The Battery Directive and the WEEE Directive Synergies ... - Recharge

The Battery Directive and the WEEE Directive
Dr. J-P Wiaux.
General Manager
RECHARGE Aisbl.
Synergies and Expectations
IBRC 2007
Budapest June 20-22, 2007

From Dream…
…to Reality

1. Understanding the Portable Rechargeable
Battery (« PRB ») Market
2. The selective recovery of PRB from WEEE
3. Interfaces between the BATTERY and the
WEEE Directives
4. Challenges

What is the role of RECHARGE ?
Represent the interests of Members who are portable rechargeable
batteries manufacturers, original equipment manufacturers,
recyclers and raw materials suppliers to the battery industry
THE
BUSINESS
CONTEXT
&
THE CHALLENGES
EU LEGISLATIVE
&
REGULATORY
AGENDA
DATA ACQUISITION
(Life Cycle of a Battery)
COMMUNICATION
&
ALLIANCES

Market
End of Life

1. Understanding the Portable Rechargeable
Battery (PRB) Market
2. The selective recovery of PRB from WEEE
3. Interfaces between the BATTERY and the
WEEE Directives
4. Future Challenges

� Portable Rechargeable Batteries (PRB) Market:
Pb-acid, Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, Li-Ion, new systems,…
� Data are usually supplied in number of cells >>>
data by weight will be used in this presentation…
� 85 % by weight of PRB are sold incorporated in
CEEE… (Cordless Electrical and Electronic
Equipment)
� Establish a correlation between weight of batteries
and weight of equipment

5,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
Global Market Trend of Portable Rechargeable Batteries
Number of cells (x 1 million)
0
Ni-Cd
Ni-MH
Li ion
Li polymer
93 94 94 95 95 96 97 97 98 98 99 99 99 00 00 01 01 02 03 03 04
04
(Source Avicenne)

Million of units
INCORPORATED CELLS
> 85 % by weight
Unit Cell
Weight
Source: Ademe (Observatoire des piles et accumulateurs 2006)

Yearly Production in Million of units
Evolution of applications of portable rechargeable batteries
1200
1000
Case 1 : Mobile/Cellular Phone – WW basis
800
600
400
200
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
One cell/battery
per phone
Average weight
20 / 22 g per cell.
Source IIT-Takeshita 03/07

Yearly Production in Million of units
Evolution of applications of portable rechargeable batteries
100
80
60
40
20
0
Case 2 : Note Book PC – WW Basis
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Pack of 6 cells
Per Note Book /PC
Average weight of
45 g per cell
or 270 g / pack.
Source IIT-Takeshita 03/07

Yearly Production in Million of Units
Evolution of applications of portable rechargeable batteries
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
Case 3 : Cordless Power Tools WW Basis
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Pack of 12 cells
Per Cordless Tool
Average weight of
50 g per cell or
600 g / pack.
Basis 1 pack / eqpt.
Source IIT-Takeshita 03/07

Estimated EU Market for Rechargeable Batteries Powered Appliances
(Reference Year 2007 - Basis 25 % of WW market)
Note Book PC
Mobile Phone
Cordless Power Tools
Home Cordless Phone
Movie Camera
Digital Still Camera
Audio
Game
Other HH Applic.
Individual Cells
0 100 200 300
In million of Units of Equipment per year

Estimated EU Market for Rechargeable Batteries Powered Appliances
(Reference Year 2007 - Basis 25 % of WW market)
Average weight of batteries or battery pack per equipment
Note Book PC
Mobile Phone
Cordless Power Tools
Home Cordless Phone
Movie Camera
Digital Still Camera
Audio
Game
Other HH Applic.
Individual Cells
270 g 22 g
600 g
48 g
120 g
33 g
15 g
44 g
44 g
18 g
0 100 200 300
Million of Units of Equipment per year

Estimated EU Market for Rechargeable Batteries Powered Appliances
(Reference Year 2007 - Basis 25 % of WW market)
Note Book PC
Mobile Phone
Cordless Power Tools
Home Cordless Phone
Movie Camera
Digital Still Camera
Audio
Game
Other HH Applic.
Individual Cells
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
In Tonnes of Rechargeable Batteries per year per application

Estimated EU Market for Rechargeable Batteries Powered Appliances
(Reference Year 2007 - Basis 25 % of WW market)
Note Book PC
Mobile Phone
Cordless Power Tools
Home Cordless Phone
Movie Camera
Digital Still Camera
Audio
Game
Other HH Applic.
Individual Cells
5’800 Tonnes
(18.4 % by w.)
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
22’600 Tonnes
(70.3 % by w.)
Estimated Yearly Total
of 32’130 Tonnes of Batteries / Packs
Li-Ion, Ni-MH & Ni-Cd
In Tonnes of Rechargeable Batteries per year per application

Estimated EU Market for Rechargeable Batteries Powered Appliances
(Reference Year 2007 - Basis 25 % of WW market)
Average weight of equipment including the battery weight
Note Book PC
Mobile Phone
Cordless Power Tools
Home Cordless Phone
Movie Camera
Digital Still Camera
Audio
Game
Other HH Applic.
Individual Cells
2’500 g 150 g
2’500 g
300 g
120 g
300 g
100 g
300 g
500 g
500 g
0 100 200 300
Million of Units of Equipment per year

Estimated EU Market for Appliances Powered by Rechargeable Batteries
(Reference Year 2008 - Basis 25 % of WW market)
Note Book PC
Mobile Phone
Cordless Power Tools
Home Cordless Phone
Movie Camera
Digital Still Camera
Audio
Game
Other HH Applic.
Individual Cells
(EEE powered by)
Estimated Yearly Total
of 289’750 Tonnes of Appliances
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
In Tonnes per year per application

In Million Tonnes per year
Comparison of the collection potential for spent PRB and WEEE
16
12
8
4
0
32’000 T/y
Portable
Rechargeable
Batteries
Li-Ion, Ni-MH & Ni-Cd
4.0 kg/Inhbt.y.
2’000’000 T/y
292’000 T/y
EE Equipment
Powered by
PRB
16’000’000 T/y
WEEE Target
in 2006
EEE Total

Tonnes / year
Spent Portable Rechargeable Batteries collected in EU (2006)
And Recycled by Members of RECHARGE (In Tonnes / year)
-Accurec, Saft Sweden, SNAM, Umicore & Xstrata Nickel -
3000
2500
Tonnes / year
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Ni-Cd Ni-MH Li-Ion

Conclusions
�The PRB battery market respond to the demand from
a fast growing EEE market.
�Batteries collected this year have been placed on the market
many years ago : more than 50 % of spent PRB collected are aged
between 7 to 10 years).
�Comparing year to year sales to collection does not deliver
relevant information on the collection efficiency.
In 2006, the collection of spent PRB for WEEE dismantling centers
represented a minor source of spent rechargeable batteries…
the majority being collected via general collection schemes
for spent batteries.

1. Understanding the Portable Rechargeable
Battery (PRB) Market
2. The selective recovery of PRB from WEEE
3. Interfaces between the BATTERY and the
WEEE Directives
4. Future Challenges

SOURCES DISASSEMBLY OF HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES
(Size EQUIVALENT to Vacuum Cleaner and SMALLER)
Dismantling Efficiency is cost driven
Major criteria are
Knowledge of presence of battery (information)
Time to remove the battery (design)

Costs : € 36 /h.
Time : 1.0 sec weight : 500 g
Disassembly cost = 0.01 € / kg
Or 10 € / Tonne
Time : 1.0 sec weight : 20 g
Disassembly cost = 0.25 € / kg
Or 250 € / Tonne

The cost analysis for disassembly of WEEE reveals that only
the easily accessible batteries with a large weight
are selectively removed from WEEE at disassembly plants

OTHER MAJOR SOURCES of PRB from WEEE
1. B2B
* Production Rejects
* Leasing C°
* Large Offices
& Administration
* Communication
Equipment
2. REFURBISHING
(For Re-use)
* Private C°
* CHARITY

OTHER SOURCES
3. MOBILE PHONES
CHARITY
COLLECTION
PROGRAMS
(Value is given per
Unit returned)
BUT THERE is NO TRACEABILITY
1. FOR ILLEGAL
EXPORT of WEEE
2. FOR BATTERIES NOT SELECTIVELY
REMOVED FROM WEEE
DISASSEMBLY
?????????????
NO DISASSEMBLY

The return of PRB is dependent of many factors…
CONCLUSIONS
1. The learning curve of the efficiency of operations in WEEE
disassembly plants.
2. Easily accessible batteries are removed due to the cost
of manual operations…
3. The cost impact of manual operations influences significantly
the separation of spent batteries from WEEE
4. B2B and refurbishing may escape to centralised statistical data
5. WEEE collected is (illegally) exported from EU

Improvements
1. Mechanical
separation
2. Portable Rechargeable Batteries contains
high added value materials
Euro/kg
40,00
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
Price of Ni €/kg
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
0,500
0,000
-0,500
Value of Ni Cd €/kg

I. Understanding the Portable Rechargeable
Battery (PRB) Market
II. The selective recovery of PRB from WEEE
III. Interfaces between the BATTERY and the
WEEE Directives
IV. Future Challenges

�DECLARATION OF BATTERY SALES
�DOUBLE CHARGING / FINANCING
COLLECTION & RECYCLING
�REMOVABILITY / PRODUCT DESIGN

Battery
Manufacturer
Pack
Assembler
MEMBER STATE AAA
THE SUPPLY CHAIN FOR « PRB »
OEM
Q tot
OEM
Q exp
END
USER
MARKET
OEM
Q sales
THE COMMERCIAL ACTOR IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN
HAVING ACCESS TO THE EXACT QUANTITY OF BATTERIES
PLACED ON THE END USER MARKET IN A MS…IS THE OEM…
CUSTOMS

�PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY
�DOUBLE CHARGING / FINANCING
COLLECTION & RECYCLING
�REMOVABILITY / PRODUCT DESIGN

Exemple of double charging
Parts Total weight ENVI FEE Batteries TOTAL
EEE contribution EEE
(kg) (€ / kg) in € in €
WEEE scheme
EEE 1.5
Battery in EEE (40%) 1.0 0.5 0.5
Total EEE + Bat. 2.5 0.5 1.25
Battery Scheme
Battery 1.0 1.0 1.0
(as in EEE above)
Double Charging
Battery as a part of WEEE 0.5
Battery as a part pf Spent Battery Coll. Scheme 1.0

�DOUBLE CHARGING / FINANCING COLLECTION & RECYCLING
Portable Battery (Pack)
OEM will declare battery weight
to Spent Battery Collection Scheme
C&R SCHEME (Batteries)
1. Collect Spent Batteries
2. Separate batteries
according to chemistry
3. Recycle Batteries
Collected Batteries
From WEEE
EEE – Battery powered
Free of Charge
At the minimum
Electrical & Electronic Eqt. (EEE)
OEM will declare net EEE weight
to WEEE collection Scheme
(Total EEE Less Battery Weight).
C&R SCHEME (WEEE)
1. Collect WEEE
2. Remove ANNEX II
(components list)
3. Recycle and/or Landfill
Components
(Separate Batteries –
All types)
Store Spent Batteries

�PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY
�DOUBLE CHARGING / FINANCING COLLECTION & RECYCLING
�REMOVABILITY / PRODUCT DESIGN

1. PRB USED AS SUBSTITUTE FOR PRIMARIES
THE LARGE MAJORITY OF PORTABLE BATTERIES ARE EASILY REMOVABLE
FROM EQUIPMENT
THEY ARE COLLECTED VIA GENERAL COLLECTION SCHEMES FOR
SPENT PORTABLE BATTERIES
EQUIPMENT POWERED BY PRIMARY BATTERIES IS DESIGNED
FOR MAKING THE BATTERY REPLACEABLE WHEN USED
« PRB » USED AS SUBSTITUTE FOR PRIMARY ARE COLLECTED BY
GENERAL COLLECTION SCHEMES FOR PRIMARY BATTERIES

2. « PRB » INCORPORATED
1. MEMORY BACK-UP BATTERIES
2. EXCHANGEABLE BATTERY PACKS
3. BATTERY INCORPORATED NOT EXCHANGEABLE
4. NEW GENERATION OF EEE EQUIPMENT
COMPLEXITY >>>> REMOVABILITY BY PROFESSIONALS

3. CONCLUSIONS
OEM is the legal entity having access to the sales of PRB on the National Market.
OEM is a Producer according to WEEE and should be the Commercial
Actor declaring the quantity of batteries placed on the End User Market in a MS
For incorporated batteries the OEM should only pay the Envi Fee
to the Battery Scheme according to the weight of the battery
And the fee to the WEEE scheme proportionally to the net EEE weight
RECHARGE supports the removability of spent batteries by Professionals
and the traceability of batteries at WEEE disassembly plants

IV CHALLENGES
The collection of spent PRB is strongly linked to the
> Collection of WEEE &
�The efficient separation of PRB from WEEE
… given that PRB represent a 1 to 10 average weight ratio of
Cordless Eqt. but only 1 to 500 ratio of the EEE market.
> The PRB battery market is a fast growing market
and the return of PRB from WEEE is delayed in time…
due to the long useful life of the equipment

IV CHALLENGES
Among others…
> A better design of EEE for batteries removability…
> The use of mechanical technologies adapted to the case of the
separation of spent batteries from WEEE…
> Information exchange with WEEE disassembly plants…
> The traceability of batteries at WEEE dismantling plants
> The control and reduction of illegal export of WEEE…
… are measures that can be implemented for improving the
efficiency of the separation of spent PRB from WEEE.
RECHARGE is collaborating with the European Electronic
Recyclers Association (EERA) on those issues.

Thank you…
you
RECHARGE aisbl
Avenue de Tervueren, 168 - Box 3
B-1150 Brussels Belgium
Tel. 00 32 (2) 777 05 66
Fax. 00 32 (2) 777 05 65
jpwiaux@rechargebatteries.org
www.rechargebatteries.org