TB/HIV: a clinical manual - libdoc.who.int - World Health Organization

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GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONSThis glossary explains the abbreviations and acronyms and some of theterms used in this book.ambulatory able to walkacquired resistance resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to anti-TBdrugs in a TB patient who has previously receivedanti-TB treatmentadherence to treatment the patient taking the medicines as directedadjuvant treatment an addition to other treatmentAFBAcid-Fast Bacilliagranulocytosis absence of polymorph white blood cellsAIDSAcquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndromeanorexialoss of appetite for foodARCAIDS-Related ComplexARTAntiRetroviral TherapyARVAntiRetroViral (drug)atypical mycobacteria nontuberculous mycobacteriabactericidal kills bacteriabacteriostatic stops bacteria from growingBCGBacille Calmette-Guerinbronchiectasis irreversibly dilated bronchi with persistentlyinfected sputumbuboswollen, pus-containing lymph nodecaseationtissue breakdown by TB bacilli, forming yellowwhite,cheese-like materialchemotherapy treatment with drugs, e.g. anti-TB chemotherapymeans treatment with anti-TB drugsCAT or CT (scan) Computerized Axial TomographyCD4 cells subgroup of T-lymphocytes carrying CD4 antigensCDCCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (USA)CMVCytoMegaloVirusCNSCentral Nervous Systemcoinfection infection with different pathogens at the sametime, e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIVcontactspeople (often family members) close to a TBpatient and at risk of infectioncotrimoxazole trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX)counselling face-to-face communication in which one personTB/HIV:A CLINICAL MANUAL15
CSFCXRdactylitisdefaultdesensitizationdisseminateddormantDOTdyspnoeaDTOEDLEIAerythema nodosumempirical treatmentEPIEPTBexudatefalse-negativetest resultfalse-positivetest resultFBCFDCfluorochrome stainGDFgibbusHAARThaemoptysisHEPAhilarhilumHIV(counsellor) helps another (patient/client) tomake decisions and act on themCerebroSpinal Fluidchest X-rayinflammation of the fingerspatient stopping treatment before completionway of overcoming hypersensitivity to a drug in apatient by gradual re-exposure to the drugspread throughout the body to many differentorganssleeping or inactiveDirectly Observed Treatment (supporter watchespatient to ensure the patient takes the tablets)shortness of breathDistrict TB OfficerEssential Drugs ListEnzyme ImmunoAssaypainful, tender, red nodules over the front of the legstreatment for a certain condition without exactdiagnostic confirmation by testsExpanded Programme on Immunizationextrapulmonary TB;TB outside the lungsfluid with a high protein content and inflammatorycells in an area of diseasea negative test result, when the true result is infact positivea positive test result, when the true result is infact negativeFull Blood CountFixed-Dose Combinationstain shines brightly under ultraviolet lightGlobal Drug Facilityan acute angle in the spine due to vertebralcollapse from TBHighly Active AntiRetroviral Therapycoughing up of blood-stained sputumHigh Efficiency Particulate Air (filter mask)at the root of the lungthe root of the lungHuman Immunodeficiency Virus16GLOSSARY
Page 1 and 2: WHO/HTM/TB/2004.329TB HIVA CLINICAL
Page 3 and 4: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicat
Page 5 and 6: 2.2.4 Key operations for DOTS imple
Page 7 and 8: 9.4 TB treatment regimens: question
Page 9 and 10: 12.7 Neurological problems in adult
Page 12 and 13: FOREWORD TO SECOND EDITIONWHO is co
Page 14 and 15: PREFACE TO SECOND EDITIONRecognitio
Page 18 and 19: HIV-negativeHIV-positiveHIV-related
Page 20: RNARTISCCscrofulasensitivity testse
Page 24 and 25: BACKGROUND INFORMATION ONTUBERCULOS
Page 26 and 27: dead, 25% will be healthy (self-cur
Page 28 and 29: smear; upper lobe involvement; usua
Page 30 and 31: About one-third of children born to
Page 32 and 33: important cells in the cell-mediate
Page 34 and 35: AdultsWHO clinical staging system f
Page 36 and 37: 1.2.8 Epidemiological surveillance
Page 38 and 39: 1.3.2 HIV infection and risk of TBH
Page 40 and 41: HIV-related TB in childrenAs in adu
Page 42 and 43: AN EXPANDED FRAMEWORK FOR EFFECTIVE
Page 44 and 45: 2.2.3 TB control policy package (th
Page 46 and 47: º Undertake economic analysis and
Page 48 and 49: 2.5 DOTS-PLUSHigh levels of multidr
Page 50 and 51: DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Page 52 and 53: 3.3 DIAGNOSTIC SPUTUM SMEAR MICROSC
Page 54 and 55: Sensitivity of sputum smear microsc
Page 56 and 57: PRACTICAL POINTIf the patient is br
Page 58 and 59: cavitationunilateral infiltrationbi
Page 60 and 61: Clinical and CXR features of PCP an
Page 62 and 63: DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Page 64 and 65: disease to other parts of the body,
Page 66 and 67:
(3) Respiratory symptoms such as co
Page 68 and 69:
º evidence of wasting (i.e. under
Page 70 and 71:
In the past, some doctors have advo
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productive of copious purulent and
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distinguishing TB-infected from non
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DIAGNOSIS OF EXTRAPULMONARYTUBERCUL
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Practical approach to investigation
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Clinical differentiation of miliary
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malignancy, post-pneumonic effusion
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Therapeutic pericardiocentesis is n
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Clinical featuresThe patient may pr
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5.6 OTHER FORMS OF EXTRAPULMONARY T
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SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGCrof
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PRACTICAL POINTFull blood count (FB
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countries for staging and monitorin
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provides support. Counselling is a
Page 99 and 100:
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGUNAI
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Lesscommonextensive fungal skin, na
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positive. These include the poor ou
Page 106 and 107:
STANDARDIZED TUBERCULOSIS CASEDEFIN
Page 108 and 109:
Pulmonary TB - sputum smear-negativ
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The table below shows the severe an
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First-line Mode of Potency Recommen
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growing bacilli and the killing of
Page 117 and 118:
Recommended treatment regimens for
Page 119 and 120:
9.4 TB TREATMENT REGIMENS: QUESTION
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9.5 USE OF ANTI-TB DRUGS IN SPECIAL
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PRACTICAL POINTRecording treatment
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indicators are treatment completion
Page 127 and 128:
SCCAmong TB patients who complete S
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SIDE-EFFECTS OF ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS D
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PRACTICAL POINTRifampicin reduces t
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10.7.1 Treatment regimen includes t
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not a severe reaction) to isoniazid
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ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY FOR THETREAT
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eplication and functioning of HIV.
Page 142 and 143:
18 HIV antibody º WHO Paediatric S
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Name of drug Formulations Pharmacok
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Stavudine Maximum dose: Needs to be
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Efavirenz 25 to 33 kg: 350 mg(EFZ)
Page 150 and 151:
11.7 CHOICE OF ART REGIMENWHO recom
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Recommended first-line ARV combinat
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11.10 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ARV DRUG
Page 156:
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGBart
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worldwide. There has also been rece
Page 161 and 162:
chlamydia doxycycline 100 mg orally
Page 163 and 164:
º Fungal infectionsInfection Local
Page 165 and 166:
Ichthyosis(dry scalyskin)PsoriasisE
Page 167 and 168:
sputuminductionusing 3-5%hypertonic
Page 169 and 170:
Where available, barium swallow sho
Page 171 and 172:
Isospora bellitrimethoprim 80 mg/su
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Always check a blood film for malar
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It is unlikely, but possible, that
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a variety of neurological problems
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section 12.4 on skin problems), a b
Page 181 and 182:
ChildrenIn children with known or s
Page 183 and 184:
PathogenPneumocystis cariniiDrug re
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COORDINATED CARE IN DIFFERENT SETTI
Page 188 and 189:
º access to voluntary counselling
Page 190 and 191:
13.5.3 Secondary careMeasures appli
Page 192 and 193:
Secondary care As for primary As pe
Page 194:
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGGilk
Page 197 and 198:
PRACTICAL POINTIn wards, outpatient
Page 199 and 200:
14.3.2 BCG protection against TB in
Page 201 and 202:
) Aimed at decreasing risk of a rec
Page 203 and 204:
to exclude active TB and to ensure
Page 205 and 206:
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGHarr
Page 207 and 208:
Childrenapproach to TB diagnosis .
Page 209 and 210:
Kaposi sarcoma . . . . . . . . . .3
Page 211 and 212:
Target groups for preventive treatm
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