The Battery Directive and the WEEE Directive Synergies ... - Recharge
The Battery Directive and the WEEE Directive Synergies ... - Recharge
The Battery Directive and the WEEE Directive Synergies ... - Recharge
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<strong>The</strong> <strong>Battery</strong> <strong>Directive</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>WEEE</strong> <strong>Directive</strong><br />
Dr. J-P Wiaux.<br />
General Manager<br />
RECHARGE Aisbl.<br />
<strong>Synergies</strong> <strong>and</strong> Expectations<br />
IBRC 2007<br />
Budapest June 20-22, 2007
From Dream…<br />
…to Reality
1. Underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>the</strong> Portable <strong>Recharge</strong>able<br />
<strong>Battery</strong> (« PRB ») Market<br />
2. <strong>The</strong> selective recovery of PRB from <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
3. Interfaces between <strong>the</strong> BATTERY <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>WEEE</strong> <strong>Directive</strong>s<br />
4. Challenges
What is <strong>the</strong> role of RECHARGE ?<br />
Represent <strong>the</strong> interests of Members who are portable rechargeable<br />
batteries manufacturers, original equipment manufacturers,<br />
recyclers <strong>and</strong> raw materials suppliers to <strong>the</strong> battery industry<br />
THE<br />
BUSINESS<br />
CONTEXT<br />
&<br />
THE CHALLENGES<br />
EU LEGISLATIVE<br />
&<br />
REGULATORY<br />
AGENDA<br />
DATA ACQUISITION<br />
(Life Cycle of a <strong>Battery</strong>)<br />
COMMUNICATION<br />
&<br />
ALLIANCES
Market<br />
End of Life
1. Underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>the</strong> Portable <strong>Recharge</strong>able<br />
<strong>Battery</strong> (PRB) Market<br />
2. <strong>The</strong> selective recovery of PRB from <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
3. Interfaces between <strong>the</strong> BATTERY <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>WEEE</strong> <strong>Directive</strong>s<br />
4. Future Challenges
� Portable <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries (PRB) Market:<br />
Pb-acid, Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, Li-Ion, new systems,…<br />
� Data are usually supplied in number of cells >>><br />
data by weight will be used in this presentation…<br />
� 85 % by weight of PRB are sold incorporated in<br />
CEEE… (Cordless Electrical <strong>and</strong> Electronic<br />
Equipment)<br />
� Establish a correlation between weight of batteries<br />
<strong>and</strong> weight of equipment
5,000<br />
5,000<br />
4,000<br />
4,000<br />
3,000<br />
3,000<br />
2,000<br />
2,000<br />
1,000<br />
1,000<br />
Global Market Trend of Portable <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries<br />
Number of cells (x 1 million)<br />
0<br />
Ni-Cd<br />
Ni-MH<br />
Li ion<br />
Li polymer<br />
93 94 94 95 95 96 97 97 98 98 99 99 99 00 00 01 01 02 03 03 04<br />
04<br />
(Source Avicenne)
Million of units<br />
INCORPORATED CELLS<br />
> 85 % by weight<br />
Unit Cell<br />
Weight<br />
Source: Ademe (Observatoire des piles et accumulateurs 2006)
Yearly Production in Million of units<br />
Evolution of applications of portable rechargeable batteries<br />
1200<br />
1000<br />
Case 1 : Mobile/Cellular Phone – WW basis<br />
800<br />
600<br />
400<br />
200<br />
0<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
2004<br />
2005<br />
2006<br />
2007<br />
One cell/battery<br />
per phone<br />
Average weight<br />
20 / 22 g per cell.<br />
Source IIT-Takeshita 03/07
Yearly Production in Million of units<br />
Evolution of applications of portable rechargeable batteries<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
Case 2 : Note Book PC – WW Basis<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
2004<br />
2005<br />
2006<br />
2007<br />
Pack of 6 cells<br />
Per Note Book /PC<br />
Average weight of<br />
45 g per cell<br />
or 270 g / pack.<br />
Source IIT-Takeshita 03/07
Yearly Production in Million of Units<br />
Evolution of applications of portable rechargeable batteries<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
2000<br />
Case 3 : Cordless Power Tools WW Basis<br />
2001<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
2004<br />
2005<br />
2006<br />
2007<br />
Pack of 12 cells<br />
Per Cordless Tool<br />
Average weight of<br />
50 g per cell or<br />
600 g / pack.<br />
Basis 1 pack / eqpt.<br />
Source IIT-Takeshita 03/07
Estimated EU Market for <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries Powered Appliances<br />
(Reference Year 2007 - Basis 25 % of WW market)<br />
Note Book PC<br />
Mobile Phone<br />
Cordless Power Tools<br />
Home Cordless Phone<br />
Movie Camera<br />
Digital Still Camera<br />
Audio<br />
Game<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r HH Applic.<br />
Individual Cells<br />
0 100 200 300<br />
In million of Units of Equipment per year
Estimated EU Market for <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries Powered Appliances<br />
(Reference Year 2007 - Basis 25 % of WW market)<br />
Average weight of batteries or battery pack per equipment<br />
Note Book PC<br />
Mobile Phone<br />
Cordless Power Tools<br />
Home Cordless Phone<br />
Movie Camera<br />
Digital Still Camera<br />
Audio<br />
Game<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r HH Applic.<br />
Individual Cells<br />
270 g 22 g<br />
600 g<br />
48 g<br />
120 g<br />
33 g<br />
15 g<br />
44 g<br />
44 g<br />
18 g<br />
0 100 200 300<br />
Million of Units of Equipment per year
Estimated EU Market for <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries Powered Appliances<br />
(Reference Year 2007 - Basis 25 % of WW market)<br />
Note Book PC<br />
Mobile Phone<br />
Cordless Power Tools<br />
Home Cordless Phone<br />
Movie Camera<br />
Digital Still Camera<br />
Audio<br />
Game<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r HH Applic.<br />
Individual Cells<br />
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000<br />
In Tonnes of <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries per year per application
Estimated EU Market for <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries Powered Appliances<br />
(Reference Year 2007 - Basis 25 % of WW market)<br />
Note Book PC<br />
Mobile Phone<br />
Cordless Power Tools<br />
Home Cordless Phone<br />
Movie Camera<br />
Digital Still Camera<br />
Audio<br />
Game<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r HH Applic.<br />
Individual Cells<br />
5’800 Tonnes<br />
(18.4 % by w.)<br />
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000<br />
22’600 Tonnes<br />
(70.3 % by w.)<br />
Estimated Yearly Total<br />
of 32’130 Tonnes of Batteries / Packs<br />
Li-Ion, Ni-MH & Ni-Cd<br />
In Tonnes of <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries per year per application
Estimated EU Market for <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries Powered Appliances<br />
(Reference Year 2007 - Basis 25 % of WW market)<br />
Average weight of equipment including <strong>the</strong> battery weight<br />
Note Book PC<br />
Mobile Phone<br />
Cordless Power Tools<br />
Home Cordless Phone<br />
Movie Camera<br />
Digital Still Camera<br />
Audio<br />
Game<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r HH Applic.<br />
Individual Cells<br />
2’500 g 150 g<br />
2’500 g<br />
300 g<br />
120 g<br />
300 g<br />
100 g<br />
300 g<br />
500 g<br />
500 g<br />
0 100 200 300<br />
Million of Units of Equipment per year
Estimated EU Market for Appliances Powered by <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries<br />
(Reference Year 2008 - Basis 25 % of WW market)<br />
Note Book PC<br />
Mobile Phone<br />
Cordless Power Tools<br />
Home Cordless Phone<br />
Movie Camera<br />
Digital Still Camera<br />
Audio<br />
Game<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r HH Applic.<br />
Individual Cells<br />
(EEE powered by)<br />
Estimated Yearly Total<br />
of 289’750 Tonnes of Appliances<br />
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000<br />
In Tonnes per year per application
In Million Tonnes per year<br />
Comparison of <strong>the</strong> collection potential for spent PRB <strong>and</strong> <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
16<br />
12<br />
8<br />
4<br />
0<br />
32’000 T/y<br />
Portable<br />
<strong>Recharge</strong>able<br />
Batteries<br />
Li-Ion, Ni-MH & Ni-Cd<br />
4.0 kg/Inhbt.y.<br />
2’000’000 T/y<br />
292’000 T/y<br />
EE Equipment<br />
Powered by<br />
PRB<br />
16’000’000 T/y<br />
<strong>WEEE</strong> Target<br />
in 2006<br />
EEE Total
Tonnes / year<br />
Spent Portable <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries collected in EU (2006)<br />
And Recycled by Members of RECHARGE (In Tonnes / year)<br />
-Accurec, Saft Sweden, SNAM, Umicore & Xstrata Nickel -<br />
3000<br />
2500<br />
Tonnes / year<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
Ni-Cd Ni-MH Li-Ion
Conclusions<br />
�<strong>The</strong> PRB battery market respond to <strong>the</strong> dem<strong>and</strong> from<br />
a fast growing EEE market.<br />
�Batteries collected this year have been placed on <strong>the</strong> market<br />
many years ago : more than 50 % of spent PRB collected are aged<br />
between 7 to 10 years).<br />
�Comparing year to year sales to collection does not deliver<br />
relevant information on <strong>the</strong> collection efficiency.<br />
In 2006, <strong>the</strong> collection of spent PRB for <strong>WEEE</strong> dismantling centers<br />
represented a minor source of spent rechargeable batteries…<br />
<strong>the</strong> majority being collected via general collection schemes<br />
for spent batteries.
1. Underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>the</strong> Portable <strong>Recharge</strong>able<br />
<strong>Battery</strong> (PRB) Market<br />
2. <strong>The</strong> selective recovery of PRB from <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
3. Interfaces between <strong>the</strong> BATTERY <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>WEEE</strong> <strong>Directive</strong>s<br />
4. Future Challenges
SOURCES DISASSEMBLY OF HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES<br />
(Size EQUIVALENT to Vacuum Cleaner <strong>and</strong> SMALLER)<br />
Dismantling Efficiency is cost driven<br />
Major criteria are<br />
Knowledge of presence of battery (information)<br />
Time to remove <strong>the</strong> battery (design)
Costs : € 36 /h.<br />
Time : 1.0 sec weight : 500 g<br />
Disassembly cost = 0.01 € / kg<br />
Or 10 € / Tonne<br />
Time : 1.0 sec weight : 20 g<br />
Disassembly cost = 0.25 € / kg<br />
Or 250 € / Tonne
<strong>The</strong> cost analysis for disassembly of <strong>WEEE</strong> reveals that only<br />
<strong>the</strong> easily accessible batteries with a large weight<br />
are selectively removed from <strong>WEEE</strong> at disassembly plants
OTHER MAJOR SOURCES of PRB from <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
1. B2B<br />
* Production Rejects<br />
* Leasing C°<br />
* Large Offices<br />
& Administration<br />
* Communication<br />
Equipment<br />
2. REFURBISHING<br />
(For Re-use)<br />
* Private C°<br />
* CHARITY
OTHER SOURCES<br />
3. MOBILE PHONES<br />
CHARITY<br />
COLLECTION<br />
PROGRAMS<br />
(Value is given per<br />
Unit returned)<br />
BUT THERE is NO TRACEABILITY<br />
1. FOR ILLEGAL<br />
EXPORT of <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
2. FOR BATTERIES NOT SELECTIVELY<br />
REMOVED FROM <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
DISASSEMBLY<br />
?????????????<br />
NO DISASSEMBLY
<strong>The</strong> return of PRB is dependent of many factors…<br />
CONCLUSIONS<br />
1. <strong>The</strong> learning curve of <strong>the</strong> efficiency of operations in <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
disassembly plants.<br />
2. Easily accessible batteries are removed due to <strong>the</strong> cost<br />
of manual operations…<br />
3. <strong>The</strong> cost impact of manual operations influences significantly<br />
<strong>the</strong> separation of spent batteries from <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
4. B2B <strong>and</strong> refurbishing may escape to centralised statistical data<br />
5. <strong>WEEE</strong> collected is (illegally) exported from EU
Improvements<br />
1. Mechanical<br />
separation<br />
2. Portable <strong>Recharge</strong>able Batteries contains<br />
high added value materials<br />
Euro/kg<br />
40,00<br />
35,00<br />
30,00<br />
25,00<br />
20,00<br />
15,00<br />
10,00<br />
5,00<br />
0,00<br />
January<br />
February<br />
March<br />
April<br />
May<br />
June<br />
July<br />
August<br />
September<br />
October<br />
November<br />
December<br />
January<br />
February<br />
March<br />
April<br />
May<br />
Price of Ni €/kg<br />
4,000<br />
3,500<br />
3,000<br />
2,500<br />
2,000<br />
1,500<br />
1,000<br />
0,500<br />
0,000<br />
-0,500<br />
Value of Ni Cd €/kg
I. Underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>the</strong> Portable <strong>Recharge</strong>able<br />
<strong>Battery</strong> (PRB) Market<br />
II. <strong>The</strong> selective recovery of PRB from <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
III. Interfaces between <strong>the</strong> BATTERY <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>WEEE</strong> <strong>Directive</strong>s<br />
IV. Future Challenges
�DECLARATION OF BATTERY SALES<br />
�DOUBLE CHARGING / FINANCING<br />
COLLECTION & RECYCLING<br />
�REMOVABILITY / PRODUCT DESIGN
<strong>Battery</strong><br />
Manufacturer<br />
Pack<br />
Assembler<br />
MEMBER STATE AAA<br />
THE SUPPLY CHAIN FOR « PRB »<br />
OEM<br />
Q tot<br />
OEM<br />
Q exp<br />
END<br />
USER<br />
MARKET<br />
OEM<br />
Q sales<br />
THE COMMERCIAL ACTOR IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN<br />
HAVING ACCESS TO THE EXACT QUANTITY OF BATTERIES<br />
PLACED ON THE END USER MARKET IN A MS…IS THE OEM…<br />
CUSTOMS
�PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY<br />
�DOUBLE CHARGING / FINANCING<br />
COLLECTION & RECYCLING<br />
�REMOVABILITY / PRODUCT DESIGN
Exemple of double charging<br />
Parts Total weight ENVI FEE Batteries TOTAL<br />
EEE contribution EEE<br />
(kg) (€ / kg) in € in €<br />
<strong>WEEE</strong> scheme<br />
EEE 1.5<br />
<strong>Battery</strong> in EEE (40%) 1.0 0.5 0.5<br />
Total EEE + Bat. 2.5 0.5 1.25<br />
<strong>Battery</strong> Scheme<br />
<strong>Battery</strong> 1.0 1.0 1.0<br />
(as in EEE above)<br />
Double Charging<br />
<strong>Battery</strong> as a part of <strong>WEEE</strong> 0.5<br />
<strong>Battery</strong> as a part pf Spent <strong>Battery</strong> Coll. Scheme 1.0
�DOUBLE CHARGING / FINANCING COLLECTION & RECYCLING<br />
Portable <strong>Battery</strong> (Pack)<br />
OEM will declare battery weight<br />
to Spent <strong>Battery</strong> Collection Scheme<br />
C&R SCHEME (Batteries)<br />
1. Collect Spent Batteries<br />
2. Separate batteries<br />
according to chemistry<br />
3. Recycle Batteries<br />
Collected Batteries<br />
From <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
EEE – <strong>Battery</strong> powered<br />
Free of Charge<br />
At <strong>the</strong> minimum<br />
Electrical & Electronic Eqt. (EEE)<br />
OEM will declare net EEE weight<br />
to <strong>WEEE</strong> collection Scheme<br />
(Total EEE Less <strong>Battery</strong> Weight).<br />
C&R SCHEME (<strong>WEEE</strong>)<br />
1. Collect <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
2. Remove ANNEX II<br />
(components list)<br />
3. Recycle <strong>and</strong>/or L<strong>and</strong>fill<br />
Components<br />
(Separate Batteries –<br />
All types)<br />
Store Spent Batteries
�PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY<br />
�DOUBLE CHARGING / FINANCING COLLECTION & RECYCLING<br />
�REMOVABILITY / PRODUCT DESIGN
1. PRB USED AS SUBSTITUTE FOR PRIMARIES<br />
THE LARGE MAJORITY OF PORTABLE BATTERIES ARE EASILY REMOVABLE<br />
FROM EQUIPMENT<br />
THEY ARE COLLECTED VIA GENERAL COLLECTION SCHEMES FOR<br />
SPENT PORTABLE BATTERIES<br />
EQUIPMENT POWERED BY PRIMARY BATTERIES IS DESIGNED<br />
FOR MAKING THE BATTERY REPLACEABLE WHEN USED<br />
« PRB » USED AS SUBSTITUTE FOR PRIMARY ARE COLLECTED BY<br />
GENERAL COLLECTION SCHEMES FOR PRIMARY BATTERIES
2. « PRB » INCORPORATED<br />
1. MEMORY BACK-UP BATTERIES<br />
2. EXCHANGEABLE BATTERY PACKS<br />
3. BATTERY INCORPORATED NOT EXCHANGEABLE<br />
4. NEW GENERATION OF EEE EQUIPMENT<br />
COMPLEXITY >>>> REMOVABILITY BY PROFESSIONALS
3. CONCLUSIONS<br />
OEM is <strong>the</strong> legal entity having access to <strong>the</strong> sales of PRB on <strong>the</strong> National Market.<br />
OEM is a Producer according to <strong>WEEE</strong> <strong>and</strong> should be <strong>the</strong> Commercial<br />
Actor declaring <strong>the</strong> quantity of batteries placed on <strong>the</strong> End User Market in a MS<br />
For incorporated batteries <strong>the</strong> OEM should only pay <strong>the</strong> Envi Fee<br />
to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Battery</strong> Scheme according to <strong>the</strong> weight of <strong>the</strong> battery<br />
And <strong>the</strong> fee to <strong>the</strong> <strong>WEEE</strong> scheme proportionally to <strong>the</strong> net EEE weight<br />
RECHARGE supports <strong>the</strong> removability of spent batteries by Professionals<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> traceability of batteries at <strong>WEEE</strong> disassembly plants
IV CHALLENGES<br />
<strong>The</strong> collection of spent PRB is strongly linked to <strong>the</strong><br />
> Collection of <strong>WEEE</strong> &<br />
�<strong>The</strong> efficient separation of PRB from <strong>WEEE</strong><br />
… given that PRB represent a 1 to 10 average weight ratio of<br />
Cordless Eqt. but only 1 to 500 ratio of <strong>the</strong> EEE market.<br />
> <strong>The</strong> PRB battery market is a fast growing market<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> return of PRB from <strong>WEEE</strong> is delayed in time…<br />
due to <strong>the</strong> long useful life of <strong>the</strong> equipment
IV CHALLENGES<br />
Among o<strong>the</strong>rs…<br />
> A better design of EEE for batteries removability…<br />
> <strong>The</strong> use of mechanical technologies adapted to <strong>the</strong> case of <strong>the</strong><br />
separation of spent batteries from <strong>WEEE</strong>…<br />
> Information exchange with <strong>WEEE</strong> disassembly plants…<br />
> <strong>The</strong> traceability of batteries at <strong>WEEE</strong> dismantling plants<br />
> <strong>The</strong> control <strong>and</strong> reduction of illegal export of <strong>WEEE</strong>…<br />
… are measures that can be implemented for improving <strong>the</strong><br />
efficiency of <strong>the</strong> separation of spent PRB from <strong>WEEE</strong>.<br />
RECHARGE is collaborating with <strong>the</strong> European Electronic<br />
Recyclers Association (EERA) on those issues.
Thank you…<br />
you<br />
RECHARGE aisbl<br />
Avenue de Tervueren, 168 - Box 3<br />
B-1150 Brussels Belgium<br />
Tel. 00 32 (2) 777 05 66<br />
Fax. 00 32 (2) 777 05 65<br />
jpwiaux@rechargebatteries.org<br />
www.rechargebatteries.org