increased when it wascombined with hand weeding at,3 weeks cropstage. This treatment reduced 92.9 per centchichory plants, 1.78 dry weight and 82.5 percent chichory seed lot of berseem dry weightand 82.56 percent chichory seed in seed lotof berseem and recorded 1.33 t/ha additionaldry forage. Like wise the practice of chichory,removal by manual weeding after last cut andflowering stage ofberseem for seed productionwas also highly effective in reducing chichoryseed in berseem seed.3.6 Amelioration of forage productionwith an accent on nitrogen economy inexisting cropping systems(B. S.Sinsinwar)1. Rice based cropping system involvingfodder crops in rabi seasonRice based cropping.system were evaluatedin terms of their feasibility and nitrogeneconomy in third year. During rabi, six foddercrops alongwith wheat were evaluated to studythe effect of these crops on nitrogen economyin the following rice crop. Berseem recorded"significantly higher green forage (72.4 t/ha)

An,ual Report 1989 - 90 43·and dry matter (11.9 t/ha) yields over othercrops. This was followed by lucerne (32.7 t/ha) in terms -of green fodder yield and oat(6.04 t/ha ) and barley (6.07 t/ha) in term ofdry matter accumulation. The lowest yield wasrecorded by mustard (11.5 t/ha). Berseem alsorecorded maximum cruste protein yield (1433kg/ha). In order to make valid comparison oftreatment variables in food fodder croppingsystem, the yield of all the component cropswere converted into equivalent yields. Onequivalent yield basis also berseem registeredsignificantly higher production and wasfollowed by wheat (Table 26).In following kharif season, the responseof rice (Jaya ) was studied to four levels ofnitrogen. There was no significarit differencein the yield of rice grown after various foddercrops or after wheat. However, maximumgrain(2.68 t/ha) and straw (4.6 t/ha) yields wereobtained in berseem rice sequence. This maybe due 10 higher nitrogen fixation by berseemwhich in turn exhibited greater carry over effecton following rice crop.The direct effect of nitrogen on- grain.andstover production of rice was significant withthe result that the maximum grain (2.33 t/ha)

44IGFRIand straw (4.47 t/ha) yields were obtained for comparison. On forage yield equivalentwith 120 kg N/ha followed by 80 kg N /ha basis grain sorghum produced sig~ificant1y(2.01,' t/ha grain and 3.62 t/ha stover). . 'higher yield (81.5 t/lia) over other crops, Thiswas. followed by maize (67.3' t/ha) whereasThusberseem -rice crop.rotap- ~tedinmaximum productivity with ~a greenDolichos produced lowest yield.forage and 2.68 t/ha rice grain. Against this.In rabi 1988-89. wheat was grown"in subplotswith four levels of nitrogen (0. 40. 8'0wheat - rice (common rotation practiced byfarmers) produced 36.48 t1ha berseemand 120. kg N/ha). Significantly higher grainequivalent green forageyield followedby 2.59(4~53 t/ha ) and straw (5.03 t/ha) yields were, t/ha of rice grain.recorded after cowpea followed by Dolichos(4.08 t/ha) and guar (3.99:·t/ha) whic~. we~eConsidering the. nitrogen and phosphorus at par between themselves. Wheat after gramnutrition to bot)l the crops in fodder feed sorghum produced the lowest grain (2.47 t/(berseem-rice ) 'and, food - foodIwheat-rice) . hal and straw (2A5 t/ha) yields.'crop sequences. berseem (20 kg N + 80 kgPO Iha ) -rice (120 kg N + 60 kg P~O~ IThe direct effec'tof nitrogen was significanth~ )'received total fertilizer nutrients of 140, on wheat production. In general maximumgrain 'kg N' + 140 kg P~O, /haagainst 240 kg N+., (5.06 t/ha) andstraw (5.48' t/ha) yields were.120 kg P~O, Iha 'for wheat (120 kg N + 60, obtained with 120 kg N/ha. However. when'kg P~O, /hal -rice (120 kgN + 60 kg P~~,wheat was grown after leguminous fodder crop/ha ) cropping system. It proved that even ,If. the grain and straw yields at 80 and 120 kgthere was no significant variations in totalN/ha were at par indicating .a saving or 40yield of two crop sequences. the saving oflea N/ha. Among different leguminous foddernitrogen fertilizer in berseem-rice rotation iscrops in kharif, cowpea produced maximumto the extent of 100 kg/ha at the expense ofgreen fodder yield.Therefore cow,pea-wheat ,merely 20 kgP~O,lha as compared to wheat-,cropping system proved 11)0re productive andrice rotation.economical }or sustaining crops productivity2. ~ Wheat based cr-opping system. and soil fertility..'involving fodder crops in kharif season, . .The effect of crops along -with grainsorghum (farmer's common crop) onyieldandnitrogen economy of wheat was' studied in .third year; Amongfodder crops in kharif, maizeproduced significantly higher green forage yield,(63.5 t/ha)as compared to other forage crops.This was followed by forage sorghum (55.0. t/ha). The'trend of"dry matter production was ,however.treversed and maximum dry matteraccumulation occurred inforage so~ghu.m(Ut5t/ha) followed by. maize (13.5t/ha ).The yJeld·of all the crops including gFainsorghllm we~e 'converted in to sorghum fodderY,iehteqoivalent'. , 3." Wheat based cropping systeminvolving .equentialand~arallelfoddercrops'.' , I:' .The possibility of g~pwing forage crops insuccession and· associalion with wheat wassludiedtaking coWpea 8lld·sor;hum foddercrops as ptecedingcrops to wheat in the second. '."'.year... Among main plot treatments•.s~!"M,mrecordedsignificatltlyhi&hergreenf~ .2lJha) and dry _matte1 (5.25 t/ha), Yio~ 'fcowpea (31.0t/h~ .green and '4~1~i:,,,,. _"

Annual Report 1'989 - ,90matter). However, crude protein productionby cowpea was higher (856 kg/ha) than sorghum,(390 kg/ha). 'During rabi wheat grown after cowpeaproduced significantly higher grain (6.16 t)ha) and straw (6.79 t/ha) yields as comparedto that obtained after sorghum (4.25 t/ha) grainand (4.6 t/ha) straw. Maximum grain (5.63 tiha) and straw (5.67 t/ha) yields were obtainedwith regular planting of wheat which weresignificantly higher than wheat+berseemplanted in additive series .in rows. Bordermethod was however, statistically at par withits counter partaccommodating berseem plantedin additive series in rows. Border method washowever, statistically at par with its counterpart accommodating berseem or lucerne inevery 4th skipped row or skipping every 4throw of wheat.The minimum yield of wheat grain (4.58t/ha) and straw (5.21 t/ha) was obtained whenberseem was grown in additiveseries whichmay be 'because of trampling of wheat inharvesting berseem frequently, as wheat isgrown in closer spacings.The effect of nitrogen on wheat yield wassignificant and 120 kg N/ha producedsignificantly higher yield (5,47 t/ha grain and45

466.0 t/ha straw) over 80 kg N/ha (4.93 t/ha grainand 5.39 t/ha straw). There was significantinteraction between preceding kharif cropsand nitrogen levels to wheat. After cowpeathe grain yield of wheat with 120 kg N/ha(6.06 t/ha) and 80 kg N/ha(6.23 t/ha) was atpar. After sorghum, however, 120 kg N/haproduced significantly higher grain (4.71 tlha) over 80 kg N/ha (3.79 t/ha).Berseem and lucerne were grown inassociation with wheat in additive series aswell as in every 4th skipped rows. Berseemrecorded significantly highest green forage(15.05 t/ha) and dry matter (3.05 t/ha) whenit was grown in rows in additive series butthe yield of wheat was significantly reducedas compared to other methods. In border methodberseem and lucerne produced 7.9 t/ha and4.3 t/ha green fodder and 1.65 and 0.85 t/hadry matter yields without adversely affectingthe wheat yields. Protein production was alsohigher in case of berseem (335 kg/ha) overlucerne (184 kg/ha).Therefore, growing of wheat with berseemin very 4th skipped row after cowpea wasfound more economical and productivecropping system producing 7.9 t/ha bonus yieldof green forage and economised 40 kg N/hawithout adversely affecting the yield of maincrop of wheat.AG-4:S0IL AND WATER MAN­AGEMENT RESEARCH ON FOR­AGE/PASTURE CROPS·4.1 Crop water use and irrigationmanagement •(Menhi Lal and N. P. Shukla)1. Effect of levels and applicationmethods of Jalshakti on water use oflucerneIGFRITreatments consisting of 4 levels of Jalshakti(0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg/ha) and 3 applicationmethods (broadcast, furrow placement andseed coating) were evaluated in RBD. Eightcuts were taken during the period October1988 to October 1989.Application of 5 kg/ha Jalshakti producedsignificantly highest green forage (76.7 t/ha)over 2.5 kg/ha Jalshakti(72.9 t/ha). Furtherincrease in the level of Jalshakti to 7.5 kg,however, did not prove beneficial. The drymatter production (16.04 t/ha) andcrude proteinturn out (2.61 t/ha) were also highest at 5 kglha Jalshakti but the differences did not reachto the level of significance. The maximum ,irrigation water use efficiency (22.3 kg dmlha/mm) was obtained when Jalshakti wasapplied at the rate of 5 kg/ha against 18.8kg dm/ha/mm with control treatment.Furrow placement of Jalshakti producedsignificantly highest green fodder (81.4 t/ha),dry matter (16.7 t/ha) and crude protein (2.68t/ha) yields over broadcast method (71.1 t/hagreen, 16.2 t/ha dry matter and 2.4 t/ha crudeprotein). Irrigation water use efficiency withfurrow placement, seed coating and broadcastmethods were 23.2, 21.3 and 20.8 kg dm/halmm.The interaction between levels andapplication methods was significant in termsof green forage yield with the result that furrowplacement of 5 kg/ha Jalshakti producedsignificantly highest yield of 85.1 t/ha followedby furrow placement of 7.5 kg/ha Jalshakti(81.2 t/ha). The water use efficiency of thesecombinations were 24.1 and 22.3 kg dm/hamm respectively (Table 27).Thus furrow placement of 5 kg/ha Jalshakti

Annual Report 1989 - 90(a chemical polymer characterised ' I, b,retain and release water) hold promise forincreasing forage yield, quality and water useefficiency of lucerne.2. Evaluation of napier- bajra hybridsunder different densities and irrigationschedulesThis was the first year of theexperimentation. Three varieties of napierbajrahybrids (D-379, BN-8248 and IGFRI­3) were evaluated under three plant densities(100 em x 25 ern, 75 em x 25 em and 50 emx 25 em) and irrigation schedules (Canopytemperature Tc--atmospheric temperature Tavalues of +2, 0 and -2°C) in 3 3 partialconfounding design. The data on forageproduction for the period August 1988 toOctober 1989 have been reported.Variety BN-8248 producing green forage52.8 t/ha and dry matter 12.0 t/ha was at parwith IGFRI-3 (51.9 t green forage and 12.3t/ha dry matter). These two varieties, however,proved significantly superior to D-379 in greenfodder production and dry matter accumulation.Napier hybrids planted at 75 ern x 25 emyielded highest green (52.4 t/ha) and dry matter(12.2 t/ha) but did not differ significantly from50 em x 25 cm spacing- (-51.3 t/ha green and12.0 t/ha dry matter). Planting of grasses at100 em x 25 em resulted in significantly lowerforage yield.Irrigation scheduling at Tc - Ta values of-2°C measured with infrared thermometerregistered significantly highest green forageyield of 58.0 t/ha and dry matter of 13.2 t/ha as compared to Tc - Ta value of OOC (52.3t/ha green forage and 12.2 t/ha dry matter)and +2°C (41.8 t/ha green forage and 9.9 t/ha dry matter) which also differed significantly47between themselves. Thus increasing thedifferences between canopy temperature andatmospheric temperature (stress degrees) from-2 to +2°C caused a reduction of 27.8% greenfodder production and 25% in dry matteraccumulation of napier-bajra hybrids.4.3 Evaluation of different irrigationmethods and soil managementtechniques for efficient water use(N. P. Shukla and Menhi Lal)1. Response of oat to nitrogen in relationto moisture conservation methodsIn the second year the response of oat to3 levels of fertilizer nitrogen (25, 50 and 75kg/ha) and 5 moisture conservation methods(grass mulch, plastic mulch, 5 kg Jalshakti/ha and 5 kg Agrolite-400/ha alongwith controltreatment) was studied in RBD. Only twoirrigation were provided to the crop at crownroot initiation and jointing stage with 60 mmwater at each irrigation.Increase in the levels of nitrogen from 25to 50 and 50 to 75 kg N/ha increased the greenforage and crude protein yields significantly.However, the difference in dry matter yieldswas significant only between 75 and 25 kgN/ha. The maximum irrigation water useefficiency (35.6 kg dm/ha/mrn) occurred at 75kg N/ha followed by 50 kg N/ha (33.3 kg dm/ha/rnm).Among moisture conservation methods,plastic mulch produced significantly highestgreen forage (32.8 t/ha), dry matter (7.89 t/ha) and crude protein (566 kg/ha) yields overother treatments. The next best treatment wasthe application of 5 kg/ha Jalshakti in termsof green and dry matter production and Agrolite­400 in terms of crude protein yields. The

48irrigation water use .efficiency was highestwith plastic mulch (37.6 kg dm/ha/mm). Next.in order was Jalshakti and Agrolite-400, both. ofwhich proved equally effective in increasingirrigation water use efficiency (Table 28).IGFRI .Thus under limited water supply conditions,oat may be grown with the application ofplastic mulch or 5 kg Jalshakti/ha for efficientmoisture conservation' and fertilized with 75kg N/ha for ~nhancing yield and quality.

DIVISION OF GRASSLAND MANAGEMENTGM-l:ESTABLISHMENT ANDMANAGEMENT OF RESEEDEDPASTURES FOR THEIR SUS­TAINED PRODUCTIVITY ONMARGINAL AND SUBMARGINALLANDS '-,1.2 Studies 01) the establishment andmanagement of Stylosanthes, Dichanthiumand Cenchrus based pasture fortheir.sustalned productivity1. Effect of management practices onthe productivity of sown pastures(P. Rai)Studies were continued for the 5th year toidentify the effect of cultural and fertilizertreatments on the productivity of4 rang grassesviz. Dichanthium annulatum, 'Cenchrus ciliaris,Cenchrus setigerus, and C. ciliarisxC. setigerushybrid in pure and mixture withStylosantheshamata. The treatments were replicated sixtimes. However , two cutting managementtreatments viz. burning and close cutting(cutting at ground level) were also imposedduring this year in addition to normal cuttingas control (cutting at 15 cmjheight, The closecutting and burning treatments were imposedduring 1st week of April. Thua.six replicationswere divided in three, making two replications" each for burning, close cutting and normalcutting. Therecuuings were taken (10.8.89,'14.9.89 and 25.11.89) incase of C. ciliaris,. C. setigerusand C. ciliaris C. setigerus hybrid.grown in pure stand as well' as in mixture withS. hamta while 4 cuttings were taken in caseof D. annulatum (11.3.89 in addition to abovethree dates) in pure and mixture. In case ofS',hamata, two cuttings were taken on 14.9.89and 25.11.89. The results are summarizedbelow:Forage productionCutting management : Data presented in(Table 29) revealed that green and dry forageyield increased with burning treatment in, allthe grass species grown in pure stand followedby normal cutting and close cutting. Irrespectiveofthe grasses, average increase in green forageyield was recorded by 22.4 and 14.5 per centwith burning treatment over close cutting andnormal cutting respectively. The increase indry matter yield with burning treatment wasnoted to the tune of 25.9 and 17.1 percentover close (rid',normal cutting respectively.Green and dry forage yield recorded withvarious grasses grown in mixture with S. hamata. did not show any:definite trend. However,burning treatment gave lowest yield of S.hamata as compared to closecutting and normalcutting treatr ents in' all the mixtures. Thetotal yield obtained with grass + legume showedmaximum production with normal cuttingtreatment in case ofD. annulatum + S'dhamata(4.05 t/ha) and Cenchrus hybrid + S. hamata(3.77 t/ha) while close cutting treatment gavehighestyield in case ofC. setigerus+ S.,hamata(3.66 t/ha ) and burning treatment exhibited. higher yield in case of C. ciliaris + S.hamata(3.66 t/ha).Cultural practices : T~e green and dry forage.

50 IGFRIyield increased with interculture operation inall the grasses over control. However, thehighest increase of 36.7 (green) and 29.5 (dry)per cent was recorded in Cenchrushybrid.Further, it was observed that themaximum green and dry forage .yield wasrecorded in the treatment consisting ofapplication of (60 kg N + 30 kg Pps /ha )+ interculture in all the grasses except D.annulatum where only fertilizer treatment gaveinc highest yield (Table 29). The highestincrease of 85.2 (green) and 101.1 (dry) percent was again recorded in case of Cenchrushybrid. This shows that Cenchrus hybrid ismore responsive to cultural and fertilizertreatment as compared to other three grass

;&>::s::sce,..... \0 00\0\0oVI....

52species. ,Total green and dry forage yield recordedwith grass - legume mixture showed increase,in yield with interculture alone in case of D.annulatum + S. hamata and C. setigerus + S.hamata while the beneficial effect was notseen in case of C. ciliaris + S. hamata andCenchrus hybrid + S. hamata. Furtherapplication of 30 kg N + 60 kg pp/ha +interculture gave higher dry matter yield incase ofD. annulatum + S.hamata and Cenchrushybrid+ S. hamata as compared to fertilizeralone while the reverse was' true in case ofC: setigerus + S. hamata and C. ciliaris + S.hamata (Table 30).Irrespective ofthe treatments, the maximumaverage green (13.64 t/ha) and dry (4.64 t/ha)' forage yield was recorded with C. ciliariswhen grown in pure stand and minimum yieldwas noted in D. 'annulatum. In case of grass- legume mixture, the average highest greenforage yield was obtained in C. setigerus +S. hamata (10.07 t/ha) while the averagemaximum dry matter yield was noted in D.annulatum (3.86 t/ha).Persistency : Data on plant population ofgrasses grown in pure and mixture with S.hamata showed slightly lower survival' withburning treatment as compared to close andnormal cutting in all the grasses exceptCenchrus ciliaris x C. setigerus hybrid in purestand and with C. setigerus in case of mixture.Irrespective of grasses, the average maximumsurvival of96.0 and 93.7 percent was recordedin pure and mixture respectively with closecutting treatments followed by normal cutting(94.1 % in pure stand and 92.2 % in mixture).Plant population of grasses did 'not showmuch variations due to different culturalpractices either grown in pure stand or in mixture'IGFRIwith S. hamata. However, the minimumsurvival was recorded in control in all thegrasses grown in pure or mixture. Irrespectiveof th[grasses the average maximum survivalof 95.6 and 94.4 per cent was recorded inpure and mixture respectively with intcrculturetreatment followed by interculture + fertilizer.Irrespective of the treatments, the averagemaximum survival of98.3 per cent was notedin D. annulatum and the minimum of 91.1per cent in C. setigerus when grown in purestand. In case of mixture, the highest survivalof 95.3 per cent was recorded in C. setigerusand the minimum in D. annulatum (88.0 percent).Data on plant population of S. hamatagrown in mixture with grasses showed lowestplant population with burning treatment inall the grasses followed by normal cutting.Irrespective ofthe.grasses, the maxim urn plantpopulation of 17,535 plants/ha was recordedwith close cutting treatment and minimumof 3,936 plants/ha with burning treatment.The effect of cultural practices on plantpopulation of S. hamata showed no definitetrend in all the grasses. However, irrespectiveofgrasses, the average highest plant populationof 16,975 plants/ha was noted in controlfollowed by i!1,t~rculture treatment (14,198plants/ha). '2. Effect ~f organic and inorganic N,Azospirillum . inoculation and legumeintercropping on the productivity of.Cenchrus setigerus(P. Rai and M. R. Pahwa)Studies were continued during the thirdyear to know the effect of 3 levels of N (0, '20 and 40 kg N/ha) applied through urea

Annual Report 1989 - 90and farm yard manure (FYM) and Azospirillumapplied. with and without urea and FYM aswell as intercropping of 4 legumes (Cajanuscajan, Lablab purpureus, Clitoria ternatea andStylosanthes hamatay on the productivity ofC. setigerus. Three cuttings were taken in caseof legume (November ] 1, ]989). In case ofC. cajan data on grain, fuel and fodder werenot recorded due to poor growth and ultimatelymortality of the plants.Results of Forage production revealed thatthere was no significant differences in drymatter yield due to various treatments.However, the maximum dry forage yield of.4.34 t/ha (3.05 t/ha from grass + 1.29 :':lhafrom S. hamata) was obtained withintercropping of S. hamata followed byintercropping of L. purpureus (3.69 t/ha fromgrass + 0.19 t/ha from legume = 3.88 t/ha),application of 40 kg N/ha through FYM (3.88.1 t/ha), intercropping of C. cajan (3.70 L/ha )and application of Azospirillum + ,20 kg Nthrough urea + 20 kg N through FYM (3.69t/ha) . Due to application of 20 kg N/ha either /through urea or FYM, the dry matter yieldincreased by 18 and 14 per cent respectively.overcontrol. Application ofAzospirillum alonedid not show 'any beneficial effect on forageyield of this grass. However, inoculationresulted in the .improverncnt of CP COI.tCIll 111plants {uninoculatcd control average 6.1%,.inoculated 7.0%Y. HighestAzospirillum counts(1.5 + 10 6,cells/g dry soil) in the rhizosphercsoil as wC11 as CP content in plants was observedin case of treatments involving 20 kg. N/hathrough urea + 20 kg N/ha through FYM andinoculation (1st cut - 8.4 %, 2nd cut - 8% and3rd cut -7.3% average 7.9%) followed byintercropping ofS. hamata (average CP content7.6%). The combined treatment of 20 kg N/ha through urea and inoculation showed greateravailable soil N in the rhizospherc region (soil- 178.7 kg N/ha, rhizosphere soil - 197.5 kgN/ha).1.8 Pasture management practices forpersistence of legumes in grass legumestands under grazing condition andanimal growth(Vinod Shankar and V. S. Upadhyay)The objective of this interdisciplinaryexperiment is to maintain animal ,(crossbredcow calves) growth @ 400-500 g/day andmilk production @ 5-6 kg/head from naturalgrassland forage and supplement. About 6 hanatural Sehima - lIeteropogon grassland hasbeen divided into 4 equal size paddocks forgrazing in deferred- rotation. The grasslandhas beenover seeded wi th Stylosanthes hamataafter light harrowing and bush cleaning inJuly 1989. When the observations on speciescomposition (Table 31) and herbage yield(Table 32) were recorded in November 1989,a good stand of sty los was noticed all overthe grassland with higher density, low portionsofthe natural grassland area. Because ofheavy'bush infestation herbage yield contributed byperennial grasses viz. Sehima nervosum andIleteropogon contortus was low but stylo yieldwas satisfactory. It is expected that with grazingand further bush cleaning the composition ofthese perennial grasses will improve. Grazingin this experiment was scheduled to commencefrom July ]989, but since paddock fencingcould not be completed, the gr.c-ing is nowproposed to be continued from July 19~O.GM-2: EVALITATION, IMPROVE­MENT AND MANAGEMENT OFNATIVE GRASSLANDS2.1 Investigations on the intruductiunof legumes for impruverne-it on naturalgrassland(K. C. Kanodia & S. S. Parihar)53

54 IGFRI .1. Studies on the performance ofStylosanthes hamata in naturalgrasslands under different managementpractices.Studies on improvement of Sehimadominated grassland were repeated with sixtreatments T 1- control; T 2-stylo broadcast;T 3-furrows at 1 m intervals; T 4- stylo + P20Sbroadcasted ; Ts-stylo sown in furrows at 1m. and T 6-stylo+ P 20 Sin furrows at 1 m.Observations recorded on plant populationin all the six, treatments (Table 33), revealedmaximum plant population (l56/m 2 ) , percentagecomposition (40.553%) of legumesand Stylosanthes hamata as well as maximumdry matter yield of forage (3.468 t/ha ) in thetreatment combination, (T ) 6with 20 kg Pps/ha + exotic legume applied in furrows at 1m apart. This was followed by the treatment(T ) 4where the exotic legume was broadcastedalongwith 20 kg Pps'

Annual Report 1989 - 90 55However, it was interesting to note that.the highest population of low perennial grassesviz. Heteropogon and Eragrostialla as wellas annual grasses were recorded in the treatment(T ) 2where no operations except broadcastingof stylo was employed, indicating theprogressive succession of vegetation throughthese species, while the higher amount ofinvasion of legumes and forbs was recordedin treatment (T ) , 4where legume wasbroadcasted alongwith phosphorus on theundisturbed sites.Further, it was also interesting to note thatbiomass produced as well as the plant populationin general of the desirable species (Sehimanervosum ) reduced considerably with theproductivity (2.048 t/ha ) being lower thaneven in the control (2.266 t/ha). As comparedto the last year, during this year even otherwisethe productivity and plant population was lowerin all the plots especially T 3and T 2, wheremechanised harvesting of grasses was carriedout as compared to plots harvested manually(T 1) during the preceding year, which appearsto have vitiated the results.GM-4: ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OFNATURAL GRASSLANDS4.5.2 Ecological studies of grasslandcommunities of semi-arid region forincreasing plant and animalproductivity- lseilema community(B. K. Trivedi )The experiment is running in its fourth yearat C. R. Farm of the Institute to find out theefficiency of Iseilema community in naturalgrassland under various management practicesi.e, grazing (T 1); grazing + nutrient (T 2) ;defoliation (T 3) and defoliation + nutrient (T 4) .The nutrients (20 kg N + 10 kg PPs ) perha were applied as a single basal dose in thefirst week of July. Six crossbred growing cal ves(12-15 month old and 75-100 kg body weight)were selected. A group of 3 calves was putin grazing daily for 108 days. No othersupplemental feed was given during grazing

.56period. The herbage of T 3and T 4paddockswas harvested in mid September and was fedto these animals (10 kg herbage + 5 kg berseem)for each animal at stall feeding after grazingperiod (l6.12.89) for 90 days.Observations recorded on soil moisture,botanical composition, plantbiomass and bodyweight gain/loss of animals arc summarizedin brief as below:Soil moistureAverage soil moisture ranged from 1.7 to-15.2 in T 1and T 4treatments in summer andrainy seasons respectively. It was more atlower soil depth: In all the seasons maximumsoil moisture was recorded in T 4whileminimum value varied in different treatmentsin different seasons.Botanical compositionThis year 27 herbaceous species (8 perennialand 8 annual grasses, 4 legumes and 7 forbs)were recorded. Iseilema laxum, Dichanthiumannulatum and lleteropogon contortus werethe main perennial grasses. I. laxum achievedhighest (67".3) Importance Value Index (IV!)in T3 and lowest (27.8) in Tr The corespondingdata for D. annulatum were 54.6 and 35.3in T 4and T 1and for ll. contortus 73.4 and55.4 in T z and T 3treatments respectively. _0,I, Laxum and D. annuLatum showed higherIVI in of D, annulatum and ll. contortus anddecrease in I. Laxum. This decrease was 6.7and 46.1 % in defoliated and grazed treatmentsrespectively, This indicated the choice ofan iIII a-l to the species.'Primary productionIGFRITotal plant biomass varied from 697.9 to875.1 g/m z in T 1and T 4treatments respectively.In grazing treatment edible perennial grassesadded 52 to 55% biomass wherein in defoliatedtreatments this component contributed 83% tothe total biomass. Annual grasses added 11to 20%, amounting 101.8 and 157.8 g/m" inT 4and T-z respectively. The contribution oflegume and' forb components were negligible.Nutrient application resulted 14.2 and 24.9%increase in yield in herbage in grazed anddefoliated treatments respectively over zeronutrient (Table 34). In defoliated + nutrient(T 4) treatment 77.7 g/m? more biomass wasfound against grazed + nutrient (T z) treatment.Secondary productionAt the end of grazing 173.3 and 226.6 gper 100 kg body weight per day growth wasobtained respectively in T 1and T, treatments.For stall feeding corresponding values for T 3and T 4treatments were 207.1 and 211.0 g per100 kg body weight per day respectively, Duringgrazing, animal showed an increasing trendin their average bodr weight till the end ofOctober and maximum body weight gain was.206.3 and 238.1 g per, 100 kg body weightper day in T 1and T, respectively.'--4.6 Autecology and growth behaviorstudies in different range grasses1. Seed germination - studies withPanicum antidotale(S. S. Parihar and K. C. Kanodia)Germination studies conducted withPanicum maximum and Panicum antidotalerevealed that there is no primary dormancyin P. antidotaLe and freshly collection dispersalunits were able to germinate immediately afterseed collection. However, freshly collected

Annual Report 1989 - 90 57

58dispersal units of P. maximum did not germinateand required an after ripening period of aboutone month. Germination percentage of onemonth old dispersal units of P. maximum andP. antidotale was 6% and 61% respectively.'An increasing trend in per cent germinationof dispersal units was recorded with the increasein storage periods and after 3 months of storage,dispersal units of P. maximum and P. antidotalegave 67% and 69% germination respectively.Pre-treatment of 3 months stored dispersalunits with various dormancy breakingtechniques viz. soaking with potassium nitrate,copper sulphate, chilling and heat treatmentrevealed that there is no significant effect onper cent germination in P. maximum. In caseof P. antidotale maximum percent germination(85.3%) was recorded with chilling treatment(i.e. moistened dispersal units placed in arefrigerator at 5 "C for one week before placingin seed germinator).Removal of caryopsis from, the enclosingglumes has an enhanced effect on per centgermination of seeds (caryopsis).Characteristic phenolic tests of methanolicextract of dispersal units of both the speciesindicated presence of phenolic compounds inthe husk. Enhanced germination of dehuskedseeds may be attributed to the removal' ofphenolic inhibitors present in the husk.2. Studies on growth characteristics andreproductive capacity of range grassesin established pastures(S. S. Parihar and Vinod Shankar)IGFRIStudies were conducted on various growthcharacteristics and reproductive capacity of16 range grasses in the established pasture byrandom sampling. Various growth characterstaken for study were : height, leaf and stemweight per tiller, leaf/stem ratio, leaf area pertiller, seeds (dispersal units) produced per tiller,per cent seed setting and seed test weight(Table 35). Studies revealed that various growthparameters varied in different species. Forexample, maximum height of tillers (329 em)was recorded in Pennisetum trihybrid (P.purpureum x P. americanum x P. squmulatumifollowed by Setaria sphacelata (214 'em ).Maximum dry weight of stem and leaf pertiller, 52.0 g and 11.01 g respectively was alsorecorded with Pennisetum trihybrid (Table 35).Maximum leaf: stem ratio (0.39) was recordedwith Cenchrus hybrid and minimum (0.15)with Setaria sphacelata, Bothriochloa pertusaand Bracharia brizantha. Highest leafarea pertiller (735.23 cm-) was also recorded inPennisetum trihybrid and minimum (28.87 cm-)in Sehima nervosum. Maximum number of';eed(dispersal units) per tiller (3, 196) was recordedin Panicum maximum and minimum (46) inSehima nervosum. Highest per cent seed setting(95%) was found in Panicum antidotale andminimum (3%) in Paspalum notatum.

DIVISION OF AGROSILVIPASTUREASP-I: AUTECOLOGY OF FOD­DER-CUM-FUEL TREES/SHRUBS:1.1 Autecology of Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) de Wit( P.S. Pathak)Spacing and growth strategy in.Silvi-4In the fifth year of its growth the responseto increasing rectangularity and density wasdistinctly visible. Maximum annual increasewas at 1 rectangularity and which decreasedwith increasing density at same rectangularity..During the year maximum collar diameter (CD)and diameter at breast height ( dbh ) wererealised at 2x2 m? spacing followed by 2x1.5m? and the minimum with 0.5x0.5 m 2 spacing.Survival and growth compared toEucalyptusIn the third year, Leucaena recordedmaximum survival (94.7%) under alternateplant management. Its survival even underother management conditions was at par withalternate line management pure crop (Table36). Survival in Eucalyptus ranged from 60.0­74.7%, the maximum being in the sole crop.Height growth of Eucalyptus was maxim urn(3.34 m) in the alternate plant managementand the minimum (3.3 m) in the sole cropping.Height growth in Leucaena was always lowerthan in Eucalyptus. Its maximum height wasin the alternate line management (3.35 m) andthe minimum in the alternate plant managementtreatments.The growth of collar diameter did not followthe pattern of height growth. In Eucalyptusmaximum CD (4.04cm) was recorded in thealternate line management, while in the othertwo cases it was at par. In Leucaena, thoughwith low diameter, it followed the pattern ofEucalyptus.The growth in dbh did not follow the patternof collar diameter, The maximum dbh inEucalyptus ( 2.95 em) was in the alternateplant management and the minimum in thesole crop (2.57 em), In Leucaena, it wasmaximum in the alternate line management(2.52 em) and the minimum in the alternateplant management (2.18 ern),The production of grass declined this yearand it was maximum in the alternate plantmanagement (7. 25 t/ha). The average forageproduction was 6.6 t/ha and was 0.7 t/ha lessas compared to the last year.Growth and production ofvarieties CLeucaenaNine Leucaena varieties planted at lxl mspacings were harvested after 7 1/2 years. Thesurvival, growth performance and reductionofK-8 varieties from different sources showedvariation indicating existence of variability oradaptive adjustments whereby the one obtainedfrom Hawaii was superior to all. Peak growthof height and diameter was observed in aselection from this Institute, Silvi-4 which

60 IGFRIgave 48.9 kg/tree. In terms of coppice growthK-72 was most profuse (Table 37).ASP-2 : EVOLVING SILVIPAS­TORALSYSTEMSONSU8MARG~NAL WASTELANDS AND ENVI­RONMENT2.1 Productivity ofsilvipastoral systemsas affected by tree species and theircanopy2.1.2 Productivity of volunteer Leucaenaseedlings under different canopies ofAlbizia lebbeck( M. M. Roy, B.K. Choubey and P. Bihari )Growth and productivity of volunteerLeucaena seedlings was recorded in differentcanopies of 12- year old A.lebbeck trees. Atthe site, soil ( 10 em depth) WHC, pH, organiccarbon, available nitrogen and availablephosphorus were 36.4%, 6.92. 0.45%, 0.0024%and 6.72 kg/ha, respectively. Highest numberof plants per m 2 was recorded in the partialand medium canopies followed by densecanopy. Number of plants was lowest in opensituations. Peak plant height and diameter( at 10 ern height) and forage production wererecorded in partial canopy closely followed

Annual Report 1989 - 90 61Silvipastoral system under canopy of Albizia

62by medium canopy. The forage productionlevel in dense 'canopy was lower than that ofcontrol ( Table-38 ).·2.1.3 Establishment ofCenchrus ciliarisand Stylosanthes hamata under differentcanopies of Atbizia lebbeck(M. M. Roy, B. K. Choubey and P. Bihari)C. ciliaris and S. hamata were sown inalternate lines (50 em apart) in between theinterspaces of an established 12-year oldA.lebbeck plantation in kharif. Seed rate was3 kg/ha for C. ciliaris and 2 kg/ha for S.hamata. At the site, soil (10cm depth) WHC,pH, organic carbon, available nitrogen andavailable phosphorus were 36.4%, 6.92, 0.45%,0.0024% and 6.72 kg/ha respectively. Peakestablishment and growth of both the specieswere obtained in open canopy. A gradualdecrease in establishment and growth wasobserved in C . ciliaris with increasing intensityof canopy level. Establishment of Sihamatawas almost same up to medium canopy levelbut Its growth showed a gradual decreasingtrend with decreasing PAR (Table 39).2.1.4 Establishment of Chrysopogonfulvus andStylosanthes hamata underdifferent canopies of Albizia lebbeck( M. M. Roy and B.K. Choubey )C. fulvus was transplanted (at 50 x 50 emdistance) and seeds of S. hamata werebroadcasted @ 2 kg/ha in between theinterspaces of established 12-yearoldA .lebbeckplantation in kharif. At the site, soil (10 cmdepth ) WHC, pH, organic carbon, availablenitrogen and available phosphorus wererecorded to be 32.4%, 6.86, 0.45%, 0.0021 %and 5.68 kg/ha. S. hamata failed to establish.due to early prolonged drought. EstablishmentIGFRIand ~rowth of Cfulvus was better in open andin the partial conopy as compared to mediumand dense canopy (Table 39).2.1.5 Establishment of Cenchrus ciliarisand Stylosanthes hamata under differentcanopies of Dichrostachys cinerea andLeucaena leucocepbala( M. M. Roy and B.K. Choubey )C. ciliaris and S.hamata were sown inalternate lines ( 50 ern apart ) betweeninterspaces of 7-year old stands of D .cinereaand L. leucocephala in kharif. Seed rate was3 kg/ha for C. ciliaris and 2 kg/ha for S.hamata. At the site, soil ( 10 cm depth /WHC,pH, organic carbon, available nitrogen andavailable phosphorus varied from 30.8 to 34.2%,6.52 to 6.99, 0.22 toO.29%, 0.0021 to 0.0028%and 5.68 to 6.72 kg/ha respectively. Interceptionby ground flora was higher under canopiesof D. cinerea as compared to L. leucocephala(Table 40). Both C. ciliaris and S. hamatacould establish and grow well up to mediumcanopy of D. cinerea and L. leucocephala.Their performance was very poor in the densecanopy (Table 40).2.1.6 Growth of Dichrostachys cinereaand pasture productivity on calcareouswastelands (8th year)(M. M. Roy)Average height and CD of established plantsof D.cinerea associated with pasturecombinations were recorded as 412 ern and9.4 em, respectively. Forage production fromvarious combinations was extremely lowbecause of dense stand formation of D. cinerea.2.1.7 Growth of Dichrostachys cinereain natural grassland (4th year)

Annual Report 1989 - 90 63

64 IGFRI

Annual Report 1989 - 90"'\M. M. Roy)silvipastoral systems65Average height and CD of established plantsof D .cinerea in association with natural pasturedominated by Dichanthium annulatum andSehima nervosum were 217 ern and 3.4 cm,respectively. Dry forage production harvestedin September varied from 3.1 to 3.8 t/h.:/yr.2.1.8 Growth of Colophospermummopane in natural grasslands (2nd year)(M. M. Roy)No significant difference in establishmentand growth of C. mopane was observed indifferent treatments. Average gross production,survival, height and CD, recorded in September,were 3.86 t ( dry )/ha/yr, 74%, 82.6 em and0.98 cm, respectively.2.2 Lopping management studies onselected fodder trees/shrubs in( M. M. Roy and B. K. Choubey )Dichrostachys cinereaPlants of 6.4 to 9.0 ern basal diametergroup were marked for management studiesat three intensities viz., side clipping, lowerone-third foliage removal, lower two-thirdfoliage removal; two intervals viz., six monthlyand yearly. Regeneration at six monthly intervalwas better in side as compared to lower twothirdfoliage removal (Table 41). On the plantsof similar diameter group another treatmentof pollarding at 1.3 m height was imposed.Average biomass (fodder+firewood) of 10.4kg (4.4 kg dry) per tree was obtained.Regeneration studies are in progress.Albizla amaraPlants of 14 to 20 em basal diameter group60:::90

66were marked for management studies at threeintensities viz., 30, 60 and 90% canopy removaland two interval viz., yearly and in alternateyears. In the 90% treatment because of removalof thicker branch a gradual reduction in cutbranch diameter and yield was observed in60% and 30% treatments (Table-42).Regeneration studies are in progress.Albizia lebbeck and Leuceana leucocephalaPlants of 22.2 to 31.2 em diameter groupin A. lebbeck and 12.8 to 20.8 ern in L.leucocephala have been marked for taking upmanagement studies at two intensities viz.,25% and 50% of canopy removal and twointervals viz., yearly and in alternate years.Phenological observations on the plants havebeen completed. Further studies are in progress.ASP-3 : AGROFORESTRY STUD­IES FOR'SELECTION OF COM­P A.TUI'LE TREE SPECIES FOROPTIMUM PRODUCTION-,.3:3. Productivity of agro-silvipastoralsystem involving Leucaena leucocephalaand Melia azadirach(P.S. Pathak, P. 'Rai and B.K. Chaubey)It was second year of the experiment. Gapfilling of trees was done before sowin« of cropand in case of improved pasture only one cutwas taken after the seed collection. This yearcrop sown was sorghum-pigeon pea.Soil analysis data at the end of 1st yearshowed a slight decline in pH under the treesystems but organic carbon and availablenitrogen showed increase over the control. Inthe surface soil, increase in organic carbonwas better under crops while in nitrogen undernatural grasslands.IGFRITree seedling survival : In the second yearpeak survival of M. azadirack was undernatural grassland (84.8%) followed byimproved pasture (84.7%) and the lowest undercrops (79.5%). Subabul showed peak survivalin improved pasture (64.1%) followed bynatural grassland (62.6%) and the minimumin crops (46.9%).Plant height growth: Subabul recorded higherheight growth compared to M. azadirach inall the systems. M. azadiracb reached peakheight (75.6 em) in improved pasture followedby natural grassland (67.9 em) and the minimumheight was in crops (63.9 ern). Subabul recordedmaximum height in improved pasture (132.7em) followed by crops (126.4 ern) and thelowest (112.5cm) in natural grasslands .Thus,in both the species peak growth was in improvedpasture.Diameter growth: Collar diameter followedthe pattern of height. in both the cases. M.azadiracb recorded maximum CD(0.84 em)with improved pasture followed by naturalgrassland (0.63 em) and the minimum (0.59ern) in crops. In subabul the peak was (1.28ern) with improved pasture and followed bycrops(1.23 em) and (1.01 em) with naturalgrasslands.Production of natural grassland : In thesecond year the grassland production was 5.24t/ha (9.31 t/ha fresh wt.) which could beconsidered optimum during this low rainfallyear.Production of the improved pasture: Theimproved pasture was allowed to seed and itproduced 93.37 kg/ha seed in various handpickings. Forage production was 9.58 t/ha (5.95t/ha DM) which could be considered optimum

Annual Report 1989 - 90at such a low rainfall and early monsoondrought.Crop production: Sorghum yield was 15.66t/ha (6.486 t/ha DM) with a good crop growth.3.3.2: Productivity ofagro-silvipastoralsystem involving Eaidherbia albida(DEL) A. CHEV (Syn.Acacia albida)(S. K. Gupta)The experiment was laid out in one yearold established plantation of Faidherbia albidaat 4x3 m and 5x3 m spacings. The soil pHwas 7.22, available nitrogen was 0.007%,organic carbon was 0.624% and water holdingcapacity was45.13%. No significant differencesin the treatment combinations were observedduring the first year. The tree species wereinterplanted with :seasonal pigeonpea andsorghum, natural grassland (control) andcultivated pasture (Cenchrus ciliaris withStylosanthus hamata).Survivaland growth of the treeSurvival of Faidherbia albida at the endof the year (Dec. 89) was higher under improvedpasture (98.67%) in 5x3 in spacing. Lowestsurvival was also recorded in improved pasture(85.54%) in 4x3 m spacing.Plant height was remarkably higher inimproved pasture (64.07 em) at 5x3 m spacingfollowed by natural grassland (63.36 em) at5x3 m spacing. Similar trend was found inthe growth of collar diameter also. Plantsresponded to edaphic variability in theexperimental area. The survival and growthdata of plants grouped along the red, blackand mixed soil showed that on red soil, survivalwas the highest (97.7%) while it was lowest(73.9%) in the black soil. Plant growth inheight and diameter was maximum in mixedsoil at 5x3 m spacing followed by 4x3 mspacing in the same soil. The lowest growthwas in black soil at 4x3 m spacing.Forage and crop productionBeing the first year the dry production ofimproved pasture was only 1.35 t/ha while innatural grassland the production was higher(1.91 t/ha). The yield of both the crops wasvery poor caused by due to poor germination;establishment and early prolonged drought.3.4 Species evaluation of MPTS forfarm boundary planting in irrigatedfarming system( M. P. Rai )Eucalyptus hybrid, Hardwickia binata,Acacia nilotica and Leucaena leucocephalawere the MPTS chosen for this study.Observations on survival and growth of theseplants recorded in Dec. 1989 and March 1990is presented in the table 43.Survival and Growth of MPTSAcacia nilotica showed highest survival(90%) followed by Leucaena leucocephala(53.5%) and Hardwickia binata (43%) andEucalyptus hybrid showed lowest percentageof survival (24%) after 7 months of theplantation. Acacia nilotica showed maximumincrement (3-times in height and 2-times incollar diameter) followed by Eucalyptus hybrid(10% in height and 13.lin CD) and than byHardwickia binata where only height increasedby only 13%.67

68 IGFRIEucalyptus hybridLeucaenaForage productionLeucaena leucocephala plants of over 60em height was clipped for forage production.28% plants of original population (332/1 190)were available which produced 11.25 kg ofgreen forage per row kilometer.ASP-4 : DEVELOPMENT OFHORTIPASTORAL SYSTEM FORTHE WASTELAND OF BUN­DELKHAND I~EGION4.1 Growth and productivity structureof fruit crops association with grassesand legumes(S.K. Sharma)1. Seasonal gl'l)\vth pattern of fruit trees inassociation with grasses and, legumesBoth Kinnow mandarin and guava plantationcould not survive during summer of 1989 dueto insufficient irrigation. These are beingreplaced by her plantation2. Growth pattern of grasses and legumesThe growth structure ofStylosanthes hamataand Cenchrus was not affected significantlywhen grown with guava and Kinnow and mixcrop (Table 44).ASP-5 : EVALUATION OF NEWGENOTYPES/IDEOTYPES OFVARIOUS FEED-CUM-ENERGYPRODUCING SPECIES5.1 Genetic improvement of subabul

Annual Report 1989 - 9069denotes no: or tillers / plant.(Leucaena leucocephala) in relation toforage and fuelwood production and'quality(V.K.Gupta)Collection, evaluation, maintenance andclassification of germ plasmThis year 25 provenances of 9 Leucaenaspp. from different agroctimaric zones wereevaluated with K-8 as a check for growth,morphological and reproductive traits. L.Ieucocephala cv. IGFRI 436 had maximumCD. In plant height,13 provenances weresuperior to K-X . L. leucocephala cv. IGFRI436 had peak height of 192.5 em. All thespecies of genus Leucaena except L.lcucoccphala did not flower this year. AmongL. leucoccphula provenances cv. IGFRI-482had low seed yield and good growth in thefirst year.Fourteen promising accessions and plus

70selections were transplanted this year in RBDdesign with three replications for theiradaptability on marginal lands under rainfedconditions. This year data were recorded onplant height, collar diameter and podproduction. Out of 14, 10 had plant heightmore then K-8. For collar diameter, three plusselections/promising accessions were superiorto K-8. IGFRI 101, IGFRI 202, F 2of crossL. leucocephala x Lipulverulenta, Selection23 were low seed yielding lines.ProvenancesofL.shannoni(25),L.shannonigaints (26), L. diversifolia (25), L. leucocephala(13) were planted in 1986. This yearobservations were recorded on collar diameter, .pod setting. IGFRI 199, IGFRI 200, IGFRI202, IGFRI 205, IGFRI 88 of L. leucocephalawere superior to K-8 in collar diameter.IGFRI- 231, IGFRI-207, IGFRI-200, IGFRI­201 and IGFRI-198 were low seed produceras compared to K-8.F 2generation of intervarietal crossesSelection was done for low seed yieldingtrees specially in summer season in F 2generations of 15 crosses of L. leucocephalahaving age of 5.5 years. There were 27 treeswith few pods. Next generation will be raisedfrom these trees.ASP-6 MODELLING FORGROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITYIN MULTIPURPOSE WOODYPERENNIALS( T. A. Khan and P. S. Pathak)Five additional climatic characters viz.,mean max., min. temperatures, relativehumidity (RH), No. of rainy days and rainfall(RfI) along with growth attributes height (Ht.) ,CD and dbh have been evaluated as predictorIGFRIvariables for biomass prediction in Leucaenaleucocephala and Acacia torti/is. Step downregression method has been used in statisticalanalysis.Leucaena leucocephala1. For a 3.5 to 7.5 year old plantation alonga canal side, in red murrum soil, spacedat l xl meter, the following equations gavethe best prediction :-AGB = 610.153-11.459 RH - 5.102 Ht+12.787 dbh(2.958) (0.715) (0.636)SE of estimate = 10.144, R2 = 0.921Bole = 500.782 - 9.421RH-3.828 Ht+9.928 dbh(2.410) (0.582) (0.518)SE of estimate =8.263, R2 = 0.917 'Branch =-24.677+0.026 Rfl-1.064 Ht+1.822 CDwood (0.008) (0.168) (0.124)SE of estimate = 2.368, R 2 = 0.845Leaf = - 0.289- 0.294 Ht + 0.724 dbh(0.038) (0.035)SE of estimate = 0.562, R 2 = 0.9162. For 1.5 to 4.5 years old Leucaena, plantedin red murram soil at a spacing of 2xl m;the following equations were evolved:Biomass =1661.679+3.885 dbh-91.763 MML(0.594) (15.773)SE of estimate = 7.456, R2 = 0.972AGB = 3124.796+3.287 CD - 95.496 MMT(0.360) (21.185)SE of estimate = 6.681, R2 = 0.966Bole = 868.773+2.426 CD 48.396 MML(0.326) (10.733)

Annual Report 1989 - 9071SE of estimate = 5.628, R2 = 0.963Branch = -2.942 + 0.491 CD(0.064)SE of estimate = 1.671, R2 = 0.829Root = 254.227 +0.583 dbh -14.025 MML(0.098) (2.600)SE of estimate = 1.229, R2 = 0.967Leaf = 316.532+ 0.293 CD - 9.649 MMT(0.047) (2.758)SE of estimate = 0.870, R2 + 0.936Acacia tortilisFor a stand of 13 and 16 years, plantedin rakar soil at spacing pf 6x4 and 4x4 meterunder silvipasture systems, the followingequation gave the best prediction.1. 4x4 m spacingAGB = -111.086 + 13.441 CD(1.297)SE of estimate = 48.442, R2 = 0.67Bole = 686.850+5.175 CD - 0.753 Rfl(0.449) (0.216)SE of estimate = 16.647, R2 = 0.752Branch = -67.615 +5.089 CD+2.866 dbh(1.431) (1.013)SE of estimate = 36.349, R2 = 0.5962. 6x4 m spacingAGB = - 60.282 + 13.050 dbh(1.343)SE of estimate = 95.537, R2 = 0.692Bole = 38.354+7.660 CD - 0.117 Rfl(0.717) (0.030)SE of estimate = 35.051, R2 = 0.738Branch = - 44.216+ 8.161 dbh(0.904)SE of estimate = 64.361, R2 = 0.660AGB= Above ground biomassMML = Mean min. temp. (OC)MMT = Mean max. temp.(°C)Figures in parenthesis denotes the SE ofconcerned regression coefficient.Unit:BiomassRH.Rainfallkg/tree%mm

DIVISION OF SOIL SCIENCESS-I : SOIL STUDIES UNDER IN­TENSIVE FORAGE PRODUCTION1.1 Soil N test crop response studiesunder intercropping(S. B. Tripathi)The experiment was conducted under potconditions with artificial soil fertility gradients.Green fodder yield and nitrogen uptake by oatand oat+senji increased with increase in Nlevels up to 120 kg N/ha in low N soils andup to 80 kg N/ha in medium to high N soils.Thecrop showed differential response to appliedN depending upon N fertility ofthe soils (Table45).Regression equations to predictgreen fodderyield of oat as well as oat + senji at differentN levels for soils of different fertility statusare mentioned below.Low fertility (available N-126.4 to 170.4kg/ha)y = 131.49 +4.3895 X -0.0139 X2 (Oat)Y = 191.58 +2.8585 X -0.0099 X2 (Oat +scnji)Medium soil 'fertility ( available N ­201.0 to 249.3 kg/ha)Y = 199.87 +4.4720 X -0.0073X2 (Oat)Y = 252.15 +2.8985 X -0.0112 X2 (Oat +senji)High soil fertility (available N 265.1to 293.5 kg/ha)Y = 274.31 +4.1517 X -0.0191 X2 (Oat)Y = 301.58 + 2.7117 X-0.0126 X2(Oat-senji)The optimum dose of N worked out to157.10, 120.30, 108.75 kg N/ha for sole cropof oat and 144.35, 118.80 and 107.20 kg N/ha for mixed crop of oat + senji in soil havinglow, medium and high N respectively. Thecritical limits of available N for economicresponses of fertilizer were 180 kg N/ha foroat + senji and 200 kg N/ ha for sole cropof oat.1.3 Studies on secondary nutrientsandmicroelements in relation to forages(0. P. S. Panwar and P. B. N. Murthy)1.3.2 Inter-relationship of S with P inlucerne(0. P. S. Panwar)A pot experiment was conducted toinvestigate the effect of Sand P alone, andtheir interaction on lucerne (Medicago sativa)grown in two different soil types viz rakar(red) and kabar (medium black) which wereneutral in reaction (pH 7.2 and 6.9 respectively),and low in organic carbon, available N, availableP and deficient in available S. The treatments

---------_.. . _.Forage yield of N-uptake of Oats-Senji.... Oat+Senji Uptake ResponseGreen fodder Response( mg/pot) (% )(g/pot) (% )-\0oc\0\0o5834 9247 11251 11353748527526 10740 12542 135153040459623 12431 13732 13710233031

74 IGFRIcomprised of three graded levels of 8 and Pvarying from 20 to 60 ppm 8/pot alongwithcontrol. Each nutrient was replicated thrice.Observations on green fodder yield at twostages of growth were recorded andrepresentative soil and plant samples from potswere drawn for chemical analysis.Dry matteraccumulation (g/pot) and nutrient uptake (mg/pot) were determined.Data on DM yield, 8 ,P contents and uptakeare given in tables 46 and 47. Data on DMyield showed a consistent increase with thesuccessive increase in P fertilization in boththe soil types. An increasing trend was observeddue to 8 application and increase was to theextent of 5.75%, 14.30%,8.27% and 13.45%over control (10.65 g/pot and 22.07 g/pot)in red and black soils at 8 20and 8 40levelrespectively. The level beyond 40 ppm 8 didnot affected favourably. However, themaximum dry matter accumulation i.e, 17.53g/pot, 28.455 g/pot in red and black soilrespectively was obtained through the combinedtreatment of P60 8 40•

Annual Report 1989 - 90 75

76The data on contents and uptake of thesenutrients exhibited that the concentration anduptake of P was enhanced with S applicationup to S40 level in both soil types. Theconcentration and uptake of S also increasedthrough soil application of S upto S40 level.A slight reduction in content (- 0.0035%) andof uptake (-1.87 mg) pot S was obtained athigher S level- S60 in combination with P, inred soil only. P application produced positiveeffect on uptake and concentration of bothnutrients P and S, though the maximum responsewas obtained at P 40 level.I.S Evapotranspiration studies inforage crop through Lyslmetery(Pradeep Behari)Berseem was sown in and around lysimeterby broadcasting at normal seed rate .andevapotranspiration measurement was recordedon each day. During 177,days of crop growthperiod, 873.6 mm cumulative evapotranspirationwas recorded that gives a mean value ofET as 4.9 mm/day. Five cuttings of berseemwere taken at 52, 32, 32, 30 and 30 daysinterval. Cumulative green forage yield of 10.36t/ha from lysimeter and 61.04 t/ha from theremaining field was recorded. The water useefficiency and ET for each cutting is presentedin table 48.In kharif 1989, maizes-cowpea combinationwas sown in and around lysimeter. During 64days of crop growth evapotranspiration datafor 52 days was recorded and this gives averageET to 3.3 mm / day and cumulativeevapotranspiration for total growth period'as211.2 mm. The green and dry matter yieldsof maizes-cowpea are given in table 49. Wateruse efficiency of mixed cropping was 19..03kg DM/ha/mm.SS·2SOILSTUDIESOF(M. R. Pahwa)IGFRIRANGELANDS· AND PASTURES2.1 Studies on bacteria mediated N z­fixation for increased productivity inforage crops including pasture and tree.legumes1. Evaluation of efficacy of Azospirillumstrains in Cenchrus ciliarisStudies were continued for the third yearin field conditions to find out the relativeefficacy of seven different strains (Azospirillumlipoferum -1, A. lipoferum-T, A. brasilense­1, A. brasilense-2, A .brasilense-2. ICRISAT,A. brasilense-3 and A, brasilense-ICM-I002)of two Azospirillum sp. (A. brasilense andA. lipoferum) on Cenchrus ciliaris, Forageyields were recorded in two cuttings duringthe year. The observations with respect tonitrogen content in plants, available nitrogenand Azospirillum counts in the rhizosphereand non-rhizosphere soils were also takenperiodically. The results showed higher greenforage yield benefit(+32.7 to 35.3%) o~ accountof two A. lipoferum strains (strain 1 and 2),while five A. brasilense strains recorded only17.6 to 25% increase in yield over uninoculatedcontrol. Dry matter accumulation (+28.5 to32.5%) and crude protein content in plantsalso followed the same trend (Table 50). TheN gains due to Azospirillum lipoferum strainswas found to range from 33.5 to 36.6 kg/ha,the maximum being recorded with A. lipoferumstrain 1. Highest number of Azospirillum cells(5.lxI06 cells/g dry soil) and the available N(201. 2 kgN/ha) status of soil werealso observedin the rhizosphere region of A. lipoferum strain­1 inoculated treatment. .Thus, the results demonstrated thecompatibility and the superiority of A.lipoferum

Annual Report 1989 - 90 77

78 IGFRIstrains in Cenchrus ciliaris over A. brasilensewith regard to productivity and nitrogen gainsby plants.2. Comparative efficacy of Azospirillum andAzotobacterIn a pot culture experiment using red soil(pH 7.1), the efficacy of two nitrogen fixers(Azospirillum lipoferum strain-l andAzotobacter chroococcum K'M -2001) wasstudied on eight grass species (Cenchrusciliaris, Cisetigerus, Dichanthium annulatum,Panicum antidotale, Sehima nervosum,Heteropogon contortus, Chrysopogon fulvusand Bothriochloa intermedia, under twomethods of inoculation (seed and seedling).Forage yields were recorded in two cutting.Soil collected from rhizosphere andnonrhizosphere regions was also analysed foravailable N and nitrogen fixers counts. Theresults indicated higher beneficial effects onthe productivity of grasses (mean % of increasein green forage yield 18.4 to 34.4) due toseedling inoculation with either of the N z ­fixer as compared to seed bacterization (mean% increase 11.4 to 19.5).The relative efficacy ofAzospirillum underseedling inoculation was noticed to give greaterstimulatory effects on forage production (greenforage yield+26.7 to 44.2%; DM yield+ 27.4to 47%), crude protein content ( uninoculatedcontrol - 6.9 to 7.4%; I - 7.5 to 8.3%) and

Annual Report 1989 - 90 79total nitrogen uptake (+20.1 to 57.1 mg/plant)by shoot in two cuts of the grass species.Rhizosphere studies revealed higherpopulation of Azospirillum cells (2.5-5.0 x10 6cells/g dry soil) as well as greater availabilityof soil N ranging between 122.3 to 188.0 kgN/ha, the maximum being in case of seedlinginoculated Panicum antidotale plants, whereasthe concentration of organic carbon contentof soil was higher with Azotobacter treatedseedlings (0.40 to 0.69%), the highest beingwith C setigerus species.~2.2 Glimpses of grazing in India(R. K. Tyagi)In Jammu & Kashmir on an average 0.37ha of grazing land is available per adult cattleunit (ACU). The data revealed that more areais available in Jammu division ranging from0.27 ha/ACU in Jammu district to 0.90 halACU in Doda district in comparison to Kashmirdivision where it ranges from 0.07 to 0.16 halACU. The data regarding the grazing pressurealso indicated similar trend. On an average2.72 ACU/ha has been recorded in this state.In Jammu division the grazing pressure rangesbetween 1.11 ACU/ha in Doda to 3.72 ACU/ha in Jammu district while in Kashmir divisionit varies from 6.46 ACU/ha in Srinagar to15.55 ACU/ha in Kupwara district. In Ladakhalso the grazing resources are inadequate.In Himachal Pradesh, the land availabilityis below l ha/ ACU in most of the districtsexcept in Kinnaur (4.16ha/ACU) and Chamba(2.17 ha/ACU). The state average is 0.93 halACU which is near the normal requirement.As regards ACU/ha it varies from minimum

800.12 in Lahaul-Spiti to maximum 23.83 inKu11u. The average of the state is 1.10 ACUIha which is quite satisfactory.In Punjab, the land availability per ACUis' far below the requirement i. e., 0.1 ha/ACUexcept Rupnagar (0.25) and Hoshiarpur (0.20)districts. The state average has been workedout as 0.05 ha/ACU. The grazing pressurevaries from minimum 4.67 in Rupnagar tomaximum 66.37 in Ludhiana district. Thus thegrazing density is high in almost all the districts.The state average is also 18.55 ACU/ha.In Haryana, the land availability is below0.2 halACU in all the districts. The state averageis 0.08 ha/ACU. Thus, there is negligiblegrazing area available per ACU in the state.The grazing pressure is high in all the districtsand it ranges from 5.36 to 38.25. But it iscomparatively higher in the districts ofKurukshetra, Faridabad, Kamal andMahendergarh. The state average is very highi.. e. 12.12 ACU/ha.In Uttar Pradesh, on an average 0.31 haofgrazing land is available per ACU. Kumaun(1.30 ha/ACU) and Garhwal: (2.09 ha/ACU)division have sufficient grazing area. Thegrazing pressure also varies from 3.12 ACUIhainJhansi to 9.35 ACU/ha in Meerut divisionexcept Kumaun (0.76) and Garhwal (0.47)divisions which have no grazing pressure. Thestate average is 3.21 ACU/haThe above study reveals that there isinsufficient grazing area available per ACU,in all the states (Table 51) each of which hasregistered below 0.5 ha/ACU, where as fornormal grazing 1 ha of good grazing land isrequired for one ACU. However, the positionin Himachal Pradesh is comparatively better(0.93 hWACU) . Severe grazing pressure hasbeen noted. in Punjab (18.55 ACU/ha) andHaryana (12.12 ACU/ha). That is why theIGFRIpractice of stall feeding is prevalent in boththese states. Jammu & Kashmir and UttarPradesh have an average of about 3 ACU/hawhich is also high but it is satisfactory inHimachal Pradesh (1.1 ACU/ha).. .2.3 Grassland and fodder atlas ofBundelkhand(R. K. Tyagi)1. Studies on land use patternAnalysis of the magnitude of change in thedifferent categories of land use in Bundelkhand(1970-71 to 1984-85)revealed that the extentof forest area has been .changed over 15 yearsfrom 813 thousand ha to 1.209 million hawhich is 48.8% increase over the base year.Out of the 11 districts in the region, remarkableincrease has been noticed in Damoh (296.1 %),Tikamgarh (146.2) and Banda (172.6%)districts. It may be due to afforestation workin the wastelands and inclusion of revenuearea in the forest land e. g. , for the developmentof game sanctuary in the case of Damoh district.The remaining two districts viz., Sagar (0.6%)and Chhatarpur (1.6%) have shown nominaldecrease.The extent of land not available forcultivation which comprises- (1) area undernon-agricultural use and (2) barren anduncultivable land has declined in Bundelkhandfrom 845 thousand ha to 786 thousand ha i.e. 7.0% decrease. Reduction has been recordedonly in four districts viz., Banda (40.11 %),Jhansi (33.68%), Lalitpur (9.27%) andHamirpur (4.30%). Here the reclamationmeasures of barren lands might have takenup. In other districts, the percentage increaseranges from 0.1% to 16.6%. The increase maybe due to inclusion of land from other categoriesfor development work.

Annual Report 1989 - 90The cultivable wastelands which includepastures land under miscellaneous tree cropsand groves and wasteland has shown significantreduction 1.272 million ha in 1970-71 to 93.3million ha in 1984-85 i. e., 30.5% decrease.The decrease has been recorded in all the elevendistricts ranging from 5.1%in Panna to 66.77%in Jalaun district. In the northern plain of theregion, the cultivable wastelands areparticularly greatly reduced (40.67% to. 56.77%). This is mainly due to the allotmentof such hind to the landless persons forcultivation as well as other uses.The extent of cultivated area whichcomprises the net area sown and the fallowland has changed from 3.738. million ha to4.385 million ha which is 17.3% increase overthe base year. Ithas increased in all the districtsranging from 2.7% in Sagar to 12.3% in.Tikamgarh district. But the percentage increase- is exceptionally high in Lalitpur district(218.70%). This may be due to the provisionof additional irrigation facilities createdthrough the construction of dams and improveddryland farming techniques.2. Studies on cropping patternThe total cropped area in the region hasbeen recorded as 4.038 million ha (1984-85).Out of this, 2.108 million ha falls in U.P.partwhile the remaining 1.930 million ha in M.P.partof Bundelkhand. Cereals, pulses and oilseedscombinedly occupy 94.84% of the total croppedarea. Individually, they cover 54.65, 32.34and 7.85% area respectively.As regards cropping pattern at district level,various combinations/rotations have emergedas per the extent of sown area" under majorcrops (Fig -1).The cropping patterns differ in U.P. and81M.P. part of Bundelkhand. In the former,pulsess-oilseeds in rabi is followed byjowar+paddy in kharif while in the latterwheat-gram-pulses is followed byjowar+paddy. Thus, the crops grown in kharifare similar in all the districts.This may also be noted that the farmersof this region are still following traditionalcropping patterns. This is mainly due to lackof irrigation. The percentage of total irrigatedarea to the total sown area has been recordedonly" 19.3 percent in the region which is 22049%in U.P. part and 16% in M.P. part ofBundelkhand (1984-85). Hence, it is verydifficult to adopt new crop combinations androtations without sufficient irrigation. Due tothis, the percentage of area sown more thanonce to the net area sown is also meagre(12.38%) in the region .. Wherever irrigationfacilities are available, double cropping is doneotherwise major part of the cultivated area issingle cropped depending upon the rains. Thearea under rabi crops is more than double incomparison of kharif crops. The moistureretained in monsoon season is utilized for rabi .crops. The adoption of new improved varietiesby the farmers is the main change which hastaken place in this region.SS-3 : SOIL STUDIES ON AGRO­FORESTRY AND SILVIPAS­TORAL SYSTEMS FOR FORAGEPRODUCTION3.2 Micrometeorological studies inmulticanopy cropping situations1. Athree tier system ofpop lars, leucaenaand forage crops(Pradeep Behari and P.S. Pathak)Under established agroforestry system, oats

82 IGFRI79' 80' 81'BundelkhandCropping Pattern(1984-85)o 10 20 30 40 km., , , , ,26'24'j~ L~L1TPU'+-++~I I ++++~~ ++P~~4- +'q~+ + + + + + + 10>t-++++++{++++++ +1.++++++++~+++++++++',+++++++++4;:I AMGARH ~+ +t.ttp.~-'+tttttttf:ir++.~~+.rJ'v+/'25'24'N23~ Whl:tot-Pulses-Oils88ds't6t. T ,/' ~ ::a~I~:r::·_-~:::Y(Ma.aOrl_Oil'''d'~ ~ .'_- ~ Jawa,-Paddy~..."...... v "'IlIiii!!'.mWheot~Gram- Urad-SesomeJowor - Paddy - Kodonkut.kir=F"=Fl Whlat - Gram ~ Oilseed, (Lin...d)L±-±J Paddy- Jowar- Kodonkutki23'7S' 80' 8"Fig. 1 : Cropping pattern in Bundelkhand region

Annual Report 1989 - 90 83.- ", ..Micrornctcorological parameters at oats surface under different.•':PARRH(JlE/m 2 Is) (%)cltn!JPY situation (seasonal1384 55.;....... ....

84were sown as understory component in rabi1988-89 for the 2nd year. The systems viz.open canopy with pure oats, oats under leucaanacanopy (2-tier) and populus, leucaena and oats(3-tier) were studied.The amount of incoming PAR to the oatssurface varied with the cropping systems (Table52). On an average, during the crop growthperiod, the amount of PAR reaches to the opencanopy of oats surface is of the order of 1384IlE/m 2/s followed by 2-tier and 3-tier systems.. Due to thinning of leucaena the amount ofPAR reaching to the oats surface was higherfrom last year experiment. The relative humiditywas low in open canopy then the 2-tier and3-tier systems. On an average, highest valuesofleaftemperature and ambient air temperatureof oats were found to be in 2-tier situation.The average soil temperature was found to behighest in open canopy followed by 2-tiersystem and least in the 3-tier situation.2. Micrometeorological studies underdifferent canopy levels of Albizia lebbeck(Pradeep Behari,M. M. Roy and B.K. Chaubey)During this year, micrometeorologicalobservations were undertaken under partial,medium and dense canopy levels of 12 yearsold Albizia lebbeck. Observations were alsorecorded in open area as a set of control.Fortnightly observations on several parametersviz., relative humidity, soil temperature,ambient air temperature, leaf temperature ofunderground plants L.leucocephala (seedling),C. ciliaris, S. hamata, light intensity (L I )and PAR reaching ground flora were recordedround the year.Soil temperature, ambient air temperature,leaf temperature and PAR reaching groundflora were found to be highest in the summerfollowed by monsoon and winter in that order.IGFRIPeak values ofrelative humidity was, however,observed in monsoon followed by winter andsummer (Table 53).In general, soil temperature, leaftemperature, relative humidity, light intensityand PAR showed decreasing values withincreasing intensity of tree canopies. However,ambient air temperature showed increasingtrend with increasing intensity of tree canopies(Table 54).SS-4: STUDIES ON FORAGE PRO­DUCTIVITY UNDER PROBLEM­ATIC SOIL4.1 Amelioration and management ofsalt affected soils(R.B. Yadav )1. Effect of .soil sodicity on P-nutritionof lucerneA pot experiment with four sodicity levels(control, 15 ESP, 30 ESP and 45 ESP) andfour phosphorus levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 kgP p/ha) was conducted to study their effectson growth and nutrient uptake of lucerne.Soil sodicity had an adverse effect ongreen forage yield and N, P, K and Ca contentof plants. The average green forage yielddecreased from 57.5 g/pot under control to24.4 g!pot under 45 ESP level. Nitrogen andcalcium contents decreased from 3.35 to 2.24and 1.71 to 1.43 per cent, respectively withincreasing soil sodicity. However, phosphorusand potassium content of the plants decreasedupto 30 ESP and then increased slightly. Sodiumcontent showed a reverse trend and increasedwith increasing sodicity levels (0.36 to 0.74%).Phosphorus application had a positive effecton the growth and nutrient uptake of lucerneunder all the sodicity levels.

DIVISION OF PLANT ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPPAR-! IMPROVEMENT OFGRASSES/ROUGHAGES ANDCONSERVED FORAGES FORINCREASED LIVESTOCK PRO­DUCTION(A.P. Singh, N.C. Verma and A. Rekib)1. Evaluation of Cenchrus ciliaris silageensiled with urea (l%) or with Stylosantheshamata (1:1)Biochemical changes in silages: Silage ofCenchrus ciliaris was last year prepared withStylosanthes hamata (1: 1) or with urea (l %)insmall silo pits (1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 m) and laboratoryglass silo. The laboratory silages had highlactic acid (1.80 vs 1.07) with low butyric acid(0.29 vs 0.73). Thus, laboratory silage wassuperior to pit silage. Addition of urea to C.ciliaris gave better silage as compared to C.ciliaris + stylo. However, the former had highpH (7.5) and NH 3-Nconcentration (0.70%).Feeding trial: Detailed proximate compositionand cell wall constituents of C. ciliaris + Stylo- santhes hamata silage. C. ciliaris +S. hamatahay, C. ciliaris + urea silage and C. ciliarishay + urea were estimated.DM intake ranged between 2.1 to 2.2 kgper 100 kg body wt. in all the groups. Bodywt. gain was higher in hay fed groups (357.5g) as compared to silage fed groups (290 g).However, C. ciliaris + urea silage gave lowestbody wt. gain (270 g). Digestibility coefficientof OM and CF was similar in all the groupsbut ether extract was very low in hay fedgroups. Crude protein digestibility (43.2%)and DCP (2.8%) in C. ciliaris + stylo hay andNFE digestibility (43.4%) in C. ciliaris + ureahay was low. Blood urea was estimated. Animalsfed with C. ciliaris +urea (1 %) silage containedhigher blood urea (43.6 mg/lOO ml blood).Thus there was not much difference in theutilisation ofthe above mentioned forages whentwo different conservation practices as wellas fortification with urea were folJ.gwed.2. Performance of growing calves fed onammoniated grassDry grass was ammoniated for one monthwith 2% urea alongwith 40% water. A feedingtrial was conducted for 60 days on six growingcalves in each group with 0.5 and 0.75 %concentrate supplementation (T 3 and T2)respectively. The control group was fed drygrass with concentrate mixture @ 1% of bodyweight. Average dry matter intake varied from2.47 to 2.92% of body weight which wassatisfactory. Body wt, gains perday were 398.4,376.5 and 316.5g/day in control, T 2and T 3respectively.Detailed proximate composition and cellwall constituents ofdry and ammoniated grasswas estimated. Digestibility coefficients ofDM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, hemicellulose andcellulose were determined. Ammoniated grasswith 0.75% concentrate mixture gave highestdigestibility values of all the nutrients. TheDCP and TDN contents were also higher (5.75and 59.3%, respectively) in this group.

863. Evaluation of unchopped ammoniatedgrassUnchopped grass ammoniated with 4% ureaalongwith 40% water was stored for 60 daysin open and closed stacks. A digestion trial(7 days collection period after 21 days preexperimentalfeeding) was conducted on adultbullocks to find out the palatability anddigestibility ofdifferent nutrients. Unchoppeddry grass was fed to the control group. Eachanimal was given 1.5 kg concentrate mixturedaily.Results indicated that DM intake was low(1.78 to 1.97 kg/lOO kg body weight). Theintake was recorded in open stack group. Theratio of offered to refuse feed was narrow inthe control group showing there by that animalsconsumed only palatable part of the grasses.Chemical compositions of the grasses andconcentrate feed was estimated. There waslittle change in the structural carbohydrate dueto ammoniation of grasses. The digestibilityof cellulose, hemicellulose, crude fibre andether extract was marginally higher inammoniated closed stacked group withdigestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE,HC and cellulose as 63.0, 66.3, 63.4, 70.4,74.1, 63.2, 74.9 and 69.6 respectively. TheDCP and TDN in T\, T 2and T 3were foundto be 5.31, 7.48; 6.57,60.4 and 54.2'and 62.4respectively. Blood ammonia and urea wereestimated. The blood urea content was foundto be higher in ammoniated groups.1.2. Chemical constituents andnutritional quality of forage and seeds(S.C. Gupta)1. Investigation on seeds of under-utilizedplantsIGFRIStudies on protease inhibitors: The majorinhibitors of protease, a digestive enzyme, aretrypsin and chymotrypsin. These are widespread among legumes.The concentration of protease inhibitorswas determined in six defatted leguminousseed samples of under utilized plants, viz.Atylosia (A. platycarpa, A. albieans and A.scarabaeoides), Rhynchosia (R. rothii and R.minima) and Cassia (C. pumila) species.The seed samples were subjected to dryheating in an oven at 800°C for 20 min todetermine its impact on dry matter digestibili ty.The results showed that1. The concentration of trypsin andchymotrypsin inhibitors ranged from 19.2to 32.3 and 16.5 to 25.8 units of respectiveenzyme activity inhibited per mg ofdefattedseed respectively. The combined contentsof trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors were39.9 to 58.1 units among the six seedsamples. These were lower and of the sameorder (39.9 to 41.9 units) in R. rothii, A.platyearpa and A. searabaeoides. Theconcentration of trypsin, chymotrypsin andtrypsin + chymotrypsin inhibitors wasmaximum (32.3, 25.8 and 58.1 units) inR. minima. Trypsin + chymotrypsininhibitors content was intermediate inC.pumila (47.0 units) and A. albieans (50.5units).2. The dry matter digestibility coefficient(DMD) of the ration, containing untreatedseed as a source of protein, was between48.2 to 61.4%. It was considerably increased(67.4 to 77.2 per cent) in each case whentreated seeds replaced the untreated seedsas the sole source of protein. Improvementin terms of increase in percentage units of

Annual Report 1989 - 90DMD with treated seed (15.3 to 15.8 percentageunits) was of the same order inR. rothii, A. platycarpa andA.searabaeoides, wherein the concentrationof protease inhibitors was lower and similar.It was only marginally reduced (14.4percentage units), when R. minima seeds,containing the maximum trypsin,chymotrypsin and trypsin + chymotrypsininhibitors, were tested. Heat treatment ofC. pumila seeds improved the DMD by14.0 percentage units. Maximumimprovement (19.2 percentage units) inDMD was seen in A. albieans, whichcontained 81, 94 and 87 per cent of themaximum values of trypsin, chymotrypsinand trypsin + chymotrypsin inhibitors inthe study.Thus it can be stated that protease inhibitorsthough present in variable amount were heatlabile and the treatment was effective in allthe cases.Distribution of protein fractions: Distributionof protein fractions was studied in defattedground seeds of six under-utilized leguminousplants, described above. The seed proteins werefractionated into albumins + globulins,prolamines and glutelins by the solubilitymethod based on solubility properties ofdifferent proteins in different solvents. Itresulted in 93.6 to 98.8 per cent recovery(inclusive of 3.2 to 5.2 per cent residue) oftotal N. It was observed that:I. The cruue protein contents in six defattedseeds ranged from 25.6 to 29.2 per cent.It was highest (28.8 to 29.2 per cent) inti. albicans and A. searabaeoides,intermediate in R. rothii and A. platycarpa(27.3 to 27.6 per cent) and lower in R. 'minimacent).87and C. pumila (25.6 to 26.8 per2. The albumins + globulins content rangedfrom 69.6 to 74.2 per cent of feed N. Itwas higher in R. rothii, A. searabaeoidesand A. albicans (72.7 to 74.2 per cent).3. The prolamines content was between 2.4to 4.8 per cent. It was lower (2.4 to 3.8per cent) in the seeds ofabove three species.4. The concentration of glutelins was 15.5 to18.1 per cent. It was the highest in R. rothii(18.1 per cent).5. The albumins + globulins + glutelins contentwas higher (88.2 to 92.3 per cent) in seedsof R. rothii, A. scarabaeoidesand A. albieansspecies, in comparison to the rest, whereinit ranged from 85.8 to 87.6 per cent.Thus, it can be stated that quality ofproteinin the seeds of R. rothii was comparativelyof better quality. These showed maximumconcentration of albumins + globulins andglutelines and lowest level ofprolamines. Thenutritional quality of seed proteins of A.searabaeoides and A. albieans was next order.R. minima and C. pumila contained relativelylower crude protein and albumins + globulins+ glutelins and higher prolamines in the defattedseeds.'Due to low level of prolamines in the samplesit can be further stated that proteins of all thesix legume seeds were of good nutritionalquality. They can act as a valuable source ofprotein supplement in the rations of monogastricanimals and pre-ruminant calf aftersubjecting to dry heating, as mentioned earlier.

88 IGFRIPAR-2 : EVALUATION OF FOR­AGE QUALITY AND FODDERPRODUCTION SYSTEMS FORLIVESTOCK PRODUCTION2.1 Investigations on the role of chemicalattributes of forages on the intake aswell as digestibility coefficients ofvarious nutrients1 Evaluation of berseem hay as a partialreplacement of concentrate in milch cows(V.C. Pachauri and R.S. Upadhyaya)Twelve crossbred cows were divided intotwo groups of 6 cows each having averagelive weight 300 and 321 kg and milk yield8.30 and 8.20 litres. The group-I was fedsorghum silage ad lib, full allowance ofconcentrate and 2 kg of berseem hay whilethe group-II was given sorghum silage ad liband 50% of concentrate allowance and restof protein requirement was met with berseemhay. The experiment lasted for 1.5 monthfollowed by a digestibility trial. Thedigestibility coefficients of nutrients arepresented in table-55.Dry matter intake (kg/l00 kg body weight)in group I and II was 3.76 and 3.69 respectively.The digestibility coefficients of DM and NDFwere almost similar in both groups but thatof CP was higher in group 1. The digestibilityof CF, EE and ADF were higher in group II.This shows that substitution of50% concentratewith berseem hay reduced the digestibility ofCP (66.10% vs 62.73%) and NFE (73.48% vs71.23%) while it improved digestibility of CF(63.71% vs 67.73%), EE (69.98% vs 82.19%)and ADF (46.08% vs 49.91 %). The averagelive-weight on completion of experiment inthe two groups were 306 and 324 kg respectivelyand milk yield was 6.2 and 6.6 litresrespectively. The study suggests that milkproduction on 50% substitution of concentratewith berseem hay was comparable with control.Digestible crude protein (DCP) and totaldigestible nutrients (TDN) in the ration givento group I & II were 10.54%,9.24% and 63.57%,65.92% respectively.2. Utilisation of Fometa green by milchcows(V.C. Pachauri)12 lactating cows were divided into twogroups i.e, group I and II of six each on thebasis ofbody weight and milk yield. The feeding

Annual Report 1989 - 90 89schedule of group I and II was as follows.Group I: Dry grass ad lib + 5 kg green berseem+ cone. mix. as per requirement.Group II: Dry grass ad lib + 20 kg fometagreen + cone. mix. as per requirement.The initial body weight (kg) and milk yield(litres) in group I and II were 319.05,367.43and 5.05, 5.93litres respectively. Body weightchanges and milk yield were recorded and adigestibility trial was conducted after apreliminary' feeding for 30 days. Digestibilitycoefficient of nutrients are presented in table56.Dry matter intakes (kg/IOO kg L wt.) ingroup I and II were 2.20 and 2.95 respectively.The digestibility coefficients of all nutrientswere higher in group II (Exptl.) than groupI (Control). The DCP and tDN (per cent) ofthe ration of group I and II were 4.35, 6.14,55."13,61.28 respectively. The study revealedthat supplementation of 20 kg Forneta greenimproved overall utilization of nutrients. Theaverage milk yield in group I and II at theend of the experiment was 4.30 and 5.33 litresrespectively and liveweight (kg) was 327.33and 366.41. respectively.3. Comparative feeding value of twolevels ofberseem hay for milk production(V.C. Pachauri and R.S. Upadhyaya)Twelve lactating crossbred cows weredivided into 2 groups of 6 cows each. Thefeeding schedule of group I and II was asfollows.Group I: 7 kg oat straw + 1.5 kg barley grain+ about 6 kg berseem hay per headper day.Group II: 7 kg oat straw + about 3 kg concentrate. mixture + 2 kg berseem hay per headper day.This experiment was started in mid Apriland continued for about 72 days and duringthe last 7 days a digestibility trial was conducted.Daily milk production ofthe cows was recorded.The body weights of cows were recorded atfortnightly intervals.The intake and digestibility of dry matter

90IGFRITable 57 : Intake and digestibility (%) of dry mauer',,)tby cows are presented in table 57.The cumulative milk production by cowsin group I and II was 1683 litres and 1849.6litres during the entire experimental periodof 72 days, while the average milk yields (IIhid) were 3.89 ± 0.61 and 4.28 ± 0.32,respectively.4. Comparative feeding value ofsorghumand napier fodders given ad lib withconcentrate supplementation for milkproduction in crossbred cows(V.C. Pachauri and R.S. Upadhyaya)Ten lactating crossbred cows were dividedinto two groups of 5 cows each. The feedingschedule of cows in two groups was as follows.Group I: Green sorghum fodder ad lib + about1.66 kg concentrate mixture.Group II: Green napier fodder ad lib + about2.15 kg concentrate mixture.The intake and digestibility of dry matterare presented in table 58.The cumulative milk yield by cows ingroup I and was 642.5 litres and 810.9 litresrespectively during entire experimental period(41 days), while the average milk yield(l/h/d) for group I and II was 3.15 ± 0.56and 3.95 ± 0.45' respectively.5.Nutritional evaluation of groundnutfodder ( Arachis hagenbeckii ) in sheep(R.S. Upadhyaya, V.C. Pachauri and J. N.Gupta)Fodder groundnut was evaluated for itsnutritive value with four rams weighing onan average 45.07±0.92 kg. The preliminaryfeeding period consisted of 15 days which wasfollowed by 7 days metabolism trial. Theproximate principles of groundnut fodderexpressed on OM basis were OM 87.47%, CP12.94%, EE 1.60%, CF 31%, NFE41.93% andtotal ash 12.53%. The fibre fractions (% OMbasis) were NOF 51.53%, AOF 38.85%andAOL 8.94%.

Annual Report 1989 - 90 91The mean dry matter intakes expressed asg/d- kg/IOO kg body weight and g/kg WO. 7Swere 1275.41 ± 22.16, 2.82 ± 0.08 and 73.38± 1.78 respectively. The digestibilitycoefficients of dry matter, organic matter,crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre andNFE were 60.85 ± 1.79, 64.61 ± 1.66, 73.32± 1.31,48.64 ± 2.07, 44.83 ± 4.30 and 76.49± 1.60 respectively. The N retention g/h/d was10.45 ± 0;85. The DCP and TDN and (% DM)of groundnut fodder were 9.49 and 57.21, .respectively.2.3 Quality of forages as influenced by .gene-environment interaction( L. K. Karnani )1. Effect of gene-environment on thequality of cowpeaSamples of 12 varieties of cowpea in thepre-release stage collected from Jhansi,Faizabad and Hyderabad centres of All IndiaCo-ordinatedResearch Project of Forage Cropsduring kharif 1988 were analysed (or CP, NDF,total ash and acid-insoluble ash.The cowpea variety CS38' showedsuperiority over the rest at all the centres givingmaximum crude protein (18.53, 18.06 'and15.25% respectively at Jhansi, Faizabad .andHyderabad centres) and minimum NDF ( 45.85,37.92 and 36.12% at the above 3 centres,respectively). On the other hand, variety IFC­8503 at Jhansi, variety IFC-8402 at Faizabadand variety CS-40 at Hyderabad were mostinferior having almost lowest CP (13.72, 14.02'and 11.88%) and maximum NDF (52.48,55.63,an~ 41.81 %).The chemical parameters studied were .favourable in all the varieties obtained fromHyderabad except crude protein which was.higher in all the samples received from Jhansi,2.Effect of gene environment on thequality of oatsSample of 18 varieties of oats were receivedfrom Jhansi, Faizabad and Hyderabad centres.These samples were analysed for NDF, totalash and-insoluble ash.The results showed that JHO-813 was

92superior to other varieties studied since it gaveminimum NDF (46.93 and 48.13% at Faizabadand Hyderabad respectively) and almostminimum total ash and acid insoluble ash (6.66and 2.82% respectively at Faizabad and 5.62and 3.24% respectively at Hyderabad centres).Varieties JHO-841, UPO-224, Kent and UPO­94, on the other hand, were poorest at Faizabadand varieties OL 125 and OL 219 at Hyderabad.It was also observed that the total ash, acidinsoluble ash were higher in almost all thevarieties in the sample received from Faizabadcentre as compared to the Hyderabad centre.PAR-3: EVALUATION OF GRASS­LAND/SILVIPASTURE SYSTEMFOR LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION3.2 Evaluation of pastures andsilvipastures for livestock production1. Effect of energy supplementation onlive weight gain and efficiency of nutrientutilization in goat on Leucaena basedration(V. S. Upadhyaya)The leucaena ( Leucaena leucocephala )fodder + mature Sehima-Heteropogon dominantgrass mixture (75 : 25 on DM basis) wassupplemented with two levels of energy richconcentrate i.e 100 and 200 g/h/d to find outthe performance of 5-6 months old growingbarbari kids in terms of liveweight gain andfeed efficiency.Results indicate that concentratesupplementation significantly improved the liveweight gain ofthe growing kids. On an average,animals gained 15.28 ± 1.41, 31.67 ± 2.51 and43.33 ± 3.86 g/h/d in the control, 100 and 200g concentrate supplemented groups,respectively. Feed efficiency also improvedIGFRIsignificantly due to concentratesupplementation. The weight gains/kg DMintake were 36.50 ± 3.28, 63.76 ± 2.39 and79.22 ± 3.28 g in the control, 100 and 200g concentrate supplemented groups,respectively. The weight gains/Meal digestibleenergy consumed were 16.98 ± 1.24; 26.59± 0.74 and 30.42 ± 1.92 g in the correspondinggroups. The values for weight gains/kgdigestible protein consumed were 435.92 ±28.82, 767.84 ± 28.85 and 955.65 ± 56.19 gin the control, 100 and 200 concentratesupplemented groups, respectively. Thusconcentrate supplementation significantlyimproved the live weight gain and feedefficiency of the animals.2. Evaluation of silvipasture system forlivestock production under mixedspecies grazing(V. S. Upadhyaya and P. S. Pathak)A long term multi-species grazing withcattle, sheep and goat was initiated to studythe performance of livestock in terms ofbiological and economic efficiency. A mixedherd of six Tharparker heifers of about sixmonth age, twelve breedable Muzaffarnagarisheep and Barbari goats were used as testanimals. The dominant grass species, Sehimanervosum and Heteropogan contortus; naturallyoccurring shrubs like Acacia catechu, Carisaspinarum, Zizyphus nummularia and Z.zyopyrus and planted tree species Leucaenaleucocephala, Hardwickia binnata and Acaciatortilis are the vegetation component of thesystem.The sheep and goats were introduced on23 August 1989 and heifers on 1st October,1989 since July and August were the droughtmonths. Six sheep and goats were givenconcentrate @ 250 g/h/d while remaining six

Annual Report 1989 - 90in each group served as a control. The heiferswere not given concentrate by end of Decemberbut onwards were given 1 kg conc./h/d tillend of March. Lopped tree leaves from L.leucocephala andA. tortilis and shrubs providedabout 10-15 per cent of total foliage available.Performance of heifersThe average initial live weight of heiferswas 72.67 ± 4.89 kg and reached to 77.67 ±5.15 kg by end of December. Since availabilityof herbage was a limiting factor, quality ofherbage and seasonal effects may be attributedas major constraint. After concentratesupplementation the average body weightreached to 100.00 ± 7.97 kg by end of Marchregistering on an average 255 ± 41 g gain/hid.Performance of sheepOnly three sheep ·out of twelve gave birthto lambs in the month of December-January.It indicated that breeding season was July­August.93The average weight of lambs at birth, firstmonth and second month \Vas 3.4. 5.5 and 8.3kg respectively. Thus the average body weightgain was 82 g/h/d by end of second month.The adult females produced on an average 339± 31.88 g greasy fleece in shearing duringOctober.Performance of goatNine goats out of twelve kidded in themonth of November and one each in Decemberand March' 90. Thus except one all goats gavebirth to kid. The total kids born were fifteen.The maximum kidding in November indicatethat breeding season was May-June.The average birth weight of kids was 1.78kg and there was no difference between thegroups. The live weight at first, second andthird month was 3.30, 4.50 and 5.89 kgrespectively. Thus the average growtIi ratewas 45 g/h/d by end of 3rd month. The growthrate of male kids was higher (50 g/h/d) thanfemales (39 g/h/d).

DIVISION OF SEED TECHNOLOGYSPR-1 STUDIES ON CROPGEOMETRY, FERTILIZERUSE ANDMOISTURE STRESS IN RELATIONTO SEED PRODUCTION IN FORAGECROPS1.1Fertilizeruse, planting geometry anddates of sowing studies in turnip andcowpea for seed production .(p.S. Tomer, S.N. Singh and V.J. Shivankar)Effect of varying cutting sizes of turnip ballunder flat and ridge planting systemsAnexperimentcomprising4 cutting sizesofballturnip (wholeball, 2/3 ball, 1(2 ball and 1/3 ball) and2 methodsofplanting(flatandridge) was conductedin a randomized black design during winter 1988­89.Planting ofwhole ball ofturnip followed by 2/3ball gave maximum seed yield. The increaseover 1/3 ball, 1/2 ball and 2/3 ball was 115, 82 and 63 percent, respectively. Ridge planting was superior toflat planting.Effect of plantingdates and levelsofnitrogenand phosphoruson seedproductionofforageturnip .An experiment comprising 2 dates of planting(first weekofDecemberand first week ofJanuary),4 levels ofnitrogen (0.40, 80and 120 kg N/ha) and3 levelsofphosphorus (0,40 and 80kgP2 OJha)wasconducted in sptit.plot design during winter 1988~89.Crop planted in the first week of Decemberyielded better than January first week planting. Theincrease in seed yield was more than 68 per centFurther it was observed that 80 and 120 kg N/haincreasedseedproductionsignificantlyovercontrol.The increases due to .80 kg and 120 kg N/ha overcontrol were 66 and 119 per cent, respectively.Therewas good response to phosphorus applicationtoo as 40and 80kg PPJha increasedseed productionmarkedly over control by 18 and 34 per cent,respectively.Seed production efficiency of promisingvarieties of cowpea in relation to dates ofseedingA field experiment comprising 3 varieties ofcowpea (!FC-8401, IGFRI-450 and NP-3) and 4dates of sowing (20 June, 10July, 30 July and 19August)) was conducted in split plot design withfour replications during kharif 1989.Variety NP-3 followed by !FC-8401 producedhigher seed yield over IGFRI-450 at all the dates ofseeding. The increase in yield by NP-3 over IGFRI­450 was more than 37 per cent1.2Agronomical investigationsin pasturelegume seed production(G.K. Dwivedi and P.S. Tomer)Effect of levelsof nitrogen, phosphorus andpotassium on seed yield and quality traits ofClitoria sp.Afield experiment comprising 3 levels of

Annual Report 1989 - 90nitrogen (0,20and40kgN/ha),3 levels of phosphorus(0,30 and 60 kg Ppjha) and 2 levels ofpotassium(0 and 30 kg ~O /ha) was conducted during rainyseason of1989on the ratoon crop ofClitoriaternateain randomised block design. The treatments wereimposed after the first shower and the field wasimmediately intercultured, The crop was harvestedon 10th November.Application of40 kg/Nhagave higher seed yieldof645kg/haover20kgN/ha(551 kg/ha) and control(435 kg/ha). Application of 30 and 60 kg Ppjha,which did not differ from each other, improved seedproduction (ffJ7 to 656 kg/ha) over control (368kg/ha). However, application of potassium was notfound beneficial to this crop.Effect of trellising on seed productionofsiratro in relation to phosphorus levelsAn experiment comprising 5 trellisingmaterial (Nylon rope, Sesbania sesban,Desmanthes virgatus , Subabool and no support)and 3 levels of phosphorus (0, 40 and 80 kgP 0 /ha) was conducted in randomised block2 sdesign during 1989. The seeding of siratro @8 kg/ha was done in the last week of July ata row to row distance of 50 em. The trelliseswere provided between the siratro rows. Thecrop was harvested in the last week ofDecemberafter picking of pods.Siratro supported by Sesbania sesbanproduced the highest seed yield of 64.2 kg/ha followed by the support of Desmanthusvirgatus (58.0 kg/ha) and subabool (56.8 kglha). The minimum seed yield (45.0 kg/ha) wasobtained from the crop which was not supported.The crop responded well to the applicationof phosphorus and 80 kg and 40 kg pps/ha,which did not differ from each other, increasedseed production of siratro (57.5 to 58.2 kg/ha) by more than 16% over control (48.8 kg/ha).1.3 Agronomical studiesexploiting system basedproduction in forage crops(R.K. Pandey)Effect of inter-row space utilization ofseed production of guar cv IGFRI-212The following twelve planting systems of seedguar were evaluated in randomized blockdesignwith three replications :1. 50 em apart row crop of seed guar2. 25 cm apart row crop of seed guar95forseedEvaluation of fodder seed productionsystems in relation to oat genotypes andcutting managementThe experiment comprised 5 genotypes(IGFRI-3021, OL-9, JHO-810, JHO-822 and"JHO-831) and 3 cutting managements (uncut,one cut for forage at 45 days and another cutat 60 days after sowing). These treatmentswere evaluated in randomised block designwith three replications.Oat cv. IGFRI-3021 produced highest seedyield of 2040 kg/ha closely followed by JHO­810 (1810 kg/ha). The crop cutting either at45 days or60 days after sowingdid notadverselyaffect the seed yield of oat as compared tono cut treatment (1680 kg/ha). Though seedyield obtained from the crops, whether cut forforage at 45 days or 60 days after sowing wasat par, the later contributed 98.8% more drymatter yield of fodder over that obtained inthe former (1.5 t/ha). It is interesting to notethat JHO-822 cut for fodder at 60 days aftersowing gave maximum dry fodder yield of3.7 t/ha without reducing seed yields.

963.25 em apart row crop of guar with a fodderharvest of alternate row.4. 25 ern apart row crop of guar with a fodderharvest of two rows, alternatively.5. 25 em apart row crop of guar with a fodderharvest of three rows, alternatively..6.25 cm apart row crop of guar with a fodderharvest of each third row, alternatively.7. 25 em apart row crop of guar with a fodderharvest of each fourth row, alternatively.8.50 cm apart row crop of seed guar intercroppedby broadcasting fodder cowpea NP-3 with20 kg seed/ha.9.50 em apart row crop of seed guar intercroppedby broadcasting fodder cowpea NP-3 with40 kg seed/ha.10. 50 em apart row crop of seed guarintercropping by broadcasting fodder guarwith 20 kg seed/ha.11. 50 em apart row crop of seed guarintercropped with a fodder row of cowpeaNP-3 alternatively.12. 50cm apart row crop of seed guarintercropped with a fodder row of sunnhemp,alternatively.Sole crop of seed guar sown at 25 em rowto row distance yielded appreciably higherseed (1040 kg/ha) over that sown at 50 em(780 kg/ha). The seed yield under this system(25cm) was reduced by more than 200 kg/hawith the removal of selected rows for fodderpurpose. However, all the systems from whichselected rows were removed for fodder purposedid not differ from each other with regard toIGFRIseed as well as forage production except incase of each fourth row harvest where forageproduction was low. The dry forage productionobtained from these systems, where one, twoor three rows were harvested for foragealternatively, was about 0.8 t/ha.Under the system where seed guar wasplanted at a row to row distance of 50 em,the seed yields were not reduced with theinclusion of broadcast sown guar or line sownsunnhemp for forage as compared to sole seedcrop planted at 50 em row to row distance.It rather gave an additional dry forage yieldof 0.66 t/ha in case of inclusion of fodder guarand 2.1 t/ha sunnhemp. On the other hand theseed yields were drastically reduced with theinclusion of cowpea though the dry forageproduction from this component specially sownbroadcast with 40 kg seed/ha was at par withsunnhemp. It indicates that inclusion of linesown sunnhemp under 50 em row to rowdistance sown seed guar proved to be promisingfodder-seed production system.Evaluation ofseed cowpea based fodderseedproductionAfter harvest of experimental crop ofcowpea, different systems were tested forresidual effect by growing oat. Seed crop ofcowpea NP-3 sown by broadcast@ 40 kg seed/ha showed maximum residual effect byproducing highest dry yield ofoatforage (10.56t/ha). The minimum, however, was with thatraised after taking seed crop of cowea NP­3 planted at 50 em row to row distance andintercropped with one row of fodder blackgram between each two rows of seed cowpea.1.4 Agronomic investigations forincreasing seed yield in grasses(G.K. Dwivedi)

Annual Report 1989 - 90Effect ofKN0 3, ZnS0 4and cycocellevelson seedproduction in Setaria sphacelataAn experiment comprising 4 levels of KN0 3(0, 2, 4 and 6 kg/ha), 3 levels of cycocel (0;0.5 and 1.0 l/ha) and 2 levels of ZnS0 4(0and 2 kg/ha) applied as foliar spray at flowerinitiation was conducted in split plot design.Seed yield of Setaria sphacelata wasmarkedly influenced by the application ofcycocel and ZnS0 4• The seed yield increasedappreciably with each increase in the level ofKN0 3upto 4 kg/ha; beyond this level increasewas not well marked. The increase in seedyield by 4 kg KNO/ha (44.2 kg/ha) was morethan 24% over control (35.6 kg/ha).2.1 Seed borne disease and theircontrol in forage crops(S.N. Singh)Evaluation of fungicides against headmould (Fusarium spp. and Curvulariaspp.) and other leaf spot diseases insorghum seed cropA trial was conducted to control grain mouldof sorghum HC-136 during kharif J 989 bytreating the seeds with fungicides, Bavistin,Thiram and Dithane M-45 as alone and theircombinations @ 0.25 g/kg seed and their onespray at dough stage.Seedling emergence improved in all thetreatments over control which was the resultof reduced incidence of moulds especiallyCurvularia lunata and Fusarium spp. The seedtreatment with Bavistin alone or in combinationwith Dithane M-45 resulted in decreasedseedling mortality (1-3%) as against control'(18.5%) and consequently increased plant'population (33.3%) over control. Later on, itsone spray at dough stage proved much effectivein reducing the moulds development duringmaturity and thereby increasing the seed yieldby 68-92% over control.Studies on control ofseed borne diseasesespecially Fusarium rot, rust and downymildew in lucerneA field experiment compnsmg threefungicides (Bavistin, Thiram and Plantvax @0.3 g/kg seed) and their combinations alongwithtwo methods of seed treatment (dry and wet)and one spray of the same fungicides in Marchwas conducted during rabi season of 1988­89,in randomised block design.All the fungicides tried increased seedlingemergence markedly (22-48%) over control.Bavistin-splantvax (I : 1) as dry seed treatmentproved the best effective fungicide for thecontrol of seed borne fungi of lucerne, resultingin higher seed germination (93%), more forageproduction and lowest disease incidence (1.8%).The next effective treatment was bavistin alone.The disease incidence in the control was28.33%.Isolation and identification of differentmicro-organisms associated with seedof forage cropsSeeds of sorghum HC-136 just after harvestwere screened in the laboratory to determinethe infection (percentage) by Fusarium spp.and Curvularia spp. and moulds.Seeds obtained from the untreated seed sowncrop were infected with Fusarium moniliformeand Curvularia lunata in high percentage (15­65%) and F. oxysporum and F. semitectum inlow percentage (0-18%). The seed obtainedfrom the treated seed sown crop exhibiteddirect correlation between field and laboratory97

98incidence of Fusarium spp, The seed obtainedfrom untreated seeds sown crop, which wereapparently healthy looking, exhibited severalfungal infections in.the laboratory screening.The prevalence of these pathogens was higherduring the previous' year due to conduciveweather conditions during 1988 than this year.The Fusarium spp. and Curvularia spp.,present in the embryo caused seed rot,seedlingblights, reduced germination and at later stages,caused grain mould.3.1 .Studies on insect pests andpathogens in seed storage(V.I. Shivankar, S.N. Singh and A.A. Khan)Effect of different types of containersand pesticides on the incidence of storepests and pathogensAmong. the containers, polyethylene bagsand metal containers were best and at par withleast insect pest damage and minimumincidence of storage fungi having higher.germination (82-84%) in sorghum HC-136 andwere closely followed by plastic containerswith 78% germination. They were significantlysuperior to cloth and gunny bags with 37-48%germination..Out of the pesticides tried, bavistin andmalathion @ 3 and 1 g/kg seeds, respectivelywhich did not differ from each other withregard to insect pest damage, incidence ofpathogens and germination percentage werebetter than neem and arappu leaf powder andcontrol. However neem and arappu leaf powderwere superior to control. .Seeds stored for a year in polyethylenebags or metal containers and treated withbavistin, malathion or neem or stored in plasticIGFRIcontainers with bavistin treatment were superiorin maintaining germination more than 85%with low incidence of insect pests and storagefungi, while in other cases values of germinationwere much lower and that incidence of insectsand pathogens were higher. The minimumgermination was however, with the seed storedin cloth bags without pesticides.Effect of organic. materials on insect.- pest and pathogens damage and viabilityof cowpea seed in storageOut of the organic materials tested, Crotonetiglium at 2.5 or 1.5 g, Acorus calamus 2.5g, Melia azadirachta 2.5 g and malathion 1­2 g/kg seed, which were at par, proved superiorto other organic materials as well as controlwith respect to insect pest damage, pathogenincidence and seed germination percentage.Effect of varying temperatures andinsecticide levels on seed health instorageCowpea seed stored at 20±2°C (55±5 RH)showed least damage (6.65 % ) by insects andlow incidence of pathogens and gave highergermination (87.2%) over that stored at roomtemperature after 12·months of storage.Addition of neem leaf powder provedsuperior to control in reducing the incidenceofinsect pest pathogens and maintaining highergermination.Seed stored at 20±2°C with or without neemleaf powder proved better than that stored atroom temperature and treated with and withoutneem leaf powder. However, at roomtemperature, treatment of neem leaf powdershowed superiority with less insect infestation(22.8%) and higher germination (62.6%) overno neem leaf powder where higher seed damage

Annual Report 1989 - 9099. +JSeed production in berseem variety Wardan(53%) and lower seed germination (47.4%)were recorded.SPR·4: DEVELOPMENT OF STAN·DARD TECHNIQUES FORBREEDER'S SEED PRODUCTIONWITH HIGH LEVEL OF GENETICPURITY AND TO STANDARDISETECHNIQUES FOR QUALITYSEED PRODUCTION4.1 Confirmation ofuniformity underfield condition in berseem var, Wardan(O.P. Dixit and G.K.Dwivedi)A conformity test based on random samplingand plant population was applied for testingthe uniformity of breeders seed productioncrop of berseem cv Wardan during rabi 1989­90 in randomised block design.Studies on plant height, number of branches,number of flower heads, number of seeds, seedyield and test weight revealed that there wasno appreciable variation in the characters, whichindicated the uniformity in the population ofberseem var. Wardan.

DIVISION OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ANDBIOCHEMISTRYPPB-l PHYSIOLOGICALSTUDIES IN FORAGE CROPIMPROVEMENT1.1 Varietal screening and inductionof drought tolerance in forages(R.B.R. Yadava and R.K. Bhatt)Genotypes of Sorghum bicolor L.,grownunder field condition, were screened forcomparative drought tolerance.Morphophysiological characters at prefloweringstage were correlated with herbageyield. Genotypes MGC, D-I-3-1, M-I-3-1, HD­2 and JHS-22 were higher in sugar content,proline accumulation and stomatal resistance,where as CSI and rate of transpiration werelower in comparison to other genotypes ofsorghum. Lowering the rate of transpirationfrom foliage increased the herbage yield and1000 seed weight with positive correlation inDM verses transpiration (+0.2978) whereas itwas negatively correlated with stomatalresistance (-0.3511).Genotypes of oats grown under fieldcondition were screened at jointing stage duringrabi season. Oat cultivars JHO-822, JHO-831and JHO-865 showed comparative droughttolerance as reflected in higher prolineaccumulation, relative water content andstomatal diffusion resistance as well asdecreased rate of transpiration, leaf temperatureand CSI values.In the first year of field trial on oats, rateof transpiration was reduced significantly dueto PMA and keoline spray at jointing stage,maximum reduction in 150ppm PMA followedby 6% keoline. Similar trend was also noticedin CSI values whereas stomatal diffusionresistance, RWC and proline accumulation inleaftissues increased significantly (Table-59).Yield components viz, plant height, numberof fertile tillers/plant, length of ear, herbageyields and 1000 seed weight were also recorded(Table-60) and data clearly reveal that theseparameters were highly influenced by foliarapplication of PMA and keoline. Seed and drymatter yields (kg/ha) were not affectedadversely under stress condition in comparisonto control even in some concentrations foundbetter than control. However, 100 ppm (PMA)and 4-6% keoline reduced the water loss fromplants alongwith higher significant yields.1.2 Salt tolerance in forages(O.P.S. Verma)Two pasture legumes viz., Macropteliumatropurpureum and Clitorea ternatea weresown in pots containing soil of four sodicitylevels viz. pH/ESP 7.3/0, 9.1/20, 9.8/35, 10/50 simulated through sodium bicarbonate.Seeds germinated upto pH/ESP 9.8/35 ofsodicity but could not survive at these levels.1.3 Effect of growth regulators onflowering, seed setting and qualityconstituents in range legumes andgrasses(R.B.R. Yadava and N.C. Sinha)Field trials on pasture legumes namely,

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Annual Report 1989 - 90 103Table 61: Effect of growth regulatorson flowering, seed selling and yields of Macropteliwnatropurpureum and Dolichos lablabTreatmentsDays tofloweringSugarsio flower(g/Ioog D. W)Seedyield(kg/ha)Macroplelium atropurpureum cv, SiratroControl 78IOppmNAA 72. 50ppm NAA 69100 ppm NAA 64IOppm MH 6150ppmMH 68looppmMH 5960.068.961.865.670.072.868.624.025.430.919.519.517.613.91.341.491.521.371.541.421.31DolichnslablabControl 7510ppmNAA 7050ppmNAA 66100 ppm NAA 6410ppmMH 69'50ppm MH 64.100 ppm MH 6222.036.145.040.030.339.535.615.2027.4018.0619.2214.0823.0819.45Macroptelium atropurpureum cv. siratro andDolichos lablab were laid to study the effectsofplant growth regulators on flowering, seedsetting, yield and nutritive constituents. Variousconcentrations of NAA (10, 50 and 100 ppm)and MH ( 10,50 and 100 ppm) were sprayedon the foliage at the stage of 45 days fromsowing. One set of control (water spray) wasalso maintained for comparison. Days to flowerinitiation, pod setting, sugar in flowers,photosynthetic pigments, seed yield and proteinsentent were recorded (Table-61). Earlyflowering was noticed in treated series of plantsliver control in both the legumes, the response~eing maximum in 100 ppm MH followed by100 ppm NAA but the pod setting increasedupto 50 ppm of NAA and MH whereas highestconcentration (100 ppm) reduced, but it wasbetter than control. Similar trend was noticedin sugar content and photosynthetic pigmentsalso. Highest seed yield was obtained withfoliar application of 50 ppm NA followed by100 ppm MH in siratro whereas 50 ppm ofboth the chemicals increased the seed yieldin Dolichos lab/ab. However, the treatmentsdifferences were not significant. Crude proteincontent in foliage increased remarkably insiratro when it was treated with NAA and MHand maximum accumulation was found in 50ppm NAA followed by 50 ppm MH.1.4 Physiological variability in forage

104crops and their manipulation for higherseed yield(N.C. Sinha)Foliar application of either KN0 3 (6 kg/ha) or Pps (4 kg/ha) on cowpea increasedthe protein N (28.75, 24.75%) and water solublesugar in reproductive organs (31.7 and 36.9%)which respectively gave 291 and 280 kg seed/ha. While synergism of KN0 3 (2 kg/.ha)+ Pps(2 kg/ha) was quite evident in developingpotential flower (40% sugar), high protein N(33.75%) and increased chlorophyll-a (0.84mg/g f.w.t.). Such stimulated physiologicalprocess significantly improved the number ofseeds/plant, pod: seed weight ratio and gavethe highest seed yield (303 kg/ha) among allthe treatments with higher pod : seed ratio.Foliar nutrient (2 kg KN0 3 and 2 kg PP/ha) were evaluated over basal application of100 kg pp/ha under field condition on lucerneunder seven treatments (control, 100 kg Ppsbasal,2 kg Pps (F), 2 kg KN0 3 (F), 100 kgPps (B)+2kg PPs (F),lOO kg Pps(B)+2 kgKN03(i~) and 80 kg Pps (B)+2 kg KN0 3(F)+ 2 kg P 20S' Foliar application of KN0 3 andPPs (2 kg/ha) were applied thrice at sevendays interval of flower initiation. Amongvarious treatments, foliar application of KN0 3(2 kg/ha) with basal application of Ppssignificantly increased the sugar concentrationof flower (23.7%) besides marked accumulationof sugar in collar (15.8%) and root regions(11.7%) of lucerne thus gave 0.90 kg/ha moreseed over control. It also increased theconcentration of protein-N (18.7%) andphosphorus (0041 %). The effect of treatmentwas registered in order of 100 kg Pps (B)+2kg KN0 3 (F»100 kg Pps (B)+ 2 kg Pps(F»100 kg Pps (B)+2 kg KN0 3 (F)+ 2 kgPps (F»100 kg PzO s (B) 2 kg Pps (F).I.S Studies on light relation andlGFRlassimilatory functions in forage crops(R.K. Bhatt)The observation on light interception wererecorded or. intercropping system involvinggrain sorghum with fodder legumes guar,\'Transpiration by oat foliagecowpea, dolichos, sunnhemp, urd and mothunder rainfed condition. The sole sorghumintercepted 83% of total PAR incident at canopylevel where as sorghum-cowpea interceptedhigh amount of PAR, (92%) followed bysorghum+dolichos and sorghum+sunnhemp(89%) at 50% flowering stage of sorghum.However, light interception was equal in otherintercropping system (sorghum-sguarsorghum+urd and sorghum-moth). Lightinterception paralleled the LAl of intercrops(r = 0040). The light interception was more

Annual Report 1989 - 90in intercrop system than in the sole cropcanopies, obviously due to presence ofcomponent of intercrops in between the rowsof sole crop. The forage yield of intercropsis positively correlated (r =0.62) with IPAR.The net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growthrate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI) and drymatter yield were observed in five multicutoat varieties. Among these varieties, JHO-851was most efficient with respect to growthefficiency (10.34 g/m 2/d). NAR (2.89 g/m 2 /d), LAI (7.4) and dry matter yield (9.28 t/ha).1.6 Interaction of light interceptionand energy exchange on growth anddevelopment of forage under differentcropping system(L.P. Misra and R.K. Bhatt)I/ 105Among different canopy covers studied,Acacia tortilis allowed maximum amount ofPAR (60% of the total PAR) followed byHardwickia binata (52%) whereas Leucaena/eucocepha/a infilter least amount of PAR(30%). The minimum canopy temperature(32°C) with highest canopy air temperaturedifference (-6.8) was observed under Leucaenacanopy. The higher amount of chlorophyll wasobserved in Sehima nervosum under the treecanopies than in open field. However,chlorophyll a:b ratio was lower under the treecanopies due to high amount of chl-b (Table62). The LAI and NAR of grasses were higherunder the canopy of Acacia tortilis whereasit was at par in open field and also under thecanopy of llardwickia binata. The dry matteryield (DM) was closely associated with theavailable radiation under the tree canopies.About 98% of DM of grasses was obtainedunder Hardwickia binata and Acacia toriliscanopies when compared with the DMY of

, t, f t:fI,•j~ wi f, :I ~1l' t ~+ Gt tf'",i~,~~.. tI~1"t~ '1

Annual Report 1989 - 90 107open field. It indicates that 52 to 60% of PARis required for production of Sehima nervosumand Heteropogon contortus.1.7 Standardization of organ andtissue culture of trees(L.P. Misra)There types of callus were developed fromex-plants of subabul hybrid Leucaenaleucocephala x L. pulverulenta namely (a)greenish compact and slow growing mass (b)highly orgainsed white and friable callus whichon further subculturing produced somaticembryos and (c) a pale yellowish callus withnumerous roots growing on it which failed toregenerate plantlets even on treatment withvarious auxins and cytokinin (Table-63)(Figure2).Sucrose concentration in the MS mediumwas observed to substitute light requirementof the callus cultures. Rooting in the regeneratedplantlets from callus was achieved bysupplementing MS medium with BAP and IBA.Activated ,charcoal in MS medium addedwith IBA did not promote rooting in plantlets.Heller's medium supplemented with IAA andBAP was observed to be better promoter ofgrowth of cotyledon derived callus.

DIVISION OF PLANT PROTECTIONPP-l: STUDIES ON PLANT DIS­EASES, INSECTS AND NEMA­TODES AND THEIR MANAGE­MENT FOR INCREASEDFORAGE PRODUCTION1.1 Diseases of foragesmanagement(R.B. Bhaskar and S.T. Ahmad)SurveyandtheirHeavy incidences of sooty stripe(Ramulispora sorghi) and anthracnose(Colletotrichum graminicola) on sorghum,root-rot and bacterial blight (Xanthomonascompestris pv. vignicola) on cowpea, rootand stem rot (Rhizoctonia, Fusarium andSclerotium sp.) of berseem, downy mildew(Peronospora trifolii), anthracnose (C. trijolii)and rust (Uromyces striatus) on lucerne; rust(Uromyces clygni] on Dichanthiumanthracnose' (C.gloeosporioides) onStylosanthes humilis, leaf spot (Pyriculariagrisea) on Panicum were observed.Germplasm evaluationSorghum: Germplasm lines (1020) werescreened against sooty stripe and anthracnose.Out of these 168 lines were resistant to boththe diseases and 270 and 221 lines were resistantto sooty stripe and anthracnose respectively.Cowpea: Forty nine genotypes were screenedfor resistance against mosaic (CPMV) andbacterial blight. Eight genotypes were resistantto mosaic and nine to blight.Berseem: Eleven varieties viz., Wardan, BL­I, BL-2, UPB-lOl, JHB-37, JHB-220, UPB­104, UPB-I05, JB-2, JB-3 and JB-4 werescreened for resistance against root and stemrot. However, BL-l.and BL-2 were moderatelyresistant.Lucerne:. Varieties Nos. 4821 and 172 wereresistant and 1519, 1292, IL Comp-5, IL­Comp-6, Sirsa-9, Anand-2, SS 627 and Anand­3 were moderately resistant to anthracnose.However, none was resistant to rust.Oat: Varieties JHO-851 and JHO-864 wereresistant to leaf blight (Helminthosporiumavenae) and JHO-851, JHO-861, 862, 863,864, and 865 were resistant to leaf blotchunder natural conditions. Oat collectionsresistant to both were CI 459, 1606, 1624,1709; 1889, 2042, 2053, 2137 and 3846.Chemical control measuresChemical : Five fungicides viz. Dithane M­45, Dithane Z-78, Ziram, Wettasul and Blitoxwith and without burning were tested .for thecontrol of rust of Dichanthium annulatum.Burning followed by two sprays of DithaneM-45 (0.25%) in December and January gave100% control.In a laboratory experiment, Agrimycin-l00,Streptomycin, Terramycin, Captan, Bavistin,Thiram and hot water treatment and theircombinations were tested against bacterialblight of cowpea Xanthomonas compestris pv.

Annual Report 1989 -.90vignicola. Hot water treatment at 50°C for 10minutes followed by seed treatment withStreptomycin (100 mg/kg) completelyeliminated or inhibited the bacteria from theseed.Biological control measuresCowpea: Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum(20 kg/ha) applied in furrows with oat straw(5 t/ha) a week before sowing gave bettercontrol of the root rot of cowpea. Diseaseincidence was reduced by 90% and green anddry matter yield increased by 25.3 and 15.4%respectively. 'Berseem: Bio-control agents (T. viride andT. harzianum) reduced disease incidence by65.7% whereas seed treatment with Bavistin@ 0.1% and two sprays @ 0.01% in Januaryat 20 days interval controlled stem rot andincreased green fodder yield by 32.4%Laboratory studiesRearing of Bto-eontrel agents: Seeds ofsorghum, bajra, style, cowpea, guar, berseemand lucerne were tested for mass culturing.T. harzianum, T. viride, Gliocladium virensand Paceilamyces lilacinus. Stylosantheshamata and sorghum weed were found mostsuitable medium.Phylloplane mycronora of Stylosantheshamata : Seventeen different fungi and someunidentified phycomycetes were observed.Survival of X. cbmpestris p,. ,ignicola:'The,bacterium was stored under differentconditions. The bacterium survived 18 and 15,days in sterilized and unsterilized soil,respectively. The pathogen remained viablefor 270 days when buried in leaf.debris filledin earthen pot and for 300 days in infected109leaves stored in paper bags in laboratory. Theviability of the natural and artificialiy infectedseeds were 300 and 270 days, respectively.Detection of Helminthosporium avenae :Seedborne nature of H. avenae varied 20-50 and16-41per cent ofseeds withand withoutglumesrespectively. Seedlings raised from healthyand infected seeds showed 7-3and 15-4conidiaper leaf on dorsal and ventral' surfacerespectively.1.2 Insects associated with grasslandand their management.(N.K. Shah)SurveyThe survey conducted on different rangegrasses revealed that nearly all the species ar~,prone to grasshopper complex, specially to H.nigrorepletus, C. pinguis and O. abruptus.Brachiaria brizantha, B. decumbens, Panicummaximum, Pennisetum polystachyon, P.trihybrid, Cenchrus ciiiaris, C.setigerus.Cenchrus hybridand Setaria sp. were severc~h"damaged and Paspalum notatum, Chlorisgayana and Bothrichloa intermedia showed;minor incidence of grasshoppers.Seasonal fluctuations of majorgrasshoppersSeasonal fluctuations in the populationdensities of major grasshoppers at CentralResearch Farm is given in Fig.-3. The resultsindicated that Hieroglyphus nigrorepl~tus haspeak population density in the first. fortnighton August: Oedaleus a.bruptus· w.ith a peik'population built up from middle ofAugust tillmiddle of September and Cotantop" ping"iswith a peak population density from midSeptember till the end of October.

110 IGFRIIa:: 2 Q)CD~(I)~CDQ.- Hierogly~hus nigrorepletus----- Oedaleus abrup.tus-'.'.'.'. Catantop-s p'inguis',£;U-00Q)Ol0~Q)>ClF'i,,,,------i i..................- .-....,.'.'.,"" ,. ~ ........... -.. ......_--- ....II"UN1 11JULI 11\' Al,JGI IISEPI IIOCTInNOV1 IIDECFig. 3: Seasonal fluctuation in the population densities or major grasshoppersAssessment of losses by Grasshoppercomplex in Cenchrus setigerus, The experiment was designed in paired plotmethod. In the treated plots regular spray ofMalathion·@ 0.05% was done. The averagedamage in untreated plots was 8.66% higherthan that in the treated plots. The average leafdamages in treated and untreated plots were1.95 and 10.61% respectively. (SE = 1.159).The average yields in the treated and untreatedplots were found to be 10.94 and 9.25 tonnesper hectare respectively (SE =0.778) showingan increase of 18.35% of green forage yield.Screening ofvarious range grass speciesVarious species of range grasses plantedin the nursery of GM Division were screenedfor their comparative tolerance to insect pests.It wasobserved thatPaspalum notatum, Chlorisgayana andBothrichloa intermedia were havingonly traces of grasshopper incidences undernatural infestation conditions.1.3 Insects associated with leguminousforages and their management(K.C. Pandey and S.A. Faruqui)SurveyIn subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) youngsaplings, heavy infestation (20%) of termites(Odsontotermes sp. and Microtermis sp.) wasobserved. Pods and seeds of Acacia tortilis

Annual Report 1989 - 90were heavily damaged by Bruchids, Caryedonserrotus and Bruchidius sp. Damage wasmaximum (21 %) in June-August. Thrips(Florithrips sp., Frankliniella sp. andScirtothrips sp.) were recorded on the flowersof Prosopis andLeucaena. Cowpea aphid (Aphiscraccivora) infestation was very high duringJuly-August, 1990 as compared to in theprevious years.Germplasm evaluationLucerne: Selected plants of IL-40, 49, 1418,Lahontan and Moapa categorized earlier astolerant to spotted alfalfa aphid and lucerneweev.il were further tested in laboratory. Alarge number of plants exhibited resistanceagainst these pests.Cowpea: Fifty accessions were evaluated fortolerance to galerucid beetle and semilooper.Of these 19 were resistant, 16-moderatelyresistant, 8-moderately susceptible and 7­susceptible to galerucid beetle. Semilooper,rating of these lines were as IS-resistant, 16­moderately resistant, l l-rnoderatelysusceptible and 8-susceptible.Seedling resistance to spotted alfalfa aphidin medics: Four lines of lucerne and 10 annualMedicago species were tested for seedlingresistance to Therioaphis trifolii form maculata.The lahontan lucerne had greater (P< 0.005)seedling survival than others. There was awide range ofreaction to aphid between speciesof annual medics. M. scutellata had highestsurvival rate, whereas M. arabica was the worstaffected.Chemical controlLucerne: The efficacy of insecticides,Cypermethrin (.003%, .006%), Decamethrin(.003%, .006%), Fenvalerate (.003%, .006%,111.009%) and Malathion ( .05%) were comparedfor control of spotted alfalfa aphid and lucerneweevil in lucerne as sole crop and oat as intercrop. Fenvalerate (.009%) gave the maximumcontrol of aphid (95%). The efficacy ofdifferentinsecticides in descending order wasFenvalerate (.009%), Cypermethrin (.006%),Malathion (.05%), Fenvalerate (.006%),Decamethrin (.006%), Cypermethrin (.003%)Decamethrin (.003%) and Fenvalerate (.003%).Malathion (.05%) gave maximum control (95%)of lucerne weevil followed by Fenvalerate(.009%), Cypermethrin (.006%), Decamethrin(.006%), Fenvalerate (.006%), Decamethrin(.003%), Fenvalerate (.003%) andCypermethrin (.003%). Intercropping of oatscaused a considerable reduction on incidencesof aphid and weevil.Another experiment with insecticides,Malathion, Cypermethrin and Endosulfan wereevaluated for the control of leaf hopper, aphidand weevil in lucerne. Malathion (.04%) gavehighest control of leafhopper (87%),Cypermethrin (.009~) of aphids (93%) andEndosulfan (0.06%) of weevils (84%). Thepopulation of coccinellid predator of aphidswas maximum in lowest dose of Malathion,Cypermethrin and Endosulfan. Most effectiveconcentration observed was of Cypermethrin(.006%) which gave moderate control of pestsand it was congenial for predator parasitepopulation build up.Cowpea: Effect of three concentration ofCypermethrin (.003%, .006%, .009%) andEndosulfan (.01 %, .02%, .04%) were comparedfor incidences of leaf hopper and galerucidbettIe. The results showed that Cypermethrin(.006%) gave effective control ofpests withoutaffecting parasites/predators" earwigs andspiders, which was statistically at par withCypermethrin (.009%) and Endosulfan (.04%).The highest fodder yield (3.5 t/ha) was in.the. plots sprayed with Cypermethrin (.009%).

1121.4 Insects associated with non-leguminousforage and their management(S.A. Faruqui and K.C. Pandey)SurveySorghum shootfly incidence was maximum63% in sorghum and 15% in bajraduring August.Both these crops had symptoms of attack bygrasshoppers. Sorghum stem borers incidence'was up to 30% in the first week of September.Barhead bug, Calocoris angustatus midge fly,Contanaria sorghicola and aphidRhopalosiphum maidis were also recorded on ,this crop, A year round survey was conductedon hybrid napier.Termites Odentotermes sp.,Microtermes sp. and white grub attack wasnoticed in old stands at root level, leafdamagecaused by grasshoppers was also seen. InCarthemus, budfly damage was maximum, upto56% bud infestation. Chinese cabbage had lowinfestation of aphidLipaphis erysimi and sawflyAthalia proxima.:'The impact of environmental factors onsorghum pests and predators-parasites revealedmaximum infestation of shootfly. A. soccatawas seen at temperature range 25.1-32.8 0 Cand RH for period I and II being 90 and 60.per cent. The rainfall of 195.5 mm wasdistributed over. three rainy days during this.period. Stem borer peak infestation wasrecorded at temperature range 24.7-32.7 °Cand RH I and II 82 and 52 per cent. Sorghummidge peak activity was recorded at maximum36.3 °C, minimum 19.8 °C, RH I and II 78 and27 per cent respectively.Germplasm screeningOut of 1199 sorghum germplasm of 228,differentorigin belonging to 4 different regionsIGFRIof the world were screened for insect pestresistance. 215 lines showed high degree oftolerance (less than 10% infestation) and 638lines were highly susceptible (more than 50%infestation) to shootfly Atherigona soccata.Entries belonging of African (except materialfrom Chad) and Asian origin showed highdegree of resistance. In addition, 123 linesshowed tolerance to stem borer, (Chilopartellis).Genotypes of Dichanthium annulatum (95),Cenchrus ciliaris (85), Cenchrus setigerus (42)and P. pedicellatum (48) were screened fortheir reaction to aphid Rhaplosiphum maides,Dichanthium lines IGFRI 2058, 19A, 585,495­I, 19B and 592, C. ciliaris lines IGFRI-679,660,667,678, S-8-3-1, 624, and C. setigeruslines IGFRI-1196, 4055,77 and 569 were leastattacked.Shootfly behaviour studies on resistant andsusceptible sorghum revealed that there wasno correlation between resistant and susceptiblelines for egg laying preference. There was alsono correlation between number of eggs laidand per cent of plants with eggs and dead heartformation between the resistant cultivars IS3370, 3219 and susceptible lines IS 704 and3332.Laboratory studiesLeptocorisa acuta was studied for affectof insecticide on neuro-endocrine complex.The N.S. cell size showed a reduction from'average 40~ in untreated to 32~ in treated butin nuclear size there was an increase in treated18~ as compared to 15~ in untreated insects.The cells in treated insects were depleted withN.S. colloid but. the axons were fully loadedwith the clogging of the material, suggestingdisproportionate release as a result of thistreatment.

Annual Report 1989 - 901.5 Plant parasitic nematodesassociatedwith cultivated forages and theirmanagement(~. Hasan)Bio-control efficiency of Paecilomycessp.Relative efficacy of P. lilacinus alone orin combination with some organic manureswas evaluated against root-knot nematode (M.incognita) in cowpea followed by lucerne.Incorporation of organic manures along withP. lilacinus into soil infested with root-knotnematode further increased the bio-controlefficiency of the fungus (Table 64). Highesteggmass infection (76.2%) was observed inT 1+ T 2(fungus+leucaena leaves). Thistreatment also reduced effectively the gall index(2.2), besides improving the dry matter yield(30.9%). Carbofuran as seed treatmentalongwith the fungus (T1+Ts) reduced the gallindex from 4.5 to 2.0, but it seems to inhibitthe fungal development resulting into 20.5%egg mass infection as compared to 54.2% infungus alone. Similarly, in the lucerne crop(without any further treatment) the bio-controlefficiency of the fungus applied either aloneor in combination with organic manures wasfound to be further .increased resulting intoreduced gall index ~nd improved crop yield.Seasonal population fluctuations of keynematodesSampling for nematode population wasdone for two consecutive years (March 1988to March 1990) in the field bean and lucerne.field infested with three major nematode speciesviz., Melotdogyne incognita , Rotylenchusreniformis and Pratylenchus ·zeae. Two highpopulation peaks during March-April (average113maximum temperature 32-40 °C) andSeptember-October (average maximumtemperature 33-35 °C), coinciding with optimalgrowth of the host crop were observed.Nematode numbers irrespective of the specieswere observed to be lower in samples takenin the hot summer of May-July (maximumtemperature 32-45 °C) and cool winters ofDecember-February (maximum temperature22-25 "C), The temperature requirement of thesenematodes seem to be relatively higher• explaining their dominance in tropics.Evaluation of germplasm for resistanceForty nine genotypes of cowpea and 28lucerne varieties/selections were screenedagainst two major nematodes in pots andbreeders field, respectively. On the basis ofreproduction factor and number of lesion andgalls produced, the promising source ofresistance were identified as follows:Cowpea ( M. incognita ) .ResistantModeratelyResistantLucerne (P . zeae)ResistantModeratelyResistant: EC 244256, 244320, 244409,244427, IC 98661EC 24209, 244211, 244241,244249, 244432, 244438,IC 6805IL 1419, SS 627IL 55, 440, 1292,1519 and PC-4.Root-knot nematode species and racesAnumber of root samples of different cropswere collected. Species were identified on thebasis of perennial patterns of mature females

-~. '-:'. ....:.:...,....:.:- ... - ..... .. '.' "'2094S>.., .,,' ,..•.•......•,•...•.,•...•.,.,•.•.•,..•..,•.,•.,•..,•.•.•.•..,••..•..,.,:.......•,•..•.•.•,••,..• ,. :;[g9)/,3.26.,....2,2}2.50··· ':U3'< ..,•.•••..·2.§i ·2;2"2~().76.260.5'1&&··~O.5 .T()=Untreated(coiltr()I). ti~fllngus.@20kglha('fi=Leiiceanaleaf.(o/·,2.0 .tlha. T]=,Siiw(Jllst@'Oa£BgfuraIi·,seed.treaiment@.ol%ll,j., *·l=l)o·tO:Ofgalling'.lJ:l.s=st:Yt:re}()gtgaWng, '*"",ay(:ra~:t: clf4Flits.~-

Annual Report 1989 - 90and their races on the basis of reactions producedon North Carolino hosts differentials.Of the population examined, 41.6% havebeen identified as M. incognita, 37.9% M.javanica, 17.1% as mixed populations of abovetwo and 3.5% as M. arenaria. In addition,races 1-4 have been identified in M. incognita.Race 1 and race 2 was most frequent (50.6and 33.3%) followed by race 3 (4.5%) andrace 4 (11.5%) (Fig 4).1.7 Nematodes associated with rangelegumes, range grasses and fodder treeslshrubs and their management(Muzib I.. Azmi)50 Mi =M.incognita4030In.!!!u8 20VI10oMa=~.arenarlaMJ=,M.Javanlca-Race 1 100~ Race 280-Race 3~ Race 4 60Incuu40 a:: '"200 0Mi . Mj MI+Mj Ma .Fig. 4 : Percent frequency of Root knot Meloidogyne. species and race

116followed by two foliar spray of Malathion @0.075%); T 2= Seed treatment with Thiram(0.2%) + Bavistin (0.1%) followed by twospray of Bavistin (0.01 %); T 3= Deep ploughing;T 4= Burning, T s= T I+T2 (1:1); T 6 =T I+T3;T 7=T3+T 4; T, = T 2 + T 3; T 9 = T 2+ T 4; T 10= T 3+ T 4; T 11 = T I + T 2 (1:1) + T 3 + T 4;T 12= T I + T2 (1: 1) + T 3; T 13= T 1+ T 2 (1: 1)+ T 4; T 14= T 2+T3+T4; T IS= T I+T 3+T 4 andT 16= Coritrol) in randomized block design with3 replications.IGFRIAll the trca.ments either singly or incombinations, reduced disease and/or pestincidence. However, deep ploughing followedby seed treatment with Carbofuran 1.0% a.i.and Thiram 0.2% + Bavistin 0.1% in 1:1 ratioalongwith two foliar sprays of Malathion0.075% and Bavistin 0.01% (1:1) at 15 daysinterval resulted in highest reduction (60-90%)in the pests and diseases and also in the increasein green forage yield (80.0%) of Sorghum +Cowpea mixture.

Annual Report 1989 - 90117DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING ANDPOST HARVEST TECHNOLOGYAE-l : STUDIES ON DENSIFICA­TION OF CROP RESIDUES IN THEFORM OF WAFERS, BALES ANDPELLETS WITH AND WITHOUTMOLASSES TO OPTIMIZE THEIRTRANSPORT BY DIFFERENTMODES( Jai Singh and P.S. Chauopadhyay )IGFRI forage densifyirig machineThe prototype of this machine has beenfabricated and tests will begin next year.Feed pelleting machine for small ruminantsA pilot prototype of this machine wasdeveloped and installed at CIRG, Makhdoom.Various kinds of feed were prepared for feedingtrial on goats: (i) Concentrate based pclletingdifferent ingredients of concentrate and mixingof subabul leaves or berseern in concentrateFeed brlqueltlng machine

118(ii) Herbage based concentrate+ subabulleaves/berseem in different proportions.With the objective of developing aneconomic ration for goats by utilizingherbaceous material, agro-industrialbyproducts and organic waste materials, acheaper type of pelleted feed was preparedusing sun dried poultry excreta as one of itscomponents (Table 65). This feed was testedon growing male goats of Jhakharana breedof 3-5 months age at CIRG, Makhdoom.Animals -in control group were. fed withconventional type ofconcentrate. The animals'in experimental group were fed with the pelletedfeed. Both the concentrate mixture wereisonitrogenous and isocaloric. In addition tothis, animals were provided seasonal greenfodder and a leguminous straw which werecommon to both the groups of animals. Theexperiment was conducted for about 9 months.The results are summarised in table 66.Although the animals were 2 kg less in bodyweight and body weight gain was also lessby about 109 per day, but the animals werein excellent health.Feed pelleting for cattleThis machine has been found workingsatisfactorily in pelletizing wheat bhusa andchaffed grass mixed with concentrate in 7:3proportion (w/w) and 1: 1 proportion withsubaboolleaves/berseem. True density ofthesepellets was 500-600 kg/m? and ,bulk density350 to 358 kg/m",Feed briquetting machineThis machine has been tested for briquettingIGFRI·wheat bhusa and chaffed grass mixed withsubabul leaves and berseem. The briquetteswere 22-24 mm in diameter. True density ofthese pellets was 756 kg/m", The average bulkdensity was 358 to 370 kg/m", Output of themachine was 60-80 kg/hour.AE·2:CONSERVATION OF MOISTFORAGE(J.P. Saxena and Jai Singh)Effect of liquid ammoniaLiquid ammonia treated Cenchrus ciliarisgrass stored at about 35% moisture contenton wet basis for 30 days was greenish andapparently free of mould. Its CP valuesincreased with the amount of NH 3limits of0.5% to 2.5%DM basis.CP = 0.4107 NH 3+ 5.4395 (r=0.987) .....(1)Pressure-moisture content relationshipin compactionStudies on pressure requirement forcompaction crop silage revealed exponentialrelationship between moisture content andpressure. The models have been developed fornapier, napier+subabool (1: 1), napier+ cowpea(1:1), C.ciliaris + subabool (1:1), C.ciliaris+ cowpea (1: 1) and mixture of all these crops.The relationship can be explained in thefallowing form.NapierM = e4.4g01 - O.2AI Log.Pr = -0.943Napier + Subabul (1:1)M = e 4.3219 • 0,1576 Log Pr = 0.883C.ciliaris + cowpea (1:1). '

120M = e4.JS 16 . 0.12S1 10'r = 0.588Napier + cowpea (1:1)M = e4.J81 - O.llIl 10' Pr = 0.884C.ciliaris + Subabul (I: I)M = e4.33U - 0.1211 10' Pr = -0.648AE-3: DESIGN AND DEVELOP­MENT OF IMPROVED FARM IM­PLEMENTS3.1 Development of Forage HarvestingMachine(P.S. Chattopadhyay and Jai Singh)A flailmower has been developed forPIGFRIharvesting grasses and forage crops. Themachine can simultaneously perform three jobsviz., harvesting, chaffing and blowing the cutcrop in the accompanying trailer. Theperformance of the machine was evaluated forsorghum, grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) andberseem. The results of the performance testsare given in table 67 and 68. For harvestingb) the flail mower, no adverse effect on theregeneration of multicut variety forage cropsand grasses were observed.The cost of grass (Cenchrus ciliaris)harvesting by different machines weredetermined and they were compared with thecost of sickle harvesting. The machine usedwere flail mower, rotary mower and mechanicalwindrower. The comparative data on costanalysis are given in table 69.•Flail Mower - harvesting, chaffing and blowtng sorghum crop

Annual Report 1989 - 90 121

122IGFRI":':\::":'::;':" ,,:.AE-4 FEASIBILITY ANDTESTING OF IMPROVEDIMPLEMENTS ON ACTUAL FIELDCONDITION(Jai Singh and P.S. Chattopadhyay)Package of Improved ImplementsThe feasibility of package of improvedbullock drawn implements was conducted inthe nearby adopted villages. The packageincluded B.D.M.B. plough, B.D. disc harrow,B.D. Channel-cum-bund former, B.D. IGFRItwo row seed drill and Gujarat Agro sickle.The performance results of these machines aregiven in table 70. The average seed rate was94.3 kg/ha. The average yield achieved by thispackage was 2.48 t/ha against 2.17 t/ha bytraditional methods of cultivation by desiplough. The average plot size was 0.6 ha(Average of five replications).IGFRI tractor operated grass seedcollectorThe IGFRI tractor operated grass seed

Annual Report 1989 - 90 123collector was evaluated in harvesting Cenchrusciliaris seeds. The performance ofthe machinewas satisfactory as the effective field capacitywas 0.31 ha/h with 57.1 % field efficiency. Therate of grass seed collection was 4.8 kg/h. Thecost of grass seed collection by machine wasRs. 12.5 /kg against Rs. 33.33/kg by manualcollection.AE-5: TILLAGE STUDIES FORGRASS - LEGUME PRODUCTION(P.o. Gupta)Tillage studies were conducted at CentralResearch Farm ofthe Institute with six differenttreatments mentioned below:T 1-No tillage (Control)T2. - Placing seed manually in furrows openedby tractor drawn cultivatorT - Tractor drawn cultivator cross way + T.O.3 •disc harrow cross way + cultipacker cross• way+ seeding in furrows behind cultivator.T -Tractor drawn cultivator once + disc harrow4 • •once + cultipacker once +seedmg 10furrows behind cultivatorT s -T.D. IGFRI pitter discer + seed broadcast+ grassland spike tooth harrowT 6-T..D. chiselling once 75 em apart + seedingin furrows behind cultivator.Pelleted seeds using IGFRI seed pelletizerand non-pelleted seeds were sown in split plotdesign with three replications. Plot size was8 x 30 em,Cenchrus ciliaris and Styloanthes hamataseeds @ 5 kg/ha and also pelleted seed @35 kg/ha were sown. The fertilizer dose at therate of30:20:0 (N.P.K.) per hectare was appliedat the time of sowing. The row spacing ofgrassand legume was kept 75 em apart. Three rowtractor drawn cultivator was used for sowingin case of T , T • T 4and T 6 treatment where2. 3 .1'as in T 1and T s it was broadcasted. Ferti izer- were applied in seed row in case of T2.' T 3•T T and was broadcasted in T 1and T s' Seeds4' 6

124were mixed with soil before sowing by hand.Soil moisture data were recorded at 15 daysinterval throughout the year at 10. 20 and 30em. soil depth.Time requirement in seed-bed preparationand seeding different tillage treatmentsIt has been observed that maximum timerequirements in land preparation was obtainedin T 3 as 27.1 tractor-hours/ha and minimumin T 1. In case of tractor seeding the timerequirement was 3.5 tractor hours/ha with 11.6man-hr/ha whereas for broadcasting it was'41.6 man hours/ha.Effect of tillage treatment on plantemergence of seeds and pelletsThe maximum emergence with seed andIGFRIpellets was obtained as 143.7 thousand/ha and207.4 thousand/he, respectively. for T 3. Theminimum plant emergence in TILe. seeds andpellets as 108 and 117 thousand/ha,respectively. Cenchrus ciliaris pellets showed127.4 thousands/ha plant stand for T 3 and inT s stylo pellets gave 109.6 thousands/ha ascompared to seed. 74.1 and 40.0 thousand/harespectively. for these treatments.Effect of tillage treatments on moisturepercentageThe average moisture data at three depthsshowed that there was not much differencein moisture status among different treatmentsin beginning. Later on better moisturepercentage was noticed in case of T 3and T 4•

..DIVISION OF RURAL ECONOMICSAND BIOMETRICSREB-!: ANALYSIS OF FARMMANAGEMENT AND ECONOM­ICS OF FORAGE PRODUCTIONSYSTEMS AND UTILIZATION1.3 Economics of forage production andforage based animal production systemsstudies based on data from experiments1. Cowpea seed production(I.P.S. Yadav and P.S. Tomar)3020In addition to the work done last year, theimpact of P doses for the two years viz 1987and 1988 (drought year) was studied bypolynomial regression technique and theequation Y = a + b 1 P + b 2 P 2 was foundfit for both the years.1987 Y = 2.5293 + 0.0716 P - 0.000528 p21988 Y = 0.7397 + 0.0324 P - 0.000291 p2The optimum doses ofP for the years 1987and J988 were 55.97 kg/ha and 34.19 kg/harespectively and corresponding optimum yields,were 488 kg/ha and 151 kg/ha, Comparing theLEGEND: , ,~ CUT 1l1lIll CUT I"o CUT IViii CUT VII CUT 11 I10oC.CILIARIS C. SETIGERUS DICHANTHIUMStrain (678 ) S1rain (405~) _Strain ( 19A) ,Fig. 5 : Average forage yield potentlal (tlha) in variouscuts of thll promlslng siialns of C.'ciliaris , C. setig~rusand Dichanthium annulatum

126profits obtained at the optimum level of P useand the maximum level it was found thatincrease in profit at the optimum level overthe maximum level was Rs. 34/ha and Rs. 69/ha for 1987 and 1988 respectively.The net profits per kg P application at theoptimum level were Rs. 37.34 and Rs. 15.82,respectively for 1987 and 1988 andcorresponding benefit-cost ratios were 5.97and 2.53.2. Economics of different pasture grasses(I.P.S. Yadav and U.S. Mishra)Ten promising strains each of two foragegrasses viz. Dichanthium, C. ciliaris and sevenstrains of C. setigerus were studied for theiradaptability in the Bundelkhand semi-aridclimatic conditions in RBD with threereplications. The corresponding species wereTecordedin data of 4 cuts and 5 cuts respectively.Average yield potential during five or fourcuts of the most promising strains of aboveforage grasses are illustrated in figure 5.Cenchrus ciliaris with highest productionpotential proved the most promising grassspecies followed by 9. .setigerus andDichanthium for pasture development inBundelkhand region as the cost benefit ratiowas highest for C. ciliaris (2.87) followed byC. setigerus (1.91) and Dichanthium (0.94).By the critical examination of human labourcost it was found that this cost for harvesting,collection of forage and its transportation toa certain collection point contributes 72 to81% of the total human labour cost amongthese species. So the human labour cost orcost of cultivation can be reduced by bettermanagement with optimum resource allocationof man power in these operations.IGFRII.S - Production and marketing offorages in Jhansi district(Mallayya)The data collection of four sample villagesfrom small, marginal and large farmers havebeen completed. The preliminary data onberseem, oat, maize, M.P. Chari, cowpea-Charihave been recorded. Number of cuts, productionand marketing of forages have been collected.Consumption and marketable surplus offoragesof different categories of farmers were alsocollected. The data is under ·tabulation andeconomic analysis. There were no regulatedmarkets. Farmers are selling fodder in localmarkets. Imperfect market competition,monopoly and oligopoly will" be worked outunder Jhansi condition.1.6 Impact of integrated developmentof Lakara-Karari Watershed on ruraleconomics1. Economics and production potentialof major crops under watershedprogramme(R.A. Singh)Economics of major crops like wheat, gram,groundnut and sorghum were worked out. Theaverage production of wheat ranged from 1630to 2397 kg/ha. The cost of production pertonnes wheat grain and straw were ranged Rs.181.3 to 282.3 and Rs. 245 to Rs. 328 withinput output ratio 1:1.06 to 1:1.20 respectively.Net return Rs. 1211.90/ha was obtained.Average production of wheat was 2.10 kg/ha,The analysis of MVP showed that seed andfertilizer were over utilized thus inflating thecost. Elasticity coefficients indicatedincreasing return to scale for wheat cultivation.

Annual Report 1989 - 90In case of gram, average production rangedfrom 781 to 1059 kg/ha. Net return Rs. 1868.43/ha was obtained. On an average input outputratio was 1:1.29 to 1:1.77. The regressioncoefficient for seed was found non significant.Average production of-sorghum grain was1116 kg/ha. MVP value for seed, bullock/tractor and human labour were quite high vis10.56, 10.49 and 9.24. The demonstration of .forage/grain crops vis MP Chari +cowpea,maize, urd, sorghum, ground nut and til werelaid out under integrated development ofLakara-Karari watershed on rural economics.Average yield (33.41 t/ha) was obtainedfor M.P. Chari-cowpea and net return wasfound Rs. 3257.90/ha. This crop indicated betterresults than pulse and grain crops. Productionfunction indicated increasing return to scale.For sorghum CSH-9 return ranged from Rs.1955.66 to Rs. 2638.85/ha. The grain yield21.65 q/ha was obtained and input output ratioranged from 1:1.57 to 1:1.82. Any factors ofproduction was not found significant in theproduction process.On an average maize grain yield was 2074kg/ha, input output ratio 1:2.02 and study ofreturn to scale revealed decreasing return.Average production of black gram 8.24 q/hawas worked out. Input output ratio rangedfrom 1:1.70 to 1:1.96. The sum of elasticitycoefficients of individual factors indicateddecreasing return to scale.Demonstrations of til showed bettereconomic return in comparison to other crops.The average yield 499 kg/ha was found. Netreturn was Rs. 2944.17/ha with the productioncost of Rs. 1153.50/ha. Input output ratio wasalso highest i.e. 1:2.89.Functional Analysis-127Results offunctional analysis are presentedin table 71. Two types of relationship viz.,multiple liner and Cobb/ Douglas productionfunction were fitted to the data and coefficientof determination ( R2), marginal value ofproductivity (MVP) and sum of elasticitycoefficients ( L bi ) were evaluated.WheatThe production function explains about 55to 73 per cent variation in R2. The outputefficiency varied with the village. For Lakara,variation explained by tractor/bullock, humanlabour and irrigation were 47,20 and 0.3 percent, variation. Thus tractor/bullock power wasthe most important factor followed by humanlabour and irrigation. Analysis of marginalvalue of productivity showed that seed andfertilizer were over utilized, thus inflating thecost. The sum of elasticity coefficients ofindividual factor ( L bi = 1.2682 ) indicatingthe increasing return to scale for wheatcultivation.In Rund Karari village, tractor/bullockpower was the important factor among all theinput variables and there was significant ( P

128coefficients in the fitted function, were testedfor their significance for different villagescrop with and without irrigation and foundsignificant for seed in Rund Karari village.After adding the individual elasticity coefficientofinput factor, village Rund Karari was foundincreasing return to scale.For the irrigated crop of gram, factors ofproduction were found non-significant.GroundnutOut of multiple linear and power functionsfitted to the data of groundnut, irrigated andunirrigated both, multiple liner regressionfunction showed better specification over thepower function as the explanatory variablesexplain 63 and 44 per cent linear as against30 and 21 per cent in power function. Studyof return to scale revealed increasing return(Lbi = 1.094) for irrigated crop and decreasingreturn ( L bi = 0.8714 ) for unirrigated crop.Regression coefficients of seed was foundsignificant ( P< 0.01 ) for irrigated andunirrigated crop. Other factors of productionwere found non-significant.SorghumMultiple linear function ( R2= 59% ) provedbetter in comparison to power function ( R2=45% ) in sorghum. Using human labour,bullock/tractor and seed as input explainatoryvariables, the corresponding regressionvariables and regression coefficients werefound nonsignificant in both functions.Marginal productivity of seed ( 10.5689 ),,bullock/tractor ( 10.4925 ) and human labour( 9.2429 ) were quite high. The sum ofproduction elasticities was 2.1094. Thus itindicated increasing return to scale for sorghumcultivation.IGFRI2.Economics of demonstration crops inLakara-Karari Watershed(R.A. Singh and O. P. Singh)Eighty three demonstration trials were laidout on farmers field during kharif 1989 inLakara Karari and Rund Karari village. Thedemonstrations of forage consisted of M.P.Chari-rcowpea (14). The demonstrations onother crops were groundnut (15), maize, (14),til(l5) urd(B) and sorghum CSH (12) .The average yields worked out to be 35.41tones for M.P. Chari+cowpeaand the net profitwas Rs. 3251.90 at the prevailing market price,with the cost of production of Rs. 2059.78/ha. The average input-output ratio was 1:258,this indicated that M.P.Chari+cowpea forfodder performed better than the pulse andgrain crops.The production function explains 57%variation in coefficient of determination (R2).Analysis of marginal value of productivityshowed that seed and human labour were overutilized. This inflating the cost and MVP offertilizer and bullock/tractor were quite high.The sum of elasticity coefficients of individualfactor (Lbi = 1.0052) indicating the increasingreturns for M.P. Chari+ cowpea cultivation.Sorghum CSH·9In case of sorghum demonstrations forgrain purpose grown on the farmers field, thereturn obtained from the crop by the farmersranged from Rs 1955.66 to Rs. 2638.85 perhectare. Maximum grain yield (2165 kg/ha)and return (Rs. 2638.85/ha) was obtained fromthe crop by the farmers of Karari village. Thecost of cultivation ranged from Rs. 3204.23to Rs 3479.47 per hectare. The input-output

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Annual Report 1989 - 90131ratio ranged frdm 1:1.57 to 1:1.82The elasticities of various input factors asmeasured by the corresponding regressioncoefficients in the fitted function were testedfor their significance for the crop. Any factorof production was not found significant inproduction process. Sum of elasticities ofindividual factor was (-) Ibi = 0.1427. Thisindicate the decreasing return to scale. Exceptbullock/tractor power, all factors of productionwere found over utilized.MaizeThe average yield obtained by the farmersfrom maize demonstration crop was 2074 kg/ha. The average input-output ratio was 1:2.02.It ranged from 1:1.91 to 1:2.33. The cost ofproduction ranged from Rs. 2694.74 to Rs.3408.92/haFor the maize crop. factors of productionwere found non significant, study of returnto scale revealed decreasing return.Black gramThe average production of black gram underdemonstration trial was 824 kg/ha, The averagereturn obtained by the crop was Rs. 2017.21/ha. It ranged from Rs. 1759.57 to Rs. 2317.21/ha. Input - output ratio ranged from 1:1.70to 1:1.96.The production function explain 50.0%variation in R2. Variation explained by fertilizer,seed, human labour and bullock/ tractor were44, 18, 17 and 3 per cent respectively. Thusfertilizer followed by seed and human labourwere the important factor for crop production.The sum of elasticity coefficients of individualfactors (Ibi=0.87) indicating the decreasingreturn to scale.Til (sesame)Demonstrations on til showed betterperformance in comparison to other crops.Average yield of the crop was 499 kg/ha. Thereturn obtained from the crop was Rs. 2944.17/ha with the production cost of Rs. 1553.50/ha. Input- output ratio was 1:2.89.REB-2: BIOMETRICAL STUDIESIN FORAGE PRODUCTION ANDUTILIZATION2.1 Distribution of yields in relation tosize and shape of plots in forage crops(Ash ok Kumar and S.K. Rajpali)From the data already collected in the unitsof 1 m x 1 m, on yield of natural grass andlucerne (Ist, lInd and IIIrd cut data) under theproject 'Uniformity trials on forage crops'conducted on uniform piece of land of size36 m x 24 m each at Central Research Farmof IGFRI., Jhansi, a frequency distributionwas obtained for different size and shape ofplots formed after combining the adjacent plotsyield by taking 1, 2, 3.... plots along rowdirection as well as in column direction. Fromthese distribution different measures ofvariability like cv%, skewness, kurtosis andtheir respective variances etc. were determinedfor each combinations of plots. From the study,results indicate that with the increase in plotsize there was a reduction in per cent variabilityin yield of plots for both natural grass andthree cuts oflucerne, respectively. The quantumof this variation in the yield of natural grassvaried from 6.27 to 24.17% while for yieldof lucerne, it was 6.82 to 37.46% for Ist cut.,3.51 to 35.7% for lInd cut and 6.07 to 38.15%for IIlrd cut respectively. Further it wasobserved that there is a minimum plot sizebelow which the assumption of normality isnot followed. Further analysis is under progress.

.-DIVISION OF EXTENSION AND TRAININGEXT-! : ADOPTION AND DIFFU­SION OF FORAGE INNOVATIONAND FEED-BACK INFORMATION1.4 Lakara-Karari Watershed- A crosssectionalanalysis of the farmers for ruralextension studies(MahavirSingh, Maharaj Singh and O.P. Singh)Socio-economic characteristics of selected90 marginal, small and other respondents ofLakara, Karari and Rund-Karari Watershedwere analysed. The study indicated that outof 90 respondents, 28.9%, 24.4% and 46.7%farm families belonged to marginal, small andothercategories having 0-1.0, 1.0-2.0 and above2.0 ha land, respectively. The average landholding was 3.16 ha/family with 1.4 ha asirrigated land. Most of farm families (81.3%)had no irrigated land, 11.94% families hadirrigated area up to 2 ha and 6.76% upto 1.0ha only (Table 72).Only 68.3% of total land area was undercrops. The marginal, small and others categoryowned 37.09%, 47.91% and 47.97% irrigatedarea. The average cropped area per familyunder different crops viz, wheat, gram mustard,berseem, oat, jowar, chari, groundnut, maize,urd, and til was 1.04,0.56, 0.10, 0.04, 0.008,0.28,0.004,0.26,0.15 and 0.07 ha respectively.Out of 90 respondents 6.7% familiesbelonged to higher caste, 68.9% to backwardand 24.4% to SC/ST. The category wise literacy(Table 73) showed positive correlation withTable 72: Total acreage of respondent of three villagesCategory No. of Total area (ha)respondents Irrigated Non-irrigated Cropped FallowMarginal 26 5.10 11.64 14.78 1.72Small 22 13.64 20.40 25.20 9.21*Others 42 96.76 139.88 156.38 80.16Total 90 115.52 171.92 196.36 91.09* Others- Farmers having land holding more than 2 hactares

Annual Report 1989 - 90Jand holding size.It was also recorded that 24.4% farm familieshad 1-4 members, 44.40% 5-9 members and31.1 % over 10 members. On an average everyrespondent family had 7 animal (Table 74).TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGYIn order to disseminate the Institutestechnologies for the benefit of farmers.133extension workers and other users, variousextension approaches were followed.Traininga) To train the State officials in forageproduction and utilisation technology,nine month diploma course is regularlyimparted by the Institute. In addition, seventraining courses (10 days to 3 monthduration) were arranged for officials ofNDDB, RVe Meerut, Nepal Govt. etc.

134b) Approximately 810, Govt and non-Govtofficials, representatives of voluntaryorganization, Nehru Yuva Kendra, extensionworkers, students, teachers and others fromfar off places were trained through farmvisits, discussion/lectures ranging from Ito 5 days.c) In addition to local farmers, the farmersfrom various states i.e. Goa, Punjab,Haryana, Maharashtra, M.P., Bihar, U.P.,Gujarat, Orissa, etc. visited the Instituteand latest development in forage productionand utilisation aspect including agriculturalmachinery was explained to them.Forage Crops demonstrationsLarge number of demonstrations on thefarmers fields were conducted during kharifand rabi seasons (Table 75).On an average, green fodder yield ofberseem--chinese cabbage and oats were 117.5and 58.4 t/ha on the farmers field. Duringkharif 1989, 53 demonstrations on M.P. Chari+ cowpea, jowar (PC 6) + cowpea, wereconducted in 6.2 ha area of 1S local villagesviz., Pahari, Isagarh, Patha, Dhanai, Tejpura,IGFRILakara, Karari, Mavai, Bhojla, Padri, Jhansi,Budha, Behta and Hatnapur.Watershed approachPresently Institute is associated with thedevelopment of three watersheds in theBundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh.i) Banda Watershed: Under the nationalwatershed scheme, the U.P. State SoilConservation Deptt. has initiated activitiesin the Banda Watershed at Naraini coveringan area of 15606 ha. IGFRI has beenidentified as nodal agency for providingtechnical guidance.ii) Tejpura Watershed: The Institute has putup demonstrations and is also providingtechnical guidance to farmers for foragecrop cultivation.iii) Lakara-Karari Watershed: The Instituteis concentrating here on the integrateddevelopment in collaboration with otherU.P. State Govt Deptt, Jhansi. IGFRI isthe nodal agency for technical guidance toactivities taken up for this watershed.

Annual Report 1989 - 90The production level in the conducteddemonstrations was nearly double as comparedto the old practices adopted bylocal farmers.In rabi 1989-90, 49 fodder demonstrationon berseem + chinese cabbage were conductedin the above (Table 76) three villages. Theaverage green fodder yields (by 10th March90) were 79.06,79.53, and 84.75 t/ha in Lakara,Karari and Rund Karari villages respectively.The minikit demonstrations numbering 2for berseem and 5 for oat.'> cv. Kent were alsolaid out by the D.P. State Animal HusbandryDeptt. under the supervisions of the Institute.The green yield of berseem and oats were110.1 t/ha and 47.5 t/ha respectively.Horticultural demonstrationsThe seedlings of improved varieties of135vegetable crops were distributed to the farmerin the villages (Table 77).The farmers got almost double productionas compared to their traditional varieties.Agricultural implements demonstrationsThe low cost agricultural implementsdeveloped by the Institute specifically forBundelkhand region, have been demonstratedin the selected watershed areas (Table 78).The farmers in these watershed showedready acceptance to these implements.Livestock ImprovementTo improve local cow breeds throughartificial insemination with deep frozen semenI

136 IGFRIof Jersy and Haryana bull, 11 demonstrationswere done and seven cows became pregnant.Now farmers realise the advantage of artificialinsemination.To improve the socio-economic conditionsof the farm women, 50 village women of thewatershed area were advised to take up poultryprogramme on small scale with the help ofD.P. State Animal Husbandry Department(Table 79).The initial survival of chicken wassatisfactory and chicken were growing well.Adaptable Technology DemonstrationsLarge size demonstrations at farmer's'demonstration block in the farm of Institutewere conducted and evaluated on various systemviz., intensive fodder production, food-fuelfodder,fuel- fodder, annual fodder production,horti-pastoral, agroforestry, dryland cropping

Annual Report 1989 - 90137.Participation of women in forage productionA view of Klsan Mela

138wasteland improvement. and agriculturalimplements etc. These demonstrations wereshown to farmers and other visitors.Exhibitions/Kisan Melas/Kisan GosthisExhibitionsi) Institute participatedin Krishi Vigyan Melaorganized at Fatehpur from 7-9 Feb. 1989wherein 130 magnificent stall of differentorganisations including ICAR Institutesarranged to depict technologies developedfor the benefitofIndian farming community.Approximately 5000 farmers visited thestall daily. All the visiting dignitoariesincluding Hon 'ble Minister of State forAgriculture were highly appreciative ofthe theme depiction in our stall. This wasrecognized by Merit award of conferingshield to our Institute by Hon 'bIe Ministerof Agriculture D.P. The other awardeeswere ICAR Head quarter and IARI, NewDelhi.ii) Institute also participated in BundelkhandVikash Pradarshani organized by ZilaParishad, Jhansi from 5 Feb. to 7th MarchIGFRI1990. The Institute pavilion was visited by3000 persons daily. The people were narratedwith improved technology of fodderproduction by way of charts, graphs andlive specimen. The Institute pavilion wasawarded with First prize and shield.iii)Institutearranged exhibition stall in NarayanBagh Phal Phool Pradarshani from 24-25Feb, 1990. Institute was awarded with shieldby Patrakar Mahasangh. Approximately5000 people visited the Institute stall.iv)Institute participated in Kisan Mel:organized at Chhapar village ofMoth Tehsifrom 20-22 March 90.v) Institute put up a stall in Kisan Mel:organized by NRCAF on 21 March 1990Approximately 1000 farmers were madacquainted with improved fodder productioitechnology.Kisan MelaInstitute organized Kisan Mela at C.R. FarmIGFRI on 8 March 1990 wherein several State

Annual Report 1989 - 90Department ,Horticulture, Military Dairy Farm,Animal Husbandry, Forest Deptt. NRCAFandIGFRI it self put their stall depicting thetechnology. Approximately 1500 farmersparticipated in Kisan Mela. In order to explainthe technology and solve the farmer's problema Kisan Gosthi was arranged. The scientistsand state officials explained them face to face.Kisan Gosthi.The Institute arranged/participated inseveral Kisan Gosthis at various places toacquaint the farming community with latesttechnologies of forage production andutilisation (Table 80). "Outreach ProgrammeFor popularization and technology transferof forage crop, Institute conducteddemonstrations at far distance places likeSultanpur, Fatehpur, Banda, Lalitpur,Faizabad, Talbehat and Gwalior etc.Sultanpur139Institute conducted 34 demonstrations infour villages (Korrediha, Budhu ka purva,Saraia veera and Dhorai) in collaboration withN.D. University of Faizabad (Table 81).During rabi 1989-90, 10 demonstrations ofberseem (Wardan) + chinese cabbage, 10demonstrations on oat (Kent) has been laidin two villages of Sultanpur district.HardoiIn usar land among the grasses planted in1987 at Sikandarpur, Asharm and Tariyawa,para grass and sesbania is performing well.Out of grass planted in 1988, S. sphacelataand B. intermedia established well. However,performance of P. maximum, P. polystachyon,D. .annulatum, C. ciliaris, C. fulvus andCenchrus hybrid grasses and S. hamata, M.atropurpurium and S. sesban in case of legumewas also good under irrigated situation. The

140 IGFRImultiplication in larger area has been suggested.FaizabadIn usar land, even after three years ofplantation, some of the grasses (B. mutica, B.intermedia, S. sphacelata, D. annulatum, P.maximum) and legume (C. ternetea, M. atropurpurium,D. virgatus and S. sesban) werefound growing well. A larger plantation hasbeen suggested.GwaliorIn collaboration with Gwalior CooperativeMilk Producer Union Ltd., various grassesalongwith stylo were planted on 23 farmersfield in 1988. The grasses C. ciliaris+stylo,Pennisetum pedicellatum, D. annulatumpe~formance quite.satisfactory.TalbehatWasteland Development work was initiatedin 1986 in collaboration with State ForestDepartment till 1990, approximately 95 haarea has been saturated with improvedgrass+stylo hamata legume alongwith foresttrees.DatiaRetired Air Vice Marshal Shri Sahni isengaged in the degraded land developmentprogramme at Datia. Technical know how andgrass demonstrations are being arranged byIGFRI.FatehpurSince our participation in Krishi VigyanMela in Feb. 1989, the farmers were keen fordemonstrations of fodder productiontechnology. During kharif 1989, in operationalarea of IARI 10 demonstrations on sorghum+cowpea in four villages Muttor, Sachua, Jaimainand Korrakank area of Fatehpur were conducted.Looking into the interest and demand of farmersa large demonstration programme wasundertaken in 9 blocks comprising 57 villagesof Fatehpur district (Table 82).Till February end, berseem-schinesecabbage yield ranged from 400-700 q/hadepending upto number of cuttings (2-4) invarious villages of Fatehpur district. The oatcrop was not preferred by farmers as it didnot supplied green fodder continuously.

Annual Report 1989 - 90 141BandaThe demonstrations on berseem-schinesecabbage and oats were conducted in two blocksof Banda district in collaboration with IARIteam working at Banda (Table 83).'In addition the Institute has alsodisseminated technology through Radio Talk.T.V. programmes, IGFRI sub-station lOResite, Inter Institute project, publishing anddistributing the literature, consultancy, farmerstraining and ,visits.

INTER-INSTITUTIONAL COLLABORATIVERESEARCHCROP-LIVESTOCKSYSTEM RESEARCH(Panjab Singh and A. Rekib)FARMINGTwo sub-systems were taken under this project.1. Intensive Fodder-Milk productionsystem2.Soil-Water-Plant-Livestock managementsystemIn fodder-milk production system, annualand perennial fodder crops were grown andfed to the dairy animals to study its effecton milk production and economics of forageproduction.In the soil-water-plant-livestock managementsystem, 3-tier pasture, sown pasture,improved and natural grassland and bare land(control) were taken for studying soil andnutrient losses due to rains; soil nutrient builtup; pasture biomass production; forage qualityevaluation and livestock production in mixedgrazing system. Economics of differentmanagement system was also worked out.Research work conducted at IGFRI, Jhansiand WRS of IGFRI, Avikanagar is presentedbelow.IICP-l: INTENSIVE FODDER­MILK PRODUCTION11AG Evaluation of intensive fodderproduction systems(Bhoori Singh)During the period under report (a) annualfodder and (b) perennial cropping system wereevaluated. In the annual fodder productionsystem, following three crop rotations wereundertaken.1. Sorghum (PC-6 ) +Cowpea (RG)-Berseem(Wardan)+Japan rape2. Maize (AF) + Cowpea (RG) - Berseem(Wardan ) + Japan rape3. Bajra (Wec. 75) + Cowpea (RG) - Berseem(Wardan) + Japan rapeGreen and dry fodder yields of kharif cropswhen harvested daily for feeding dairy cowswere 34.8 and 8.3 (sorghum-cowpea): 12.9and 3.1 (maize+cowpea) and 15.6 and 3.9 tlha (bajra-cowpea), Berseem+jaJlan rape gave102.4 to 124.6 t/ha green fodder and 13.9 to15.3 t/ha dry fodder yields. Green and dryfodder yields in kharif and rabi crop werefound to be 137.2 and 22.2; 128.6 and 17.7and 140.2 and 19.2 t/ha in the above threesystems respectively. This showed thatsorghums-cowpea followed by berseem+japanrape was better for this agro-climatic conditions.Protein yield (3.5 t/ha) was also found to behighest in this system.In perennial fodder production system, Hy.napier (IGFRI-3) was planted in lines with

Annual Report 1989 - 903 different spacings (2.75 x 0.50 m and 2.50x 0.50 m in paired rows; and 2.75 x 0.50 min single row). Cowpea was sown in the interspacearea in kharif while berseem was sownin rabi season., Highest green fodder yield of 81.7 t/ha wasobtained from 2.75 m spacing with paired rowof hybrid-napier. Crude protein yield was alsohighest (1601.2 kg/ha) in the system.lIPAR Studies on milk production(V.C. Pachauri)Two groups of cows (control andexperimental) was fed on fodder based rationfrom March 89 to Feb 90. It was found thatthe average milk yield per animal was 1568.0and 1460.4 litre with a net average of 4.49and 4.25 litre/head/day in control andexperimental group respectively.lIREB Economics of fodder productionsystem(I.P.S. Yadav)The economics offodder production systemwas worked out separately for each sub-systems.The cost of production was found to be Rs.12,091; 12,155 and 12,020/ha in sorghum,maize and bajra based crop rotationsrespectively. The corresponding cost of greenfodder production were Rs. 76.7, 87.9 and149.0/t in the above systems. The benefit perrupee investment were 1.88, 1.68 and 1.68respectivel y.IICP-2: SOIL-WATER-PLANT­LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENTSYSTEM1432/SS Soil fertility changes in rangelands(R.B. Yadav and R.B. Varshney)(a) Soil fertility status: The soil fertility statusof each plot was evaluated by collecting soilsamples from 0-20,20-40 and 40-60 em depths.The result indicated that the soil was very poorin organic carbon (0.35%) and also low innitrogen (143.5 kg/ha), phosphorus (4.4 kg/ha) and potassium (138.5 kg/ha). The bareland contained lowest amount of all thesenutrients. The pH of this soil was neutral (6.2­7.2).(b) Physical property: Physical property ofthe soil at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth wasevaluated. It contained 52% sand, 14% siltand 34% clay and was graded as sandy clayloam soil. Gravel % was not estimated butwater holding capacity of this area was foundlow.(c) Soil moisture profile: It was estimatedat 20, 40 and 60 ern depth in all the pasture"production systems. Results indicated that inearly monsoon there was higher concentrationof moisture in upper layerofsoil, but in Octoberonward the moisture content was higher at 60cm depth. It was also noted that there wasnegligible amount of moisture in the soil upto60 em depth in May and Ist half of June.2/AE Studies on hydrology andsedimentation losses(R.B. Varshney, R.B. Yadav and Jai Singh)(a) Run off and soil loss: Run off and soilloss was studied in monsoon. There was poorrainfall (700 mm) having only one run offproducing storm in July and September and

144eight in August, 1989. Run off producingprecipitation was only 500 mm.Soil losses was maximum in the bare plotwhich, however, could be reduced by differentpasture production systems. Amongst theexperimental plots, sown pasture gave lowestrun off and soil losses (Table 84).(b) Soluble nutrient losses: Soluble nutrientlosses through run off water was estimatedand it was found that in the bare land therewere highest soluble salt, nitrogen, phosphorusand potassium losses and minimum in the sownpasture.2/ASP 3-tier forage production system(M.M. Roy)In the 3-tier forage production systemsurvivaiblity percentage was lowest in caseof Leucaena leucocephala (650 plants/ha),Dichrostachys cinerea (600 plants/ha) andAcacia tortilis (50 plants/ha) was grown in1986. Survivability percentage was lowest incase of L. leucocephala (33.7%). Thesurvivability were about 75% in case of otherIGFRItwo species. Height and collar diameter of thetrees were measured and found to be highestin L. leucocephala (height 184 cm and collardiameter 2.87 ern). The pasture production indifferent blocks were estimated in Sept. 89and it was found that the average yield of grasswas 1.77 t/ha and S. hamata 1.16 t/ha givinga total yield of 2.93 t/ha.2/ GM Evaluation ofpasture productionsystems(K.C. Kanodia)Biomass production studies were conductedin the month of November, 1989 by takinglO-clip quadrants (1m 2 ) in each of the 12 plotsof 1 ha each. Data revealed that the highestdry matter production (8.32 t/ha) was obtainedin the sown pasture plots, followed by 8.05t/ha in the improved and 6.84 t/ha in theprotected natural grassland plots.The data on plant vigour in the three systemsindicated that the maximum number of tillers(125) and the height of tillers/tussock (139.0ern) were recorded for Sehima nervosum, thedesired species in the improved grassland as

Annual Report 1989 - 90 145compared to 93 number and 108.4 cm as theheight of tillers/tussock respectively of thesame species in the natural grasslands. In caseof Cenchrus species, these parameters werefound to be 61 and 103.5 em respectively inthe sown pasture plots.Quite interesting changes on the populationdynamics of the dominant grasses (SehimalCenchrus), legumes and forbs were recordeddue to impact of grazing by animals as wellas other biotic factors like close mechanicalharvesting. During the year under report thehighest number of species (30), plant population(274/m2)of mixed annual and perennial grasses,legumes and forbs were , recorded in the grazedplots as against 24 species and 173 plant/m"in the ungrazed plots of the improved grassland.The corresponding numbers were 21 specieswith 248 plants/m? in the ungrazed plots ofthe natural grasslands.It was also interesting to record that thenumber of species in the grazed and ungrazedplots in the sown mixed swards depicted anintermediate stage. Table-85 also indicates thateven though the plant population in thistreatment was found to be minimum due ~the lower number of annual weeds andephemerals but the biomass was recorded asthe highest of all treatments, since the swardswas full of large sized tussocks of perennialCenchrus species.2/PAR.l Nutritional evaluation andlivestock productlpn(N. C. Verma and A. Rekib)Sheep + goat and goat + cattle were grazedin sown, improved, natural and 2 - tire pastureproduction systems for one month rotationalgrazing. The grazing pressure in all thesystems were one adult cattle unit/ha.(a) Chemical composition of herbages:Detailed chemical analysis of the pastures wasdone in Oct. 89 cut samples . Sown pasturecontained higher amount of crude protein(7.8%) and ether extract (2.27%) with loweramount of crude fibre, NDF, ADF and silica.DCP and TON yields were highest (263 and4453 kg/ha) in improved pasture followed by219 and428 kg/hain sown pasture respectively.

146 IGFRILowest nutrient yield was obtained in the naturalgrassland.(b) DM intake and digestibility :Drymatter intake and digestibility was studiedboth under stall fed and grazing conditions.In September, 1989 dry matter digestibilityand intake was found to be highest (59.8 and2.39%) in improved pasture. Grazing animalhad higher intake 2.5 to 3.35 kg/lOa kg bodyweight with high dry matter digestibility 61.6to 68.50%. This was due to selective intakeby goats during in situ grazing.(c)Livestock production studies(i) Body weight gain:Body weight gainof all the animals was recorded in four periodseach of about 2 months duration and it wasobserved that all the species of animal gainedmaximum body weight between October andDecember. Average body weight gain of 51.9,71.9 and 586.9 g/head per day was recordedin this period with goat.sheep and cattlerespectively. Body weight gain (kg/h) fromdifferent pasture was studied in three differentspecies and is presented in table 86. Highestbody weight gain(kg/ha) was recorded in natural

Annual Report 1989 - 90grassland by goat,sown pasture' by sheep andimproved as well as 3-tier by cattle.( ii ) Wool production Woolproduction study was conducted in all thesystems and presented in table 87. Woolquality was got evaluated from CSWRI,Avikanagar. It indicated that sown pasturegave highest amount of wool of fine qualitythan other pasture systems .2!PAR.2(K.S. Ramachandra)Trace mineral studiesTrace mineral content (copper,zinc andiron) of natural, improved and sown pasturewas estimated. It was found that sown pasturehad higher amount of copper, zinc and iron(9.0, 23.9 and 19.0 ppm). The compositionof trace minerals in the blood of sheep andgoat was found out at the start of the experimentas well as 60 days after conducting grazingtrial. It was found that in all the cases, therewas increase in the blood of above mineralsafter 60 days grazing. However, in case ofsown pasture, it gained more than eitherimproved or natural grassland. Similarcomposition was also recorded in haemoglobinand packed cell volume content in sheep andgoat.2!REB Economic evaluation of pastureproduction(I. P. S. Yadav)Cost of production (Rs,fha) were Rs.1219.2,1145.88 and 758.21 while Rs!t was131.0,142.0 and 112.0 in case of sown pasture, improved pasture and natural grasslandrespectively. Net benefit ofRs. 1570.80 wasobtained from sown pasture, but the returnper 100 rupees investment was highest(Rs.169) in case of natural grassland1472!WRS Evaluation of pastureproduction system( Fateh Singh and R. K. Jain )This study was done in collaboration withthe scientists of CSWRI, Avikanagar. Run offand soil loss study could not be taken sincethere was very poor rains this year (362.0 mm)and there was no run off producing storm atAvikanagar. Chemical and physical propertiesof soil is being estimated by the scientists ofCSWRI and will be reported next year. Pastureproduction from bare, natural grasslandimproved grassland, sown pasture and 3-tiersystems were estimated and found to be 0.54,1.55,2.03,2.82 and 2.91 t/ha respectively andthe highest profit was obtained in 3-tier system(Rs. 1031.0!ha ). In the conventional croppingsystem,guar and bajra was grown and highestbenefit of Rs 1261!ha was obtained in bajraproduction, system.Detailed botanical study to find out thenumber of plant species, number of plants!m 2 , top weight and total biomass (t/ha) wasfound to be highest in the sown pasture. Averagecollar diameter and height of the trees (A.exee/sa and D. cinerea) was estimated inMarch, June, September and December.Economics of different production systemswere worked out and net profit of Rs. 135.0,288.0, 331.0, 965.0 and 1031.0 in bare land,natural grassland, improved grassland, sownpasture and 3-tire system respectively wereobtained. Bajra gave net profit of Rs, 1261while in guar it was Rs. 889!ha respectively.Grazing and livestock production studieswill be initiated in 1990 in collaboration withthe scientists from CSWRI, Avikanagar.

COORDINATED RESEARCHALL INDIA COORDINATEDRESEARCH PROJECT ONFORAGE CROPS(Coordinating Cell, I.G.F.R.I., Jhansi)1. Varietal improvementOn the basis of varietal testing at about28 locations on large number of forage cropsviz., sorghum, pearl millet, maize, teosinte,guar, cowpea, lablab beans, guinea grass,napier-bajra hybrid, anjan grass, yellow anjangrass, subabul etc., a number of high yieldingvarieties of forage crops have shown promisefor their eventual use (Table 88).Based on the performance of last three yearsin advance varietal testing, a few promisingvarieties have been identified for theconsideration of release at the national levelas indicated in table 89.2. Production technology for foragecropsThe experimentations indicated thepossibility of growing fodder crop with themain crop of the tract. At Tiptur (Karnataka),forage cowpea intercropping in ragi has helpedin increasing farm income by Rs. 800/- perha as compared to pure ragi. Similarly, Lablabbean intercropping in bajra at Hyderabad gavea monetary return of about Rs. 6890/- againsta normal grain crop of bajra of Rs. 4430/-Intercropping of Dasrath grass (Desmanthesvirgatus) in napier-bajra hybrid helped inincreased green forage yield round the year,almost double the forage yield and crude proteinyield of pure napier-bajra hybrid at Rahuri.Cultivation of sorghum for food-fodderpurposes in 2: 1 row ratio was found to beadvantageous than any of the pure sorghumsystem of grain or fodder. Maizc+sunnhemp,an intercropping helped in higher forageproductivity and almost 3-4 times higher crudeprotein yield than that of maize and other purelegume croppings.Under rainfed agroforestry system, pearlmillet was found to combine well with subabul

Annual Report 1989 - 90 149

150managed at a height of 50 em. The herbageand crude protein yield was found to be highestwith subabul-pearl millet in 1:2 row ratiobased on averages of four locations. Theagroforestry system was found to beadvantageous in improving soil fertility statusafter three years. It helped in improving soilorganic carbon and available Nand P statusof soil. However, the system indicated to havedepleted the K-status of soil. Similarly, underpartial irrigated agroforestry system, perennialforages like guinea grass and napier-bajrahybrid were tested with subabool at fivedifferent agro-climatic locations. Napier-bajrahybrid and subabool was foundto be productivesystem than guinea grass and subabool, bothfrom point of view forage and crude proteinyields. The system greatly helped in improvingthe soil fertility build up specially in the formof available Nand P status and also organiccarbon content. Under coconut plantation atTrivandrum, several perennial grasses wereevaluated and under such intense shadedcondition curtailing solar radiation by morethan 50 per cent, guinea and setaria grasseswere found to be useful in yielding about 45t/ha of green forage annually. Guinea grassin combination with Albizia amara helped inincreased forage productivity in silvipastoralsystem in dry areas of Karnataka (Tiptur).Two important nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixerswere tested on number of cultivated cerealforages and also in pasture and other perennialgrasses for the efficacy in economising nitrogenapplication and herbage productivity. Theresults indicated non-consistent nature withpositive influences in some crops in some agrozoneswhereas, in some other crops and insome other areas little efficacy of theseorganisms was found. At Rahuri with maizeas a test crop, it was observed that Azotobacter+25 kg N/ha equalled the forage productivitywith 75 kg N/ha either alone or in combinationwith Azotobacter. Addition ofIGFRIAzotobacter+organic manure had also a similareffect on forage yields to that of Azotobacter+75 kg N/ha. Azotobacter and Azospirillumat 0 level ofN application gave 27-32 per centincrease in forage and 67-93 per cent crudeprotein yield over control (no N) treatments.At Ludhiana also Azotobacterand Azospirillumincreased forage yield of maize by 22-31 percent over control. On range grasses likeCenchrus ciliaris an increase in forage yieldwas observed to the extent of 10-32 per centwith such nitrogen fixers over control plots.3. Seed productionIn seed crop of Deenanath grass widerspacings upto 60 ern did not have muchinfluence on seed productivity. Cutting thecrop at 60 days for forage and followed byseed production, had resulted in reductionof seed yield by 40 per cent over uncut crop.Application of 40 kg P, 0iha had affectedhigher seed yield by 60 per cent in Deenanathgrass over 20 kg PPiha.Barley crop could be managed for fodderand grain from the same planting. The cropwas harvested at 50-55 days which gave agreen forage yield of 15-20 t/ha and thereaftercrop was irrigated and 30 kg N/ha was appliedfor good regeneration. The regenerated cropyielded about 2.5-4.0 t/ha of grain speciallyin north, north-west and central region of thecountry. Similarly, one cutting of oats at 50­55 days helped in increased seed yield in tarairegion where lodging is a problem. This practicein other areas also helped in realising additionalgreen forage yield of 15-20 t/ha and about 75­100 per cent (1.5-2.0 t/ha) of normal seedyield as that could be obtained from uncutcrop.Application of lime @ 5 t/ha helped in

Annual Report 1989 - 90obtaining increased seed yield of berseem,lucerne, white clover and red clover in acidsoils. Berseem seed production was found tobe significantly influenced by irrigation watermanagement after the last cut for forage.Irrigation water application at 0.75 to 1.00IWIePE (4.5-6.0 ern) helped in maximising seedproductivity. The date of last cutting for seedproduction was found to be last week ofFebruary in north, north-west and central India,whereas, first to second week of January ineastern region where winter period is shortand mild. Amongst different varieties, BL-lwas found to be the highest seed producer (1.0t/ha). Amongst the seed production areas, Ludhiana (Punjab) was found to be mostsuitable location (0.8-1.0 t/ha) against theI normal productivity of 0.25-0.30 t/ha at otherlocations.ALL INDIA COORDINATEDRESEARCH PROJECT FORDRYLAND AGRICULTURE1. Weed control studies in cereal +legume intercropping system (sorghum+ pigeonpea 2:1)(K.S. Gangwar and K.P. Niranjan)151An experiment with twelve treatmentscomprising of two weedicides (pre-plant soilincorporation of Fluchloralin @ 0.5 and 1.0kg/ha and pre-emergence Metolachlor@ 0.75and 1.5 kg/ha) alone and in combination withfarmer's method of weed control,intercultivation and intra-row weeding by handwas laid out in randomized block design. Thecrops were sown at their optimum seed rates,row spacings and fertilized with 60 kg N +30kg pp/ha. Results revealed thatsignificantly higher grain yield of sorghum(2221 kg/ha) was obtained with pre-emergenceapplication of Metolachlor @ 0.75 kg/ha +one intercultivation at 30-35 days after sowing(DAS) whereas pre-plant soil incorporation ofFluchloralin@ 0.5 kg/ha + one intercultivationat 30-35 DAS produced significantly higheryield of pigeonpea (561 kg/ha). These yieldlevels were 56.6 and 89.5% higher for sorghumand pigeonpea respectively over weedy check(Table 90). Weedicides in combination withintcrcultivation showed superiority byproducing 1974 kg/ha sorghum and 482 kglha pigeonpea yield over their sole treatmentsexcept Fluchloralin which produced slightlyhigher grain yield of pigeonpea (496 kg/ha).

152Higher doses ofboth the weedicides were foundto be toxic resulting in poor yield of componentcrops. The major weed species were Cyperusrotundus, Echinochloa colonum, Cynodondactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitariasanguinalis among grassy weeds, Commelinabenghalensis, Tridex precumbens, Digeraarvensis, Amaranthus viridie and Celosiaargentia among broad leafed weeds. It wasalso observed that weedicides were effectivein controlling all the weeds except Calosiaargentia.2. Permanent manurial studies insorghum - gram cropping sequence(K.S. Gangwar and K.P. Niranjan)Nine treatments consisting of 100% and50% ofrecommended inorganic fertilizer, FYMand farm residue with and without 50%recommended inorganic fertilizer, Farmer'spractice (15 kg N + 2 tonne FYM/ha), and100% inorganic fertilizers with 25 kg ZnSO/ha were tested against control in foragesorghum-gram cropping sequence inrandomized block design.In forage sorghum significantly highergreen fodder (27.6 t/ha), dry matter (9.2 t/ha), crude protein (575 kg/ha) and the uptakeof nitrogen (92.13 kg/ha), phosphorus (32.24kg/ha) and potassium (114.24 kg/ha) wererecorded with 100% inorganic fertilizer.Application of 6 t/ha FYM + 50% inorganicfertilizer was the next best treatment producing26.7 t/ha green fodder, 8.6 t/ha dry matter and503 ·kg/ha crude protein with uptake of 80.34kg/ha nitrogen, 26.49 kg/ha phosphorus and94.01 kg/ha potassium. However, 100%inorganic fertilizers +25 kg ZnSO/ha causedslightly higher nitrogen uptake (81.46 kg/ha)as compared to 50% inorganic fertilizerscombined with 6 t/ha FYM. Thus, theapplication of 50% inorganic fertilizers + 6tonnes FYM/ha indicated about 50% savingIGFRIof chemical fertilizers without significantlyreducing the fodder yield of sorghum.Gram responded significantly to inorganicfertilizers and organic manures. The maximumgrain yield (1893 kg/ha) was recorded with100% recommended inorganic fertilizersfollowed by 6 t/ha FYM + 50% inorganicfertilizer (1742 kg/ha). The lowest grain yield(833 kg/ha) was obtained in control plot.Similarly higher values were noticed for yieldcontributing characters such as plant height,no. of plants/m running row, no. of branches/plant and no. of pods/plant under thesetreatments. However, 1000 grain weight wasnot affected significantly due to differentmanurial treatments.,3. Evaluation of cropping systems fordryland areas of Bundelkhand region(K.P. Niranjan and K.S. Gangwar)Ten cropping systems involving sorghu(grain) + pigeonpea (2: I), fodder sorghu II,soybean pure and intercropped with pigeonpea(2: 1 and 4: 1) and sunflower followed by rabicrops (grain, mustard and lentil) were evaluatedin randomized block design. Fodder sorghumrecorded 20.6 to 21.2 t/ha of green fodderin different treatments. Among differentcropping systems, sunflower-gram sequenceregistered maximum production with 1300 kg/ha of sunflower and 800 kg/ha of gram grain.This was followed by sunflower (1600 kg/ha)­lentil (500 kg/ha) sequence. The minimumgrain yield of 806 kg/ha was recorded fromsoybean as a pure crop.4. Associative studies on sorghum basedintercropping of fodder crops(K.P. Niranjan and K.S. Gangwar)Ten treatments combinations consisting of

Annual Report 1989 - 90grain sorghum intercropped with guar, cowpea,stylo, ricebean, fieldbean, sesbania, moth, urdand sunnhemp in additive series were evaluatedwith sole sorghum in randomized block design.Fodder crop components were harvested after60 days of sowing. Intercropping of cowpeaand sunnhemp proved better producing 10.9and 9.5 t/ha green fodder respectively. However,intercropping reduced the yield of grainsorghum by 29 and 42% (2742 kg/ha).Intercropping of moth recorded forage yieldof6.1 t/ha alongwith 2.2 t/ha ofsorghum grain.Thus, this intercropping system proved betterover other as it did not affect adversely thegrain yield of sorghum.5. Associative studies on pigeonpea basedintercropping of fodder crops(K.P. Niranjan and K.S. Gangwar)Ten treatments comprising intercroppingof pigeonpea with fodder sorghum, teosinte,maize, bajra, sudan grass, Pennisetumpedicellatum, cowpea, guar and sunnhempalongwith sole pigeonpea were evaluated inrandomized block design. The fodder cropswere harvested after 60 days of sowing. Thedata showed that interspaces of pigeonpea couldbe utilised well for growing different fodder. crops yielding 2.5 to 11.1 t/ha green fodder.Among different fodder crops, sunnhemp andcowpea proved better recording 11.1 and 10.8t/ha green fodder respectively. However, thegrain yield of pigeonpea was reduced by over50.4 and 30.1 % as compared to pure crop ofgrain pigeonpea (1.06 t/ha) due to intercroppingof these forage legumes. Intercropping of153Pennisetum pedicellatum in grain pigeonpearecorded forage of yield 2.95 t/ha in additionto 65 kg of seed worth Rs. 1300/- alongwith910 kg/ha of base crop of pigeonpea.ALL INDIA COORDINATEDRESEARCH PROJECT ONAGROFORESTRY1 Collection and evaluation ofpromisingspecies/cultivars of fuel, fodder andsmall timber trees/shrubs(R.C. Singh)The study started from kharif 1987consisting of 11 tree/shrub spp, in compactfamily block design with 3 replications. Thepits 30 em? were kept weed free. The gapfilling was carried out in monsoon of 1988and 1989. Observations were recorded onsurvival, plant height and collar diameter. A.tortilis, A. nilotica, Dichrostachys cinerea,.Prosopisjuliflora and A. amara exhibited bestsurvival (93-100%) after 2.5 years of planting(Table 91).Plant height- The height growth was maximum(2.81 m) in Prosopisjuliflora closely followedby A. tortilis, Eucalyptus and L. leucocephalacv Silvi-4. The minimum (0.71 m) was recordedin A. lebbeck.Collar diameter- A. tortilis recorded highestcollar diameter of 3.86 crn.. after 2.5 yearsof planting. The second best was L.leucocephala cv. Silvi-4 (3.52 em), A. lebbeckshowed lowest CD (1.07 em),

154 IGFRI

REGIONAL STATION ,AVIKANAGAR( RAJASTHAN)To cater the needs of forage researchin the arid and semi-arid regions of the country,the station was established in about 80 ha landin the premises of the Central Sheep and WoolResearch Institute Avikanagar, in November1986 with the following objectives:.1. To carry out research, both applied andbasic on grasses and fodder crops.2. To select high yielding, fertilizerresponsive, disease and pest resistantvarieties suitable for the farming systemsin this region.3. To evolve and standardise agronomicpractices for forage crops under rainfed aswell as irrigated conditions.4. To raise productivity of natural grasslands/degraded rangelands through managementtechniques.5. To establish close collaboration on forageresearch activities with research Institutes/Universities to proliferate the technologyand research based' knowledge throughtraining programme and to receive feedback informations for improvement.6. To test the recommended technologydeveloped at the main Institute located atJhansi.WRS·l EVALUATION OFFORAGE CROPS AND RANGELEGUMES FOR HIGHERPRODUCTION( Fateh Singh and R. K. Jain)1.1 Varietal trial on guarForage production: In the second year ofthe trial on the fifteen guar varieties, thevariety IGFRI-197-1 produced highest greenfodder yield (17.5 t/ha) followed by variety859-1 (16.9 t/ha). However, the difference(Table 92) amongst these varieties were nonsignificant.Seed production: The variety IGFRI 597­1 'and 1538-1 produced significantly higherseed yield over the varieties in the experiment(Table 92).1.2 Evaluation of moth bean varietiesIn kharif 1989, ten varieties were sown ina randomized block design with threereplications. The recommended doses offertilizer were applied before sowing. Weedingwas done in the second week of August.The variety 85-1 produced the highest green(21.8 t/ha) as well as dry matter (5.6 t/ha)yield (Table 93). It was closely followed bythe variety 1202-3 and 1184-1.1.3 Varietal trial on cutorta for fodderproductionIn kharif 1989, seven varieties of Clitoria

156 IGFRI

Annual Report 1989 - 90were sown in a randomized block design. Theexperiment was conducted under rainfedcondition. The soil of the experimental sitewas sandy loam. The experiment was sownin the third week of July and harvested inSeptember.Forage production: The variety ILO-7531­1 produced (Table 94) maximum green (1.32t/ha) as well as dry matter (5.35 t/ha). Thevarieties next in the merit were ILO-1530-1,ILO-23-1 and ILO-7 respectively.Seed production : The variety ILO-7-3produced the highest seed yield. It was closelyfollowed by the variety ILO-173-1. Thedifferences between these varieties werestatistically non significant.1.4 Effect of nitrogen and phosphoruson Cenchrus ciliaris grassThis was the second year of the experiment.The main objective of the experiments wasto find out suitable doses of nitrogen andphosphorus for maximum biomass production.The N doses viz. 30,60 and 90 kg N/ha producedsignificantly higher yield (3.1, 3.7 and 3.8 t/ha respectively) over no nitrogen (2.0 t/ha).But there was no significant difference inbiomass production at 60 and 90 kg N/ha. Noresponse ofphosphorus was recorded, althoughincreasing trend was recorded upto 4 kg PP/ha.WRS-2: STUDIES ON AGRO­HORTI-SILVI PASTORAL SyS­TEM( Fateh Singh and R. K. Jain)Mutual effect of trees and grasses: Thiswas the'second year ofthe experiment involvingfour trees viz. Ailenthus exelsa, Acacia nilotica,157Prosopis cineraria and Albizia and three grassesviz., Panicum antidotale, Cenchrus ciliarisand Cenchrus setigerus. Nitrogen (60 kg N/ha) and phosphorus (40 kg PP /ha) were appliedafter a good rain.Performance of C. setigerus was better undereach tree and it was closely followed by theC. ciliaris. The performance of P. antidotalewas very poor under all tree species due toits poor establishment. The yield of grass wasnot affected by trees.The maximum height and collar diameterwere recorded in A. 'lebbeck and the lowestA. exelsa, closely followed by P. cineraria.Effect of different spacings on the yieldof Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum antidotaleunder Acacia nilotica: This was the secondyear of the experiment. Panicum antidotaleand Cenchrus ciliaris were raised underdifferent spacings ranging from 3 x 2 m to8 x 2 m.Maximum. biomass production wasrecorded in C. ciliaris in all the spacings. Theperformance of P. antidotale was very poordue to its poor establishmentand high mortality.Higher yield of grass was recorded under wider.spacings-as compared to narrow spacing. Thistrend was observed in both the species. Acaciarecorded more height under Cenchrus ciliarisand least under Panicum antidotale. Morecollar diameter was 'also recorded under C:'ciliaris. The height and collar diameter werenot affected by different spacings.Horto-Pasture system: Three varieties ofbernamely gola, sev and mundia were broughtfrom Jodhpur. These were transplanted lastyear at 6 x 6 m spacings. The Cenchrus ciliarisand C. setigeris were transplanted amongstthem. It was observed that the growth of grass

158 IGFRIwas better in these varieties as compared tosurrounding area. The fruiting of ber wasobserved.WRS-3: STUDIES ON NEMA­TODES IN RELATION TO FOR­AGE CROPS(R. K. Jain)1. General survey : In general survey noserious pest of disease was recorded on anyof the vegetation except leaf rust on Albizialebbeck (10-85%) and powdery mildew onsheesham leaves (up to 90%).Ailanthes web worm (Attevafabriella Swed)(Lepidoptera) was observed on old ardu treeleaves causing premature yellowing anddefoliation. Same web worm was recorded onsheesham leaves. Three varieties ofber planted(gola. seb and mundia) at farm were observedto be heavily damaged on insect (up to 75%leaves were eaten by insect). However, insectspecies were not identified. Root knotnematode, Meloidogyne incognita wasprevalent in nursery.2. Effect of deep summer ploughing onfodder yield of guar and nematodepopulationAn experiment to study the effect of deepsummer ploughing/nematicide consisting ofsix treatments on guar was laid down in thefarm. Nematode population at initial and finalstage were recorded. The data indicated thathighest green fodder yield (17.3 t/ha) wasrecorded ~n the treatment single tillage pluscorboferan followed by no tillage pluscorboferan (15.4 t/ha) as compared to no tillage(10.0 t/ha) in double tillage treatment, thereason may be soil erosion due to high windvelocity. Nematode population was minimumafter the treatment receiving carboferan inaddition to tillage (50/100 g soil) as comparedto tillage (J40/l00 g soil). The initial nematodepop-ulation count was between 190-230nematodes/100 g soil. This study indicatedthat single tillage followed by carboferan @1 kg a.i./h can give good fodder yield andminimize the total plant parasitic nematodepopulation.3. Seasonal fluctuations in nematodepopulation and % vescicular arbuscular

;I> ::s::see:.......VI\0

160mycorrhizal root infection in Cenchrusand ClitoriaMonthly observations on per cent soilmoisture at 15 and 25 ern.depths, per cent rootcolonisation by VAM were recorded from rootzones of improved. natural Cenchrus andClitoria, Soil samples were collected forassaying nematode population. The per centroot colonisation was affected by the per centsoil moisture and root development. Rootinfection was recorded only up to 15cm depth.4. Studies on Cassia rotundifolia cult.Wynn-new introduction from AustraliaWynn cassia a perennial summer pasturelegume well suited to sandy loam soil whichhas small rounded and folded leaves occuringin pairs resembling bauhinia leaves was grown.Its yellow pea like flowers were producedthroughout the year. The small black podsshater readily, dispersing the hard black angular.Plant growth parameters were recordedunder semi-arid conditions and are presentedtin table 95. It established fast from seed andproduced seeds profusely 10 weeks plantingPer cent chemical composition of C.IGFRIrotundifolia on dry matter basis was assessedin collaboration with the Division of Nutrition,CSWRI Avikanagar and is presented in table96.5 Studies on pernetration anddevelopment of larve of M. incognitaStudies on penetration and development oflarve of M. incognita in cassia root systemrevealed that the larvae entered the root systemwith in 24 hrs of inoculation and penetrationincreased with the passing time with maximumbeing achieved upon 8th day. Observations onfurther stage larvae in the roots system couldbe observed on 7th day, egg mass was observedon 22nd day. Each egg mass contained 180­250 eggs.6. Pathogenicity of Meloidogyneincognita in Cassia rotundifoliaAn experiment on pathogenicity of M.incognita with increasing inoculum levelsshowed the corressponding decrease in plnatgrowth parameters. A significant reductioncontrol. There was no significant differencein 1000 and 5000 levels of inoculum for allthe characters studied. Studies indicated that100 larvae I plant can cause considerabledamage to this plant (Table 97).

REGIONAL STATION, DHARWAD (KARNATAKA)The Regional Station was established during1987. An area of 32 hectares was allotted atB.B.S. Tegur for the establishment of thisstation by State Government. The mainobjectives are:1. To carry out studies on Sehima-Dichanthiumgrass cover and to develop technology andmaterial for its improvement.2. To carryout research on silvipastoral/hortipastoraland plantation based forage farmingfor the region.3. To develop techniques for improving forageproduction in irrigated/rainfed areas byevolving appropriate cultural cum fertilizerpractices, intensive crop rotations, soil watermanagement, etc. The experimental farmarea of Tegur received 766.4 mm rainfallduring the year 1989.SRS·l:COLLECTION,INTRODUC·TION AND EVALUATION OFGERMPLASM OF RANGELANDSPECIES(P.K. Jayan and M.S. Raut)1.1 Evaluation of Cenchrus ciliarispopulation for dry tracksPlants were harvested twice and a highdegree of variation was observed for plantheight, tiller number and fodder yield betweenthe populations. Green forage yield varied from14.9 to 35.5 t/ha, the highest being recordedby, pusa: giant which was followed by cv.Molopo. Green forage yield of the variety S­262 was lowest among the populations of thegrass species studied. The best promisingpopulations of the grass on the basis of forageyield were Pusa giant (35.5 t/ha), Molopo (33.9t/ha), IGFRI 3108, (33.5 t/ha), S-303 (32.8t/ha) and IGFRI -3132 (32.6 t/ha).1.2 Evaluation of promising genera ofgrasses for Sehima Dichanthium grasscoverEighteen promising perennial grasses(Cenchrus ciliaris IGFRI- 3108, Cenchrushybrid , Panicum maximum, Panicumantidotale, Pennisetum polystachyon,Chrysopogon fulvus cv Mhow, Chrysopogonfulvus cv, Chandigarh, Dichanthium annulatumScI-I, Dichanthium annulatum Sel-2, Paspalumnotatum ScI-I, Paspalum notatum Sel-2,Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria vuzizensis,Eragrostis superba, Panicum coloratum,Setaria sps., Amphilobus glabra andPennisetum flacidum) were evaluated in the2nd year ofgrowth for various forage attributes.Growth parameters viz., plant height, tillernumber, basal diameter and green forage yieldwere recorded for'the grasses.The highest green fodder yield of 72.9t/ha was recorded with Pennisetumpolystachyon followed by Brachiariadecumbens (65.5 t/ha), Brachiaria vuzizensis(61.6 t/ha) and Setaria (51.7 t/ha). The lowestyield of 100 t/ha was recorded with Cenchrushybrid.1.3 Evaluation of Stytosanthes hamatapopulations for dry tracks

162Eleven populations ofStylosanthes hamatawere evaluatedalongwith S. hamata cv. Veranoas control . Wide variation was observed inplant characteristics viz., plant height (41.63­89.66 ern), number ofbranches perplant (13.7-.32.7) and leaf stem ratio (0.28-0.85). A widerange of variability was recorded in greenmatter production between populations of S.hamata studied. Cultivar Verano was the highestyielder for green fodder (27.1 t/ha) followedby EC 168634 (15.5 t/ha), E.C. 168631 (15.2t/ha) as against EC 168630 (6.6 t/ha ) and EC168628 (5.5 t/ha).Among the S. hamata populations evaluatedcv. Verano was found superior to all the others.The population EC 168631 having prostrategrowth form, thin stem, narrow leaf type wasalso found to be well adapted to native grassland.situations.1.4 Evaluation of promising genera ofrange legumes for Sehima-Dichanthiumgrass cover. Twelve range legumes includingStylosantheshamata (2 population), S. humilis,S. scabra, S. viscosa, S. guyanensis, Clitoriaternatia, Macroptelium atropurpureum, M.la,thyeroides, Desmodium tortosum,Desmanthus virgatus and Atylosiascarabaeoides were evaluated. The highestgreen fodder yield of 40.0 t/ha was recordedwith Macroptelium atropurpureum followedby Stylosanthes humilis (26.4 t/ha),Macroptelium lathyeroides (20.5 t/ha) and S.guyanensis (15.7 t/ha) while Atylosiascarabaeoides (3.7 t/ha) and Clitoria ternatea(3.2 t/ha) recorded lowest yields.I.S Screening of Leucaena leucocephalavarieties against psyllid bugsThe infestation ofpsyllid bugs on subaboolIGFRIwas first noticed in the August-September 1988.After this there were recurrent attacks by thesebugs. None of the varieties of subabool undertrial were found to be resistant to these bugs.Sixteen promising lines of Leucaenaleucocephala were obtained from the Agrosilvipasturedivision ofthe Institute for testingat the centre during kharif 1989. Initialestablishment of the seedlings was good andas seen early growth of the seedling wereslow. Initial incidence of bugs was noticedin the second week ofAugust after the reseedingof monsoons. There after infestation occurredfrequently upto the month of December. Allthis had adversely affected the growth of plants.The accession having high incidence ofbugs was IGFRI-23-1. Some of the lines likeSP-1 showed reasonable tolerance. Among theaccessions tested, growth ofplants was recordedgood in accession SP-l while poor in selectionS-24.1.6 Varietal evaluation on LucerneSeven promising varieties oflucerne (Anand2, Anand 3, IGFRI-112, IGFRI-1212, LLC 3,LL 5 and LLC 6 ) were evaluated for forageyield and other fodder attributes. Anand 3 wasfound to be superior to all the other varietiestested for fodder yield (14.1 t/ha) followedby LLC 3 (13.9 t/ha) in two cuts.2.1 Studies on silvipastoral practicesfor poor degraded red gravelly soilsotherwise dominated by Heteropogongrasslands for improved production(P. K. Jayan and M. S. Raut)The project was initiated during kharif 1987,continued'for the 3rd year. Three combinationsof silvipastoral system comprising fodder

Annual Report 1989 - 90tree-sgrass.tree-Iegume and tree-sgrass-Iegumeuniformly fertilised with 20 kg Pps and 20kg N/ha annually were studied during 3rd year.In the 1st set, grasses viz, Panicum maximum,Chloris gayana, Cenchrus ciliaris andChrysopogon [ulvus and legume Stylosantheshamata and in the 2nd set, grasses viz,Chrysopogon fulvus and Dichanthiumannulatum and legume Macropteliumatropurpureum were established during 1987as intercrops in between subabool in pure or1:1 ratio.Considering total yield of two cuts of grassesand legumes and one cut of subabool,at thetreatment of guinea-sstylo intercropped inbetween subabool gave significantly higheryield of 68.8 t/ha of green fodder than othertreatment in the first set.As regards the yield of 2nd set of grassesand legumes, the treatment of Chrysopogonfulvus grown in between subabool producedthe highest green fodder of 47.4 t/ha than othertreatmentsDuring the course of experimentation, thesubabool trees were fully infested with psyllidbugs.SRS-3: EVALUATION OF CROPSAND THEIR VARiETIES(P. K. Jayan and M. S. Raut). Varietal testing under All IndiaCoordinated Project for Research onForage Crops1 Initial evaluation'trial on BerseemSeven entries of berseem (JHB-89.5, BL­78, JHB 89-4, JHB-89-3, JHB-89-2, JHB-89­I,HFB-82) were evaluated with Wardan ascheck. Check Wardim gave higher green forageyield of 21.5 t/ha followed by entries JHB­89-1 (20.8 t/ha) and JHB-89-3 (19.5t/ha) intwo cuts.2. Advance varietal trial on Berseem3. Initial evaluation trial on Oats(multicut )Eighteen entries of berseem (HFB 481, BL42, BL 52, JHB-183-1, UPB 110, BL-50, UPB­116,JHB-146, BL-73, JB-2, BL-70, HFB-476,BL-lO, JHB-ISB-86, JHB-182 P 2JHB-199 P ' 3JB-3) were evaluated alongwith Wardan ascheck. The highest green fodder yield of 56.5t/ha was recorded with JHB-ISB-86 followedby JB-3 (53.0 t/ha) and JHB-199-P 3(52.5 t/ha) in three cuts.Seven entries of oats (UPO-228, 229, 230,RFO-7184, JHO-864, 865, 866) with UPO­94, OL 9 and Kent as a Checks were evaluated. Among the varieties UPO-94 recorded themaximum green fodder yield of 52.1 t/hafollowed by JHO-865 (51.6 t/ha) in twocuts.Incase of dry matter, similar trend was notbe noticed. The entry UPO-230 recordedmaximum yield of 7.6 t/ha followed by UPO­94 (7.2 t/ha.). The lowest dry matter yield of4.7 t/ha was recorded in RFO-7184. The plantheight was maximum in JHO-865 (90.66 em)and number of tillers in running metres inUPO-94 (146.66 tillers).4 Advance varietal trial on Oats (multicut)There were 13 entries of oats (OS-344, OS­145, OS-146, JHO-831, JHO-842, JHO-851,NDO-3, OL-219, UPO-224, UPO-225, OL­125, JHO-861, OS-121) evaluated with OL­9, UPO-94 and Kent as checks. The highestgreen fodder yield of 47.7 t/ha was recorded

164with OL-125 and OL-344 followed by JHO­851 and OL-219. The lowest yield of 34.4 t/ha was recorded with NDO-3. Maximum drymatter yield was recorded in UPO-225 followedby OL-219 and Kent. The plant height wasmaximum in UPO-225 (92.40 em) and numberof tillers in one running metre in JHO-851(249.0).3.1 Evaluation of varieties of NapierbajrahybridsOut of twelve vaneues of napier-bajrahybrids, the highest green fodder yield wasrecorded with NB-4 (71.1 t/ha) followed byBN 86089 (62.2 t/ha), NB-21 (61.3 t/ha), BN­8 (61.2 t/ha), BN 86073 (59.9 t/ha) and BN86061 (59.7 t/ha) in two cuts. The fodderproduction of these varieties was appreciablymore than IGFRI-3 (50.6 t/ha) and Co-1 (47.2t/ha).BN- 86089 had maximum number of shootsper tussock (78) followed by IGFRI-3 (58)and BN 86073 (56). Cool had the lowest numberof shoots per tussock (28). IGFRI-3 and Colhad more leaf-stem ratio (1.88 and 1.66respectively) compared to 1 in BN-86089, 0.93in BN-86061, 0.70 in NB-4 and 0.60 in BN­86073.3.2 Performance of elite sorghumvarietiesIn the second year of the trial 2 varietiesviz., DFJ-l and DFJ-l were added to earliervarieties.•Plant stand in S-136 and yellow sorghumwas not satisfactory. D-ll-1-1 recorded thehighest green fodder yield (32.9 t/ha) followedby J-set-3 and DFJ-1 (30.3 t/ha) and D-32­2-1 (29.5 t/ha). The lowest green fodder yieldwas recorded with PC-6 (21.8 t/ha),3.3 Evaluation of cowpea linesIGFRIPerformance of 6 IGFRI cowpea lines (IL143, IL 450, IL 515, IL 1008, IL 984 and IL978) was seen with Russian giant NP-3, HFC42-1 and DFC-1IL 515 and Russian giant recording 23.2t/ha of green fodder yields each topped thelist followed by IL 984 (21.2 t/ha) and IL 1008(20.8 t/ha). The lowest green fodder yield waswith NP-3 (12.3 t/ha). The yield potential ofDFC-l and IL 450 were 20.7 and 19.2 t/harespectively, Similar trend was observed indry matter production.3.4 Evaluation of varieties of OatSixteen varieties of oat were evaluated.The green fodder yield of varieties underevaluation did not differ significantly.However, the highest yield of 37.5 t/ha wasrecorded with JHO-825 followed by OL­125(35.7 t/ha), OL-244 (35.0 t/ha) and UPO­210 (34.2 t/ha). The performance of thesevarieties was superior to Kent (27.7 t/ha), OS­6 (31.4 t/ha) and OS-96 (31.3 t/ha).At Dharwad (medium black soil), JHO-831producing 43.7 t/ha of green fodder rankedfirst followed by OL-125 (42.7 t/ha), OS-121(41.0 t/ha) and OL-244 (36.3 t/ha). Performanceof these varieties was significantly superiorto Kent (27.2 t/ha) and OS-96 (24.3 t/ha), butat par with OS-6 (35.7 t/ha).SRS-4 : EVALUATION OF DIF­FERENT CROPPING PATTERNSFOR FODDER PRODUCTION

Annual Report 1989 - 90(P. K. Jayan and M. S. Raut)4.1 Studies on nitrogen requirementof Cenchrus in ,association with Styloand SiratroThis experiment was initiated in kharif 1988and this was the second year ofexperimentation.Performance of Cenchrus var. S-3108 grownas a sole or in association with Stylosantheshamata, S. scabra and Siratro in 1:1 ratio inrows spaced 45 em apart was found out at4 different levels of nitrogen (0,20,40 and 60kg N/ha).During second year ofexperimentation, thehighest green fodder yield was recorded withCenchrus-S, scabra (10.0 t/ha) followed bysole Cenchrus (9.4 t/ha) and Cenchrus-vS,hamata and Cenchrus-Siratro (8.1 t/ha). SoleSiratro produced the lowest (2.8 t/ha.). LERvalues of 1.11,1.21 and 1.28 under Cenchrus+S.scabra, Cenchrus+ S.hamata andCenchruss Siratro indicated an yield advantageto the tune of 11.28 per cent due to intercroppingover sole cropping of component crops.Response to nitrogen was restricted upto20 kg. N/ha. The magnitude of response toapplication of20, 40 and 60 kg N/ha was 23.6,29.2,26.0 per cent over no nitrogen applicationin intercropped Cenchrus.4.2 Screening of legumes forintercropping with Panicum maximumFive legumes viz. Siratro, S. hamata, S.scabra, S. guitmensis and Phaseolus latheroideswere evaluated for their performance inintercropping with Panicum. Two cuts weretaken. None of the intercropping treatmentunder investigation produced more than purePanicum. The yield potential in intercroppingwas 18.5 to 21.1 t/ha whereas pure Panicum165produced 22.5 t/ha of green fodder. Thecontribution by S. guianensis, S. scabra,siratro and S. hamata to the total intercroppedyield was 4.4, 12.5, 14.3 and 16.0 per centrespectivel y.4.3 Stand geometry studies inmalze-shorse gram intercroppingAn experiment consisting of 8 treatments(maize pure, horse gram pure, maize+horsegram 1:1, 2:2, 2:1 and 1:2 cross sown andmixed sown) was conducted. Sowing of horsegram cross the maize row at row to row spacingat 30 ern produced the highest total greenfodder (23.7 t/ha) compared with 22.9 and11.5 t/ha with sole maize and sole horse gramrespectively. LER values calculated on thisbasis of green fodder yield indicated an yieldadvantage of 7.1 and 12.0 per cent due tomixed sowing and cross sowing of maize andhorse gram respectively.SRS-S: PASTURE MANAGEMENT!AGRONOMY(M. S. Raut and P. K. Jayan)5.1 Response of Cenchrus varieties tolevels of nitrogenA field experiment consisting combination'sof 4 varieties of Cenchrus (S-3108,S-59-1,214 and C. hybrid) and levels of nitrogen (0,30, 60 and 90 kg N/ha) was conducted andtwo cuts were taken.Cenchrus var. 214 producing 35.0 t/ha ofgreen fodder yield was highest yielder followedby S-59-1(28.2 t/ha) and S-3108 (25.9 t/ha).The lowest yield was recorded with Cenchrushybrid (10.1 t/ha.). The highest yield of 214was through profuse tillering (61/tussock)compared to other varieties (39-47 shoots/tussock).

166Response to nitrogen was noticed up to 60kg N/ha in S-3108 and 214 whereas, it wasrestricted upto 30 kg N/ha in Cenchrus hybridand 59-1.5.2 Response of Bracharia decumbensto levels of nitrogen and row spacingThis experiment, initiated in kharif 1988,had combinations of 4 levels of nitrogen(0,30,60, and 90 kg/ha) and 2 row spacing,(60 and 90 ern). Response to nitrogen wasnoticed upto 30 kg N/ha. Row to row spacingof 60 em produced the maximum green fodder(24.7 t/ha) than wider row spacing (20.5/ha).5.3 Studies of mixed cropping in OatThe mixed cropping studies in Brassica sp.Chinese cabbage and lucerne var. T-9 in threevarieties of oat viz., Kent, 05-96 and OS-6were conducted for increased total fodderproduction of unit area of land.Mixed cropping of chinese cabbage withoat either broadcast or cross sown increasedtotal green and dry matter yields over solecropping of chinese cabbage and oat. Thehighest total green fodder of 43.8 t/ha wasrecorded with OS-96+cross sown chinesecabbage followed by OS-6+chinese cabbage(cross sown) (42.8 t/ha) and Kent+chinesecabbage (cross sown) (41.4 t/ha). Thecontribution by chinese cabbage to total greenfodder yields was 32-49 -per cent. LandEquivalent Ratio values of 1.21 to 1.38 inmixed cropping indicated an yield advantageof 21 to 38 per cent due to mixed croppingover sale cropping.The contribution by mixed lucerne to totalgreen fodder was 11.3 to 15.2 per cent. MixedIGFRIcropping of OS-96+lucerne and Kent-luccrneresulted in LER greater than one (1.08 to 1.15)whereas, OS-6+lucerne gave LER less thanone.5.4 Fodder production of oat varietiesunder different levels of nitrogen andcutting' management. An experiment was conducted to find outoptimum dose of nitrogen for oat varietiesKent and JHO-822 managed either as singlecut or multi cut.The highest green fodder (33.8 t/ha) anddry matter (6.5 t/ha) yields were recorded with2 cuts management system. The fodder yieldsin single cut system were 30.6 t/ha (greenfodder) and 6.1 t/ha, (dry matter). Fodder yieldsof Kent (29.9 t/ha) and JHO-822 (31.3 t/ha)were statistically at par with each other. Theresponse to nitrogen was upro 80 kg N/ha.The magnitude of response to 40. 80 and 120kg N/ha was 31,49 and 53 per cent over nonitrogen treatment5.5 Studies on fodder production of oatvarieties at different dates of sowingand cutting managementPerformance of 3 oat varieties (Kent, JHO­822 and JHO-829) was tested at 3 differentdates of sowing (Nov.l, Nov.13 and Nov. 25)and 3 cutting managements (single cut, 2 cutsand 3 cuts).Due to high temperatures set in Februaryend and shortage of irrigation water, the 2ndCut in 2 cut system and 3rd cut in 3 cut systemin Nov. 13 and Nov. 25 dates of sowing werenot possible. The data on green fodder yieldsin single cut system indicated that sowing onNovember 13 was the optimum date which

PUBLICATIONSI. Research papers published during theyearAzmi, M. I. 1989. Effect of Pratylenchus zeae ofgrowth ofbuffel grass (Cenchrusciliaris).lndianJ.Nematol. 18: 334-335.Azmi, M. I. 1989. Effect of root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita on sweet clovers. Indian J.Nematol. 18: 347Azmi, M. I. 1989. Root-knot and cyst-formingnematodes attacking sorghum. Everyman Sci.24:94-95.Bhaskar, R. B. and S. T. Ahmad, 1989. Root-rotdisease of berseem and its control. IndianPhytopathology(in press).Bhatt, RK. and L.P. Mishra. 1989. Transpirationandenergy exchange in the trees under silvipastoral.pp 62-63. In. Abstr. Natn. Sem. StrategiesPhysiol.RegulationPa. Productivity. Dec. 27-29, Bombay.Chattopadhyay, P. S., Jai Singh and J. P. Saxena.1990. Development and testing of flail mower forgrassand sorghumharvesting.IndianJ.Agric.Engng(in press).Chattopadhyay, P. S., K. P. Pandey and Jai Singh.1990. Estimation of design parameters of rotarymower through mathematical modelling of impact.cutting. Agric. Engng. J. (in press).Choubey, R N. and S. K. Gupta. 1989.Evaluationof some oat accessions for forage yield in multicutsystems. Oat News/. 39 : 74-75.Choubey,RN.,S.K.Gupta andS.N.Zadoo.1989.Characteristics of C 3 progenies of induced Avenastrigosa tetraploides. Oat Newsl. 39: 81-82.Choubey, R N. and S. K. Gupta. 1989. Bundel Jai822. Oat Newsl . 39: 119.Dixit, o.r., G. K. Dwivedi and N. C. Sinha. 1989.Varahmihir Kal Me Udayaniki (Hi).Fal Fool 11(3):14-15 & 18.Dixit, o.r., P. S. Tomer and G. K. Dwivedi. 1989.Breeder seed production of berseem cv. Wardan aconfirmity test (A model). pp 24-25 In Abstr. Int.Conf. Seed Sci. Technol, Feb. 21-25, New Delhi.Dixit, a. P., U. P. Singh and J. N. Gupta. 1989.Significance of pollination in seed setting efficiencyofberseem (Trifoliumalexandrinum).J. Agron. andCrop Sci. 162: 93-96.Dwivedi, G. K., P. S. Tomer, a. P. Dixit and R A.Singh. 1990. Effect of nitrogen and phosphoruslevels on seed yield of Pennisetumpolystachyon. J.Agron. (in press).Dwivedi, G. K., P. S. Tomer and a. P. Dixit. 1990.Effect ofNand P levels on drymatter, crude proteinand total energy of thin napier (Pennisetumpolystachyon)fodder. HaryanaJ, A.gron. (in press).Dwivedi, G. K., N. C. Sinha, a. P. Dixit and P. S.Tomer. 1990. Studies on the significance of foliarapplied nutrients on seed yield ofCenchrus ci/iarisunderrainfed condition. pp 35.JnAbstr. Vol.ll.lnt.Symp.Nat.ResourcesMgmt for SustainableAgric.,Feb. 6-10, New Delhi.

168Dwivcdi, G. K., N. C. Sinha, P. S. Tomer and O. P.Dixit. 1990. Nitrogen economy, seed productionefficiency and seed vigour of Panicum maximum byintercropping of pasture legumes. pp 23. In Abstr.Ifit. Con! Seed Sci. Technol. Feb. 21-25,New Delhi.Dwivedi, G. K., K. C. Kanodia and N. C. Sinha.Significance of intercropped range legumes innitrogen economy, biomass potential and proteinenrichment of Chrysopogonfulvus. Tropical Agric.(in press).Dwivedi, G. K., R. P. Singh and K. C. Kanodia.1989. Effectof inter and intra-row spacing on forageproduction in Setaria sphacelata. Indian J. Agron.33 (2): 151-153.Gangwar, K. S., K. P. Niranjan and O. P. Singh.1990. Weed management in sorghum + pigeonpcaintercropping system under dryland conditions. pp264-265. In Abstr. Vol I. Int. Symp, Nat. ResourceMgmtforSustainable Agric., Feb. 6-10, New Delhi.Gill, A. S. and K. S. Gangwar,. 1990. Effect ofplanting density on forage yield and quality ofhybrid IGFRI No.3. Forage Res. (in press).Gill, A. S., S. N. Tripathi and K. S. Gangwar. 1989Effect ofstand geometry on productivity of hybridnapier subabul association. pp 72. In Abstr . VollIInt. Symp. Nat. Resource Mgmt for SustainableAgric. Feb. 6-10, New Delhi.Gupta, S. D. 1990. Effectofintercrops and nitrogenlevels on forage production of winter maize. pp 51­52. In Abstr .Vol II Int. Symp. Natural ResourceMgmt for Sustainable Agric., Feb. 6-10, New Delhi.Hasan, N. 1990. Nematode problems of forage,grasses and legumes. In S. K. Saxena, et. al (ed)Progress in Plant Nematology. pp433-459, CBSPublishers and Distributors, Delhi-32.IGFRIHasan, N. 1990. Nematicidal action of essential oilsisolated from selected indigenous plants againstroot-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. ActaBotanica Indica (in press).Hasan, N. 1990. Evaluation of certain Avena sterilisvarieties/selections for resistance against root-knotnematode Meloidogyne incognita. Acta BotanicaIndica (in press).Hasan, N. and K. S. Kohli. 1989. Screening ofcowpea germplasm against root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita.IndianJ.Nematol. (inpress).Hasan,N.,R.K.JainandK.S.Kohli.1989.Screeningof certain elite cowpea varieties for resistance toroot-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. IndianJ. Nematol. (in press).Hazra, C. R. and C. R. Rawat. 1989. Rabi Charon kiAdhunik Bidhiya, Unnat Kismen aur UrbarakPrabandh (Hi) Khad Patrika. Oct. 19-23.Hazra, C. R. 1989. Watersheds made the difference.Intensive Agric. 26-27 (12 & 1): 17-22.Hazra,C.R. 1989.Greeningof browntracts.IntensiveAgric. 27 (8): 14-18.Hazra, C. R. 1989. Seedling emergence and forageyields of sorghum and cluster bean in relation to soilcrusting under rainfed situation. Indian J. RangeMgmt. 10 (2): 97-101.Hazra, 1989.Herbage production and soil propertiesunder silvipastoral and agroforestry system. pp 99­103.InD. K. Dasand K.R. Sarkar (eds.) Maximisingcropproductionin rainfedandproblemareas. IndianSoc. Agric. Sci., New Delhi.Hazra C. R. 1989. Forage and soil productivityunder agroforestry and silvipasture systems inBundelkhand region. pp 83-88. In N. G. Hegde, L.L.

Annual Report 1989 - 90Relwani and V. D. Kelkar (eds.), Promotion ofFodder and Fuelwood Trees, BAIF, Pune.Hazra C. R. 1989. Crop yields rise dramatically inTejpura Watershed. Indian Fmg. 39 (9) : 37-39.Hazra C. R. 1989. Forage yield of berseem undertree canopies in relation to radiation availability.Agric. Sci. Digest 9 (3): 141-142.Hazra C. R. 1989. Forage productivity underagroforestry system. pp 602-606. In Abstr .Vol IISymp, on ManagingSandy Soils. CAZRI, Jodhpur.Hazra, C. R. and S. B. Tripathi. 1989. Performanceof oat genotypes under different tree covers andopen. Agric. Sci. Digest 9 (3): 146-148.Hazra, C. R. and S. B. Tripathi. 1989. Soilpropertiesand forage yield ofsweet clover under agroforestry.Forage Res. 15 (I): 69-78.Hazra, C. R. and C. R. Rawat. 1989. Saal Bhar HaraChara Kaise Le (Hi). Kheti. 42 (7) : 5-6.Hazra, C. R. and Panjab Singh. 1989. Managementof natural resources on watershed basis at Tejpurafor increased agricultural productivity. pp 25-37 InR. V. MishraandS. Maheshwari(eds.) IndianFarmFuture-Drylands, KRIBHCO, New Delhi.Jain, R. K. 1990. The influence of VAM fungi,Me!oidogyne incognita and lleterodera cajani onchlorophyll contents of cowpea. In Abstr. Natn.Semin. Mycorrhiza,Feb. 14-16, HAU, Hisar.Jain, R. K. 1990. Effect of inoculum levels and timeof establishment of VAM fungi and Meloidogyneincognitaor Heteroderacajani on mineral contentsin cowpea. In Abstr. Natn. Semin.Mycorrhiza,Feb.14-16, Hisar.Jain, R. K. and C. L. Sethi. 1990. Effect of169endomycorrhizal fungi (Glomusfasciculatum or G.epigaeus) on the best parasite relationship ofMeloidogyne incognita in cowpea. In Abstr. Natn.Semin. Mycorrhiza, Feb 14-16, HisarJain, R. K. 1990. The occurrence of vesiculararbucularmycorrhizal VAMfungi on rangelegumesand grasses under semi arid conditions. In Abstr.Natn. Semin. Mycorrhiza, Feb. 14-16, Hisar.Jain R. K., Panjab Singh and K. C. Kanodia, 1989.Ardu (Ailanthes exelsa Roxb.) in the semi aridregion, its utility in agroforestry - Review. TropicalAgriculture (in press).Kanodia, K. C. 1989. Problems and prospects ofecological management ofrangeland ecosystems inIndia. pp 33. In Natn. Semin. Agroecosystem Mgmt.Feb 18-21, Vishwa Bharti.Khan, T. A. and P. S. Pathak. 1989. Biomassproduction in Leucaena leucocephalagrown on wetland. Leucaena Res. Rep. 10: 27-28.Kohli, K. S. 1990. Kohinoor-Nutritious foddercowpea for animal . Indian Fmg, 39 (2): 15& 29.Kumar, AshokandC. R. Hazra. 1990. Quantificationofdirect and indirect influence ofsoil managementpractices on seedling emergence of cluster bean(Cypmopsis tetragonoloba) underdryland condi tion.Ann. Agric. Res. 10 (3) : 262-269.Kumar, Ashok and C. R. Hazra. 1990. Factorsimpeding emergence of fodder maize and pearlmillet in rainfed alfisol. In Proc. Int. Symp. Nats.Resource Mgmt for Sustainable Agric. Feb. 6-10,New Dclhi.Malaviya,D.R.andG. P.Shukla.1989.BerseemkiUnnat Kishmen (Hi) Kisan Bharti 21 (2) : 7-8.Menhi Lal and N. P. Shukla. 1990. Water use and

170irrigation management in forage crops. pp 55-66. InAbstr. Vol. II. Int. Symp. Nat. Resources Mgmt forSustainable Agric. Feb. 6-10, New Delhi.Menhi Lal and N.P. Shukla. 1990. Response ofsorghum (cv M. P. chari) to nitrogen and sulphurnutrition under varying moisture regimes. pp 240­241.InAbstr. VolII Int. Symp. Nat. ResourcesMgmtfor Sustainable Ag"ic. Feb 6-10, New Delhi.Menhi Lal, N. P. Shukla, and D.C. Saxena. 1989.Performanceofforage oat, barley and triticale underdifferent cutting schedules. Haryana J. Agron. (inpress).Misra, S. M. and P. S.Tomer. 1990.Soil ameliorativeaspects of Agroforestry. pp 66. In Abstr. Vol. II. Int.Symp. Nat. Resources Mgmt for Sustainable Agric.Feb. 6-10, New DelhiNiranjan, K. P., Gangwar, K. S., Singh, O. P. and M.S. Raut, 1990. Studies on pigeonpea intercroppingwith fodder crops. pp 195-96. In Abstr. Vol. I. Int.Symp. Nat. Resource Mgmtfor Sustainable Agric.Feb 6-10, New Delhi.Pachauri, V. C. 1989. Comparative nutritive valueoftwovarieties ofNapier (Pennicumpurpureum) incombinationwith Sesbania sesban ingrowing calves.Indian J. Anim. Nutri. 6 :252-254.Pachauri, V. C. and P. S. Pathak. 1989. Effect offeedingLeucaena leucocephala in combination withhybrid napier on growth and nutrient utilization incross bred calves Indian J. Anim. Nutri. 6:158-161.Pachauri, V.C. and V.S. Upadhyaya. 1989.Production on forage based feeding systems. IndianFmg. (in press).Pahwa, M.R. 1989. Effect of seed inoculation ofLeucaena leucocephala with Rhizobium andAzotobacter. Leucaena Res. Rep. 10:34.IGFRIPahwa, M.R. 1989. Azospirillum inoculation isbeneficial for high forage yields. Indian Fmg. 30(11):25.Pahwa, M. R. 1989. Response of fodder crops tobiological N z- fixers in Bundelkhand region. pp 49In Abstr .Vol I. Int. Symp. Nat. Resources MgmtforSustainable Agric. Feb 6-10, New Delhi.Pahwa, M.R. 1989. Herbage production of pastureand fodder tree species through the application ofBiological Nz-fixers. In Abstr. Nat. Symp. onCentenary Celebration of Biological Ndixation ,Hisar.Pandey, R. K. and Fateh Singh. 1990. Senji andTurnip intercroppingfor maximum fodderproductionand betterland utilization. pp 52. InAbstr. Vol II. Int.Symp. Nat. Resources Mgmt.for Sustainable Agric.Feb. 6-10, New Delhi.Pandey, K.C. and S.A. Faruqui. 1990. Evaluation ofinsecticidesagainst spottedalfalfaaphid(Therioaphistrifolii, F. maculata) infestinglucerne.J. Aphidology.(in press)Pandey, K. C., Amar Singh and S. A.Faruqui. 1990.Oviposition and feeding by lucerne weevil, Hyperapostica Gyll. in lucerne germplasm.IndianJ. Genet.50 (1):76-79.Parihar, S. K. and S. N. Tripathi. 1989. Effect ofgamma rays on Pennisetum typhoides. Forage Res.(in press).Parihar, R. S. and S. N. Zadoo, 1989. Multipleinterchanges involving whole chromosomecomplement in Sesbania aculeata. Cytologia, 54:5­12.Parihar, S. S. and K. C. Kanodia. 1989. Allelopathicpotentials of range grasses and its possible ecologicalsignificance. Glimpses ofAllelopathy (in press).

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172Shivankar, VJ. 1989. Insect pests as limiting factorin green fodder production in lucerne, their controland residual persistenceofinsecticides. pp 741-742.In XVI. Int. Grassland Congr, Oct. 4-11, Nice,France.Shivankar, VJ., P.S. Tomer and S.N. Singh. 1990.Management practices for sustainable cowpea seedproduction. pp 173. In Abstr.Vol.II. Int. Symp. Nat.ResourcesMgmt.for Sustainable Agric. Feb. 6-10,New Delhi.Shivankar,V.J.,P. S.Tomerand A.A. Khan. Controlof mustard aphids on chinese cabbage (Brassicaperkinensis (Lour) Rup.) Indian J. Agric. Sci. (inpress).Shivankar, V.J. and V.S. Kavadia. 1989. Effect oftemperature and humidity on the degradation ofheptachlor residues in clay loam soil. IndianJ. Ent,51 (2): 205-210.Shivankar, V.J., S.N. Singh, A.A. Khan and P.S.Tomer. 1990. Effect of storage conditions onstorability ofcowpea. pp 48. In Int. Con! SeedSci.Technol., Feb. 21-25, New Delhi.Shree Ram, M.P. Gupta and V.J. Shivankar. 1990.Assessmentoflosses due to insect pests in seed yieldof fodder mustard-chinese cabbage (Hi) BhartiyaKrishiAnusandhanPatrika (in press).Shukla, N.P. and Menhi Lal. 1989. Response ofoatvarieties to moisture regimes under skip' row andmixed planting techniques. pp 120-122. In Natn:.Symp, Strategy for Forage Production andImprovement by 2000 AD. Vellayani.Shukla, N.P. and Menhi Lal. 1990. Herbage yield ofpearlmilletin relation to moistureregimes, fertilizernitrogen and seed rates. pp 56-57. InAbstrVolIIInt.Symp.Nat, ResourceMgmt.for Sustainable Agric.Feb. 6-10, New Delhi.IGFRIShukla, N.P. and Menhi Lal. 1989.Forage productionfrom seasonally waterlogged and shallow watertable areas. IndianJ. DrylandRes. & Dev,4 (2): 62­67.Singh, D.N. 1990, Genetic variability, correlationand path analysis for grain yield and its componentsin horsegram. IndianJ. PulsesRes. (in press).Singh, D.N. 1990,. Leafarea estimation in hyacinthbean by non-destructive linear method. Indian J.Agric.Sci. (in press).Singh,F. and K.C. Kanodia, 1990. Introduction ofrange legumes in Cenchrusciliarisforqualityforage.In AbstrVol II Int. Symp. Nat. ResourcesMgmtforSustainable Agric. Feb. 6-10, New Delhi.Singh, Jai and P.S. Chattopadhyay. 1990.Industrialisable indigenousofselected farm machinesfor grassland productivity amelioration. IV IndianEngng Congo Jan. 1-4.Singh, Panjab. 1990. Role offoddertrees inlivestockfeeding. Livestock Anniversary Issue, FAO,Bangkok.Singh, Panjab. 1989. Pastureand ForageProductionin India./n FAOTechnical Report,FAO, Bangkok.Singh, Panjab. 1990.Tacklingfodder shortage: focuson high yielding varieties. pp 236-37. In Survey of .IndianAgriculture, The Hindu, Madras.Singh, Panjab. 1990. Hybrid maize and sorghum forforage production in Asia. Areview, FAO, Bangkok.Singh, Panjab. 1990.Forage production forsustainable mixed farming. In Proc. AgronomicResearch towards Sustainable Agriculture, Int.Symp. on Natural Resources Mgmt foraSustainableAgriculture held from Feb. 6-10 at New Delhi.

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174Sharma. 1990. Comparative economic viability ofCenchrus species in semi arid climate of JhansiDistrict in India. (in press).Yadav, I.P.S., S. K. Rajpali, and R K. Sharma 1990.Comparative study ofmanagement of various farminputs for berseem production between small andlargefarms aroundJhansiDistrict. Indian Dairymen12(11) : 578-581.Yadav, I.P.S., S.K. Rajpali, U.S. Mishra and RK.Sharma. 1990. Economic pasture development inBundelkhand region by using promising rangegrasses.lnt. J. Agric. System (in press).Yadav, I.P.S., RK. Sharma, S.K. Rajpali and U.S.Mishra. 1990. Economic viability of Dichanthiumannulatum under rangeland condition inBundelkhand region. Indian J. Range Mgmt. (inpress).Yadav, I.P.S., P.S. Tomer, S.K. Rajpali and RK.Sharma. 1990. Economic optima for cowpea seedproductionunderits variablemarketprices structure.Haryana J. Agron. (in press).Yadava, RB.R 1989. Physiology of grasses andfodder crops. pp 19-27. In Proc. Natn. Sem. Pl.Physiol. CSAUT, Kanpur.Yadava,RB.R. and RK.Bhatt. 1989. Physiologicalevaluation of drought resistance in oats. J. Agron.Crop. Sci. 163: 138-140.Zadoo, S.N., RN. Choubey, S.K. Gupta and J.Sybenga. 1989. Meiotic chromosomeassociation indiploid and tetraploid Avena strigosa, Genome32:972-977.II Papers presented to the Seminars!Workshops/Symposia, etc. during 1989-90Ahmad, S.T. and RB. Bhaskar. 1989. ForageIGFRIpathology present, past and future. Paperpresentedto theNatn. Symp. onstrategiesforforageproductionin 2000 AD held from 20-24 Sept. at KAU,Trivandrum.Ahmad, S.T. 1990. Diseases of promising foddercrops and methods to their control. Paperpresentedto theTraining Course held from 26th Dec. 1989 to25th. Jan. 1990 at IGFRI Jhansi.Ashok Kumar and C.R Hazra. 1990. Factorsimpeding the emergence of seedlings of maize andpearl millet under dryland situation. Paperpresentedto the Int. Symp. Natural Resource Mgmt. for asustainable agric. held from 6-12 Feb. at New Delhi.Choubey, R.N. 1989. Transfer of desirable traitsfrom wild tetraploid oat Avena maroccana to thecultivated haxaploid A. sativa. Paperpresented totheNatn. Symp. on Strategy for forage productionand improvement by 2000 A.D. held from 21-23Sept. at Trivendrum.Gupta,J.N.,S.R.Gupta,andU.P.Singh.Exploitationof Indigofera species for rangeland ameliorationand wasteland reconstruction. Paper presented totheInt.Symp.Nat. Resources Mgmt.forSustainableAgric. held from 6-10 Feb. at New Delhi.Gupta, IN., U.P. Singh and S.R Gupta. 1990.Evaluating potentialities in forage groundnut(Araches glabrata Benth.). Paperpresentedto theInt. Symp. Nat. Resources Mgmi.for sustainableAgric. held from 6-10 Feb. at New Delhi.Gupta, M.G. 1990. Prospects of hybrid seedproduction and fixation of hybrid vigour in apomicticDichanthiumannulatum through invitroand organicplant production. Paper presented to theInt. Conf.SeedSci. & Technol. held from 21-25 Feb. at NewDelhi.Gupta, S. R 1990. Plant Genetic Resources forAgroforestry Systems. Paper presented to the

Annual Report 1989 - 90Training course on Silvipasturet/igroforestry forDevelopment officers ofNDDB, held on 2 Feb. atIGFRI, Jhansi.Gupta, R.S. 1990. Genetic Resources of ImportantPlant Species for Silvipasture/Agroforestry, Paperpresented to the Training Course on SilvipastureAgroforestry for Development Officers of NDDBheld on 11 July at IGFRI, Jhansi.Gupta, V.K. and R.S. Parihar. 1990. Geneticimprovement Of subabul (Leucaena leucocephala)through interspecific hybridization. Paper presentedto the Natn. Symp. Recent Adv. in Genet. and Pl.Breeding Res. in India held from 15-16 Nov. atB.H.U. Varanasi.Gupta, V.K. 1990. Evaluation of new provenancesofsubabul (Leucaena leucocephala) and their use tomake broad genetic base. Paper presented to theSemi. Status of Indian Forestry-Problems andPerspectives heldfrom 21-23 Dec. at H.A.U. Hisar.Gupta, V.K.1990.GeneticsandBreedingofsubabul(Leucaena leucocephala ) (Lam) de Wit.) Paperpresented to the Natn. Workshop on Multi purposeTreesfor Agroforestry Systems held from 1-3 Feb.at IGFRI, Jhansi.Gangwar, K.S., K.P. Niranjan and D.P. Singh. 1990.Weed Management in sorghum-pigeonpea intercropping system under dryland condition. Paperpresented to the Int. Sem. Nat. Resource Mgmt forSustainable Agric held from 6-10Feb. at NewDelhi.Hazra,C.R. 1990. Improvedagricultural productivitythrough efficient management of natural resourceson watershed basis at Tejpura (Jhansi). Paperpresented to the Int. Symp. Nat. Resource Mgmt fora Sustainable Agric. held from 6-10 Feb. at NewDelhi.Hazra, C.R. 1989. Forages and soil productivityfrom subabool based agroforestry systems. Paper175presented to Int. Symp. Nat. Resources Mgmt for aSustainable Agric. held from 6-10 Feb. at NewDelhi.Hazra, C.R. 1989. Requirements and Strategies inforage seed productivity. A lead paperpresented tothe Nain. Symp. on Strategyfor Forage ProductionImprovement by 2000 AD held from 21-23 Sept atKAU, Trivandrum.Hazra,C.R.1989.Forages for soil and environmentalimprovementwith special reference to problem soil.A leadpaper presentedto theNatn. Symp. on Strategyfor Forage Production and Improvement by 2000AD held from 21-23 Sept. at KAU, Trivandrum.Hazra, C.R. 1989. Status reportofforage research inIndia. A key note address to Sem. on Problems andProspects ofForage production in Bihar held on 9Dec. at Patna.•Hazra, C.R. 1990. Increased crop productivitythrough efficient management of soil and waterresources on watershed basis at Tejpura. Paperpresented to the Natn. Sem. on conservation oflandand water resources for food and environmentsecurity held from 18-20 Jan. at IARI, New Delhi.Hazra, C.R. 1990. Forages from subabul basedagroforestry systems and its influence on soilproductivity.taper presented to the Natn. Sem. onconservation ofland and water resourcesfor foodand environmental security held from 18-20 Jan. atSCSI, IARI, New Delhi.Hazra, C.R. 1989. Soil and climatological studies inrelation to agroforestryresearch. Paperpresentedtothe First NARP Training on Agroforestry Researchheld from 26 December 1989 to 25 Jan. 1990 atIGFRI, Jhansi.Hazra, C.R. 1990. Soil and climatological aspects inagroforestry research. Paper Presented to theNational WorkslioponMPTS onAgroforestrySystem

I176held from 1-3 Feb. at IGFRI, Jhansi.Kanodia, K.C. 1989. Strategies for development oftropical grasslands. Paper presented to the Natn.Symp. on Strategy for forage production andimprovementby 2000 AD. held from 21-23 Sept. atKerala Univer., Trivandrum.Kanodia, K.C. 1989. Regenerative potentials oftropical grasslands-a renewable resource of thecountry. Paper presented to the Natn. Symp. onDevelopment without Destruction held from 17-20Dec. at Kashmir University, Srinagar.Kanodia,K.C. 1990. Multipurposetrees ofmedicinalimportance for agroforestry systems in variousregions of India.Paper presented to the Natn.Workshop on MPTSfor Agroforestry System heldfrom 1-3 Feb. at IGFRI Jhansi.Kanodia, K.C. 1989. Influence of legumeintroductionon the quality and productivity of semiaridgrasslands ofIndia, Paperpresentedto theXVIInt. Grassl. Congress held from 4-11 Oct at Nice,France.Kanodia, K.C. 1989. Reconstruction of rangelandsin drought prone areas. Paper presented to theTraining on SilvipasturelAgroforestry for OfficersofNWDB held from 20-29 Sept. at IGFRI, Jhansi.Kanodia, K.C. 1989. Techniques for measuringproductivity in rangelands. Paper presented to theNARPTraining Programme onAgroforestry, ForageProductionandAnimaINutritionheld from 28 Dec.1989 to 25 Jan. 1990 at IGFRI, Jhansi.Khan, T.A., P.S. Pathak and R. Debroy. 1990.Methodologyfor biomasspredictionin MPTS.Paperpresented to the Natn. Workshop on MultipurposeTreesfor AgroforestrySystemheld from 1-3 Feb. atIGFRI, Jhansi.Menhi Lal. 1989. Chara utpadan ka pravidik aurIGFRIarthik pahloo (Hi). Lecturedeliveredto the officersof Central Bank of India under Crash TrainingProgrammeheld on 21 Dec. at Jhansi.Menhi Lal. 1990. Agronomic aspects of promisingfodder crops. Paper presented to the Trainingprogramme on Agroforestry, Forage productionandAnimalNutritionheld from 26 Dec. 1989, to 26Jan. 1990 at IGFRI, Jhansi.Menhi Lal and K.P. Niranjan. 1989. Food basedfodder production systems for drylands. Paperpresented to the training course on SilvipasturelAgroforestryfor Development Officers of NDDBheld on 12 July at IGFRI, Jhansi.Menhi Lal, Panjab Singh and S.N. Tripathi. 1989.Techno-economic aspectsofraising fodder and grassforlivestoek.Paperpresentedtothe55thprogrammeonFinancingofAnimalIIusbandryUnitsheld on 13April at Pune.Menhi Lal and S.N. Tripathi. 1989. Package ofpractices for forage production. PaperpresentedtotheTraining courseonForageproductionltltilizationfor officialsofBolangirAnchalik GramBank heldon 27 April at IGFRI, Jhansi.Mishra, L.P. 1989. Studies on the in vitro growth ofcallusofatree legume-subabool,Paperpresentedtothe strategies in physiological regulation ofplantproductivityheld from 27-29 Dec. at Bombay.Niranjan, K. P., K. S.Gangwar, C. P. Singh and M.S. Raut 1990. Studies on pigeonpea basedintercropping with fodder crops. Paperpresentedtothe Int. Symp. on Natural Resources Managementfor Sustainable Agriculture held from 6-10 Feb. atNew Delhi.Pachauri, V.C. 1989. Training course on Forageproduction and utilization for Bank Officials ofBolangirAnchalikGramyaBankheld from 25 Aprilto 5 May at IGFRI Jhansi.

Annual Report 1989 - 90Pachauri, V.C. 1989. Protein and Energy Nutritionof Ruminants. Paper presented to the Ist NARPTraining Programme on Agroforestry, Forageproduction & Animal Nutrition held from 26 Dec.1989 to 25 Jan. 1990 at IGFRI, Jhansi.Pahwa, M.R. Biological N - 2fixers for nitrogeneconomy and increased fodder production. Paperpresented to the Natn. Symp. on strategy for forageproduction and utilization by 2000 AD. held from21-23 Sept. at K.A.U., Trivandrum.Pahwa, M.R. 1989. Role of biological nitrogensources in forage production. Paperpresentedto thefirst NARP Training Programme on Agroforestry,Forage production and AnimalNutrition held from26 Dec. 1989-25 Jan. 1990 at IGFRI Jhansi.Panwar, O.P.S. 1989. Response of forage legumesto P fertilization and its effect on properties andavailability of nutrients in Alfisol soils. Paperpresented to the Natn. Sem. on Current Trends insoil research held from 14-17 Oct. at S.V.Agricultural University, Tirupati.Pandey,K.C.1990.Insect-pestsofpromisingfoddercrops and methods to control them.Paperpresentedto the 1stNARP Training held from 26 Dec. 1989 to25 Jan. 1990 at IGFRI, Jhansi.Pradeep Behari and C.R. Hazra. 1990. Herbageyield as influenced by legume intercroppings inrainfed maize. Paper presented to the Int. Symp. onNatural Resources Management for a SustainableAgriculture held from 6-10 Feb. at New Delhi.Pathak, P.S. 1989. Silvipastoral research at IGFRI,Jhansi Resource. Paper presented to the Natn.Workshop on planning communityforestry projectheld at Lucknow.Pathak, P.S. and T. A. Khan. 1989. Economics ofmini rotation energy plantation on moist wasteland.Paper presented to the Natn. Workshop on Energy177plantation , biomass production held at RAU,Udaipur.Pathak, P. S. and S. K. Gupta 1990. Managementand production of MPTS with special reference tosubabul. Paper presented to the Natn. workshop onMultipurpose Trees for Agroforestry System heldfrom 1-3 Feb. at IGFRI, Jhansi.Pathak, P. S., M. M. Roy and Panjab Singh. 1990.Technology for restoration of depleting soil andforest cover areas to optimize land productivity.Paper presented to the Natn. Sem.on Depletion ofSoil and Forest Cover & Technology for controlheld from 7-9 June at Jabalpur.Parihar, S.S. and K.C. Kanodia. 1989. Germinationand dormancy of Chrysopogon fulvus. Paperpresented to the Int.Seed Symp. held at JodhpurUniv., Jodhpur.Parihar, S.S. and K.C. Kanodia. 1989. Germinationand dormancy of Bothriochloa pertusa. Paperpresentedto theSymposium onDevelopmentwithoutDestruction held from 17-20 Oct. at KashmirUniversity, Srinagar.Pradeep Behari and C.R. Hazra. 1989. Effect oflegumes intercroppings on the herbage productivityof pearl millet under drylands condition. Presentedto the National Symposium on Strategyfor ForageProduction and Improvement by 2000AD held from21-23 Sept. at KAU, Trivandrum.Rawat, C.R. and C.R. Hazra. 1989. Seed productionof berseem as influenced by date of last cut forforage and irrigation water scheduling. Paperpresented to the National Symposium on Strategyfor Forage Production and improvement by 2000AD held from 21-23 Sept., at KAU, Trivandrum.Rawat, C.R. and C.R. Hazra. 1990. Food and fodderproduction of barley under nitrogen fertilizer

178scheduling and cutting management practices indryland areas of Bundelkhand. PaperpresentedtotheInternational SymposiumforNaturalResourcesManagement for a Sustainable Agriculture heldfrom 6-10Feb. at New Delhi.Rawat, C.R. andC.R. Hazra. 1990. Seed productionofberseem as influenced by date of last cutting forforage and irrigation water scheduling. Presented totheInternational Symposium for NaturalResourceManagement for a Sustainable Agriculture heldfrom 6-10 Feb. at New Delhi.Rawat, C.R. and C.R. Hazra. 1989. Herbageproductivity from Subabul basedagroforestry systemunder limited irrigation. Presented to the NationalSymposium on Agroforestry Systems in India heldfrom 11-13 Jan. at CRlDA, Hyderabad.Ramchandran, K.S. 1989. Antiquality factors inforages and trees leaves. Lecture delivered to theNARP Training programme held from Dec. 26th,1989 to Jan. 25th, 1990 at IGFRI, Jhansi.. Rekib, A. 1989. Recent advances in pasture. evaluation methodology and limitations. Paperpresentedto the Sem. on Sheepand GoatNutritionandPastureUtilizationheldatCSWRI,Avikanagar.Rekib, A. 1989. Foragequality with special referenceto animal production. Paperpresentedto theNatn.Symp. on Strategy for Forage Production andImprovementfor2000ADheldatKAU,Trivandrum.Rekib, A. 1990. Nutritive value on multipurposetree. Paperpresentedto theNational Workshop onMPTS Production and Utilization held from 1-3Feb. at IGFRI, Jhansi.Rekib, A. 1989. Improvedfeeding system for raisingmilk and meatproductionunder rangelandcondition.PaperpresentedtoNDDB sponsoredTraining courseon Agroforestry held from 20-29 Sept. at IGFRI,Jhansi.IGfRIRekib, A. 1989. Quality evaluation of tree forageand their effect on livestock production. Paperpresentedto theNDDB sponsored Training Courseon Silvipasture/Agroforestry held on 12 July atIGFRI, Jhansi.Rekib, A. 1989. Nutritional constraints with feedingof forage crops and chemically treated roughages.Paper presented to the NARP Training on Agroforestryand Animal Nutrition held from 26 Dec.1989 to 25 Jan, 1990 at IGFRI, Jhansi.Roy, M.M. 1990. Management of fodder trees foroptimum forage production. PaperpresentedtotheNational WorkshoponUPTSforAgroforestrySystemheld from 1-3 Feb. at IGFRI, Jhansi.Roy, M.M. 1989. Lopping management of foddertrees. Paperpresentedto the National Seminar onStatus oflndianForestry ProblemsandPerspectivesheld, from 21-23 December at HAU, Hisar.Rajeev Tiwari and R. B. R. Yadava. 1989. Growthmineral content and biomass production i~Macroptelium atropurpureum cv. Siratro treatedwith GA and boron. Paperpresentedto the Natn.Sem. on Strategies in Physiological Regulation ofPlantProductivity heldfrom27-29Dec.atBombay.Singh, K., C. R. Hazra and S. K. Gupta. 1989.Stability in oats for fodder. PresentedtotheNationalSymposium on Strategy for forage production andimpi ovement by 2000AD held from 21-23 Sept. atKAU, Trivandrum.Shukla, RP. 1989. Seminar on Rabi Crops. Paperpresented totheTraining Programme oncultivationofrabiforagesfor Development Officers on 3 Octat Jhansi.Shukla, G. P. 1989. Stability for forage yield on

Annual Report 1989 - 90Egyptianclover. PaperpresentedtotheNatn. Symp.on Strategies for Forage production andImprovement by 2000 AD held from 20-24 Sept atKerala Agric. Univ, Trivendrum.Shukla, G.P. and D.R. Malaviya. 1990.Environmental impacts on variability in Egyptianclover(Trifolium alexandrinumL.). Paperpresentedto the 76thIndianSci. Congress held at Cochin.Shukla, G.P. and D.R. Malaviya. 1989.Intragenotypic variations in Egyptian clover(Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Paper presented to.Natn. Symposium on RecentAdvancesin GeneticsandPlantBreeding Research inIndiaheld from 15­16 Nov. at BOO Varanasi.Shukla, G.P. and D.R. Malaviya. 1989. Consistencyof correlations and path coefficients across theenvironments in Egyptian clover (Trifoliumalexandrinum L.). Paper presented to the XVlthInternational Grassland Congress held from 4-11Oct. at France.Shukla, G.P. and D.R. Malaviya. 1990. Estimatescomponents of variation for forage yield inEgyptianclover(Trifolium alexandrinumL.). Paperpresentedto the77thIndian Sci. Congo held at Cochin.Singh,Jai.1990.Advancesinengineeringaspectsofforage production and utilization. Paperpresentedto theIst NARP Training Programme held from 26December 1989 to Jan. 25,1990 at IGFRI, Jhansi.Singh, Jai, Kusmakar Sharma and Nawab Singh.1989. Possible rural based processing techniquesand equipments for preparation of economic rationfor goats. Paper presented to the Natn. Symp. onGoatRearing held at tIRG, Makhdoom.Singh, Panjab. 1989. Agro-silvipasture systems inIndia.PaperpresentedtotheInternationalWorkshopon the Utilisation of Shrubs and Treefodders byFarm Animals held from 24-29 July at Bali,Indonesia.179Singh, Panjab. 1989. Management of sandy soilsthrough food-fodder-fuel production systems. PaperpresentedtoInternational Symposium onManagingSandySoilsheld from 6-10 Feb. at CAZRI,Jodhpur.Singh,Panjab.1989.Agroforestrysystemsfor fodderand fuelproduction. PaperpresentedtotheWorkshoponAgroforestry held from 11-13 January atCRIDA,Hyderabad.Singh, Panjab. 1989. Herbage production fromGrasslands under stressed environments in India.PaperpresentedtotheXVIInternational GrasslandCongr. held from 4-11 October at Nice, France.. Singh, Panjab. 1989. Range management andsilvipastoral systems to control sand drifts. Paperpresentedto the International Regional Workshopon Desertification Control Technology held from11-17 Dec. CAZRI, Jodhpur.Singh, Panjab. 1990. Sustainability and FarmingSystems. Paper presented to the Symp. onAgroecologicalzonesandFarming Systems, IndianScience Congress held from 4-9 Feb. at Cochin.Singh, Panjab. 1990. Forageproduction systems fordifferent agroecological zones of India. Paperpresented to the International Symp. on NaturalResourcesManagementfor aSustainable Agricultureheld from 6-10 Feb. at New Delhi.Singh,Panjab.1990.PresidentialAddress.PresentedtotheNational Workshop onMultipurpose treesforAgroforestrySystems held from 1-3March at IGFRI,Jhansi.Singh, Panjab and P. S. Pathak. 1989. Revegetationof degraded land. Paper presented to the Natn.Symp. on Status on Forestry in India held from 21­24 Dec. on HAU, Hisar.

180Singh, S.N. and N:C. Sinha. 1990. Effect of presowingfungicidal seed treatment for control ofseedborne fungal infestation in bcrseem (TrifoliumalexandrinumL.). Paperpresentedto the 42Annualmeeting and National Symposium on MolecularBiologyojPlantDiseasesheldfrom 3-5 Jan. atS.V.University Trupati.Singh, a.p. 1989. Extension aspects in forageproduction.Lecture delivered to theNDDB TrainingCourse held from 20 Feb. to 1 March at IGFRI,Jhansi.Singh, a.p. 1990. Transfer of technology in foddercrops-Tejpura a case study. Lecture delivered to theNARP Training held from 26 Dec. 89 to 25th Jan. 90at IGFRI, Jhansi.Sivankar, V.I., S.N. Singh and A.A. Khan. 1989.Promising botanicals for the control ofCallosobruchus chinensis infesting cowpea (Vignaunguiculata (L) walp.). Papersubmittedto the IIInt.Symp, onBruchidsandLegumes held from 6-9 Sept.at Okayama, Japan.Tripathi, S.B. and C.R. Hazra. 1989. Nitrogenmanagement to winter maize varieties for forageproduction. Paper presented to the Natn. Symp. onStrategy for Forage production and Improvementby 2000 AD held from 21-23 Sept. at KAU,Trivendrum.Tripathi, S.N. 1989. Atylosiax Cajanus hybrids - apotential legume for drylands. Paper presented tothe NDDB Sponsored Training Course onSilvipasturet/sgroforestry held from 20 Feb. to 1March at IGFRI, Jhansi.Tripathi, S.N. 1990. Pigeonpea hybrids. Paperpresented tothe Bolangier Anchalik Gramya BankSponsored Training Course on Forage productionand Utilisation held from 25 April to 5 May atIGFRI, Jhansi.IGFRITripathi, S.N. 1989. Woody perennial pigeonpea.Paper presented to the NDDB Training Course onSilvipasture/Agrojorestry held from 10-19 July atIGFRI, Jhansi.Tripathi, S.N. 1989. Approaches for pasture plantimprovement. Paper presented to the NDDBTraining Course on Sllvipasturelegroforestry heldfrom 20-29 Sept. at IGFRI, Jhansi.Tripathi S.N. 1989. Desynapsis in Cajanus cajan(L) Mill Sp. Paper presented to the Natn. Symp. onRecent Advances in Genet. and Plant BreedingResearch in India held from 15-16 Nov. at BOO,Varanasi.Tyagi, R.K. 1989. Grazing resources in arid andsemi-arid regions in India. Paper presented to theTraining Course on Silvipasturetsgroforestry forDevelopment Officers ojNDDB held from 20 Feb.to 1 March at IGFRI, Jhansi.Tyagi, R.K. 1989. Land use pattern for forageproduction. Paper presented to Training Course onForage ProductionlUtilization for Officials ofBolangir Anchalik Gramya Bank held from 4 Aprilto 5 May at IGFRI, Jhansi.Tyagi,R.K. 1889. Forest area-a major grazingresource in India. Paper presented to the TrainingCourseojSilvipasture/AgrojorestryjorDevelopmentOfficers of NDDB held from 20-29 Sept. held atIGFRI., Jhansi.Upadhyaya, R.S. 1989. Nutritional evaluation offorage material by in vitro and in vivo methods.Lecture delivered to theNARP Training Programmeheld from 26 Dec. 1989 to 25 Jan. 1990 at IGFRI,Jhansi.Upadhyaya,R.S. 1989. Dynamicsofdigestion in therumen. Lecture delivered to the NARP TrainingProgramme held from 26 the Dec., 1989 to Jan.,

Annual Report 1989 - 9025th, 1990 at IGFRI, Jhansi.Verma, N.C. and A Rekib, 1989. Nutritionalevaluation oftropical pastures. Paperpresented totheNational Seminar on Sheepand GoatNutritionandPasture Utilization held from 30 Dec. 1989 to 1Jan 1990 at CSWRI, Avikanagar.-.Verma,a.P.S.and N.C. Sinha. 1989.Net assimilationrate and its relationship with other physiologicaltraits in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)genotypes. Paper presented to the Natn. Sem. onStrategies in Physiological regulation of PlantProductivity held from 27-29 Dec. at Bombay.HIReports / BulletinsBhagmal, J.N. Gupta, U.S. Mishra and U.P.Singh.1989. Catalogues on Sorghum Germplasm. IGFRI,Jhansi Pub. 91 p.Hazra, C.R.1989. Technology for increasing forageproduction inIndia, AICRP on Forage Crops" IGFRI,Jhansi 40 p.IDRC. 1989. Sixth Annual Report 1988, IGFRI,Jhansi 26 p.IGFRI.l989. Annual Report 1988, IGFRI, .Jhansi.165 p.IGFRI.l989. Research Highlights, 1988. IGFRIJhansi 20 p.Rai, P. 1989. Unnat Charagah (Hi). TechnicalBulletin IGFRI, Jhansi 48 p.181Singh, Panjab. 1989. Technical Report on Pastureand Forage Seed Production in India, FAa,Bangkok(in press).Singh, Panjab and A.K. Srivastava (eds). 1990.Forage Production Technology. IGFRI ,Jhansi 44 p.Tyagi, R.K. 1989. Bundelkhand ke Charagah aurCharai ki Padhatiyan (Grazing lands and grazingsystems ofBundelkhand).TechnicalBulletin, IGFRI,Jhansi 62 p.IV.ExtensionSingh, a.p. 1990. Chara Anusandhan avom Vikasmen Karyarat Bhartiya Charagah avom CharaAnusandhan Sansthan (Hi). Dainik Jagran, Jhansi'26 Feb.Singh, O'P, 1990. Chara Vikas ke liye KaryaratChara Anusandhan Sansthan (Hi). Dainik KaramYug Prakash, Orai March 14.Singh, OP, and S.A. Faruqui 1989. Rabi Mausarnki Pramukh Chara Fasal Berseem avom Jai seAdhiktam Chara kaise Prapt Karen (Hi). IGFRI,Jhansi.Singh o.e. and M.M. Roy 1989. Adhunik Krishimen UnnatPadhati Krishi Vanki (Hi) IGFRI,Jhansi.Singh.OP. ,N.C.Verma and Mahavir Singh ,.1989.Abhao ke Samaya kc liye Silageavom Hay BanararChara Sanrakshan Karain (Hi). IGFRI, Jhansi

DISTINGUISHED VISITORSDr. N. S. RandhawaDirector General, ICAR andSecretary to the Govt, of India. Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchKrishi Bhawan, New Delhi - 110001Dr. Colin E..Hughes,Oxford Forestry InstituteS.Packs RDOxford, U.K.Dr P.K.R. Nair,University ofFlorida,Deptt, of Forestry,Gainesville FL 32611-0303Dr. Charls H. Anthoit,World Bank Team Member,Washington, DCDr. B.V. Nimbkar,President,Maharashtra Sheep & Goat CommissionPuneDr. V.M. Ghanekar,Member,Maharashtra Sheep & GoatCommission, Premlok ParkPuneDr. Maharaj SinghSr. ScientistWinrock InternationalNew DelhiDr. C.M. Ketkar,Member,Maharashtra Sheep & Goat CommissionPuneDr James L. Chamberlain,Development Associate,Nl-TA, Waimanalo, HawaiiDr. S.R. Sabnis,Rural Agril. Instt.,Narayangaon-410504 (Maharashtra)Dr. M. Balasubramanian,World Bank Team MemberNew DelhiDr. Peter J. WoodWorld Bank Team MemberC/o Oxford Forestry Insitt.,Oxford U.K.Dr. Marcelino Avila,Senior Scientist,ICRAF, Box 30677,Nairobi, KenyaDr. G.B. SinghADG,ICARKrishi Bhawar., New Delhi

Annual Report 1989 - 90183Sri J.C. Pant, lASAddl. Secretary Agril,Govt of India,New Delhi.Sri Ranga Rao, lASJt. Secretary (SC)Govt. of IndiaNew DelhiDr. M.C. Macklin,World Bank MissionNew DelhiDr. M.V. Rao,World Bank MissionNew DelhiDr.Rama RaoWord Bank MissionNew DelhiDr. I.P. Abrol,Dy. Director General (SAE),Indian Council of Agril.Research,Krishi BhawanNew DelhiSri S.M. Amatya,Forest Research OfficerForest Research DivisionDeptt. of Forestry & Plant Research,Babar Mahal Kathmandu, NepalMr. Dilcep MathaiVice ChairmanNational Mission forWasteland DevelopmentNew DelhiDr. M. AhluwaliaChairman, QRT ( Forage Project)Department of Agronomy, B.C.K.V.V.Kalyani-741235Distt. Nadia (W.B.)Dr. S.K. AroraMember, QRT (Forage Project)Professor of Biochemistry,Naryana Agril. University,Hisar-125004 (Haryana)Dr. M.M. PayakMember, QRT (Forage Project)NIG Flat No.299Pocket GHM, Zone-17 Paschim ViharNew Delhi-ll0041Dr. T.C. JainWorld BankJor Bagh, New DelhiDr. S. ChinnamaniADG (Agroforestry)ICAR, Krishi BhawanNew DelhiMrs. AltenluyaScientist,Govt. of MangoliaMangoliaDr. S.P. GhoshProject Director (NARP)Krishi Anusandhan BhawanPusa, New Delhi

184IGFRIDr. A.N. Ghosh·Joint CommissionerGovt. of IndiaMinistry of Agriculture,New DelhiDr. J.G. DisneyHead Animal Products andFeed Deptt.NewZcalandDr. P. R. SharmaMember, Managment CommittieeDirector of Veternary Services,Govt. of Madhya PradeshBhopalDr. AS. WarsiMember, Managment CommittieeDirector ofResearchCSAUT. KanpurShri Mohamad IdrishMember, Management CommitteeBanda (V.P.)Sri Mahendra Krishna SrivastavaAdvocateMember, Management CommitteeFatehpur (V.P.)Shri R.K. SharmaMember, Management CommitteeChief Accounts Officer,IARI, New DelhiDr. A Colin McClungCoordinatorWinrock InternationalNew DelhiDr. Patrica HarveyImperial College of Scienceand TechnologyLondon (VK)Dr. AP. SaxenaADG(NARP)ICAR, Krishi Bhawan,New DelhiSri AN. Raturi, IPSDIG, Jhansi DivisionJhansiSmt. Sumeeta Kandpal, lASCommissioner, Jhansi Division. JhansiDr. P. N. BahalADG (FC-II)ICAR, Krishi BhawanNew DelhiDr. Rebereo SamuelFAO ExpertRomeDr. N. Scetharama,Plant Physiologist,ICRISAT, HyderabadDr. K.O. ConnorConsultantWord Bank TeamNewZcaland

185W RD / 1-10 0 RDR PA. JAil Sf '( ;I I ELE(~n:1l AS FELLOW OF TilE I. ' J)IA ' SOCIETY OF A(;RO. 'O:\\ YBorn on 10 December, 1942, Dr Punjab Singh obtained his Ph.D from 111' Kharagpur, Dr. SinghDirector, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi has manned various importantpositions. Recipient ofseveral awards and recognitions, DrSingh has 181 publication: to his credit.lie has travelled far and wide and has successfully organised the Third International RangelandCongress in India. Dr Singh is the President or Range Management Society or India and GeneralSecretary of Indian Society of Agricultural Sciences.AWARDS A,'J) I101'0URS TOOR R. B. R. VAllA\'- Gold Medal of Academy for the Advancement of Agricultural Science Ior Contribution madcin plant physiology by the Indian Society 1'01' Plant Physiology.- Fellow of the Indian Society of Seed Technology.

187I ' T l~J~ ITIT TIO AL ZOL PORTIh In ututc ha I tnc pre 1I,lg to ho t the ICARlnt r-In uiuuonal ports 1 t, Zone-II for the year1

Dr Panjab : ingh, Director, IGFRI recie ing Zonal ChampioI II I n l

Dr. S. Randhawa, Director General , ICAR and Secretary to the Government of Indiavisiting the InstituteDirectyr General inaugurating the newt)' constructed Radio lsotop Laboratory Building

Director General \'isitill~ the E..perimental fieldsDirector General visitill~ the Institutc's Museum

Republic Da~ functionA view of cultural programme on Republic Day

Director pn: "l'nting Memento to Dr. I ' . S. Randhawa. Director General , ICAR and,.iecretary to the Government of IndiaDr I. P. Abrnl .Deputy Director General .leAR addres ing Plenary Session of 'ationaI\\ orkshop on Multipurpo: e Tree: for grofore 'tr )' S)' .tem

APENDIX-ILIST OF STAFFDirector: Dr. Panjab Singh, Ph.D.I. SCIENTIFICDivision of Plant ImprovementS.R Gupta, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Economic Botany) & Head of DivisionC.B. Singh, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (plant Breeding)Devendra Singh, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Plant Breeding)S.N. Zadoo, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Genetics & Cytogenetics)S.N. Tripathi, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Genetics & Cytogenetics)S.K. Gupta, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (plant Breeding) (up to 3.7.89)RN. Choubey, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (plant Breeding)G.P. Shukla, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (plant Breeding)M.G. Gupta, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Genetics & Cytogenetics)K.S. Kohli, Ph.D., Scientist (plant Breeding) .J.N. Gupta, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Economic Botany)U.P. Singh, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Economic Botany)U.S. Mishra, M.Sc., Scientist (plant Breeding)D.N. Singh, Ph.D., Scientist (plant Breeding)D.R Malaviya, Ph.D., Scientist (plant Breeding)Division of AgronomyMenhi Lal, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Agronomy) & Head of DivisionRP. Singh, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Agronomy)N.P. Shukla, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Agronomy)S.N. Tripathi, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Agronomy)Bhoori Singh, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Agronomy)K.S. Gangwar, Ph.D., Scientist (Agronomy)S.D. Gupta., M.Sc., Scientist (Agronomy)

IGFRIDivision of Grassland ManagementVinod Shankar, Ph. D., Scientist Selection Grade (Economic Botany) & Head of Division (w.e.f.30-9-89)P. Rai, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Agronomy) & Head of Division (up to 29-9-89)K.C. Kanodia, Ph. D., Principal Scientist (Economic Botany)B.K. Trivedi, Ph D., Scientist Selection Grade (Economic Botany)S.S. Parihar, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Economic Botany)Division of Agro SilvipastureP.S. Pathak, Ph. D., Principal Scientist (Economic Botany) & Head of DivisionV.K.Gupta. Ph. D., Scientist Selection Grade (plant Breeding)R.C. Singh, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Agronomy)M.M. Roy, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Economic Botany)S.K. Gupta, M.Sc., Scientist (Economic Botany)T.A. Khan, M.Sc., Scientist (Statistics)S.K.Sharma, Ph. D., Scientist (Horticulture)Division of Soil ScienceR.K.Tyagi, Ph. D., Scientist Selection Grade (Geography) & Head of DivisionDashrath Singh, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Soil Science)M.R. Pahwa, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Microbiology)O.P.S. Panwar, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Soil Science)S.B. Tripathi, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Soil Science)Pradeep Behari, M.Sc., Scientist (Physics)P.B.N. Murthy, M.Sc., Scientist (Soil Science)Raj Bahadur Yadava, M.Sc., Scientist (Soil Science)Division of Plant Animal RelationshipV.C. Pachauri, Ph. D., Principal Scientist (Animal Nutrition )& Head of DivisionA. Rekib, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Animal Nutrition)A.P. Singh, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Agricultural Chemistry)V.S. Upadhyaya. , M.Sc.,Principal Scientist (LPM)

Annual Report 1989 - 90 .iiiS.C.Gupta, M.Sc.,ScientistSelection Grade(Analytical Chemistry)RS.Upadhyaya, Ph. D., ScientistSelectionGrade(Animal Nutrition)N.C. Verma,M.Sc.,ScientistSelectionGrade(LPM)A.B. Mojumdar, M.Sc.,Scientist(Agricultural Chemistry)B.K. Bhadoria, M.Sc.,ScientistSelection Grade (Organic Chemistry)L.K. Karnani, M.Sc.,Scientist(Agricultural Chemistry)Division of Seed TechnologyP.S.Tomer, Ph.D.,PrincipalScientist(Agronomy) & Head of DivisionRK. Pandey,Ph.D.,PrincipalScientist(Agronomy)S.N. Singh,Ph.D.,ScientistSelectionGrade(plantPathology)O.P. Dixit,M.Sc.,Scientist(plant Breeding)G.K. Dwivedi, M.Sc.,Scientist(Genetics)K.P.Singh,M.se, Scientist(Genetics)VJ. Shivankar, Ph.D., Scientist(Entomology)S.M. Mishra,M.Sc.,ScientistSelectionGrade(Soil Science).Division of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryRB.R Yadav,Ph. D., PrincipalScientist(plant Physiology) & Head of DivisionL.P. Mishra,Ph.D.,PrincipalScientist(plant Physiology)N.C. Sinha,Ph.D., ScientistSelectionGrade (plant Physiology)O.P.S.Verma, M.Sc.,ScientistSelectionGrade (plant Physiology)RK. Bhatt,M.Sc., Scientist(plant Physiology)Division of Plant ProtectionS.T. Ahmad,Ph.D., Princi~ Scientist(plant Pathology) & Head of DivisionS.A.Faruqui,Ph.D.,Scientist SelectionGrade(Entomology)K.C.Pandey, M.Sc.,ScientistSelection Grade(Entomology)M.I.Azmi, Ph.D.,ScientistSelectionGrade(Nematology)N. Hasan,Ph.D., ScientistSelectionGrade(Nematology)RB. Bhaskar, M.Sc.,Scientist(plant Pathology)N.K.Shah, M.Sc.,Scientist(Entomology)

IGFRIDivision of Agricultural EngineeringJai Singh, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Agriculture St, & Proc. Engg.) & Head of DivisionP.D. Gupta, Ph, D., Scientist Selection Grade (FMP)J.P. Saxena, Ph.D., Principal (w.e.f, 19.7.89)R.B. Varshney, B. Tech., Scientist Selection Grade (Soil Water Engg.)P.S. Cbauopadhyay, M. Tech., Scientist (FMP)Division of Rural Economics and BiometricsI.P.S. Yadav, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Agric. Eco.) & Head of DivisionMallaya, Ph. D., (Statistics) Scientist Selection Grade (Economics)Ram Ashrey Singh, M.A., Scientist (Economics)Ashok Kumar, M.Sc., Scientist (Statistics)Division of Extension and Traininga.p. Singh, Ph. D., Scientist Selection Grade (Agronomy) & Head of DivisionMaharaj Singh, M.Sc., Scientist (Extension)Mahavir Singh, M.Sc., Experimental Scientist (Agric. Extn.)Forage Project (Coordinating Unit)C.R. Hazra, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Project Coordinator)C.R. Rawat, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Agronomy)Khubi Singh, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Statistics)Dryland Project CentreK.P. Niranjan, M.Sc., Scientist (Agronomy)Regional Station, Srinagar (J&K)B.K. Misri, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Economic Botany) & IIC Station.Regional Station, Avikanagar (Rajasthan)

Annual Report 1989 - 90Fateh Singh, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Agronomy) and IIC StationR.K. Jain, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Nematology)Regional Station, Dharwar (Karnataka)P.K. Jayan, Ph.D., Scientist Selection Grade (Economic Botany) & IIC StationM.S. Raut, M.Sc., Scientist Selection Grade (Agronomy)llTECHNICALA.K. Srivastava, Technical Officer (T-6)M.S. Sharma, Farm Manager (T-6)Dodamani Amalappa, Instrur:nentationist (t-6)Kusum Kumari, Technical Officer (T-6)M.M. Rastogi, Technical Officer (T-5)C.B. Mishra, Technical Officer (T-5)N.C. Srivas, Technical Officer (T-5)H.B. Dhingra, Technical Officer (T-5)S.K. Rajpali, Technical Officer (T-5)R.B. Mathur, Technical Officer (T-5)R.P.Singh, Technical Officer (T-5)D.K. Bhutani , Technical Officer (T-5)Shree Ram Sikanya, Technical Officer (T-5)C.P. Gupta, Technical Officer (T-5)Mahi Pal Singh, Technical Officer (T-5)Pramod Kumar Dwivedi (T-4)Gyasi Lal (T-4)P.K. Karpe (T-4)Ram Singh (T-4)R.N. Sharma (T-4)B.L. Barodia (T-4)Surendra Kumar (T-4)N.K. Majhi (T-4)Kanhai Singh (T-4)G.P. Nigam (T-4)

viO.N. Arya (T-4)m ADMINISTRATIVEA. Ramadas, Finance and Accounts OfficerB.N. Rao, Administrative OfficerH.C. Saxena, Administrative OfficerL.S.Shanna, Asstl Adm, OfficerGauri Shankar. Asstt. Adm. OfficerO.P. Dubey, P.A. to DirectorSubhash Chandra, SuperintendentRam Baboo Sharma, Superintendent (up to 27-11-89)Veer Singh, SuperintendentS.N.Dubey, SuperintendentK.R. Shashi, SuperintendentIV ~UXILIARYV.K. Litoria, Medical Officer

Annual Report 1989 - 90APPENDIX-IIStatement showing head-wise expenditure during 1989-90(Rs. in lakhs)NON-PLANPLAN1. Pay & Allowances2.T.A.3. Recurring Contingencies4. Non-recurring Contingencies1) Works2) Equipments3) Vehicles4) Others150.102.9427.216.401.0025.544.906.780.113.13Total180.2547.86, t