to be accounted for in development and inevaluation.Evaluation in Africa willtherefore focus on thecontributions ofdevelopment to thewellbeing of individuals,their relatives andothers around,This conceptby Chilisa andMalungaproposes that ifevaluation is tobe “Africarooted”, at thevery least itshould (i)analyze theextent towhich it contributes towards the realization ofthe “ideal community”, with indicators thatrefer to the principles of “ubuntu” (i.e. therelational evaluation branch); and (ii) ensurethat both Western and African priorities andindicators are recognized, and that both striveto put the African ideal community at the center(i.e. the decolonizing and indigenizing branch).These first thoughts can be further explored asthe idea of “Africa rooted evaluation” takes rootamong thought leaders in Africa.The imperative for “Africa rootedevaluation”The participants agreed that standard evaluationframeworks and ‘lenses’ frequently do notcapture the complexities and realities of theAfrican context, thus undermining thecredibility, utility and use of the results.Unspoken taboos remain largely undetectedunder the standard evaluation radar, andcontinue to haunt evaluation practice. Existingmodels and practices thus tend to miss out oncritical cultural, societal dimensions thatultimately become ‘killer’ barriers to therealization of the aspirations of a project,program or policy, and to the sustainability ofdevelopment efforts and results.An ‘Africa-sensitive’ evaluation lens on theoryand practice will bring greater credibility,authority and profile to African evaluation andto development efforts. It will help enhance theuse of evaluation, and help build appropriate,useful development knowledge. It will helppromote ownership and a culture ofresponsibility, learning and accountability indevelopment through evaluation.Chilisa and Malunga note that Africa-rootedevaluation approaches have always existedthrough the work of African sages – theindigenous knowledge holders in the oraltradition - as well as through the work ofAfrican scholars who have written extensivelyon African philosophies. It is now time to makethem more visible, identifying them in theeveryday things that Africans do to judge and toproduce evidence for their judgment. This willgive them much-needed space in academic andpractice discourse.Africa led evaluation for developmentThe Forum also concluded African evaluationshould be “Africa driven” or “Africa led” andnot only “Africa rooted”.Effective development has to deliver dignity,peace and prosperity for Africa and its people.Given the unparalleled development challengesfacing the continent, African evaluation has toplay a much stronger role through innovativeand progressive actions that have integrity ofpurpose, perspective and process, as well asutility. Evaluation with its roots in Africa has tobe explored and its potential developed side byside or integrated with Western designed andother types of approaches. In addition, allevaluation approaches need to mastered byAfrican evaluators and, where possible, furtherdeveloped through innovations in theory andpractice as Africa-led contributions to globalevaluation knowledge.This means that for effective development,Africans have to play a greater role in theevolution of evaluation theory and practice onthe continent. This will require dynamic andengagedAfricanthoughtleadershipacrossdisciplinary,sector andcountryboundaries.Africans have to play agreater role in theevolution of evaluationtheory and practice onthe continent.The encouragement and promotion of Africanthought leadership in evaluation theory andpractice are therefore paramount at this stage ofthe development of evaluation on the continent.Furthermore, if African evaluation is to play amuch stronger role through innovative andprogressive actions that have integrity ofpurpose, perspective and process, as well asutility, informed and empowered citizens willneed to advocate for its effective use and holdleaders accountable for performance andresponsiveness to citizens’ needs.African civil society therefore has to take greaterownership of evaluation, just as it should takegreater responsibility for managing national andlocal resources, and holding leaders to account.Evaluation is still limited to specialists working13
in civil society and the public sector, yet Africais a continent full of untapped potential, inparticular among its women and young people.Evaluation has the potential to contributesignificantly to their lives if it can serve tocultivate a culture of learning, innovation,strategic leadership and accountability.African evaluation should therefore not be thesole responsibility of managers, evaluationspecialists and scholars - but a way of life for itscitizens.African evaluationshould therefore not bethe sole responsibilityof managers,evaluation specialistsand scholars - but away of life for itscitizensThis willlikelyrequire newmodes ofcollaboration betweenthe public,private and‘people’sectors for amore inclusive and effective approach toevaluation. It demands mastery of importantexisting M&E approaches and methods,innovation in evaluation theory and practice,and a better positioning of evaluation as acredible, value adding profession.In all of this the African Evaluation Association(AfrEA), its affiliated national associations andthe Africa CLEAR centers can play a key role,especially in mobilizing scholars, organizationsand networks on the continent and beyondaround goals and strategies that can achieve theabove. As example, AfrEA has developed astrategy with the following components, severalof which are highly complementary to the intentand achievements of this <strong>Bellagio</strong> forum:i. The development of Africa “rooted”evaluation education, research andinternship programii. The launch of the African EvaluationJournal (AEJ)iii. Helping to develop and strengthennational evaluation associationsiv. Mentoring in evaluation incollaboration with EvalMentorsv. Strengthening AfrEA’s institutionalcapacities.vi. Biannual conferencesvii. Policy advocacy and lobbying forevaluationviii. Media and citizenship engagements.AFRICA ROOTED and AFRICA LEDEVALUATION FOR DEVELOPMENT –POTENTIAL STRATEGIESThe cause of evaluation in Africa rests on itscontributions to genuine development strategiesthat reflect the needs of stakeholders and benefitfrom engagement with both development andevaluation discourses. New strategies have tobe designed to facilitate a focus on Africarooted and Africa led evaluation. This <strong>Bellagio</strong>Forum was only the first small step of many thatare needed to move these ideas forward.The following elements of a larger strategy wereproposed at the Forum. The organizing partnerswill in a separate effort articulate in greaterdetail these and other proposals for action:1. Developing capacities for innovation inAfrican evaluation, while respecting theprinciples of capacity development as anendogenous process. Such strategies can bebased, among others, on government goalsfor evaluation that go beyondresponsiveness to challenges, todetermining accountability for value formoney, with key goals that include• governance and accountability tocitizens and to those who providesupport• the development of learning nationsand groups for informed reflection,innovation and change• stimulation of African thoughtleadership in evaluation, in particularthrough analytically orientedinstitutions (research and evaluationcenters; universities) to enhance theirrole as independent evaluationinstitutions, centers of expertise andthink tanks on evaluation• knowledge development andcontributions to global knowledge.2. Expanding the pool of evaluationknowledge generated from within Africacould include the following specificactions:• Generate, compile and classify atransparent repository of knowledge onAfrican evaluations• Map capacity building initiatives inevaluation in Africa• Move the compiled repositories andmaps to the wider African public• Gauge demand from specialistuniversities, think tanks and evaluation<strong>14</strong>