common lisp hints

1 COMMON LISP HINTS 81.9 BindingBinding is lexically scoped assignment. It happens to the variables in a function's parameter list wheneverthe function is called: the formal parameters are bound to the actual parameters for the duration of thefunction call. You can bind variables anywhere in a program with the let special form, which looks likethis:(let ((var1 val1)(var2 val2)...)body)let binds var1 to val1, var2 to val2, and so forth then it executes the statements in its body. Thebody of a let follows exactly the same rules that a function body does. Some examples:> (let ((a 3)) (+ a 1))4> (let ((a 2)(b 3)(c 0))(setq c (+ a b))c)5> (setq c 4)4> (let ((c 5)) c)5> c4Instead of (let ((a nil) (b nil)) ...), you can write (let (a b) ...).The val1, val2, etc. inside a let cannot reference the variables var1, var2, etc. that the let is binding.For example,> (let ((x 1)(y (+ x 1)))y)Error: Attempt to take the value of the unbound symbol XIf the symbol x already has a global value, stranger happenings will result:> (setq x 7)7> (let ((x 1)(y (+ x 1)))y)8