中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文 - BATC home page

UDCM31 2009562009526

Typeset by L A TEX 2ε at May 24, 2009With package CASthesis v0.1h of CTEX.ORG

The Multi-color Photometric Studyof M31 Globular Cluster SystemZhou FANSupervisor:Professor Jun MANational Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy of SciencesMay, 2009Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D.in Astrophysics

BATCUBV RI2MASSM311M3149XXX8X4X58X1M31XV m V= 15.6517.892X3XX2 BATC13UBV RI2MASSBC03M31911M312M313M31M31—RBC443209M311M31−1.6−0.62—3M3140.28 +0.28−0.14M31

iiM314RBC V.3.5BATC 1530RBC V.3.5M31—I ∼ (B − I)M3199.95%3.47σblue tilt> 99.99%4.87σ M31

AbstractZhou FAN (Astrophysics)Directed by Professor Jun MAIn this thesis, we have done a series of research on M31 globular clusters(GCs) such as identifications, determinations of reddenings, metallicities andages, and some statistical studies, based on the photometry from BATC MulticolorSky Survey, broadband and 2MASS near-infrared photometry.(I). We identified 8 unknown X-ray sources in M31 by comparing the BATCoptical spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of known 49 GC X-ray sources andthose of the unknown X-ray sources and by analyzing the FWHMs of the pointspread function, and discovered 4 new GC X-ray sources. Combining the other58 known GC X-ray sources, we did some statistical studies, and the results arebelow: (1) The V mag distribution of GC X-ray sources in M31 is bimodal,with the two peaks at m V = 15.65 and 17.89, respectively; (2) The GC X-raysources tend to have redder colors; (3) We discovered the correlation betweenX-ray luminosity (0.3 − 10 keV) and V magnitude of the GC X-ray sources inM31 for the first time.(II). The ages of extragalactic GCs are usually derived by comparing themulticolor photometry and the stellar synthesis models. However, this methodsuffers serious age-metallicity-reddening degeneracy. We estimated the ages of91 M31 GCs having metallicities and reddenings, by comparing the BATC 13-color photometry, UBV RI broadband photometry and 2MASS near infraredphotometry with the Bruzual & Charlot (2003) stellar synthesis models. Ourresults show that (1) The relation between ages and metallicities of M31 GCsis consistent with that of Galactic GCs: the older GCs are more metal-poor;(2) There are three GC populations in M31: at ∼ 3 Gyr population, ∼ 8 Gyrpopulation and > 15 Gyr population.(III). We did a systematic investigation of the reddenings and metallicities

ivM31for M31 GCs. Using the photometry from the Revised Bologna Catalogue (RBC),we derived the reddening values of 443 GCs, and 209 metallicities of individualclusters without spectroscopy based on the color-metallicity relations and thereddening-free parameters. Combining the spectroscopic metallicities from thereferences with our color-derived metallcities, we obtained the largest metallicitycatalogue of M31 GCs. The results imply that (1) The metallicity distributionis bimodal with peaks at [Fe/H] ≈ −1.6 and −0.6 dex, although it is not assignificant as that in the Milky Way; (2) The spatial distributions show that themetal-rich GCs appear to be more centrally concentrated than the metal-poorones; (3) The V 0 ∼ [Fe/H] shows that the self-enrichment effect can be ignored inthe formations of GCs in M31; (4)The mean reddening is E(B − V ) = 0.28 +0.23−0.14for our sample GCs, and the northwestern side of the M31 disk is nearer to us.(IV). We present the photometry of 30 GCs and GC candidates, whichnearly do not have any photometry in RBC V.3.5, in BATC 15 intermediatebandfilters. Combining the broadband photometry in RBC V.3.5 with our newphotometry, we investigated the color distributions, luminosity functions, color– color diagrams, color magnitude diagrams of GCs and GC candidates in M31.For the first time, we discovered the “blue-tilt” of M31 in I ∼ (B − I) diagramswith a high confidence at 99.95% or 3.47σ for confirmed GCs, and > 99.99% or4.87σ for all the GCs and GC candidates.Keywords:– MetallicityGalaxies: evolution–Andromeda (M31) – Globular Clusters – Age

Abstractiiiiv 11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.5.7 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.5.8 . . . . . . . . . . 12 BATC 152.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.3 Pipeline I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.4 Pipeline II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

vii5.2.4 2MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735.4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 M31 856.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . 916.3.3 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926.4 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . 976.4.3 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986.4.4 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026.4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

viiiM31 M31 1197.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207.2.2 BATC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227.3.1 M31-1ab . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237.3.2 M31-2M31-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247.3.3 IRAF/DAOPHOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247.3.4 BATC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277.4.3 blue tilt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 141 145 163 165 167

2.1 BATCCCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.2 Pipeline IIpip2.par . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.3 4Oke & Gunn (1983)BATC . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.1 BC03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.1 BATCM31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524.2 49XBATC 13 . . . . . 534.2 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.2 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.3 49XBATC08 . 564.3 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574.4 8XBATC13 . . . . . . 584.5 M314X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584.6 M3162XX . . . . . . 594.6 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605.1 91M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.1 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815.1 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835.3 − . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096.1 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106.2 − . . . . . . . . . . 1116.3 Q− . . . . . . . . . . . 112

xM316.4 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136.4 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146.4 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156.5 −M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166.5 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176.6 M31−σKMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176.7 M31−σKMM . 1176.8 M31−σKMM . . . 1177.1 Caldwell et al. (2009)RBC V.3.55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347.2 BATC M31-1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1347.3 BATC M31-2 – M31-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357.3 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1367.3 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377.4 M3130BATC . . . . . . . . . 1387.4 – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1397.5 M3130UBV RI . . . . . . . . 140

1.1 BATC60/90f/3M31 . . . 51.2 HST M80 . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 M55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.1 BATC60/90f/3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.2 BATC15 . . . . . . . . . 162.3 BATC9PSF . . . . . . . . 243.1 SSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.2 SSP . . . . . . . . . . 364.1 M318X . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424.2 M3149X . . . . . . . . . . 434.3 8X . . . . . . . . 444.4 BATCM31X . . . . . . . . . . 464.5 M31XV . . . . . . 484.6 M31XB − V V . . . . . . . 494.7 M31XB − V . . . . 504.8 M31XXV . . . . . . . 515.1 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645.2 Galleti et al. (2004)M31(V − I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655.3 χ 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715.4 χ 2 . . . . . . . . 72

xiiM315.5 Jiang et al. (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735.6 Jiang et al. (2003)M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745.7 Jiang et al. (2003) . . . . . . . . 745.8 91M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755.9 . . . . . . . . . . . 765.10 91 . . . . . . . . . . 786.1 Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916.2 H03 . . . 926.3 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936.4 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . 946.5 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956.6 M31(B −V )(B −V ) 0 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966.7 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986.8 . . . 996.9 M31−σKMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016.10 M31 . . . . . . 1026.11 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036.12 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046.13 V 0 . . . . . . . . . . 1067.1 BATC M31 . . . . . . . 1237.2 BATC g . . . . . . . . . . 125

xiii7.3 BATCV Caldwell et al. (2009) V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267.4 M31UBV RI . . 1287.5 M31 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297.6 M31− . . . . . . . . . . . 1307.7 M31−V . . . . . . . . . . 1317.8 M31I ∼ (B − I) . . . . . . . . 1327.9 M31I ∼ (B − I) . . . . . . . 133

Steidel etal. (1996) [1] Lyman break3Iye et al.(2006) [2] 6.96 [3] : 1 [4] 23Abell 1689z = 0.183 [5] 4Borges & de Freitas Pacheco 1989 [6] 5z = 10 − 122080 [7] Hubble Space TelescopeHST [8, 9] S0

2 M31 [10] [8] HST Advanced Camera for SurveysACS [11, 12, 13] ”blue tilt” [12] HST F555WF814W [8, 9] HST M311.1 Hubble (1929) [14] V = H 0 R (1.1)H 0 201948GamowPenzias & Wilson (1965) [15] 4080 MHz3 K3 KCosmic Background Explorer (COBE) WilkinsonMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)13.7 ± 0.2 Gyr (Spergel et al. 2003 [16] )

31.2 1992COBE∆T/T = 5 × 10 −6 Jeansρ 0 δρ(1.2)ρ = ρ 0 + δρ (1.2)∂ 2 δρ∂t 2 − v2 s∇ 2 δρ = 4πGρ (1.3)v s Gδρ(1.3)ρ(t) = ρ 0 e −iωt (1.4)ω 2 = k 2 v 2 s − 4πGρ (1.5)(1.4)(1.5)(1.5) ω(1.4)ρ(t)(1.5) ω(1.4)ρ(t)(1.5)λ >√v 2 sπGρ 0(1.6)λ J[17](1.6)λ > λ J

4 M311.3 WMAPΛ (ΛCDM) [18] 6 < z < 20IIIIILocal GroupVirgo SuperclusterM311.4 M31AndromedaM31NGC224RA=00 h 42 m44.3 s DEC=+41 ◦ 16 ′ 9 ′′ ∼780 kpc [19, 20, 21] Sb M31 Evans & Wilkinson (2000) [22] M31M M31 ∼ 1.2 +1.8−0.6 × 10 12 M ⊙ M MW ∼ 1.9 +3.6−1.7 × 10 12 M ⊙ M31Xue et al. (2008) [23] SDSS DR62401M MW ∼ 1.0 +0.3−0.2 × 10 12 M ⊙ M31M3177 ◦ 300/Barmby & Huchra (2001) [24] M31460 ± 70specific frequencyS N = 1.2 ± 0.2massspecific frequencyT = 2.4 ± 0.4Galleti et al. (2004, 2006, 2007) [25, 26, 27] M31Revised Bologna CatalogueRBCRBC V.3.55091058M3114M32M110 (NGC 205)

5M31M31 M311.1BATC60/90f/3M3158 ′ × 58 ′ NGC205M32 1.1: BATC60/90f/3M3158 ′ × 58 ′ M31NGC 205M32

6 M311.5 1.5.1 Globular Clusters GCs∼ 10 3 − 10 6 M V ≈−5 − −10 [28] 0.4 M ⊙ pc −3 100 − 1000 M ⊙ pc −3 0.05 M ⊙ pc −3[29] 1665A. Ihle M22 100 M. Messier1774M41.2Hubble Space T elescope HST10 kpcM801581020 [30] M31500M8710,000 [31] 1.5.2 II123bulge [32] Piotto et al. (2007) [33] HST

7 1.2: HST M80NGC 28082NGC 280812.5 Gyr [34] [35] 1.5.3 bluestragglersXω CenM31G1

8 M31Gerssen et al. (2002) [36] HST M153.9 +2.2−2.2 × 10 3 M ⊙ Gebhardt, Rich & Ho (2002) [37] M31G12.0 +1.4−0.8 × 10 4 M ⊙ XG1Baumgardt et al. (2003a,2003b) [38, 39] mass segregationM15 [38] G1 [39] 1.5.4 Hertzsprung-Russell diagramHR Diagram1.3M55− CMD 1 (B − V )Main Sequence StarsHayashi TrackSGBRGBTRGBHelium FlashHBAGBPost-AGBWhite dwarfBlue stragglers1 http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/ %7Ejerjen/researchprojects/bluestraggler/m55cmd.jpg

9 1.3: M55 distance modulus [40] 1.5.5 1r c r h r t

10 M311.5 pc10 pc50 pc [29] 2mass segregation3tidal shock [41] SDSSPalomar 510 ◦ 4 kpc [42] Gnedin & Ostriker 1997 [43] Huxor et al. (2005) [44] M313r h = 30 pc3Goodman & Hut (1985) [45] 1.5.6 Harris & van den Bergh (1981) [46] S N = N GC 10 0.4(M V +15) M V = −15S N S N S N S N 5S N = 73 ± 12S N [47] Djorgovski & Santiago (1992)[48]S N S N

11Peng et al. (2008) [49] HST /ACS Virgo Cluster100M87S N = 12.6 ± 0.8−22 < M V < −18〈S N 〉 ∼ 1.5M V > −18S N 0 < S N < 131.5.7 M31Hubble (1932) [50] 100140M31Seyfert &Nassau (1945) [51] M31212Mayall & Eggen (1953) [52] 484M31Johnson (1961) [53] 82M31Vetešnik (1962a) [54] 30M31257UBV Hubble (1932) [50] Hiltner (1958) [55] Mayall& Eggen (1953) [52] Kron & Mayall (1960) [56] Seyfert & Nassau (1945) [51] Baade & Arp (1964) [57] 10029Sharov (1973) [58] 25B − V < 1 Alloin, Pelat& Bijaoui (1976) [59] Haute-Provence Observatory1.935M31Karimova& Sharov (1977) [60] 8070HIISargent et al. (1977) [61] Kitt Peak National ObservatoryKPNO429355124Battistini et al. (1980) [62] University ofBologna152M314 ◦ × 4 ◦ BV 70 ′ × 70 ′ 24048V

12 M31Crampton et al. (1985) [63] Mauna Kea3.6CFHT6509109Battistini et al. (1987) [64]Battistini et al. 1980 [62] M313 ◦ × 3 ◦ 353152UBV RBattistini et al. (1993) [65] 152BV RI 20CCD42440Barmby et al. (2000) [4] Fred L.Whipple1.2M31435UBV RIJKKeckMMT61Jiang et al. (2003) [66] Ma etal. (2006a, 2006b, 2007) [67, 68, 69] Beijing − Arizona − Taiwan − Connecticut(BATC)60/90f/3M3158 ′ × 58 ′ 2031.5.8 SMCLMCBica et al. (2008) [70] SMCLMCBridge3740de Grijs & Anders (2006) [71] M33 (Triangulum GalaxyNGC 598)Ma et al. (2001, 2002b, 2002c,2002d) [72, 73, 74, 75] BC96BATC 13M33M333 × 10 6 − 10 10 yr81 − 8 GyrSarajedini & Mancone (2007) [76] M33451255Ma et al. (2001,2002a, 2002b, 2002c,2004) [72, 77, 73, 74, 78] BATCM81 (Bode’s GalaxyNGC 3031)Perelmuter et al. (1995) [79] M8182

13Perelmuter & Racine (1995) [80] Schroder et al. (2002) [81] M81Ma et al. (2005, 2006c, 2007a) [82, 83, 84] M81Fornax ClusterGoudfrooij et al. (2001) [85] NGC 1316 (Fornax A)3 Gyr∼ 10 GyrM104 (Sombrero, NGC 4594)Wakamatsu (1977) [86] M104 1/4 2 2.0 +3.5−1.0 ×10 3 Larsen et al. (2001) [87] HST /WFPC2(V − I) 0 = 0.96 ± 0.03 1.21 ± 0.03Bridges & Hanes (1992) [88] BV CCDM104S N = 2 ± 1Sa/Sb−0.81 ± 0.05M31Centaurus A (NGC 5128)Peng et al. (2004a, 2004b) [89, 90] UBV RINGC 5128 215NGC 51283 − 8 GyrVirgo ClusterPeng et al. (2006) [91] HST /ACSVirgo Cluster100−22 < M B < −15 Peng et al. (2006a) [92] diffuse star clustersComa ClusterBaum et al. (1995) [93] HST WFPC2∼108 MpcComa ClusterNGC 4881Kavelaars et al.(2000) [94] Harris et al. (2000) [95] Woodworth & Harris (2000) [96] 2 I(R) = I(0)exp(−kR 1/4 )

14 M31cDNGC 4874IC 4051Kalirai et al. (2008) [97] HST /ACS∼ 375 Mpcz = 0.089Mieske et al. (2004) [5] HST /ACSAbell 1689z = 0.183

BATC2.1 BATC1992BATC60/902.12048 × 2048CCD15300010000BATC 2.1: BATC60/90f/3CCDFord AerospaceUVcoating320020%650044%800016%CCDLICKBATC 1996 [98] BATC152.2Fan et al.1996 [99] UBV RI

16 M31CCD 2.2: BATC1520064096 × 4096CCD12.5CCD2.2 Pipeline I: FITSPipeline IIIRAFDAOPHOTBATCCCDPipeline IIIBATCBATC

BATC 17 2.1: BATCCCDParameters Old CCD New E2V CCD(1) (2) (3)Pixel Number 2048 × 2048 4096×4096Spatial Scales 1.67 ′′ /pixel 1.33 ′′ /pixelFOV 58 ′ × 58 ′ 92 ′ × 92 ′Blue Quantum Efficiency (4000Å) < 5% 92.2 %Red Quantum Efficiency (8500Å) ∼ 40% 59.4 %2.3 Pipeline IPipeline IFITSPipeline I:1flaten2mean valADUAnalog to Digital Unit3coord4overscanoverscan5statsky6superbiasbiasbias7superdarkdarkdark8superflatflatflatFITS12Seeing38GSC0.5 ′′

18 M31100GSC84CCD567CCD82.4 Pipeline IIA. Pipeline IIStetson (1987)[100]DAOPHOTBATCBATCDAOPHOTUNIXIRAFDAOPHOTSTSDASSTSDASDAOPHOT FORTRANBATCSTSDAD DAOPHOTPoint Spread Functions PSFBATCDAOPHOTPipeline IIPipelineIIBATC 2048 × 2048 4096 ×4096FITS50,000Pipeline IIpip21. j findFITS.coo2. j phot.coo.ap3. j auto.apPSF.lst3.1 dismk PSFFITS3.2 dispsf3PSF

BATC 194. j psf.lstPSF.psf5. j star.psf.apallstar.als6. j substarFITSpip2pip26pip2pip2.par:pip2 pip2 m31g.fitspip2, :1. *.alsDAOPHOT: CHISHARPNESSCHISHARPNESSDAOPHOT2. *.mespip2.parFITS: xy2ad 2k × 2kB. 203CCD345a. 12

20 M313CCD45b. :1tv look1.1more 1.1p0330085T518o003.fitp0330085T518o004.fitp0330106T518o062.fitp0330106T518o075.fitp1731925T518o021.fitp1731925T518o022.fitp1731925T518o023.fit2dirccd1CCD CCDBATCT518odirccd1Object Object0.005Object341.1dirccd1dirccd1Filename Obs date time(UT) Exp. Size Object———————————————————————————————–1: p0330085T518o003 02/01/96 19:37:33 1200 2048 −0.22727442: p0330085T518o004 02/01/96 20:02:24 1200 2048 −0.22718823: p0330106T518o062 23/01/96 16:39:11 1200 2048

BATC 214: p0330106T518o075 23/01/96 17:47:36 1200 20485: p1731925T518o021 15/01/01 16:23:56 1200 2048 −0.19126426: p1731925T518o022 15/01/01 16:47:14 1200 2048 −0.19098987: p1731925T518o023 15/01/01 17:09:49 1200 2048 −0.19078583ch seeseeingch see 1.11: p0330085T518o003.fit 5.012: p0330085T518o004.fit 5.233: p1731925T518o021.fit 3.904: p1731925T518o022.fit 3.755: p1731925T518o023.fit 3.60seeing4Object0.005turnold4k × 4kshtObject222Object1turnold p1731925T518o022.fit p0330085T518o003.fit 03.fitturnold p1731925T518o022.fit p0330085T518o004.fit 04.fitT518oObject0.00551.11t518o.fitcob50 1.1 t518o.fit———————————————————————————————–1: p1731925T518o022.fit 0.0 0.0 0 0 16:47:14 1200 241.772: 03.fit 98.2 −23.7 98 −24 19:37:33 1200 202.003: 04.fit 89.4 −23.5 89 −23 20:02:24 1200 188.264: p1731925T518o021.fit −1.2 12.0 −1 12 16:23:56 1200 239.90

22 M315: p1731925T518o023.fit 24.4 −0.7 24 −1 17:09:49 1200 227.50................................nstar: 112.......................p1731925T518o022.fit platen file................................03.fit scale: 1.04162073................................04.fit scale: 1.03492451.......................p1731925T518o021.fit scale: 0.993907630.......................p1731925T518o023.fit scale: 0.998327613T518ot518o.fitC. Pipeline IIpip2pip2.par2.2BATC 2048 × 2048FITSpip2 2.2: Pipeline IIpip2.par** if following data modified, left a mark as following** Ex. FITTINF RADIUS = 3.00 /12 96,12,9 is 3.50** allowed add comments here only, lines not limited********************************************* daophot.optREAD NOISE (ADU; 1 frame) = 3.50 / 1GAIN (e-/ADU; 1 frame) = 3.30 / 2LOW GOOD DATUM (in sigmas) = 5.00 / 3HIGH GOOD DATUM (in ADU) = 28000.00 / 4FWHM OF OBJECT = 3.37 / 5THRESHOLD (in sigmas) = 3.50 / 6LS (LOW SHARPNESS CUTOFF) = 0.40 / 7HS (HIGH SHARPNESS CUTOFF) = 1.20 / 8LR (LOW ROUNDNESS CUTOFF) = −1.15 / 9HR (HIGH ROUNDNESS CUTOFF) = 1.25 /10WATCH PROGRESS = −2.00 /11FITTING RADIUS = 3.00 /12PSF RADIUS = 6.00 /13

BATC 23 2.2 –VARIABLE PSF = 2.00 /14FRACTIONAL-PIXEL EXPANSION = 0.00 /15ANALYTIC MODEL PSF = 3.00 /16EXTRA PSF CLEANING PASSES = 3.00 /17USE SATURATED PSF STARS = 0.00 /18PERCENT ERROR (in %) = 0.75 /19PROFILE ERROR (in %) = 5.00 /20********************************************* photo.optA1 RADIUS OF APERTURE 1 = 3.00 / 1A2 RADIUS OF APERTURE 2 = 4.00 / 2A3 RADIUS OF APERTURE 3 = 5.00 / 3A4 RADIUS OF APERTURE 4 = 6.00 / 4A5 RADIUS OF APERTURE 5 = 7.00 / 5A6 RADIUS OF APERTURE 6 = 8.00 / 6A7 RADIUS OF APERTURE 7 = 10.00 / 7A8 RADIUS OF APERTURE 8 = 12.00 / 8A9 RADIUS OF APERTURE 9 = 14.00 / 9AA RADIUS OF APERTURE 10 = 16.00 /10AB RADIUS OF APERTURE 11 = 18.00 /11AC RADIUS OF APERTURE 12 = 20.00 /12IS INNER SKY RADIUS = 10.00 /13OS OUTER SKY RADIUS = 20.00 /14********************************************* allstar.optFITTING RADIUS = 3.00 / 1CE (CLIPPING EXPONENT) = 6.00 / 2REDETERMINE CENTROIDS = 1.00 / 3CR (CLIPPING RANGE) = 2.50 / 4WATCH PROGRESS = −2.00 / 5MAXIMUM GROUP SIZE = 60.00 / 6PERCENT ERROR (in %) = 0.75 / 7PROFILE ERROR (in %) = 5.00 / 8IS (INNER SKY RADIUS) = 3.00 / 9OS (OUTER SKY RADIUS) = 6.00 /10********************************************* end

24 M31D. pip21 PipelineIICCDPSFpip2 2048 × 20489DAOPHOT200PSF2.3 2.3: BATC9PSF5246851379PSF j auto9415254103030PSF2.5 Pipeline IIIBATCPipeline IIIPipeline IPipeline IIPipeline III Pipeline III FITSPipeline IIIOke &

BATC 25Gunn (1983) [101] USNOSA2.0BATCPipeline III Pipeline II Pipeline IIPipeline III4deepconno mag31. deep2. conav.dat3. noPSF4. mag3USNOSA2.01. j findj photx, yR.A.Dec.23. < 204. e5. pip21 8j findj phot 3 × 3 2.3PSFpip21 8 1PSF

26 M316. *.als2 ′′ 7. BATCABe8. mo4b, d, g, m, n,s, tbdCCDgmnst9. j phot5BATCBATCPSFX2.6 Zhou et al. (1999) [102] VilniusGunn & StrykerSED BATCYan et al. (2000) [103] 15BATCZhou et al. (2001) [104] Oke-Gunn (OG) [101] BATC1. BATCBATC4Oke & Gunn (1983) [101] HD 19445, HD 84937, BD+26 2606 BD+17 47084Fukugita et al. (1996)BATCYan et al. (2000) [103] 2.34BATC15 Yan et al. 2000 [103]

BATC 27 2.3: 4Oke & Gunn (1983)BATCNo filter wavelength HD19445 HD84937 BD+26d2606 BD+17d4708Å C001 C002 C003 C0041 a 3360 9.234 9.486 10.933 10.7262 b 3890 8.653 8.800 10.299 10.0573 c 4210 8.447 8.626 10.095 9.8414 d 4550 8.294 8.505 9.962 9.6935 e 4920 8.187 8.429 9.848 9.5926 f 5270 8.072 8.338 9.743 9.4887 g 5795 7.969 8.259 9.652 9.3968 h 6075 7.935 8.232 9.617 9.3659 i 6660 7.885 8.205 9.576 9.31810 j 7050 7.851 8.171 9.541 9.27311 k 7490 7.826 8.165 9.522 9.25512 m 8020 7.800 8.150 9.501 9.23813 n 8480 7.790 8.144 9.489 9.22614 o 9190 7.784 8.149 9.489 9.22615 p 9745 7.801 8.173 9.507 9.2442. 2 − 31 − 25 − 97 − 9Yanet al. 2000 [103] 15Bertin & Arnouts(1996) [105] SExtractorSource Extractordingbiao.setdingbiao.paramdingbiao.catdingbiao.catBATC 3003.

28 M314. (m inst )BATC(m BATC )Km inst − m BATC = KX + C (2.1)XKCmedfit [106] δ = (m inst − m BATC − KX) − m inst − m BATC − KX (2.2)5. Cf(UT )Yan et al. (2000) [103] KCdK band m inst − m BATC = KX + f(UT ) + C (2.3)δ = (m inst − m BATC − KX) − m inst − m BATC − KX = f(UT ) (2.4)6. δUT f(UT )Yan et al. (2000) [103]f(UT )f(UT ) = a i + b i UT, (UT i−1 ≤ UT < UT i ), (i = 1, ..., n) (2.5)

BATC 2921/(1.0+(T fit −T obs ) 2 )T fit T obs 7. KCKCKC410

3.1 M31NGC 5128HSTM31M87HST 3.2 Single Stellar PopulationSSPSingle-age, Single-metallicityInitial Mass Function IMF

32 M31SSPlog T eff ∼log LXYZlog T eff log Llog ggIMFSSPScalo (1986) [107] Initial Mass FunctionF (M) dlogMInitialMass Spectrumf(M) dM 1Salpeter (1955) [108] F (M)F (M) ∝ M −1.35 f(M)f(M) ∝ M −2.35 trial and error [109, 110, 111] trial and errorBruzual (1983) [112] Guiderdoni & Rocca-Volmerange(1987) [113] Worthey (1994a) [114] Fioc & Rocca-Volmerange (1997) [115] Bruzual & Charlot (1993, 1996, 2003) [116, 117, 118] Bruzual &Charlot (2003) [118] AGB IMFSFR

333.3 BC03GALAXEVBruzual & Charlot (2003)GALAXEV 1 BC03BC031 × 10 5 yr20 Gyr22191 Å160 µm32009500 Å3 Åλ/∆λ ≈2000BC03Padova 1994Padova 2000Padova 1994 Alongi et al. (1993) [119] Bressan et al. (1993) [120] Fagotto et al. (1994a,1994b) [121, 122] Girardi et al. (1996) [123] Padova 1994Z =0.00010.00040.0040.0080.020.0526Padova 1994SSP 13Chabrier(2003) [124] (3.1)m L = 0.1 M ⊙ m U = 100 M ⊙ 13Salpeter (1955) [108] (3.2)Chabrier (2003) [124] Padova 2000Girardi et al. (2000) [125] Z = 0.00040.0010.0040.0080.0190.03BC0326Padova 2000SSPPadova 2000Padova 1994SSPChabrier (2003) [124] φ(log m) ∝{exp[−(log m−log m c) 22σ 2 ], m ≤ 1M ⊙m −1.3 , m > 1 M ⊙(3.1)m c = 0.08 M ⊙ σ = 0.69m = 1 M ⊙ 1 GALAXEV: http://www.cida.ve/ bruzual/bc2003

34 M31 3.1: BC03 R BaseL a 91Å−160µm 300 10 −5 − 10Z ⊙ Kurucz (1995)Bessell et al. (1989) [126]Bessell et al. (1991) [127]Fluks et al. (1994) [128]Allard & Hauschidt(1995) [129]Rauch (2002) [130]STELIB 3200 − 9500Å 2000 −2.0 < [Fe/H] < +0.5 Le Borgne et al. (2003) [131]Pickles 1205Å − 2.5µm 500 Z ⊙ Pickles (1998) [132]Fanelli et al. (1992) [133]a BaSeL 1.0BaSeL 2.2BaSeL 3.1Salpeter (1955) [108] φ(log m) ∝ m −1.35 (3.2)3.4 BC03tΨ(t)ζ(t)F λ (t) =∫ t0Ψ(t − t ′ )S λ [t ′ , ζ(t − t ′ )]dt ′ (3.3)S λ [t ′ , ζ(t − t ′ )]t ′ ζ(t − t ′ ) SSPΦ(m)SSPIMFSSPt = 01 M ⊙ 3.1SSPt = 1 Myrt = 10 Myr

35t ∼ 0.1 Gyr1 GyrAGBt = 1 Gyr4 Gyrpost-ABG4 Gyr13 GyrAGB4 Gyr13 Gyr 3.1: GyrSSP3.5 Worthey (1992, 1994) [134, 135] Age-metallicity degeneracy(AMD) [136, 137, 138]

36 M31∆age/∆Z ≈ 3/2Kaviraj et al. (2007) [139] Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX)NUV∼ 2310 ÅFUV ∼ 1530 ÅSilva & Elston (1994) [140] Faber 1973 [141] Rose 1984 [142] Rose 1985 [143] Díaz, Terlevich & Terlevich1989 [144] Worthey et al. 1994 [135] Jones & Worthey 1995 [145] Vazdekis& Arimoto 1999 [146] Bruzual & Charlot 2003 [118] 3.2: SSP

M31X4.1 Local GroupM31∼ 780 kpc [19, 20, 21] XX-ray point sources) [147, 148] M31460±70 [24] [149] XXXXLow-MassX-ray Binaries LMXBs [150] LMXBs [149, 151] Clark(1975) [152] X LMXBsM > 3M ⊙ Roche lobeX LMXBs [153] X10 36 erg s −1 X14 [151] van Speybroeck et al. (1979) [154] Collura et al. (1990) [155] Trinchieri& Fabbiano (1991) [156] Primini, Forman & Jones (1993) [157] Trinchieri et al.(1999) [158] Supper et al. (1997) [147] Supper et al. (2001) [148] Osborne et al.(2001) [159] Kaaret (2002) [160] Kong et al. (2002) [161] Williams et al. (2004) [162]M31XXM31XM31XGC X-ray sourcesXXM311/3 XXL X ≥ 10 37 erg s −1 0.5−7.0 keV1/12X

38 M31X [163] M3130%XXL X ≥ 5 × 10 37 erg s −1 X [151, 164] Di Stefano (2003) [165] Chadra XM104 SombreroXXXXXXX [166] Bellazzini et al.(1995) [167] M31LMXBsTrudolyubov & Priedhorsky (2004) [149] Bellazzini etal. (1995) [167] BATCFan et al. 1996 [99] , Zheng et al. 1999 [168] M311358 ′ × 58 ′ X4.24.3X4.462X4.54.64.2 M31XXTrudolyubov & Priedhorsky(2004) [149] XMM − NewtonChandra XM31 ∼ 6100arcmin 2 XM3143X M31X Trinchieri & Fabbiano (1991) [156] Primini, Forman & Jones (1993) [157] Trinchieri et al. (1999) [158] Supper et al. (2001) [148] Kaaret (2002) [160] Konget al. (2002) [161] Williams et al. (2004) [162] Trinchieri & Fabbiano(1991) [156] Einstein M31 108X0.2 − 4.0 keVForman & Jones (1993) [157] ROSAT HRI1990M31∼ 34 ′ 48,00086XL X > 1.4 × 10 36 erg s −1 X18Trinchieriet al. (1999) [158] M31X0.110 keV

M31X 39XXXXSupper et al. (2001) [148] ROSAT M31∼ 10.7 deg 2 96X560X55331610ChandraHigh Resolution Camera HRC [169] M31Kaaret (2002) [160] 143X20199920018Chandra ACIS-IKong et al. (2002) [161] M31 ∼ 17 ′ × 17 ′ 204X452299supersoftsources23Williams et al. (2004) [162] ChandraHRC17166X28171BL63M3154XTrinchieri & Fabbiano (1991) [156] Primini et al. (1993) [157] Trinchieriet al. (1999) [158] Kaaret (2002) [160] Kong et al. (2002) [161] Williams et al. (2004)[162]M31XBATC X4.3 BATCM31M31BATC 60/90f/3seeing∼ 3 ′′ CCD2k×2k CCD13BATC03−BATC15∼ 4000 − 10000 Å199511151999121637 Oke & Gunn (1983) [101] FHD 19445, HD 84937, BD+26 ◦ 2606BD +17 ◦ 4708 BATCABm BATC = −2.5 log ˜F ν − 48.60 (4.1)

40 M31 ˜F ν erg s −1 cm −2 Hz −1 BATC [103] ˜F ν ˜F ν =∫d(logν)fν r ν∫d(logν)rν(4.2)CCDVega [170]Vega(4.2)r ν f ν BATCPIPELINE I [99, 168] CCDbiasflatFan et al. 1996 [99] Zheng et al. 1999 [168] Wu et al. 2002 [171] Yan etal. 2000 [103] Zhou et al. 2001, 2004 [104, 172] M31Yan et al. 2000 [103] Zhou et al. 2001 [104] Oke-Gunn [104] [K + ∆K(UT )]C(m inst )BATCm BATC = m inst + [K + ∆K(UT )]X + C (4.3)XC304.6BATC64.4 4X4.4.1 XTrinchieri & Fabbiano (1991) [156] Einstein M31108XPrimini, Forman & Jones (1993) [157] ROSAT HRI86

M31X 41XKong et al. (2002) [161] Kaaret (2002) [160] Williams et al.(2004) [162] Chandra ACIS-IHRC204143166XM31BATCX(2 2 + 2 2 ) 1/2 ∼ 5 ′′ 17XSimbad9XCXOM31 J004216.0+411552 CXOM31 J004247.8 +411052 CXOM31 J004301.7 +411052RXJ004138.3 +410106 Berkhuijsen et al. (1988) [173] CXOM31 J004231.2+412008 Galleti et al. (2004) [25] CXOM31 J004309.7+411901CXOM31 J004304.2 +411601Wirth, Smarr & Bruno (1985) [174] [GMP2000b] J004240.7 +405117.7Ford & Jacoby(1978) [175] 2E 0041.3+4114Barmby et al. (2000) [4] 8X4.1 8XXr = (2 2 + 2 2 ) 1/2 4.4.2 XBATCSEDFWHMXXTrinchieri & Fabbiano (1991) [156] Primini, Forman &Jones (1993) [157] Trinchieri et al. (1999) [158] Supper et al. (2001) [148] Kaaret(2002) [160] Kong et al. (2002) [161] Williams et al. (2004) [162] SimbadXBATC49XXDAOPHOTPHOT [100] 3 ∼ 5.1 ′′

42 M31CXOM31J004215.0+412122CXOM31J004222.6+412234CXOM31J004237.9+410526CXOM31J004215.5+412031CXOM31J004226.1+412551CXOM31J004255.3+412558CXOM31J004353.6+411654CXOM31J004303.1+411015 4.1: M318XX34.221449X13BATCDAOPHOT1 − σ4.24.349XBATC08MIT213PB-in7X884.3

M31X 43 4.2: M3149X4.4.3 8XXDAOPHOT [100] PHOT4.4.24.4BATC13214BATC 13DAOPHOT1 − σ4.38BATC134.5BATC081X23RADEC45X

44 M31 4.3: 8X8810XCXOM31 J004222.6 +412234CXOM31 J004255.3+412558BATC6X4.249X χ 2 χ 2 =∑15i=3[Cλ newi(m) − C tempλ i(n)] 2σi 2(m) + σ2 i (n) (4.4)C tempλ i(n) nXiBATC08 λ = 6075 Åσ temp i (n)nXiC λ newi(m)C tempλ i(n) mXQ4.578χ 2 (χ 2 min)QXQ < 0.1XLampton et al. 1976 [176] 6χ 2 minX9

M31X 454.5 62X62XX4.5.1 62X58X43 Trudolyubov& Priedhorsky (2004) [149] 7Supper et al. (2001) [148] 2Williams et al. (2004) [162] 1Kong et al. (2002) [161] 1Konget al. (2002) [161] Galleti et al. (2004) [25] 1Kaaret (2002) [160] Wirth,Smarr & Bruno (1985) [174] 1Williams et al. (2004) [162] Wirth, Smarr& Bruno (1985) [174] 1Primini, Forman & Jones (1993) [157] 1Trinchieri & Fabbiano (1991) [156] Barmby et al. (2000) [4] X4X62X4.4BATCM3153X9BATCM314XX4.662X123X4X10 35 erg s −1 Trudolyubov & Priedhorsky (2004) [149] X0.3 − 10 keVSupper et al. (2001) [148] 0.1 − 2keVKong et al. (2002) [161] Williams et al. (2004) [162] 0.3 − 7keVKaaret (2002) [160] 0.1 − 10 keVPrimini, Forman & Jones(1993) [157] Trinchieri & Fabbiano (1991) [156] 0.2 − 4.0 keV4.5.2 58XB, V B − V LandoltZhou et al. (2003) [177] BATCUBV RILandolt 1983, 1992 [178, 179] Galadŕ-Enrŕquez et al. 2000 [180] m B = m 04 + 0.2201(m 03 − m 05 ) + 0.1278 ± 0.076 (4.5)

46 M31 4.4: BATCM31XXXm V = m 07 + 0.3292(m 06 − m 08 ) + 0.0476 ± 0.027 (4.6)BBATCV BATC√σ B = σ04 2 + 0.2201 2 (σ03 2 + σ05) 2 (4.7)σ V =√σ 2 07 + 0.3292 2 (σ 2 06 + σ 2 08) (4.8)√σ B−V = σB 2 + σ2 V(4.9)4.453XBATC03BATC04BATC05BBATC06BATC07 BATC08V 9XBattistini et al.

M31X 47(1987) [64] 5V B−V 58V B − V XDi Stefano et al. (2002) [163] Trudolyubov & Priedhorsky (2004) [149] M31XSarazin et al. (2003) [181] 4X4.5XV Battistini et al. (1987) [64] V binX17Di Stefano et al.(2002) [163] Trudolyubov & Priedhorsky (2004) [149] XV Di Stefano et al. (2002) [163] Trudolyubov & Priedhorsky (2004) [149] XXSarazin et al.(2003) [181] XLMXBsXXXXV KMMKMM algorithm [182] KMMmaximum likelihood method−σV P −m V ≈ 15.6517.890.0944414P −KMMXV 90.6%Kolmogorov-Smirnov testKSX58Battistini et al. (1987) [64] V D max = 0.354P < 10 −5 > 99.99%KSTrudolyubov & Priedhorsky (2004) [149] D max = 0.566

48 M31P = 7.89%92.11%KS 4.5: M31XV XBattistini et al. (1987) [64] KMMX−σ4.6M31XB − V V Battistini et al. (1987) [64] M31B − V V Sarazin et al. (2003) [181] 4XXX4.7M31XBattistini et al. (1987) [64] B − V XSarazin et al. (2003) [181] X

M31X 49 4.6: M31XB − V V B − V KSD max = 0.181P = 6.8%93.2%4.5.3 M31XXV Popesso et al. (2004) [183] XL opt ∝ L 0.45±0.03XXX62X43XTrudolyubov & Priedhorsky (2004) [149] 0.3 − 10 keVXX4.8Trudolyubov & Priedhorsky (2004) [149] X4.8X10%Trudolyubov & Priedhorsky (2004) [149] ±10%V 4.5.24.841XX

50 M31 4.7: M31X [64] B − V V log(L X /10 35 ) = a m V + b (4.10)a = −0.26 ± 0.11b = 6.17 ± 1.7698.0%r = 0.364.661a = −0.31±0.10b = 6.96±1.6499.5%r = 0.454.6 XM31XChandra ACIS-I HRC 19992001Einstein 19791980 ROSAT HRI 1990BATC199519998X462X53400010000 Å13BATCV

M31X 51 4.8: M31XXV B − V XV M31XV m V =15.65 17.89XB − V [64] B − V XXX0.3 − 10 keVV 98.0%r = 0.36

52 M31 4.1: BATCM31No. Name cw(Å) a Exp. (hr) N.img b rms c1 BATC03 4210 01:00 03 0.0152 BATC04 4546 05:30 17 0.0093 BATC05 4872 03:30 11 0.0154 BATC06 5250 02:20 12 0.0065 BATC07 5785 02:15 07 0.0036 BATC08 6075 01:40 05 0.0037 BATC09 6710 00:45 03 0.0038 BATC10 7010 03:00 12 0.0089 BATC11 7530 02:00 06 0.00410 BATC12 8000 04:00 12 0.00311 BATC13 8510 01:30 05 0.00412 BATC14 9170 05:50 18 0.00313 BATC15 9720 04:00 12 0.009a BATCb BATCc

M31X 53 4.2: 49XBATC 13NameBATC Filter No.03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15Bo7 14.78 14.55 14.42 14.33 14.14 14.13 14.12 14.04 14.06 14.01 13.98 13.97 14.02....... 0.011 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.008 0.013MIT87 19.85 19.77 19.33 19.18 18.85 18.90 18.80 18.81 18.80 18.62 19.12 18.45 18.70....... 0.155 0.174 0.115 0.123 0.116 0.115 0.148 0.175 0.218 0.201 0.510 0.292 0.455Bo45 16.75 16.37 16.11 15.91 15.55 15.49 15.29 15.18 15.09 14.96 14.90 14.83 14.73....... 0.057 0.016 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.008 0.016 0.024Bo55 18.99 17.70 17.19 16.85 16.42 16.22 15.94 15.77 15.59 15.42 15.27 15.05 14.99....... 0.407 0.068 0.040 0.030 0.028 0.023 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.019 0.021 0.027 0.036Bo D42,MIT130 19.70 19.24 18.81 18.77 18.43 18.34 18.22 18.02 17.89 17.51 18.03 17.48 17.66....... 0.091 0.073 0.058 0.083 0.084 0.080 0.099 0.096 0.107 0.083 0.211 0.121 0.178Bo D44 18.83 19.62 19.09 18.66 18.12 17.79 17.69 17.45 17.26 17.00 16.29 16.70 16.69....... 0.068 0.190 0.138 0.097 0.077 0.051 0.060 0.054 0.054 0.045 0.034 0.048 0.063MIT140 18.61 18.02 17.38 17.05 16.47 16.26 15.91 15.67 15.38 15.25 15.09 14.83 14.87....... 0.316 0.125 0.081 0.069 0.057 0.050 0.044 0.044 0.041 0.038 0.037 0.044 0.046Bo78,MIT153 20.01 18.88 18.39 17.99 17.37 17.28 16.86 16.69 16.46 16.28 16.09 15.91 15.86....... 0.521 0.295 0.262 0.214 0.177 0.178 0.146 0.141 0.133 0.129 0.121 0.113 0.110Bo82,MIT159 17.58 16.76 16.20 15.78 15.17 14.99 14.60 14.40 14.15 14.00 13.85 13.64 13.61....... 0.119 0.028 0.015 0.012 0.008 0.007 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.011Bo86,MIT164 15.72 15.46 15.22 15.09 14.82 14.77 14.65 14.57 14.49 14.45 14.37 14.32 14.34....... 0.036 0.037 0.042 0.040 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.043 0.048 0.045 0.046 0.063 0.055MIT165/MIT166 19.82 19.62 19.18 18.34 18.09 18.05 17.76 17.83 17.56 17.36 17.16 17.02 16.89....... 0.897 0.367 0.212 0.106 0.123 0.109 0.103 0.142 0.141 0.117 0.127 0.182 0.214Bo94,MIT173 16.42 16.09 15.84 15.67 15.33 15.25 15.05 14.93 14.79 14.72 14.63 14.50 14.49....... 0.041 0.015 0.011 0.009 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.009 0.014 0.022Bo98 17.17 16.76 16.49 16.32 16.03 15.97 15.76 15.68 15.61 15.56 15.48 15.35 15.39....... 0.011 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.014 0.011 0.017Bo96,MIT174 17.43 16.97 16.47 16.31 15.90 15.82 15.59 15.40 15.23 15.18 15.09 14.88 15.09....... 0.148 0.118 0.113 0.111 0.098 0.095 0.094 0.093 0.096 0.087 0.089 0.102 0.104Bo D63 19.45 18.75 18.62 18.80 18.37 18.48 18.66 18.96 18.76 18.86 18.29 ..... 18.67....... 0.068 0.148 0.092 0.108 0.093 0.086 0.096 0.245 0.240 0.212 0.201 ..... 0.841Bo110 16.03 15.68 15.41 15.25 14.96 14.88 14.69 14.59 14.48 14.40 14.31 14.20 14.20....... 0.029 0.011 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.017Bo117 16.96 16.67 16.39 16.30 16.07 15.99 15.82 15.77 15.68 15.67 15.60 15.45 15.58....... 0.068 0.030 0.016 0.016 0.031 0.016 0.012 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.025 0.032 0.061Bo107,MIT192 16.98 16.46 16.18 16.02 15.62 15.53 15.32 15.24 15.13 15.03 14.95 14.84 14.84....... 0.097 0.075 0.082 0.081 0.073 0.069 0.072 0.079 0.086 0.076 0.079 0.104 0.090

54 M31 4.2: –NameBATC Filter No.03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15NBol 63 17.53 17.19 16.81 16.77 16.63 16.60 16.52 16.46 16.40 16.48 16.54 16.39 16.64....... 0.108 0.117 0.119 0.125 0.156 0.162 0.169 0.183 0.199 0.254 0.312 0.275 0.348Bo116 18.56 17.76 17.32 17.05 16.50 16.31 15.96 15.80 15.55 15.38 15.21 14.99 14.93....... 0.313 0.054 0.029 0.024 0.021 0.015 0.011 0.015 0.014 0.011 0.014 0.019 0.030Bo123,MIT212 18.37 17.97 17.61 17.51 17.07 17.01 16.78 16.76 16.62 16.49 16.33 16.20 16.03....... 0.278 0.180 0.191 0.200 0.179 0.174 0.178 0.208 0.230 0.203 0.198 0.259 0.198MIT213 14.49 13.97 13.53 13.40 13.06 12.98 12.75 12.62 12.38 12.38 12.25 11.91 12.05....... 0.141 0.147 0.151 0.151 0.149 0.147 0.147 0.152 0.155 0.153 0.152 0.162 0.155PB-in7 15.95 15.31 14.92 14.80 14.51 14.48 14.28 14.10 13.89 13.91 13.79 13.39 13.63....... 0.237 0.221 0.238 0.240 0.247 0.256 0.262 0.264 0.275 0.277 0.276 0.282 0.289Bo128 17.85 17.38 17.03 16.91 16.68 16.57 16.45 16.26 16.12 16.01 15.83 15.73 15.77....... 0.094 0.089 0.086 0.087 0.098 0.095 0.098 0.095 0.101 0.112 0.103 0.100 0.110Bo135 16.83 16.56 16.28 16.06 15.70 15.64 15.45 15.34 15.25 15.14 15.06 14.93 14.90....... 0.060 0.020 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.012 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.019 0.030Bo138 17.20 16.46 16.20 15.99 15.64 15.53 15.42 15.26 15.00 14.98 14.99 14.60 14.86....... 0.228 0.180 0.213 0.194 0.187 0.176 0.192 0.198 0.194 0.188 0.213 0.221 0.234Bo144 17.44 16.60 16.32 16.21 15.79 15.78 15.56 15.42 15.25 15.22 15.14 14.80 14.89....... 0.268 0.198 0.235 0.244 0.225 0.233 0.237 0.252 0.271 0.260 0.277 0.294 0.269Bo143 16.91 16.46 16.23 16.06 15.69 15.60 15.36 15.25 15.06 14.97 14.83 14.69 14.71....... 0.102 0.076 0.091 0.090 0.090 0.087 0.086 0.098 0.103 0.092 0.092 0.121 0.100Bo146 17.77 17.38 17.29 16.93 16.66 16.63 16.31 16.14 15.95 15.92 15.83 15.70 15.67....... 0.254 0.252 0.345 0.287 0.300 0.311 0.280 0.293 0.304 0.295 0.301 0.400 0.325Bo D91,MIT236 15.81 15.25 14.36 14.17 14.26 14.31 12.30 13.53 13.20 13.27 13.14 12.59 13.31....... 0.024 0.009 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.009Bo147,MIT240 16.64 16.11 15.82 15.68 15.33 15.24 15.06 14.92 14.73 14.68 14.57 14.43 14.43....... 0.075 0.055 0.058 0.056 0.052 0.047 0.046 0.049 0.049 0.043 0.043 0.054 0.047Bo148 16.62 16.31 16.13 15.90 15.60 15.53 15.32 15.24 15.07 14.99 14.89 14.77 14.84....... 0.078 0.071 0.090 0.086 0.088 0.088 0.087 0.100 0.110 0.099 0.104 0.136 0.122[WSB85]S3 14 ..... 17.48 17.21 16.86 16.91 16.36 16.29 16.34 16.03 15.79 15.51 15.36 15.35 15.36....... 0.119 0.152 0.157 0.178 0.162 0.163 0.194 0.172 0.169 0.160 0.162 0.161 0.174Bo150,MIT246 17.53 16.99 16.63 16.41 16.04 15.95 15.77 15.61 15.39 15.31 15.22 14.98 15.06....... 0.161 0.117 0.113 0.097 0.087 0.082 0.078 0.081 0.079 0.071 0.071 0.085 0.082[WSB85]S1 4 ..... 19.64 18.99 18.32 18.10 17.62 17.51 17.12 17.05 16.73 16.64 16.58 16.26 16.39....... 0.523 0.427 0.323 0.279 0.256 0.243 0.193 0.209 0.189 0.205 0.220 0.173 0.202Bo153,MIT251 17.55 16.74 16.44 16.25 15.91 15.84 15.65 15.58 15.32 15.28 15.17 15.02 15.05....... 0.143 0.078 0.087 0.079 0.076 0.073 0.077 0.085 0.082 0.078 0.079 0.102 0.092

M31X 55 4.2: –NameBATC Filter No.03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15Bo158 15.61 15.20 14.91 14.75 14.42 14.35 14.16 14.09 13.96 13.89 13.81 13.71 13.67....... 0.019 0.007 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.010Bo161,MIT260 17.03 16.85 16.52 16.35 16.07 16.01 15.85 15.76 15.68 15.60 15.54 15.52 15.58....... 0.078 0.039 0.035 0.032 0.032 0.030 0.030 0.034 0.038 0.034 0.039 0.056 0.069Bo159 18.29 17.79 17.19 17.06 16.75 16.58 16.41 16.21 15.93 15.96 15.92 15.54 15.78....... 0.241 0.097 0.067 0.064 0.058 0.045 0.043 0.045 0.043 0.042 0.048 0.057 0.086Bo164 18.62 18.35 17.92 17.85 17.51 17.48 17.24 17.11 16.98 16.87 16.78 16.42 16.35....... 0.288 0.130 0.100 0.104 0.105 0.098 0.094 0.108 0.119 0.106 0.123 0.133 0.145Bo163 16.18 15.66 15.34 15.16 14.79 14.68 14.48 14.37 14.17 14.10 13.99 13.76 13.77....... 0.033 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.013Bo182 16.38 16.04 15.75 15.53 15.16 15.10 14.86 14.77 14.63 14.51 14.41 14.27 14.26....... 0.038 0.013 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.012 0.017Bo185,MIT299 16.53 16.11 15.81 15.66 15.30 15.24 15.05 14.97 14.81 14.73 14.68 14.56 14.52....... 0.040 0.015 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.012 0.018 0.024MIT311 19.13 19.37 19.23 18.68 18.01 17.82 17.52 17.26 17.05 16.95 16.65 16.68 16.22....... 0.494 0.305 0.248 0.155 0.106 0.086 0.063 0.066 0.061 0.060 0.057 0.106 0.095Bo193 16.47 15.98 15.70 15.53 15.12 15.03 14.85 14.73 14.53 14.47 14.39 14.19 14.16....... 0.043 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.016Bo204 16.63 16.24 15.97 15.82 15.46 15.37 15.20 15.10 14.98 14.88 14.85 14.70 14.65....... 0.049 0.016 0.011 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.009 0.012 0.018 0.026Bo213 17.92 17.42 17.13 16.94 16.79 16.51 16.40 16.31 16.08 15.93 15.99 15.84 15.77....... 0.027 0.022 0.020 0.017 0.023 0.017 0.019 0.018 0.019 0.018 0.026 0.024 0.028MA94a(380) 15.73 15.31 15.03 14.91 14.53 14.48 14.36 14.27 14.19 14.14 14.09 14.01 14.01....... 0.021 0.008 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.006 0.009 0.015Bo225 15.12 14.71 14.42 14.32 13.91 13.81 13.63 13.52 13.34 13.27 13.20 13.05 13.04....... 0.014 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.007

56 M31 4.3: 49XBATC08Optical Name FWHMs (GCs) FWHMs (stars)PixelPixelBo7 2.5 ± 0.14 2.4 ± 0.14MIT87 4.3 ± 0.45 2.7 ± 0.45Bo45 2.7 ± 0.05 2.2 ± 0.05Bo55 2.8 ± 0.23 2.1 ± 0.23Bo D42,MIT130 3.5 ± 0.18 2.6 ± 0.18Bo D44 3.8 ± 0.02 2.6 ± 0.02MIT140 2.6 ± 0.21 2.4 ± 0.21Bo78,MIT153 2.5 ± 0.21 2.4 ± 0.21Bo82,MIT159 3.1 ± 0.13 2.6 ± 0.13Bo86,MIT164 2.6 ± 0.24 2.3 ± 0.24MIT165/MIT166 3.4 ± 0.12 2.0 ± 0.12Bo94,MIT173 3.3 ± 0.09 2.5 ± 0.09Bo98 3.0 ± 0.09 2.5 ± 0.09Bo96,MIT174 3.4 ± 0.10 2.0 ± 0.10Bo D63 3.1 ± 0.02 2.9 ± 0.02Bo110 2.8 ± 0.06 2.5 ± 0.06Bo117 3.3 ± 0.09 2.5 ± 0.09Bo107,MIT192 2.3 ± 0.10 2.0 ± 0.10NBol 63 2.8 ± 0.10 2.0 ± 0.10Bo116 2.5 ± 0.02 2.1 ± 0.02Bo123,MIT212 2.9 ± 0.04 2.4 ± 0.04MIT213 ........ ........PB-in7 ........ ........Bo128 2.2 ± 0.04 2.4 ± 0.04Bo135 2.4 ± 0.24 2.2 ± 0.24Bo138 3.4 ± 0.12 2.3 ± 0.12Bo144 2.7 ± 0.03 2.3 ± 0.03Bo143 2.7 ± 0.12 2.3 ± 0.12Bo146 3.5 ± 0.03 2.3 ± 0.03Bo D91,MIT236 3.2 ± 0.24 2.1 ± 0.24Bo147,MIT240 2.8 ± 0.06 2.1 ± 0.06

M31X 57 4.3: –Optical Name FWHMs (GCs) FWHMs (stars)PixelPixelBo148 2.7 ± 0.08 2.3 ± 0.08[WSB85]S3 14 2.4 ± 0.03 2.3 ± 0.03Bo150,MIT246 2.8 ± 0.06 2.1 ± 0.06[WSB85]S1 4 2.7 ± 0.08 2.3 ± 0.08Bo153,MIT251 2.4 ± 0.03 2.3 ± 0.03Bo158 2.8 ± 0.02 2.3 ± 0.02Bo161,MIT260 2.6 ± 0.02 2.3 ± 0.02Bo159 3.0 ± 0.04 2.1 ± 0.04Bo164 2.5 ± 0.03 2.3 ± 0.03Bo163 2.6 ± 0.04 2.1 ± 0.04Bo182 3.0 ± 0.02 2.3 ± 0.02Bo185,MIT299 2.5 ± 0.03 2.3 ± 0.03MIT311 2.8 ± 0.03 2.2 ± 0.03Bo193 2.8 ± 0.34 1.9 ± 0.34Bo204 2.5 ± 0.11 2.2 ± 0.11Bo213 2.4 ± 0.05 2.4 ± 0.05MA94a(380) 2.3 ± 0.20 2.2 ± 0.20Bo225 2.7 ± 0.01 2.3 ± 0.01

58 M31 4.4: 8XBATC13Name (CXOM31)BATC Filter No.03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15J004215.0+412122 19.02 18.80 18.49 18.45 18.14 18.08 18.01 17.92 17.78 17.77 17.65 17.45 17.43....... 0.066 0.060 0.056 0.068 0.078 0.072 0.099 0.105 0.115 0.137 0.155 0.147 0.178J004222.6+412234 19.99 19.59 19.32 19.20 19.25 19.36 19.72 20.19 20.79 21.34 21.01 20.17 18.84....... 0.256 0.197 0.206 0.187 0.250 0.258 0.433 0.724 1.455 2.639 2.292 1.480 0.515J004237.9+410526 20.92 20.08 20.01 19.49 18.92 18.95 18.14 17.83 17.33 17.21 16.99 16.68 16.65....... 0.436 0.287 0.385 0.260 0.206 0.208 0.127 0.107 0.083 0.081 0.101 0.069 0.080J004215.5+412031 19.21 18.97 18.70 18.81 18.54 18.65 18.61 18.52 18.61 18.61 19.55 18.28 18.58....... 0.138 0.147 0.148 0.183 0.197 0.228 0.253 0.265 0.359 0.422 1.277 0.413 0.626J004226.1+412551 19.90 20.03 19.84 20.00 19.82 20.14 19.51 19.58 19.40 20.03 19.81 21.25 19.28....... 0.151 0.199 0.211 0.277 0.354 0.476 0.326 0.408 0.475 0.899 1.003 4.407 0.847J004255.3+412558 20.48 19.51 19.34 19.16 18.67 18.62 18.65 18.49 18.33 18.42 17.97 18.04 18.71....... 0.485 0.280 0.335 0.306 0.284 0.281 0.336 0.322 0.313 0.386 0.305 0.340 0.646J004353.6+411654 18.51 18.43 18.23 18.24 18.12 18.08 18.15 18.05 18.08 18.03 17.85 17.80 17.87....... 0.088 0.088 0.078 0.086 0.104 0.094 0.116 0.122 0.154 0.156 0.162 0.163 0.213J004303.1+411015 16.69 15.98 15.63 15.52 15.06 14.97 14.81 14.72 14.65 14.58 14.46 14.44 14.46....... 0.010 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.011 0.014 4.5: M314XName R.A. Dec. FWHM/pix FWHM/pix X-ray χ 2 min Q Type offsetCXOM31J (J2000) (J2000) Source Star GCs (′′)004215.0+412122 00 42 15.03 +41 21 22.0 2.4 ± 0.04 2.1 ± 0.04 Bo86 3.66 0.988 GC 4.15004222.6+412234 00 42 22.62 +41 22 34.9 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 3.60004237.9+410526 00 42 37.94 +41 05 26.1 2.6 ± 0.06 2.5 ± 0.06 Bo146 149.20 0.000 2.84004215.5+412031 00 42 15.53 +41 20 31.9 3.3 ± 0.11 2.1 ± 0.11 Bo7 5.51 0.938 GC 2.41004226.1+412551 00 42 26.11 +41 25 51.0 2.6 ± 0.06 2.1 ± 0.06 Bo7 31.79 0.001 0.47004255.3+412558 00 42 55.31 +41 25 58.0 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 3.79004353.6+411654 00 43 53.62 +41 16 54.0 4.5 ± 0.10 2.2 ± 0.10 Bo7 10.83 0.543 GC 4.08004303.1+411015 00 43 03.08 +41 10 16.1 2.4 ± 0.08 2.3 ± 0.08 Bo138 4.84 0.963 GC 2.84

M31X 59 4.6: M3162XXSource Optical ID a X-ray ID b L c X V d B − V eNo. 10 35 erg s −1 mag1 1 G1 6 ....... .......2 1 Bo293 RX J0036.3+4053 5.1 16.39 0.453 1 Bo5 SHP73 1990 15.67 1.024 1 MA92(16) RX J0040.5+4033 9.0 ....... .......5 Bo7 RX J0040.4+4129 71.5 14.25±0.003 0.50±0.0066 MIT87 D27 3 18.99±0.129 1.02±0.2207 Bo45 RX J0041.7+4134 450 15.74±0.008 0.90±0.0228 1 Bo58,MIT106 D22 1-24 15.06 0.809 Bo55 2.4-2.9 16.67±0.031 1.55±0.11710 Bo D42,MIT130 SHP138,D13 31-73 18.62±0.092 0.94±0.12011 Bo D44 D15 40-100 18.45±0.085 1.24±0.21112 MIT140 D10 40-114 16.78±0.064 1.64±0.15813 Bo78,MIT153 D20 24-300 17.65±0.199 1.71±0.37814 Bo82,MIT159 SHP150,D2 1735-2330 15.48±0.009 1.71±0.04015 n CXOM31 J004215.0+412122 3 18.31±0.085 0.74±0.10516 n CXOM31 J004215.5+412031 26 18.64±0.219 0.57±0.26817 Bo86,MIT164 SHP158,D4 498-763 14.97±0.043 0.72±0.05818 MIT165/MIT166 D24 5 18.23±0.133 1.66±0.44019 Bo94,MIT173 SHP168,D21 19 15.52±0.010 0.83±0.02020 Bo98 D25 1-12 16.19±0.008 0.84±0.01121 Bo96,MIT174 D14 28-174 16.11±0.109 1.20±0.16622 Bo D63 [WGK2004]s1-83 154 18.52±0.104 0.54±0.18223 Bo110 SHP178 41-52 15.13±0.008 0.81±0.01524 Bo117 14 16.22±0.032 0.70±0.04625 Bo107,MIT192 SHP175,D16 56-290 15.83±0.081 0.93±0.11426 NBol 63 CXOM31 J004231.2+412008 5 16.73±0.170 0.74±0.20927 Bo116 RX J0042.5+4132 234 16.79±0.023 1.37±0.09128 Bo123,MIT212 D18 16-27 17.28±0.199 0.98±0.27929 MIT213 D23 34-137 13.25±0.164 1.06±0.22530 PB-in7 CXOM31 J004246.0+411736 9 14.66±0.273 1.00±0.35931 Bo128 [PFJ93]51 237 16.84±0.107 0.85±0.14232 2 MIT222 D28 3 ....... .......33 Bo135 SHP205 3093-4009 15.89±0.012 0.92±0.02734 Bo138 8-84 15.84±0.206 0.97±0.28235 Bo144 D6 216-512 15.98±0.251 1.00±0.32936 Bo143 SHP217,D5 152-555 15.89±0.099 0.85±0.12837 n CXOM31 J004303.1+411015 62 15.29±0.008 1.05±0.01138 Bo146 SHP220,D7 74-414 16.81±0.331 0.81±0.42639 Bo D91,MIT236 SHP218 553-692 14.26±0.005 1.44±0.012

60 M31 4.6: –Source Optical ID a X-ray ID b L c X V d B − V eNo. 10 35 erg s −1 mag40 Bo147,MIT240 SHP222,D11 52-194 15.52±0.057 0.90±0.08241 Bo148 SHP223,D8 105-418 15.77±0.097 0.78±0.12342 [WSB85]S3 14 CXOM31 J004304.2+411601 43 16.61±0.180 0.86±0.24043 Bo150,MIT246 D19 16-72 16.24±0.097 1.08±0.15844 [WSB85]S1 4 CXOM31 J004309.7+411901 212 17.86±0.283 1.55±0.53045 Bo153,MIT251 SHP228,D3 373-1248 16.09±0.084 1.02±0.12046 Bo158 SHP229,D12 600-1880 14.60±0.004 0.88±0.00947 Bo161,MIT260 D26 16-22 16.23±0.035 0.86±0.05648 Bo159 2 16.96±0.063 1.20±0.12849 Bo164,MA92(269) RX J0043.2+4112 13 17.68±0.115 0.95±0.18650 Bo163 RX J0043.2+4127 1-1010 15.00±0.008 0.98±0.01651 Bo182 46 15.35±0.007 0.96±0.01752 Bo185,MIT299 SHP247,D9 454-1981 15.49±0.011 0.91±0.02153 MIT311 SHP250 52 18.34±0.121 1.14±0.35054 Bo193 SHP253 44 15.33±0.008 0.95±0.01755 n CXOM31 J004353.6+411654 305 18.22±0.112 0.40±0.14556 Bo204 SHP261 37 15.66±0.010 0.86±0.02257 Bo213 2E 0041.3+4114 201 16.98±0.024 0.74±0.03458 MA92(380) RX J0044.4+4136 27 14.72±0.005 0.87±0.01159 Bo225 SHP282 1130 14.13±0.003 0.87±0.00760 1 MA92(447) RX J0045.4+4132 15 ....... .......61 1 Bo375 SHP318,D1 5148-10372 17.54 1.4762 1 Bo386 SHP349 1496 15.59 0.76a BoBattistini et al. (1987) [64] Bo D - Battistini et al.(1980) [62] MIT - Magnier (1993) [184] MA92 - Magnier et al. (1992) [185] NBol - Battistini et al. (1993) [65] PB - Barmby (2001) [186] b SHP Supper et al. (1997) [147] Supper et al. (2001) [148] M31ROSAT /PSPC XD - Di Stefano et al. (2002) [163] X2E - Barmby et al. (2000) [4] [PFJ93] - Primini et al. (1993) [157] [WGK2004] - Williamset al. (2004) [162] [WSB85] -Wirth et al. (1985) [174] c 2, 4, 5, 7, 49, 58, 600.1 - 2 keV15, 26, 30 0.3 - 7 keV16, 22, 27,37, 42, 44, 55 0.1 - 10 keV31, 57 0.2 - 4.0 keV0.3 - 10.0keVd,e V B − V BATC Battistini et al.(1987) [64] n X1 BATCM312 BATCM31

5.1 M31∼780 kpc [19, 20] Galleti et al. (2004, 2006, 2007) [25, 26, 27] M31RBC V.3.5M31509f = 11058f = 23∼ 150Rich et al.2005 [187] M31 [188, 189, 190] de Grijs et al. 2005b [191] M31M31 [62] II [24] Barmby et al.2000 [4] M31Brown et al.(2004) [192] HST /ACS S312B37984.5F606W39.1F814W45.41.5M31 [193, 187, 194, 195] Tinsley (1968) [196] Tinsley (1972) [197] Searle et al. (1973) [198] Anders et al. 2004 [199]

62 M31Bruzual & Charlot (1993) [116] Bruzual & Charlot (1996) [117] Bruzual& Charlot (2003) [118] BC93BC96BC03Leitherer & Heckman (1995)[200]Fioc & Rocca-Volmerange (1997) [115] Leitherer et al. (1996) [201] Kennicutt(1998) [202] SimpleStellar Population SSP 1 SSP [203] Ma et al. (2001, 2002b, 2002c, 2002d) [72, 73, 74, 75] Jiang et al. (2003) [66] BC96BATCM33180M31172Ma et al. (2006a) [67] BC03BATCM3133Ma et al. (2006b) [68] 21BC03M31037−B327M31HST − [138, 135, 139] 3.5Faber 1973[141]Rose 1984 [142] Rose 1985 [143] Díaz, Terlevich & Terlevich 1989 [144] Wortheyet al. 1994 [114] Jones & Worthey 1995 [145] Vazdekis & Arimoto 1999 [146] Bruzual& Charlot 2003 [118] −− [204, 205, 206] [207, 199] BATC13UBV RI2MASSJHK s BC03 SSPJiang et al. (2003)[66]91911 SSPIMF

63−− 5.2BATCUBV RI2MASS5.35.45.55.2 2MASS5.2.1 Jiang et al. (2003) [66] Jiang et al.(2003) [66] M31172BATC13BC96 SSPBologna Catalogue [64] M31827353245A99BJiang et al. (2003) [66] 353BATC2234 [4] 47BATCJiang et al. (2003) [66] 172Jiang et al. 2003 [66] Jiang et al. (2003)3−Jiang et al. (2003)Jiang et al. (2003)172−Barmby et al. (2000) [4] Perrett et al.(2002) [208] 61201Barmbyet al. (2000) [4] 22393BATCBo131037−B327Ma et al. (2006b) [68] 91

64 M31 5.1: Galleti et al. (2004) [25] M3125 mag arcsec −2 Jiang et al. (2003) [66] BATC BATCM315.1 Galleti et al. 2004 [25] M31BATCBATC∼ 1 − 2 GyrBLCCsFusi Pecci et al. (2005) [209] BLCCsM315BLCCsPuzia et al. 2005 [210]

6525% − 50%[Fe/H]= −0.6 − −0.2dexM31 [210] M31Barmby et al. 2000 [4] Perrett et al. 2002[208]Puzia et al. 2005 [210] 5.2: Galleti et al. (2004) [25] M31(V − I)5.2M31 [25] (V − I)5.2(V − I)M31 [25] 5.4.4Jiang et al. (2003) [66] Jiang et al.(2003) [66] M31 [64] Fusi Pecci et al. (1993) [211] M31V = 18M V ∼ −6.5

66 M31 [64] 5.2.2 M31 BATC BATC Jiang et al. (2003) [66] BATC12319959199912M31 13BATC400010000ÅDAOPHOTPHOT [100] 17213BATCABOke-GunnHD19445HD 84937BD +26 ◦ 2606BD +17 ◦ 4708 [101] [103] Jiang et al. (2003) [66] 2 172BATC915.2.3 de Grijs et al. 2003b [207] Anders etal. 2004 [199] Fred Lawrence WhippleSAO 1.2Barmbyet al. (2000) [4] M312853Barmby et al. (2000) [4] UBV RIGalleti et al. (2004) [25] UBV RI Galleti et al. (2004) [25] Barmby et al. (2000) [4] UBV RIBarmby et al. (2000) [4] Galleti et al. (2004) [25] Galleti et al. (2004) [25] UGalleti et al. (2004) [25] 0.08

675.2.4 2MASSWorthey (1994) [135] −∆ age /∆ Z ∼ 3/2MacArthur et al. 2004 [212] de Jong (1996) [213] Anders et al. (2004) [199] Cardiel et al. (2003) [214] ∼ 30Wu et al. (2005) [215] Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)2MASSGalleti et al. (2004) [25] 6932MASS JHK s Galleti et al. (2004) [25] Carpenter (2001) [216] 2MASSCIT [217, 218] 2MASS JHK s CIT2MASSGalletiet al. (2004) [25] 2MASS JHK s Carpenter etal. (2001) [219] 22MASS2MASSU [207, 220] Schweizer et al. (2004) [221] 5.3 Barmby et al.(2000) [4] Perrett et al. (2002) [208] Barmby et al. (2000) [4] Keck LRISMultiple Mirror Telescope

68 M31(MMT)61KeckLRIS600l mm −1 1.2 Å pixel −1 3670 − 6200 Å4 − 5 ÅMMT 300 lmm −1 3.2 Å pixel −1 3400 − 7200 Å9 − 11 ÅBrodie & Huchra (1990) [222] Perrett et al. (2002) [208] 4.2William HerschelM31201∼ 3700 − 5600 Å2400l mm −1 H2400B0.8 Å pixel −1 3700−4500 Å2.5 Å1200l mm −1 R1200R1.5 Å pixel −1 4400 − 5600 Å5.1 ÅCH G bandMgb Fe53Bònoli et al. 1987 [223] Brodie & Huchra 1990 [222] Barmbyet al. 2000 [4] Perrett et al. 2002 [208] M31Brodie & Huchra (1990) [222] [Fe/H]M3115.4.5 5.4.6M31Brodie & Huchra(1990) [222] Beasley et al. (2005) [224] 1 − 2σ2Beasley et al. (2005) [224] Barmby et al. (2000) [4] −Q223M31Barmby et al. (2000) [4] M31M31−M31

69Barmby et al. (2000) [4] 5.4.1 5.4 BC03 [118] BC031 × 10 5 yr 20 Gyr26Padova199426Padova 2000Padova 1994Salpeter(1955) [108] 2 SSPW MAP 13.7 GyrBC0320 Gyr20 GyrBC03BATCUBV RI2MASSiABm i = −2.5 log∫λ F λϕ i (λ)dλ∫λ ϕ i(λ)dλ− 48.60 (5.1)F λ BC03ϕ i iF λ 5.4.2 χ 2 BC032 Gyr

70 M31χ 2 =∑21i=1[m obsλ i− m modλ i(t)] 2σ 2 im modλ i(t)ittm obsλ i(5.2)σ 2 i = σ 2 obs,i + σ 2 mod,i (5.3)σ obs,i σ mod,i Charlot et al. (1996) [225] σ mod,i Wu et al. (2005) [215] Ma et al. (2006b) [68] σ mod,i = 0.05Padova 1994BC036Z = 0.00010.00040.0040.0080.02 0.05A λ Cardelli et al. (1989) [226] 5.3BC035.55.4.3 55.212325.41231235.4cd5.4(i)χ 2 8 Gyr(ii)∼ 1.5 Gyr∼ 2 Gyr

71 5.3: χ 2 5.4.4 Jiang et al. (2003) [66] BATC BC96 Barmby et al. (2000) [4] M3117230.00040.004 0.02Jiang et al. (2003) [66] 5.5Jiang et al. (2003) [66] −Jiang et al.(2003) [66] 35.6M31Jianget al. (2003) [66] 20%

72 M31 5.4: χ 2 12 3cd5.2 5.6−agelog (age)5.6 3 Jianget al. (2003) [66] 3− 3 ∼ 1 − σJiang et al. (2003) [66] M31−3 Jiang et al. (2003) [66] −5.6 Jiang et al. (2003) [66] ∆ log(Age) ∼ [Fe/H]∆ log(Age) ∼[Fe/H]

73 5.5: Jiang et al. (2003) [66] Jiang et al. (2003) [66] 5.7Jiang et al. (2003) [66] Jiang et al. (2003) [66]5.7Jiang et al. (2003) [66] 10 Gyr∼ 1 − 2σKolmogorov-SmirnovKSD max = 0.1259P =0.71771.7%5.4.5 5.8M3191∼ 3∼ 8 Gyr [4, 195, 227, 210]

74 M31 5.6: Jiang et al. (2003) [66] M31 5.7: Jiang et al. (2003) [66]

75∼ 3σ Gyr 5.8: 91M31 5.5BC03 Gyr< 5 Gyr< 1 Gyr∼ 7 − 8 Gyr∼ 1.5 GyrM315.4.3bin sizebias1.5 Gyr∼ 3σ5.9∆Age/Age ≃ 0.17 ± 0.101σ∼ 7−8 GyrPuzia et al. (2005) [210]

76 M31∼ 5 − 8 GyrPuzia et al. (2005) [210] [Z/H] ≈ −0.6 dexM31Brown et al. (2003) [228] HST /ACS∼ 6 − 8 Gyr[Fe/H]> −0.5 dex 5.9: M31∼ 3 GyrFusiPecci et al. (2005) [209] ∼ 2 GyrBLCCs∼ 3GyrM31M31Barmby et al. 2000 [4] Perrett et al.2002 [208] Forbes et al. (1997) [229] cD

77M315.8M31Fusi Pecci et al.2005 [209] M31 [230] Abadi et al.2003 [231] in situFusi Pecci et al. 2005 [209] Puzia et al. 2005 [210] 5.4.6 − [232, 233] Ma et al. (2006b) [68] BC03M3133−−M315.10M315.10σ5.3 5.10M31−5.2.1BATC−M31BLCCsBLCCs∼ 500 Myr ∼ 2 Gyr

78 M31 5.10: 911−σ−1.0 < [Fe/H] < 0.0 [209] BLCCsBLCCs−Jiang et al. (2003) [66] Barmby & Huchra(2000) [234] Puzia et al. (2005) [210] −Barmby et al. (2000) [4] Perrett et al. (2002) [208] Puziaet al. (2005) [210] M31Charlot et al. (1996) [225] Wu et al. (2005) [215] Ma et al. (2006b) [68] −

79 [66] (5.3) √ 2biassystematic offset5.5 M3191—2MASSJiang et al. (2003) [66] −1 Gyr∼ 3 Gyr ∼ 8Gyr∼ 3 GyrFusi Pecci et al.(2005) [209] ∼ 2 GyrBLCCs3 GyrM31M31 [230] Abadiet al. 2003 [231] in situFusi Pecci et al. 2005 [209] Puzia et al.2005 [210] M31−

80 M31 5.1: 91M31 χ 2 min(Gyr) [Fe/H] ()Bo009 16.75±4.90 −1.57±0.26 2.87Bo015 1.43±0.04 −0.35±0.96 1.86Bo017 2.30±0.07 −0.42±0.45 0.59Bo023 20.00±4.94 −0.92±0.10 2.69Bo025 8.25±2.08 −1.46±0.13 1.62Bo027 17.50±2.95 −1.64±0.32 3.80Bo029 14.25±4.25 −0.32±0.14 5.51Bo030 5.25±1.30 −0.39±0.36 3.81Bo031 2.60±0.92 −1.22±0.40 4.56Bo034 20.00±4.69 −1.01±0.22 3.46Bo036 20.00±4.34 −0.99±0.25 2.13Bo038 6.00±0.82 −1.66±0.44 0.43Bo039 4.75±0.47 −0.70±0.32 0.61Bo041 19.50±5.03 −1.22±0.23 0.76Bo042 2.60±0.14 −0.78±0.31 2.11Bo044 8.25±2.26 −1.14±0.37 1.51Bo051 11.25±2.51 −1.00±0.13 1.14Bo054 1.28±0.03 −0.45±0.17 3.00Bo056 3.50±0.78 −0.06±0.10 3.54Bo057 6.75±1.95 −2.12±0.32 1.23Bo059 20.00±1.01 −1.36±0.52 1.83Bo061 7.25±0.87 −0.73±0.28 1.73Bo063 9.75±2.58 −0.87±0.33 1.43Bo064 18.00±2.47 −1.55±0.30 1.85Bo068 1.80±0.04 −0.29±0.59 1.33Bo073 7.25±0.87 −0.64±0.46 1.78Bo076 1.68±0.10 −0.72±0.06 1.78Bo082 6.00±0.87 −0.80±0.18 3.35Bo086 15.25±2.72 −1.74±0.17 1.25Bo088 7.75±0.84 −1.81±0.06 0.60Bo093 20.00±5.44 −1.03±0.12 1.64Bo094 3.25±0.30 −0.17±0.45 1.34Bo096 9.00±1.65 −0.26±0.43 1.81Bo097 2.30±0.23 −1.21±0.13 1.19

81 5.1: – χ 2 min(Gyr) [Fe/H] ()Bo098 3.00±0.11 −0.67±0.58 1.41Bo102 1.80±0.24 −1.57±0.10 2.05Bo103 7.75±1.15 −0.56±0.62 1.17Bo105 10.25±1.82 −1.13±0.32 0.56Bo106 20.00±7.11 −0.86±0.68 2.18Bo107 5.25±1.84 −1.18±0.30 2.25Bo110 8.00±2.43 −1.06±0.12 2.00Bo116 7.50±0.76 −0.88±0.12 0.67Bo125 4.00±0.71 −1.52±0.08 1.62Bo127 9.75±3.03 −0.80±0.14 3.88Bo130 6.50±1.74 −1.28±0.19 1.71Bo134 5.50±2.28 −0.64±0.08 5.47Bo135 20.00±2.10 −1.62±0.04 1.18Bo137 5.50±1.08 −1.21±0.29 1.39Bo143 4.75±0.76 0.09±0.42 1.99Bo148 7.50±2.34 −1.15±0.34 3.07Bo149 4.25±1.11 −1.35±0.25 3.38Bo151 12.50±2.61 −0.75±0.18 2.05Bo152 17.50±4.76 −0.87±0.49 2.12Bo153 8.00±0.83 −0.08±0.33 1.10Bo154 1.61±0.17 −0.45±0.63 4.36Bo158 20.00±5.57 −1.02±0.02 3.06Bo161 20.00±1.00 −1.60±0.48 3.64Bo163 11.75±1.60 −0.36±0.27 1.87Bo164 1.61±0.18 −0.09±0.40 1.88Bo165 11.50±3.08 −1.80±0.32 1.49Bo167 5.50±1.12 −0.42±0.23 1.15Bo171 10.75±1.87 −0.41±0.04 2.49Bo174 18.50±1.88 −1.67±0.27 1.27Bo178 15.50±2.37 −1.51±0.12 1.03Bo179 9.75±2.17 −1.10±0.02 0.97Bo180 6.25±1.37 −1.19±0.07 1.67Bo182 16.75±2.93 −1.24±0.12 1.33Bo183 3.00±0.09 −0.19±0.31 1.05

82 M31 5.1: –Note: a Ma et al. (2006b) χ 2 min(Gyr) [Fe/H] ()Bo184 1.68±0.08 −0.37±0.40 1.63Bo185 9.75±3.24 −0.76±0.08 2.67Bo190 12.75±2.24 −1.03±0.09 0.57Bo193 15.50±3.92 −0.44±0.17 1.49Bo197 0.25±0.03 −0.43±0.36 2.67Bo201 10.75±4.26 −1.06±0.21 2.64Bo203 6.25±0.86 −0.90±0.32 1.45Bo204 7.00±0.93 −0.80±0.17 2.02Bo205 20.00±2.29 −1.34±0.13 1.85Bo206 20.00±2.50 −1.45±0.10 3.30Bo209 20.00±0.74 −1.37±0.13 1.78Bo211 19.00±1.68 −1.67±0.52 1.03Bo213 7.50±1.61 −1.02±0.11 1.89Bo214 4.00±1.50 −1.00±0.61 2.63Bo217 10.25±2.15 −0.93±0.14 1.05Bo218 19.00±2.30 −1.19±0.07 2.06Bo220 6.00±0.83 −1.21±0.09 0.96Bo221 16.75±3.57 −1.29±0.04 1.47Bo222 7.75±1.46 −0.93±0.95 5.09Bo224 5.50±1.00 −1.80±0.05 0.45Bo225 15.50±4.89 −0.67±0.12 2.52Bo228 10.00±1.86 −0.65±0.66 0.98Bo235 4.00±0.59 −0.72±0.26 1.65Bo037 a 12.4±3.2 −1.07±0.20 1.43

83 5.2: Name(Gyr) 0.5 2Bo015 1.43±0.04 1.43±0.04 1.43±0.05Bo137 5.50±1.08 5.75±1.09 4.75±1.09Bo228 10.00±1.86 10.50±1.72 9.75±2.11Bo178 15.50±2.37 16.75±2.36 14.50±2.32Bo135 20.00±2.10 20.00±1.34 18.50±1.89 5.3: − σ [Fe/H] σ [Fe/H](Gyr) (Gyr) (Gyr) (dex) (dex)0 ≤ Age < 2 1.46 0.48 −0.52 0.432 ≤ Age < 4 2.82 0.44 −0.59 0.464 ≤ Age < 6 4.85 0.64 −0.90 0.546 ≤ Age < 8 6.94 0.68 −1.11 0.448 ≤ Age < 10 8.94 0.82 −0.84 0.4310 ≤ Age < 14 11.18 0.95 −0.91 0.4114 ≤ Age ≤ 20 18.34 1.91 −1.23 0.38

M316.1 M31Kim etal. (2007) [235] Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) 0.9WIYN (University of Wisconsin, Indiana University, Yale University NOAO) 3.51164605Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) 4Isaac Newton 2.5Huxor (2007) [236] M31M31M31M31Kim et al. 2007 [235] M31faint fuzziesextendedHuxor et al. 2005 [44] Mackey et al. 2006, 2007 [237, 238] M31Brown et al. 2003 [228] Beasley et al. 2004 [195] Puzia, Perrett & Bridges2005 [210] Fan et al. 2006 [239] Burstein & Heiles(1982) [240] Schlegel et al. (1998) [241] M31van den Bergh (1969) [242]M31Iye & Richter(1985) [243] Kron & Mayall (1960) [56] Vetešnik (1962) [54] Harris(1974) [244] van den Bergh (1975) [245] Bajaja & Gergely (1977) [246] M31

86 M31M31M31M31Frogel et al. (1980) [247] Q K L. Searle35Cramptonet al. (1985) [63] Frogel et al. (1980) [247] 35(B − V ) 0 ∼40005000 ÅS40Barmby et al. (2000) [4] M31223Barmby et al. (2000) [4] M316−M31M31M31M31Jiang et al. 2003 [66] Ma et al. 2006b [68] Fan et al. 2006[239]Rey et al. 2007 [248] [249, 4] [250] 6.4.5

M31 87HST HST Gebhardt &Kissler-Patig (1999) [251] Larsen et al. (2001) [8] Kundu & Whitmore (2001) [9] West et al. 2004 [3] Peng et al. (2006)HST /ACSVirgoCluster100−22 < M B < −15 [3, 91, 252] 443M31209M316.2M316.36.46.56.2 6.2.1 Galleti et al. (2004) [25] M31Revised Bologna Catalogue337688Barmby et al. (2000) [4] Perrett et al.(2002) [208] 6.2.2 Galleti et al. (2004) [25] M31UBV RIBarmbyet al. (2000) [4] 2MASSGalleti et al. (2004) [25] 6932MASS JHK s Galleti

88 M31et al. (2004) [25] Carpenter (2001) [216] 2MASSCIT [217, 218] 337668UBV RIJHK 26.2.3 Huchra, Brodie & Kent (1991) [253] Multiple Mirror TelescopeMMTM311508−9Å3200 ÅBrodie & Huchra 1990 [222] Huchra, Brodie & Kent(1991) [253] Brodie & Huchra (1990) [222] 6150Barmby et al. (2000) [4] KeckLow ResolutionImaging Spectrometer LRISMMTM31615.3Brodie& Huchra (1990) [222] Huchra, Brodie & Kent (1991) [253] M31188 1 Barmby et al. (2000) [4] Huchra, Brodie & Kent (1991) [253] Perrett et al. (2002) [208] 4.2William HerschelWide-Field Fibre Optic Spectrograph WYFFOS2015.3Perrett etal. (2002) [208] Huchra, Brodie &Kent (1991) [253] Barmby et al. (2000) [4] B328[Fe/H] = −1.22 ± 0.8[Fe/H] =−1.51 ± 0.28Barmby et al. (2000) [4] KeckMMTBarmby et al. (2000) [4]1 http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/∼huchra/ m31globulars/m31glob.dat

M31 89 295M31 6.1 Spectroscopic Metallicity Catalogue SMCatSMCat6.1Brodie& Huchra (1990) [222] Perrett et al. 2002 [208] 76.3 6.1M31Barmby et al. (2000) [4] Barmbyet al. (2000) [4] Galleti et al. (2004) [25] M316.3.1 Barmby et al. (2000) [4] QBarmby et al. (2000) [4] Brodie & Huchra (1990) [222] 23Harris (1996) [254] Catalogue of Milky Way Globular Cluster Parameters 2 2003H03150 − C−M Barmby et al. (2000) [4] E(B − V ) < 0.52 http://www.physics.mcmaster.ca/Globular.html

90 M31−(X − Y ) 0 = a[Fe/H] + b (6.1)E(B − V ) = E(B − V )E(X − Y ) [(X − Y ) − (X − Y ) 0] (6.2)(X −Y )(X −Y ) 0 H03E(B − V )/E(X − Y )Cardelli,Clayton & Mathis (1989) [226] r > 0.86.2bisector [255] XY Y Y XY Barmby et al. 2000 [4] Q−Q−CQQ XY Z ≡ (X − Y ) − E(X − Y ) (Y − Z)E(Y − Z)= (X − Y ) 0 − E(X − Y )E(Y − Z) (Y − Z) 0 (6.3)XY ZQ−(X − Y ) 0 = aQ XY Z + b (6.4)(X − Z) 0 = aQ XY Z + b (6.5)(Y − Z) 0 = aQ XY Z + b (6.6)6.3r > 0.8 6.1Q−

M31 91 6.1: Q6.3.2 H03E(B − V ) > 0.5(6.1)−(6.6)6.26.3−Q−E(B − V )E(B − V )6.2H03H03Q−E(B − V ) H03E(B − V )0.01 ± 0.01 mag−E(B − V )H03E(B − V )0.00 ± 0.01 mag

92 M31 6.2: H036.3.3 M31Barmby et al. (2000) [4] M31M31−Q− M31658 Barmby et al. (2000) [4] Barmby et al. (2000) [4] E(B − V ) > 0.15σ E(B−V ) / E(B − V ) > 0.5E(B − V ) < 0.15σ E(B−V ) / E(B − V ) > 1.01854436.413579Galleti etal. (2004) [25] 6.36.4E(B − V ) ≤ 0.2443E(B − V ) our work= 0.28 +0.23−0.14

M31 93 6.3: M310.17Barmby et al. (2000)E(B − V ) Barmby=0.220.196.4M31Racine (1991) [256] M31NGC 205M3225 mag arcsec −2 6.4van den Bergh (1969) [242] McClure & Racine (1969) [257] Frogel, Persson& Cohen (1980) [247] M31E(B − V ) >0.1Barmby et al. (2000) [4] 12M31Vetešnik (1962b) [258] Vetešnik (1962a) [54] M31M31(B − V ) 0 = 0.83M31M313homogeneousIye & Richter (1985) [243]

94 M31 6.4: M31Racine (1991)[256] M31 NGC 205 M3225 mag arcsec −2 M31M31M31X ∼ Y M31XM31Y M31M31M31α 0 = 00 h 42 m 44 s .30δ 0 = +41 o 16 ′ 09 ′′ .0 (J2000.0) [208, 253]

M31 95X = A sin θ + B cos θ (6.7)Y = −A cos θ + B sin θ (6.8)A = sin(α − α 0 ) cos δB = sin δ cos δ 0 − cos(α − α 0 ) cos δ sin δ 0 M31θ = 38 ◦ [259] 6.5 M31NWSEE(B − V ) = 0.33 ± 0.020.24 ± 0.02 6.5: M31M31M316.6(B − V )Y 5.5 ′ 6.6(B − V ) 0 Y 5.5 ′ (B − V ) 0 = 0.64 ± 0.03

96 M31(B − V ) 0 = 0.66 ± 0.02 6.6: M31(B − V )(B − V ) 0 M316.4 M31Huchra, Brodie &Kent (1991) [253] Ashman & Bird (1993) [260] , Barmby et al. (2000) [4] Perrett etal. (2002) [208] M31Huchra,Brodie & Kent (1991) [253] M31Perrett et al. (2002) [208] 321M316.4.1 6.3443231−

M31 97−M31 [255] > 1σ2096.56.4.2 6.4.1 6.7−0.039 ± 0.0226.70.70.544B068B075B159B2191B06814 [Fe/H] = −0.81 ± 0.03[Fe/H] = −0.29 ± 0.592B0753[Fe/H] = −1.71 ± 0.08[Fe/H] = −1.03 ± 0.333B1593[Fe/H] = −2.33 ± 0.11[Fe/H] = −1.58 ± 0.414B21914[Fe/H] = −0.62 ± 0.05[Fe/H] = −0.01 ± 0.5740.028 ± 0.0226.8Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS)6.8

98 M314D max = 0.0616.8KS 6.7: M31σ s σ c 6.4.3 M31M31Huchra, Brodie& Kent (1991) [253] Ashman & Bird (1993) [260] Barmby et al. (2000) [4] Perrettet al. (2002) [208] M31M315046.9M31H03

M31 99 6.8: M31−[Fe/H]= −1.202±0.036−1.414±0.057−1.290±0.032 dexPerrett et al. (2002) [208] [Fe/H] = −1.21 ± 0.03 dexH03[Fe/H] = −1.298 ± 0.046 dex3σ−[Fe/H] < −2.5−6.86.9KMMMcLachlan& Basford 1988 [261] Ashman et al. 1994 [182]

100 M31KMMP −6.6KMM P −M3199.6%96.8%100.0%100.0%−σ KMM−σKMMM316.76.8KMM6.66.76.8−σKMMDipM31 DipHartigan & Hartigan 1985 [262] Hartigan1985 [263] DipDip−Dip−0Dip−123Dip−0.0240.0250.01871.2%55.43%66.9%DipKMMM3190.5%Dip−= 0.0396.4.4 M31KMMM31KMMKMM[Fe/H] = −1.18 dex540.5 < P < 0.654KMM6.10M31(6.7)(6.8)6.10Huchra, Brodie & Kent (1991) [253] Perrett et al.

M31 101 6.9: M31−σKMM(2002) [208] M316.4M316.11< 10 ′ ∼ 2.3 kpcPerrett et al. (2002) [208] [264, 265] Frenk &White (1982) [266] Minniti (1995) [267] Côté (1999) [268] Forbes et al. (2001) [269]∼ 5 kpcElson & Walterbos (1988) [270] M31Huchra, Brodie & Kent (1991) [253]

102 M31 6.10: M312 kpc 3 M31Perrett et al. (2002) [208] M31Schroder et al. (2002) [81]Barmby et al. (2000) [4] 166maximumlikelihoodM316.4.5 [4] Eggen et al. (1962) [249] [249, 4] Searle & Zinn (1978) [250] 3 6.11∼ 2.3 kpc

M31 103 6.11: M31Armandroff (1989) [265] M31van den Bergh (1969) [242] 50 ′ Huchra et al. (1982) [271] Sharov (1988) [272] Huchra, Brodie & Kent(1991) [253] Perrett et al. (2002) [208] M31Barmby et al. (2000) [4] 6.12M31−0.006 ± 0.001−0.007 ± 0.002 dex arcmin −1

104 M31 6.12: M310.000 ± 0.001 dex arcmin −1 10 ′ binR < 90 ′ Perrett et al.(2002) [208] Huchra, Brodie & Kent (1991) [253] M31M316.4.6

M31 105AGB [4] Strader et al.(2006) [12] Parmentier etal. (1999) [273] HST HST /ACSHarris et al. (2006) [11] Mieske et al. (2006) [13] Straderet al. (2006) [12] M87NGC 4649NGC 7094 NGC 4472blue tilt [12] Strader et al. (2006) [12] Spitler et al. (2006) [274] Sombrero, NGC 4594Strader et al. (2006) [12] Harris et al. (2006) [11] Bekkiet al. 2007 [275] Bekkiet al. (2007) [275] −6.13Huchra, Brodie &Kent (1991) [253] Barmby et al. (2000) [4]

106 M31 6.13: V 0 6.5 Barmby et al.(2000) [4] M314432093Galleti et al.(2004) [25] M31RBC337688504M31M311. M31E(B − V ) = 0.2E(B − V ) = 0.28 +0.23−0.14M31M31

M31 1072. M31[Fe/H] ≈ −1.7−0.7 dex3. M314. 5. M31Barmby et al. (2000) [4] M311M312M31Walterbos & Kennicutt (1988) [276] M31M31Massey et al. (1995) [277] M31E(U − B)/E(B − V ) ∼ 0.5Iye& Richter (1985) [243] E(U − B)/E(B − V ) = 1.01 ± 0.11E(U − B)/E(B − V ) = 1.01 ± 0.72M31Barmby et al. (2000) [4] M31UKXu & Helou (1996) [278] M31M31B037037−B327Barmby et al.(2002b) [279] Ma et al. (2006b) [68] Ma et al. (2006c) [83] Cohen (2006) [280] B037Kron & Mayall (1960) [56] B037P V A V = 3.90M31UBV Vetešnik(1962b) [258] M31B037E(B − V ) = 1.28A V = 4.10Crampton et al. (1985) [63] (B −V ) 0 ∼ 40005000 Å S40B037E(B − V ) = 1.48

108 M31−Q−Barmby et al. (2000) [4] M31223B037E(B − V ) = 1.38 ± 0.02Barmby, Perrett & Bridges(2002) [279] E(B −V ) = 1.30±0.04Ma et al. (2006b) [68] B037E(B − V ) = 1.360 ± 0.013B037E(B−V ) = 1.21±0.03B037Ma et al. (2006b) [68] HST /ACSCohen2006 [280]

M31 109 6.1: Name [Fe/H] S Name [Fe/H] S Name [Fe/H] S Name [Fe/H] SG055 −1.07 ± 0.55 3 B011 −1.54 ± 0.34 3 G001 −1.08 ± 0.09 3 G002 −1.70 ± 0.36 3B009 −1.57 ± 0.26 3 B020 −1.07 ± 0.10 3 B023 −0.92 ± 0.10 3 B024 −0.48 ± 0.30 3B027 −1.64 ± 0.32 3 B044 −1.14 ± 0.37 3 B046 −1.84 ± 0.61 3 B058 −1.45 ± 0.24 3B063 −0.87 ± 0.33 3 B064 −1.55 ± 0.30 3 B068 −0.29 ± 0.59 3 B073 −0.64 ± 0.46 3B085 −1.83 ± 0.40 3 B086 −1.74 ± 0.17 3 B092 −1.65 ± 0.49 3 B095 −1.57 ± 0.41 3B096 −0.26 ± 0.43 3 B098 −0.67 ± 0.58 3 B103 −0.56 ± 0.62 3 B106 −0.86 ± 0.68 3B107 −1.18 ± 0.30 3 B112 0.29 ± 0.49 3 B115 −0.15 ± 0.38 3 B131 −0.81 ± 0.28 3B143 0.09 ± 0.42 3 B146 −0.43 ± 0.81 3 B151 −0.75 ± 0.18 3 B152 −0.87 ± 0.49 3B153 −0.08 ± 0.33 3 B154 −0.45 ± 0.63 3 B163 −0.36 ± 0.27 3 B165 −1.80 ± 0.32 3B174 −1.67 ± 0.27 3 B178 −1.51 ± 0.12 3 B183 −0.19 ± 0.31 3 B201 −1.06 ± 0.21 3B205 −1.34 ± 0.13 3 B206 −1.45 ± 0.10 3 B211 −1.67 ± 0.52 3 B212 −1.75 ± 0.13 3B228 −0.65 ± 0.66 3 B229 −1.81 ± 0.74 3 B233 −1.59 ± 0.32 3 B239 −1.18 ± 0.61 3B240 −1.76 ± 0.18 3 B317 −2.12 ± 0.36 3 B318 −2.10 ± 0.50 3 B343 −1.49 ± 0.17 3B344 −1.13 ± 0.21 3 B352 −1.88 ± 0.83 3 B357 −0.80 ± 0.42 3 B358 −1.83 ± 0.22 3B373 −0.50 ± 0.22 3 B375 −1.23 ± 0.22 3 B376 −2.18 ± 0.99 3 B377 −2.19 ± 0.65 3B379 −0.70 ± 0.35 3 B381 −1.22 ± 0.43 3 B384 −0.66 ± 0.22 3 B387 −1.96 ± 0.29 3B397 −1.05 ± 0.53 3 B403 −0.45 ± 0.78 3 B405 −1.80 ± 0.31 3 B407 −0.85 ± 0.33 3B430 −1.80 ± 0.65 3 B431 −1.23 ± 0.57 3 B486 −2.28 ± 0.98 3 NB16 −1.36 ± 0.12 3NB61 0.26 ± 0.57 3 NB65 −0.78 ± 0.52 3 B036 −0.99 ± 0.25 2 B126 −1.20 ± 0.47 2B292 −1.42 ± 0.16 2 B302 −1.50 ± 0.12 2 B304 −1.32 ± 0.22 2 B310 −1.43 ± 0.28 2B328 −1.51 ± 0.28 2 B337 −1.09 ± 0.32 2 B350 −1.47 ± 0.17 2 B354 −1.46 ± 0.38 2B383 −0.48 ± 0.20 2 B401 −1.75 ± 0.29 2 NB67 −1.43 ± 0.13 2 NB68 −0.76 ± 0.33 2NB74 −0.02 ± 0.43 2 NB81 −0.75 ± 0.33 2 NB83 −1.26 ± 0.16 2 NB87 0.26 ± 0.41 2NB89 −0.53 ± 0.57 2 NB91 −0.71 ± 0.33 2 B295 −1.71 ± 0.15 1 B298 −2.07 ± 0.11 1B301 −0.76 ± 0.25 1 B303 −2.09 ± 0.41 1 DAO023 −0.43 ± 0.13 1 B305 −0.90 ± 0.61 1B306 −0.85 ± 0.71 1 DAO025 −1.96 ± 0.97 1 B307 −0.41 ± 0.36 1 B311 −1.96 ± 0.07 1B312 −1.41 ± 0.08 1 B314 −1.61 ± 0.32 1 B313 −1.09 ± 0.10 1 B315 −2.35 ± 0.54 1B001 −0.58 ± 0.18 1 DAO030 −0.65 ± 0.34 1 B316 −1.47 ± 0.23 1 B319 −2.27 ± 0.47 1B321 −2.39 ± 0.41 1 G047 −1.19 ± 0.29 1 B004 −0.31 ± 0.74 1 B005 −1.18 ± 0.17 1B443 −2.37 ± 0.46 1 B327 −2.33 ± 0.49 1 B006 −0.58 ± 0.10 1 B195D −1.64 ± 0.19 1B008 −0.41 ± 0.38 1 B010 −1.77 ± 0.14 1 B012 −1.65 ± 0.19 1 B448 −2.16 ± 0.19 1DAO036 −2.16 ± 0.32 1 B013 −1.01 ± 0.49 1 B335 −1.05 ± 0.26 1 B015 −0.35 ± 0.96 1B016 −0.78 ± 0.19 1 B451 −2.13 ± 0.43 1 B017 −0.42 ± 0.45 1 B018 −1.63 ± 0.77 1DAO039 −1.22 ± 0.41 1 B019 −1.09 ± 0.02 1 B021 −0.90 ± 0.06 1 B338 −1.46 ± 0.12 1DAO041 −1.14 ± 0.30 1 B453 −2.09 ± 0.53 1 B341 −1.17 ± 0.05 1 V031 −1.59 ± 0.06 1B025 −1.46 ± 0.13 1 B026 0.01 ± 0.38 1 B028 −1.87 ± 0.29 1 B029 −0.32 ± 0.14 1B030 −0.39 ± 0.36 1 B031 −1.22 ± 0.40 1 B342 −1.62 ± 0.02 1 B033 −1.33 ± 0.24 1B034 −1.01 ± 0.22 1 DAO047 −1.13 ± 0.57 1 B035 −0.20 ± 0.54 1 V216 −1.15 ± 0.26 1

110 M31 6.1: –Name [Fe/H] S Name [Fe/H] S Name [Fe/H] S Name [Fe/H] SB037 −1.07 ± 0.20 1 B038 −1.66 ± 0.44 1 B039 −0.70 ± 0.32 1 B040 −0.98 ± 0.48 1DAO048 −2.01 ± 0.99 1 B041 −1.22 ± 0.23 1 B042 −0.78 ± 0.31 1 B043 −2.42 ± 0.51 1B045 −1.05 ± 0.25 1 B458 −1.18 ± 0.67 1 B047 −1.62 ± 0.41 1 B048 −0.40 ± 0.37 1B049 −2.14 ± 0.55 1 B050 −1.42 ± 0.37 1 B051 −1.00 ± 0.13 1 B053 −0.33 ± 0.26 1B054 −0.45 ± 0.17 1 B055 −0.23 ± 0.07 1 B056 −0.06 ± 0.10 1 B057 −2.12 ± 0.32 1B059 −1.36 ± 0.52 1 B061 −0.73 ± 0.28 1 B065 −1.56 ± 0.03 1 B066 −2.10 ± 0.35 1B069 −1.35 ± 0.43 1 V246 −1.35 ± 0.29 1 B072 −0.38 ± 0.25 1 B074 −1.88 ± 0.06 1B075 −1.03 ± 0.33 1 B076 −0.72 ± 0.06 1 B081 −1.74 ± 0.40 1 B082 −0.80 ± 0.18 1B083 −1.18 ± 0.44 1 B088 −1.81 ± 0.06 1 B090 −1.39 ± 0.80 1 B091 −1.80 ± 0.61 1B093 −1.03 ± 0.12 1 NB20 −0.80 ± 0.23 1 B094 −0.17 ± 0.45 1 NB33 0.04 ± 0.38 1B097 −1.21 ± 0.13 1 B102 −1.57 ± 0.10 1 B105 −1.13 ± 0.32 1 B109 −0.13 ± 0.41 1B110 −1.06 ± 0.12 1 B116 −0.88 ± 0.12 1 B117 −1.33 ± 0.45 1 B119 −0.49 ± 0.18 1B122 −1.69 ± 0.34 1 B125 −1.52 ± 0.08 1 B127 −0.80 ± 0.14 1 B129 −1.21 ± 0.32 1B130 −1.28 ± 0.19 1 B134 −0.64 ± 0.08 1 B135 −1.62 ± 0.04 1 B355 −1.62 ± 0.43 1B137 −1.21 ± 0.29 1 B140 −0.88 ± 0.77 1 B141 −1.59 ± 0.21 1 B144 −0.64 ± 0.21 1DAO058 −0.87 ± 0.07 1 B148 −1.15 ± 0.34 1 B149 −1.35 ± 0.25 1 B467 −2.49 ± 0.47 1B356 −1.46 ± 0.28 1 B156 −1.51 ± 0.38 1 B158 −1.02 ± 0.02 1 B159 −1.58 ± 0.41 1B160 −1.17 ± 1.25 1 B161 −1.60 ± 0.48 1 B164 −0.09 ± 0.40 1 B166 −1.33 ± 0.37 1B167 −0.42 ± 0.23 1 B170 −0.54 ± 0.24 1 B272 −1.25 ± 0.16 1 B171 −0.41 ± 0.04 1B176 −1.60 ± 0.10 1 B179 −1.10 ± 0.02 1 B180 −1.19 ± 0.07 1 B182 −1.24 ± 0.12 1B185 −0.76 ± 0.08 1 B184 −0.37 ± 0.40 1 B188 −1.51 ± 0.17 1 B190 −1.03 ± 0.09 1B193 −0.44 ± 0.17 1 G245 −0.31 ± 0.16 1 B472 −1.45 ± 0.02 1 B197 −0.43 ± 0.36 1B199 −1.59 ± 0.11 1 B198 −1.13 ± 0.30 1 B200 −0.91 ± 0.61 1 B203 −0.90 ± 0.32 1B204 −0.80 ± 0.17 1 B207 −0.81 ± 0.59 1 B208 −0.84 ± 0.04 1 B209 −1.37 ± 0.13 1B210 −1.90 ± 0.32 1 B213 −1.02 ± 0.11 1 B214 −1.00 ± 0.61 1 DAO065 −1.80 ± 0.36 1DAO066 −1.82 ± 0.26 1 B216 −1.87 ± 0.39 1 B217 −0.93 ± 0.14 1 B218 −1.19 ± 0.07 1B219 −0.01 ± 0.57 1 B220 −1.21 ± 0.09 1 B221 −1.29 ± 0.04 1 B222 −0.93 ± 0.95 1B223 −1.13 ± 0.51 1 B224 −1.80 ± 0.05 1 B225 −0.67 ± 0.12 1 B230 −2.17 ± 0.16 1B365 −1.78 ± 0.19 1 B231 −1.49 ± 0.41 1 B232 −1.83 ± 0.14 1 DAO070 0.33 ± 0.36 1B281 −0.87 ± 0.52 1 B234 −0.95 ± 0.13 1 B366 −1.79 ± 0.05 1 B367 −2.32 ± 0.53 1B283 −0.06 ± 0.20 1 B475 −2.00 ± 0.14 1 B235 −0.72 ± 0.26 1 DAO073 −1.99 ± 0.19 1B237 −2.09 ± 0.28 1 B370 −1.80 ± 0.02 1 B238 −0.57 ± 0.66 1 B372 −1.42 ± 0.17 1B374 −1.90 ± 0.67 1 B480 −1.86 ± 0.66 1 DAO084 −1.79 ± 0.72 1 B483 −2.96 ± 0.35 1B484 −1.95 ± 0.59 1 B378 −1.64 ± 0.26 1 B380 −2.31 ± 0.45 1 B382 −1.52 ± 0.27 1B386 −1.62 ± 0.14 1 B289D −1.71 ± 0.63 1 B292D −0.47 ± 0.54 1 G327 −1.88 ± 0.06 1B391 −0.55 ± 0.59 1 B400 −2.01 ± 0.21 1 BA11 −1.14 ± 0.61 1Note – Perrett et al. (2002) [208] (S=1), Barmby etal. (2000) [4] (S=2)Huchra, Brodie & Kent (1991) [253] (S=3)

M31 111 6.2: −(X − Y ) 0 = a[Fe/H] + b [Fe/H] = a(X − Y ) 0 + b(X − Y ) 0 N a b a b r(U − B) 0 84 0.316± 0.000 0.599 ± 0.001 3.162 ± 0.028 −1.895 ± 0.002 0.867(U − V ) 0 84 0.491± 0.001 1.538 ± 0.001 2.039 ± 0.010 −3.136 ± 0.008 0.894(U − R) 0 67 0.559 ± 0.001 2.038 ± 0.002 1.788 ± 0.008 −3.644 ± 0.014 0.906(U − I) 0 76 0.604 ± 0.002 2.555 ± 0.004 1.656 ± 0.012 −4.232 ± 0.004 0.880(U − J) 0 32 0.966 ± 0.006 3.806 ± 0.011 1.035 ± 0.007 −3.940 ± 0.046 0.883(U − H) 0 32 1.095 ± 0.007 4.561 ± 0.014 0.913 ± 0.005 −4.166 ± 0.051 0.899(U − K) 0 32 1.151 ± 0.008 4.735 ± 0.015 0.868 ± 0.005 −4.112 ± 0.050 0.897(B − R) 0 67 0.265 ± 0.000 1.474 ± 0.001 3.768 ± 0.070 −5.553 ± 0.088 0.834(B − J) 0 32 0.694 ± 0.003 3.285 ± 0.005 1.440 ± 0.013 −4.731 ± 0.082 0.848(B − H) 0 32 0.820 ± 0.004 4.034 ± 0.007 1.220 ± 0.009 −4.922 ± 0.083 0.878(B − K) 0 32 0.877 ± 0.005 4.209 ± 0.007 1.140 ± 0.008 −4.800 ± 0.079 0.875(V − J) 0 32 0.539 ± 0.002 2.378 ± 0.004 1.855 ± 0.027 −4.413 ± 0.084 0.802(V − H) 0 32 0.660 ± 0.003 3.122 ± 0.005 1.514 ± 0.016 −4.728 ± 0.085 0.850(V − K) 0 32 0.718 ± 0.003 3.298 ± 0.005 1.393 ± 0.013 −4.594 ± 0.078 0.849(R − H) 0 24 0.694 ± 0.005 2.730 ± 0.008 1.442 ± 0.022 −3.937 ± 0.080 0.852(R − K) 0 24 0.756 ± 0.006 2.912 ± 0.009 1.323 ± 0.017 −3.851 ± 0.070 0.853

112 M31 6.3: Q−Q XY Z (X − Y ) 0 N a b rQ UBV U − B 84 1.617 ± 0.010 0.759 ± 0.002 0.889Q UBR U − B 67 1.423 ± 0.002 0.611 ± 0.000 0.966Q UBJ U − B 32 1.740 ± 0.032 0.838 ± 0.005 0.888Q UBH U − B 32 1.902 ± 0.057 1.058 ± 0.014 0.862Q UBK U − B 32 1.907 ± 0.058 1.022 ± 0.013 0.861Q UV R U − V 67 1.348 ± 0.006 0.987 ± 0.000 0.903Q V JK J − K 32 −0.445 ± 0.002 0.096 ± 0.004 −0.842Q UBR U − R 67 2.764 ± 0.043 2.144 ± 0.005 0.869Q UV R U − R 67 1.637 ± 0.019 1.434 ± 0.001 0.835Q V RJ V − J 24 −2.639 ± 0.123 0.988 ± 0.008 −0.842Q V RH V − H 24 −3.088 ± 0.128 0.998 ± 0.021 −0.873Q RIH R − H 24 −1.444 ± 0.011 0.556 ± 0.010 −0.947Q RIK R − K 24 −1.880 ± 0.021 0.655 ± 0.011 −0.944

M31 113 6.4: M31Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V )G001 0.10 ± 0.02 G002 0.05 ± 0.01 B290 0.13 ± 0.03 BA21 0.35 ± 0.07 B412 0.26 ± 0.02B413 0.48 ± 0.04 B134D 0.45 ± 0.09 B291 0.05 ± 0.02 B138D 0.23 ± 0.04 B140D 0.45 ± 0.11B141D 0.43 ± 0.09 B142D 0.58 ± 0.03 B144D 0.33 ± 0.02 B147D 0.33 ± 0.05 B295 0.10 ± 0.01B148D 0.04 ± 0.03 B149D 0.69 ± 0.00 B150D 0.32 ± 0.02 B416 0.54 ± 0.05 B152D 0.52 ± 0.19B418 0.26 ± 0.09 B154D 0.09 ± 0.07 B156D 0.45 ± 0.09 B420 0.30 ± 0.03 B157D 0.15 ± 0.01B422 0.10 ± 0.08 B162D 0.53 ± 0.07 B163D 0.16 ± 0.03 B298 0.16 ± 0.02 B424 0.59 ± 0.03B165D 0.21 ± 0.07 B166D 0.26 ± 0.04 B301 0.17 ± 0.02 B167D 0.23 ± 0.03 B427 0.53 ± 0.03B169D 0.07 ± 0.03 B170D 0.23 ± 0.11 B302 0.10 ± 0.01 B428 0.54 ± 0.05 B172D 0.11 ± 0.05B430 0.10 ± 0.05 B173D 0.34 ± 0.03 B175D 0.08 ± 0.03 B303 0.14 ± 0.06 B177D 0.08 ± 0.02B304 0.07 ± 0.01 B433 0.61 ± 0.05 B306 0.42 ± 0.02 B435 0.67 ± 0.05 B307 0.08 ± 0.02B178D 0.14 ± 0.02 B309 0.17 ± 0.04 B310 0.09 ± 0.01 B181D 0.36 ± 0.09 B311 0.29 ± 0.02B438 0.82 ± 0.07 B312 0.16 ± 0.01 B183D 0.36 ± 0.05 B314 0.08 ± 0.05 B313 0.21 ± 0.02B315 0.07 ± 0.02 B001 0.25 ± 0.02 B316 0.21 ± 0.03 B317 0.11 ± 0.02 B186D 0.33 ± 0.05B440 0.32 ± 0.15 B003 0.19 ± 0.02 B188D 0.56 ± 0.06 B190D 0.26 ± 0.03 B004 0.07 ± 0.02B005 0.28 ± 0.02 B325 0.14 ± 0.02 B328 0.10 ± 0.02 B192D 0.45 ± 0.02 B330 0.31 ± 0.03B004D 0.57 ± 0.07 B006 0.09 ± 0.02 B194D 0.53 ± 0.04 B447 0.34 ± 0.13 B244 0.27 ± 0.03B009 0.13 ± 0.02 B010 0.22 ± 0.01 B011 0.11 ± 0.01 B012 0.12 ± 0.01 B196D 0.19 ± 0.06B245 1.37 ± 0.07 B448 0.05 ± 0.01 B013 0.13 ± 0.02 B014 0.36 ± 0.02 B197D 0.39 ± 0.05B335 0.65 ± 0.02 B449 1.27 ± 0.08 B015 0.50 ± 0.02 B016 0.30 ± 0.02 B450 0.24 ± 0.10B337 0.06 ± 0.02 B017 0.27 ± 0.02 B018 0.20 ± 0.01 B019 0.20 ± 0.01 B020 0.12 ± 0.01B338 0.14 ± 0.02 B021 0.26 ± 0.02 B022 0.04 ± 0.03 B339 0.16 ± 0.03 B023 0.32 ± 0.01B453 0.30 ± 0.02 B024 0.03 ± 0.02 V031 0.33 ± 0.02 B025 0.20 ± 0.01 B202D 0.38 ± 0.07B027 0.21 ± 0.01 B026 0.15 ± 0.02 B028 0.22 ± 0.02 B020D 0.22 ± 0.06 B029 0.12 ± 0.01B030 0.48 ± 0.03 B031 0.33 ± 0.02 B032 0.42 ± 0.02 B456 0.32 ± 0.04 B203D 0.36 ± 0.04B033 0.14 ± 0.02 B034 0.19 ± 0.01 B457 0.14 ± 0.02 B036 0.15 ± 0.02 B204D 0.48 ± 0.22B025D 0.58 ± 0.03 B037 1.21 ± 0.03 B038 0.27 ± 0.01 B039 0.38 ± 0.02 B205D 0.78 ± 0.06B041 0.07 ± 0.03 B042 0.61 ± 0.01 B044 0.33 ± 0.01 B343 0.06 ± 0.01 B045 0.18 ± 0.01B046 0.19 ± 0.03 B207D 0.33 ± 0.08 B048 0.19 ± 0.02 B047 0.09 ± 0.02 B049 0.16 ± 0.02B050 0.24 ± 0.01 B051 0.34 ± 0.02 B052 0.23 ± 0.04 B054 0.23 ± 0.02 B056 0.17 ± 0.01B057 0.09 ± 0.02 B058 0.13 ± 0.01 B059 0.29 ± 0.01 B060 0.21 ± 0.02 B061 0.34 ± 0.02B062 0.26 ± 0.03 B063 0.40 ± 0.01 B064 0.17 ± 0.01 B065 0.10 ± 0.01 B344 0.11 ± 0.02B067 0.24 ± 0.03 B068 0.38 ± 0.03 B257 1.17 ± 0.03 B461 0.58 ± 0.07 B070 0.12 ± 0.04B073 0.11 ± 0.01 B072 0.33 ± 0.06 B074 0.19 ± 0.01 B075 0.30 ± 0.04 B077 0.97 ± 0.03B078 0.44 ± 0.07 B079 0.58 ± 0.03 B081 0.11 ± 0.02 B345 0.10 ± 0.02 B462 0.39 ± 0.04B082 0.62 ± 0.03 B083 0.12 ± 0.02 B084 0.26 ± 0.04 B085 0.14 ± 0.02 B086 0.15 ± 0.01B346 0.71 ± 0.03 B088 0.46 ± 0.01 B092 0.12 ± 0.02 B347 0.14 ± 0.02 B348 0.25 ± 0.04B093 0.30 ± 0.02 B094 0.07 ± 0.02 B095 0.43 ± 0.04 B096 0.26 ± 0.02 B098 0.08 ± 0.02B463 0.33 ± 0.07 B097 0.29 ± 0.01 B099 0.16 ± 0.03 B350 0.10 ± 0.02 B100 0.48 ± 0.08

114 M31 6.4: –Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V )B101 0.17 ± 0.02 NB46 0.62 ± 0.07 B103 0.19 ± 0.02 NB70 0.39 ± 0.03 B464 0.27 ± 0.03B105 0.14 ± 0.01 B106 0.12 ± 0.02 B107 0.28 ± 0.02 B109 0.08 ± 0.02 B111 0.08 ± 0.02B110 0.20 ± 0.02 B260 0.67 ± 0.02 B112 0.14 ± 0.02 B117 0.04 ± 0.01 B115 0.12 ± 0.01B116 0.62 ± 0.02 NB64 0.46 ± 0.15 B118 0.22 ± 0.06 B119 0.14 ± 0.02 B351 0.15 ± 0.02B352 0.14 ± 0.02 NB25 0.66 ± 0.17 B122 0.80 ± 0.02 B123 0.30 ± 0.03 B125 0.05 ± 0.02B127 0.09 ± 0.02 B354 0.05 ± 0.02 B128 0.15 ± 0.01 B129 1.16 ± 0.06 NB39 0.48 ± 0.02B130 0.36 ± 0.01 B131 0.12 ± 0.04 B134 0.03 ± 0.02 B135 0.27 ± 0.01 B355 0.07 ± 0.06B136 0.36 ± 0.04 B137 0.40 ± 0.02 B217D 0.18 ± 0.01 B141 0.32 ± 0.01 B143 0.05 ± 0.02B144 0.05 ± 0.02 B219D 0.42 ± 0.02 B146 0.06 ± 0.04 B266 0.98 ± 0.09 B148 0.17 ± 0.02B220D 0.07 ± 0.04 B149 0.34 ± 0.02 B221D 0.53 ± 0.08 B467 0.27 ± 0.02 B150 0.28 ± 0.07B223D 0.20 ± 0.05 B151 0.32 ± 0.01 B152 0.18 ± 0.01 B356 0.31 ± 0.01 B153 0.05 ± 0.01B154 0.15 ± 0.03 B468 0.27 ± 0.03 B357 0.12 ± 0.02 B155 0.20 ± 0.02 B156 0.10 ± 0.02B158 0.14 ± 0.00 B159 0.36 ± 0.04 B226D 0.63 ± 0.00 B161 0.17 ± 0.01 B162 0.25 ± 0.03B163 0.14 ± 0.01 B358 0.06 ± 0.01 B164 0.12 ± 0.03 B165 0.12 ± 0.01 B228D 0.18 ± 0.02B167 0.03 ± 0.02 B168 0.54 ± 0.05 B169 0.59 ± 0.04 B170 0.10 ± 0.02 B272 0.57 ± 0.04B171 0.11 ± 0.01 B172 0.18 ± 0.02 DAO062 1.11 ± 0.17 B173 0.40 ± 0.04 B174 0.32 ± 0.01B177 0.18 ± 0.03 B176 0.10 ± 0.01 B178 0.12 ± 0.01 B179 0.10 ± 0.01 B180 0.14 ± 0.01B181 0.23 ± 0.01 B231D 0.07 ± 0.02 B182 0.25 ± 0.01 B185 0.11 ± 0.01 B184 0.21 ± 0.03B470 0.40 ± 0.08 B187 0.35 ± 0.02 B471 0.62 ± 0.04 B189 0.04 ± 0.03 B190 0.10 ± 0.02B192 0.31 ± 0.02 B194 0.07 ± 0.02 B193 0.11 ± 0.01 B472 0.13 ± 0.00 B195 0.12 ± 0.00B196 0.26 ± 0.04 B235D 0.49 ± 0.03 B197 0.19 ± 0.02 B199 0.10 ± 0.02 B201 0.04 ± 0.02B202 0.26 ± 0.02 B203 0.16 ± 0.02 B204 0.12 ± 0.01 B361 0.11 ± 0.01 B237D 0.32 ± 0.05B205 0.14 ± 0.01 B206 0.13 ± 0.01 B238D 0.40 ± 0.07 B208 0.13 ± 0.02 G260 0.30 ± 0.05B239D 0.38 ± 0.12 B209 0.10 ± 0.01 B211 0.10 ± 0.01 B212 0.13 ± 0.01 B213 0.15 ± 0.02B214 0.05 ± 0.02 B215 0.21 ± 0.04 B362 0.65 ± 0.20 G268 0.26 ± 0.01 B217 0.12 ± 0.01G270 0.67 ± 0.20 B218 0.14 ± 0.01 B219 0.05 ± 0.03 B243D 0.03 ± 0.02 B220 0.05 ± 0.02B245D 0.52 ± 0.03 B221 0.23 ± 0.02 B222 0.05 ± 0.02 B224 0.13 ± 0.02 B473 0.20 ± 0.04B225 0.10 ± 0.01 B226 1.08 ± 0.06 B247D 0.51 ± 0.08 B227 0.37 ± 0.04 B228 0.13 ± 0.01B229 0.07 ± 0.02 B230 0.15 ± 0.01 B365 0.19 ± 0.02 B231 0.15 ± 0.03 B232 0.14 ± 0.01B233 0.17 ± 0.01 B281 0.12 ± 0.02 B250D 0.54 ± 0.06 B252D 0.26 ± 0.04 B234 0.11 ± 0.02B366 0.05 ± 0.02 B474 0.53 ± 0.05 B475 0.16 ± 0.03 B235 0.11 ± 0.01 B256D 0.69 ± 0.06B476 0.08 ± 0.05 B236 0.07 ± 0.05 B258D 1.20 ± 0.09 B237 0.14 ± 0.02 B260D 0.20 ± 0.03B478 1.00 ± 0.13 B370 0.34 ± 0.01 B238 0.11 ± 0.02 B239 0.09 ± 0.01 B261D 0.27 ± 0.06B263D 0.25 ± 0.07 B240 0.13 ± 0.00 B286 0.67 ± 0.02 B479 0.64 ± 0.11 B266D 0.75 ± 0.15B372 0.20 ± 0.02 B373 0.10 ± 0.01 B375 0.29 ± 0.03 B481 0.52 ± 0.08 B377 0.16 ± 0.02B270D 0.25 ± 0.02 B483 0.08 ± 0.06 B378 0.14 ± 0.02 B379 0.15 ± 0.01 B273D 0.29 ± 0.04B274D 0.23 ± 0.04 B380 0.06 ± 0.02 B381 0.17 ± 0.02 B275D 0.18 ± 0.03 B486 0.17 ± 0.02B277D 0.34 ± 0.08 B382 0.10 ± 0.02 B278D 0.42 ± 0.04 B384 0.04 ± 0.02 B385 0.06 ± 0.05B386 0.21 ± 0.01 B283D 0.16 ± 0.04 B288D 0.58 ± 0.06 B387 0.12 ± 0.02 B489 0.17 ± 0.04

M31 115 6.4: –Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V ) Name E(B − V )B289D 0.23 ± 0.05 B490 0.30 ± 0.02 G325 0.12 ± 0.09 B389 0.27 ± 0.08 B293D 0.27 ± 0.06G327 0.18 ± 0.01 B295D 0.62 ± 0.12 B296D 0.06 ± 0.04 B297D 0.30 ± 0.07 B298D 0.70 ± 0.11B299D 0.39 ± 0.00 B300D 0.74 ± 0.15 B393 0.14 ± 0.02 B492 0.26 ± 0.03 B302D 0.25 ± 0.02B304D 0.67 ± 0.04 B493 0.09 ± 0.07 B494 0.57 ± 0.07 B307D 0.45 ± 0.08 B308D 0.12 ± 0.07B495 0.34 ± 0.08 B396 0.09 ± 0.01 B310D 0.34 ± 0.03 B313D 0.11 ± 0.04 B314D 0.12 ± 0.03B317D 0.69 ± 0.03 B319D 0.44 ± 0.06 B320D 0.50 ± 0.06 B324D 0.11 ± 0.06 B398 0.16 ± 0.03B399 0.03 ± 0.02 B400 0.21 ± 0.02 B326D 0.31 ± 0.12 B328D 0.65 ± 0.09 B329D 0.16 ± 0.03B330D 0.70 ± 0.02 B331D 0.50 ± 0.06 B332D 0.33 ± 0.13 B402 0.16 ± 0.03 BA11 0.06 ± 0.03B334D 0.42 ± 0.05 B338D 0.55 ± 0.09 B339D 0.61 ± 0.05 B403 0.07 ± 0.02 B340D 0.23 ± 0.06B405 0.14 ± 0.02 B508 0.10 ± 0.08 B343D 0.18 ± 0.03 B344D 0.07 ± 0.04 B345D 0.08 ± 0.05B346D 0.19 ± 0.06 B407 0.16 ± 0.02 B347D 0.16 ± 0.05 B348D 0.42 ± 0.04 B349D 0.21 ± 0.01NB63 0.90 ± 0.05 NB16 0.41 ± 0.08 NB50 0.93 ± 0.21

116 M31 6.5: −M31Name [Fe/H] Name [Fe/H] Name [Fe/H] Name [Fe/H] Name [Fe/H]B290 −1.07 ± 0.07 BA21 −2.51 ± 0.11 B412 −0.80 ± 0.02 B413 −1.57 ± 0.08 B134D −2.41 ± 0.23B291 −1.12 ± 0.04 B138D −0.36 ± 0.04 B140D −1.57 ± 0.12 B141D −1.07 ± 0.08 B142D −2.59 ± 0.24B144D −1.62 ± 0.09 B148D −1.93 ± 0.21 B149D −2.21 ± 0.25 B150D −2.52 ± 0.07 B416 −1.34 ± 0.07B152D −2.55 ± 0.09 B418 −1.19 ± 0.10 B154D −0.53 ± 0.83 B156D −2.58 ± 0.14 B420 −0.63 ± 0.07B157D −0.09 ± 0.08 B422 −1.97 ± 0.18 B162D −2.53 ± 0.17 B163D 0.20 ± 0.06 B424 −2.09 ± 0.10B165D −1.05 ± 0.13 B166D −1.02 ± 0.08 B167D −2.34 ± 0.08 B427 −1.57 ± 0.08 B169D −0.10 ± 0.04B428 −2.04 ± 0.09 B172D −2.51 ± 0.12 B175D 0.31 ± 0.09 B177D −1.32 ± 0.01 B433 −2.45 ± 0.14B435 −1.76 ± 0.12 B178D −0.90 ± 0.24 B309 −2.03 ± 0.26 B181D −2.21 ± 0.20 B438 −2.42 ± 0.31B186D −2.08 ± 0.14 B440 −0.41 ± 0.09 B003 −2.08 ± 0.07 B188D −1.84 ± 0.14 B325 −1.77 ± 0.08B192D −0.46 ± 0.03 B330 −1.98 ± 0.06 B004D −1.17 ± 0.05 B194D −1.97 ± 0.12 B447 −1.73 ± 0.12B244 −1.50 ± 0.21 B014 −0.55 ± 0.13 B197D −0.69 ± 0.05 B450 −0.89 ± 0.05 B022 −1.64 ± 0.07B339 −0.90 ± 0.04 B202D −0.74 ± 0.04 B020D −0.76 ± 0.08 B032 −1.09 ± 0.03 B456 −1.71 ± 0.29B203D −2.03 ± 0.08 B457 −1.60 ± 0.21 B204D −1.18 ± 0.10 B025D −1.28 ± 0.10 B205D −2.35 ± 0.21B207D −0.27 ± 0.08 B052 0.12 ± 0.17 B060 −1.87 ± 0.06 B062 −0.47 ± 0.11 B067 −2.55 ± 0.04B257 −2.05 ± 0.82 B461 −2.56 ± 0.07 B070 −1.66 ± 0.10 B078 −0.56 ± 0.15 B079 −0.85 ± 0.03B345 −1.40 ± 0.06 B462 −2.28 ± 0.34 B084 −0.76 ± 0.07 B346 −1.70 ± 0.07 B347 −1.71 ± 0.03B348 −1.38 ± 0.07 B463 −1.46 ± 0.18 B099 −1.03 ± 0.06 B100 −2.21 ± 0.10 B101 −1.17 ± 0.02NB46 −1.48 ± 0.03 NB70 −2.48 ± 0.04 B464 −0.44 ± 0.09 B111 −1.50 ± 0.03 B260 −0.36 ± 0.10NB64 −2.12 ± 0.46 B118 −1.64 ± 0.10 B351 −1.60 ± 0.05 NB25 −0.31 ± 0.08 B123 −1.58 ± 0.04B128 −0.92 ± 0.05 NB50 −2.23 ± 0.19 B136 −2.39 ± 0.08 B217D −2.36 ± 0.04 B266 −2.80 ± 0.15B220D −2.69 ± 0.13 B221D −1.56 ± 0.15 B150 −0.76 ± 0.08 B223D −0.23 ± 0.08 B468 −2.16 ± 0.12B155 −0.84 ± 0.03 B226D −2.01 ± 0.19 B162 −0.70 ± 0.05 B228D 0.27 ± 0.14 B168 −0.12 ± 0.21B169 −2.56 ± 0.06 B172 −0.87 ± 0.03 DAO062 −2.13 ± 0.14 B173 −1.86 ± 0.47 B177 −0.88 ± 0.10B181 −1.10 ± 0.03 B231D −0.12 ± 0.07 B470 −2.18 ± 0.23 B187 −1.72 ± 0.04 B471 −2.18 ± 0.09B189 0.18 ± 0.11 B194 −1.56 ± 0.05 B195 −1.48 ± 0.63 B196 −1.94 ± 0.08 B202 −1.84 ± 0.11B361 −1.61 ± 0.02 B237D −0.78 ± 0.26 G260 −2.45 ± 0.06 B239D −1.67 ± 0.13 B215 −1.21 ± 0.03G268 −1.36 ± 0.01 B243D −1.28 ± 0.07 B245D −2.88 ± 0.09 B473 −2.17 ± 0.16 B247D −1.90 ± 0.23B227 −1.28 ± 0.08 B250D −0.98 ± 0.14 B252D −2.83 ± 0.09 B474 −2.12 ± 0.10 B256D −2.37 ± 0.13B476 −0.03 ± 0.13 B236 −1.01 ± 0.17 B258D −2.47 ± 0.08 B260D −1.46 ± 0.15 B478 −2.69 ± 0.01B261D −2.45 ± 0.19 B263D −0.85 ± 0.07 B286 −1.67 ± 0.11 B479 −0.36 ± 0.13 B266D −2.34 ± 0.10B481 −1.45 ± 0.13 B270D −2.28 ± 0.19 B273D −1.01 ± 0.03 B274D −0.08 ± 0.11 B275D −1.81 ± 0.13B277D −0.83 ± 0.06 B278D −2.46 ± 0.19 B385 −0.86 ± 0.14 B283D −1.55 ± 0.17 B288D −2.58 ± 0.23B489 −0.04 ± 0.10 B490 0.08 ± 0.07 G325 0.12 ± 0.12 B389 −0.35 ± 0.08 B293D −2.57 ± 0.11B295D −2.22 ± 0.13 B296D −0.91 ± 0.16 B297D 0.10 ± 0.08 B298D −2.35 ± 0.11 B299D −1.91 ± 0.10B300D −2.52 ± 0.11 B393 −1.41 ± 0.05 B492 −1.06 ± 0.27 B302D −1.30 ± 0.05 B304D −2.41 ± 0.12B493 1.07 ± 0.28 B494 −1.54 ± 0.05 B307D −1.64 ± 0.10 B308D −2.43 ± 0.14 B495 −0.35 ± 0.05B396 −1.87 ± 0.09 B310D −0.93 ± 0.05 B313D −1.00 ± 0.16 B314D −0.18 ± 0.06 B317D −2.47 ± 0.13B319D −1.86 ± 0.17 B320D −2.62 ± 0.15 B324D −2.27 ± 0.00 B398 −0.72 ± 0.08 B399 −1.69 ± 0.09

M31 117 6.5: –Name [Fe/H] Name [Fe/H] Name [Fe/H] Name [Fe/H] Name [Fe/H]B326D −0.63 ± 0.08 B328D −1.67 ± 0.06 B329D −0.24 ± 0.04 B330D −0.55 ± 0.06 B331D −1.50 ± 0.08B332D −0.65 ± 0.09 B402 −1.18 ± 0.06 B334D −0.75 ± 0.06 B338D −1.86 ± 0.06 B339D −1.51 ± 0.04B340D 0.19 ± 0.29 B508 −2.61 ± 0.07 B343D −0.49 ± 0.05 B344D −1.40 ± 0.03 B345D −0.39 ± 0.12B346D −0.37 ± 0.19 B347D 0.00 ± 0.15 B348D −1.16 ± 0.26 B349D −0.76 ± 0.26 6.6: M31−σKMMData Set [Fe/H] σ [Fe/H] [Fe/H] 1 [Fe/H] 2 σ [Fe/H] n 1 n 2 p1 −1.290 ± 0.032 0.719 −1.740 −0.722 0.510 284 220 0.0042 −1.202 ± 0.036 0.617 −1.558 −0.676 0.438 182 113 0.0323 −1.414 ± 0.057 0.828 −1.948 −0.619 0.508 124 85 0.000MW −1.298 ± 0.046 0.564 −1.620 −0.608 0.306 101 47 0.000 6.7: M31−σKMMData Set [Fe/H] 1 [Fe/H] 2 σ1 [Fe/H] σ2 [Fe/H] n 1 n 2 p1 −1.794 −0.786 0.488 0.534 254 250 0.0222 −1.487 −0.574 0.466 0.401 207 88 0.1453 −2.424 −1.192 0.180 0.743 44 165 0.000 6.8: M31−σKMMData Set [Fe/H] 1 [Fe/H] 2 [Fe/H] 3 σ [Fe/H] n 1 n 2 n 3 p1 −1.985 −1.206 −0.434 0.419 162 237 105 0.0122 −1.733 −1.100 −0.462 0.374 120 114 61 0.1283 −2.141 −1.159 −0.266 0.399 92 78 39 0.000

M317.1 ω CenNGC 2808NGC 1851HST Yi 2009 [281] ∼ 780 kpc [19, 20, 21] M31SbM31The RevisedBologna Catalogue [25, 26, 27] RBC2008327RBC V.3.5 1 M31509f = 11058f = 23421HIIf > 3RBCV.3.5Vetešnik 1962a [54] Sargent et al. 1977 [61] Cramptonet al. 1985 [63] CCDBarmby et al. 2000 [4] Battistini et al. 1980 [62] Galleti et al. (2004) [25] Barmby et al. (2000) [4] UBV RIRBC V.3.5M31RBC V.3.5BATC7.2 BATC7.37.4M31−7.51 http://www.bo.astro.it/M31/

120 M317.2 7.2.1 M31Battistini et al.(1980, 1987, 1993) [62, 64, 65] Bologna CatalogueGalletiet al. (2004) [25] M31RBC7.1Two Micron All SkySurvey (2MASS)Digitized Sky Survey (DSS)HST WFPC2/STISRBCRBCGalleti et al. (2004) [25] 2MASSRBC JHK s 693675620529637463RBC V.3.5M315091058GALEXFUVNUVUBV RI2MASSJHKM31Mackey et al. 2006 [237] Kim et al.2007 [235] Huxor et al. 2008 [282] RBC V.3.5RBC V.3.5V 61V 7.1BATCBATCBATCM311995220083M3167.1519Jiang et al. (2003) [66] M31-1cp 13199591999121M31-1abM31-2−M31-715BATCM31715 7.320002008BATC M31RBC V.3.5V 617EXT8SH25B306DDAO11BA22BH01BA10BATCBATC

M31 121547.13024Caldwell etal. (2009) [283] Massey et al. (2006) [284] Kitt PeakNational ObservatoryKPNO40.2 ′′ DSSM3113006701345544V234H13B523 SK131C5RBC V.3.5 [25] Caldwell et al. (2009) [283] 57.1Caldwell et al. (2009) [283] HectospecFK5 5Caldwell etal. (2009) [283] 241. 13B523DAO32NB27NB31NB35NB43NB59NB62NB84NB85DAO83SK131CV229BATC2. NB57NB60SH05SH08BATC RBC V.3.5 NB60 RA=00:42:26.63DEC=+41:18:04.5RBC V.3.5RA =00:42:26.68DEC=+41:18:10.706 ′′ 3. B287 BATC 1.7 ′′ 3 5.1 ′′ 4. B287D35.1 ′′ B287DCaldwell et al. (2009) [283] 5. B259DCaldwell et al. (2009) [283] BATC6. DAO88Caldwell et al. 2009 [283] V =19.82 ± 0.15BATC g12.23 ±0.00228

122 M31Caldwell et al. (2009) [283] HII7. H13V300BATC8. V254BATCCaldwell et al. (2009) [283] HII7.2.2 BATCBATC60/90153000 10000 ÅFan et al. 1996 [99] Zhou et al. 2003 [177] 20062BATCFord Aerospace 2k × 2k CCDE2V4k × 4k CCDBEQ2.1M31BATC199521999122004112−27200421−72004812−1996−27101−1220051031121− 72006106− 29121−187.37.1758 ′ ×58 ′ 6M31Racine1991 [256] NGC 205M3225 mag arcsec −2 RBC V.3.5V 617.3 BATC

M31 123 7.1: BATC M3158 ′ × 58 ′ M31Racine 1991 [256] NGC 205M3225 mag arcsec −2 RBC V.3.5V 617.3.1 M31-1abJiang et al. (2003) [66] Ma et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2007) [67, 68, 69] BATC7.1M31-1cpBATC03−BATC1513M31 203Jiang et al. (2003) [66] M31-1abbiasflat7.2BATC M31-1abBATCBATCBATCS/N = 5

124 M317.3.2 M31-2M31-7M31-2M31-7biasflat7.1 M31-1307.3.3 IRAF/DAOPHOTIRAF/DAOPHOTStetson 1987 [100] M312k× 2k CCD35.1 ′′ 4k× 4k CCD4 2.1CCD813CCD1017< 10%AU008236SEDs7.421615BATCDAOPHOT1 − σ7.2BATC g 5795 Å7.3.4 BATC7.1RBC V.3.5Galletiet al. (2004) [25] UBV RI Kim et al. (2007) [235] KPNO 0.9CMT 1M31605RBC V.3.5Geisler(1996) [285] UBV RI

M31 125B189D B193D G289 G295 NB34 NB61AU008 AU010 DAO16 DAO23 DAO30 DAO40DAO46 DAO47 DAO51 DAO53 DAO54 DAO69DAO84V202V203 V226 V234 V245BA28 SH07 BH10 B515 B521 B524 7.2: BATC g100 × 1002.83 ′ × 2.83 ′ BATCUBV RIZhou et al. (2003) [177] LandoltLandolt 1983, 1992 [178, 179] Galadí-Enríquez, Trullols & Jordi 2000 [180] BATCUBV RIU = m b + 0.6801(m a − m b ) − 0.8982 ± 0.143 (7.1)B = m d + 0.2201(m c − m e ) + 0.1278 ± 0.076 (7.2)V = m g + 0.3292(m f − m h ) + 0.0476 ± 0.027 (7.3)R = m i + 0.1036 ± 0.055 (7.4)I = m o + 0.7190(m n − m p ) − 0.2994 ± 0.064 (7.5)

126 M31 7.3: BATCV Caldwell et al. (2009) [283] V 1 − σσ U =√σ b2 + 0.6801 2 (σ 2 a + σ 2 b ) (7.6)σ B = √ σ d2 + 0.2201 2 (σc 2 + σe) 2 (7.7)σ V =√σ g2 + 0.3292 2 (σf 2 + σ2 h ) (7.8)σ R = σ i (7.9)σ I =√σ o2 + 0.7190 2 (σn 2 + σp) 2 (7.10)BATCUBV RIUBV RI1 − σ 7.5 7.4 7.4.1 Caldwell et al. (2009) [283] KPNO 4 DSS M311300V 6701345V BATCV 7.3Caldwell et al. (2009) [283] V V our work − V Caldwell = −0.13 ± 0.27

M31 1277.4.2 RBC V.3.57.57.4M31UBV RIRBC V.3.5f = 1RBC V.3.5f = 123 2 RBC V.3.5f = 123controversialRBC V.3.59Galleti et al. 2004 [25] RBC V.3.5UBV RI1029108512891033 1093f = 123428449506423456f = 17.4M317.4M317.5B − V B − RB −IV − RU − BV − K0.81.31.90.50.32.5V − K V − K7.6V − KGalleti et al.(2004) [25] M31−V − K > 3V − K < 3V − K = 3.02 RBC V.3.5265Caldwell et al. (2009) [283] 1481177.4

128 M31 7.4: M31UBV RIRBC V.3.57.57.6RBC V.3.5−7.4RBC V.3.57.5×+−V − K V − K = 3V − K < 3.0V − K > 3.07.7−V V > 17V < 17

M31 129 7.5: M31RBCV.3.57.57.4.3 blue tiltHarris et al. (2006) [11] HST ACS/WFC8−CMDM I > −10.5blue tiltStrader etal. (2006) [12] HST /ACSVirgo ClusterM87NGC 4649Spitler et al. (2006) [274] HST /ACSSa/S0NGC4594Sombrero−Mieske et

130 M31 7.6: M31−7.4RBC V.3.57.5×+al. (2006) [13] HST /ACS5Strader & Smith (2008) [286] Strader& Smith (2008) [286] M31RBC V.3.5M31

M31 131 7.7: M31−V 7.6RBC V.3.57.5×+7.87.9(B − I) ∼IKMMAshman, Bird & Zepf 1994 [182] 7.87.9B − I = a + bIbM3199.95%3.47σb = −0.141 ± 0.021b = 0.024 ± 0.020M31> 99.99% 4.87σb = −0.140 ± 0.013b = −0.009 ± 0.014blue tilt

132 M31 7.8: M31I ∼ (B − I)RBC V.3.57.5−7.5 BATCM31 15RBC V.3.530V BATC15Zhou et al. (2003) [177] BATCUBV RIRBCV.3.5M31−−I ∼ (B − I)blue tiltb = −0.141 ± 0.02199.95%3.47σb = −0.140±0.013> 99.99%4.87σM31M31RBC V.3.5LAMOSTLAMOST4654000

M31 133 7.9: 7.8RBC V.3.57.5LAMOSTV = 20.5LAMOST2008Zhao 1999 [287] LAMOSTM31M31

134 M31 7.1: Caldwell et al. (2009)RBC V.3.55Caldwell et al. (2009) [283] RBC V.3.5ID R.A. DEC. R.A. DEC.(J2000) (J2000) (J2000) (J2000)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)DAO23 00:38:54.19 +40:26:33.9 00:38:54.34 +40:26:46.4V203 00:40:47.80 +40:59:06.0 00:40:48.62 +40:59:11.4SH07 00:39:37.36 +42:09:57.1 00:39:37.73 +42:09:28.3V202 00:40:47.82 +40:55:34.3 00:40:47.29 +40:55:25.5DAO16 00:37:57.25 +40:24:49.7 00:37:56.83 +40:24:45.5 7.2: BATC M31-1Filter C.W. a Bandwidth b Frames c Exp d Calib Err e Limiting Mags (S/N=5) f(Å) (Å) (hr) (MAG) (MAG)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)a 3360 222 6 1.5 0.018 19.88b 3890 187 6 2.0 0.013 18.43a BATCÅb Åc BATCd e f S/N=5

M31 135 7.3: BATC M31-2 – M31-7Field Filter C. W. Bandwidth Frames EXP. Limiting Mags (S/N=5)(Å) (Å) (hr) (MAG)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)M31-2 a 3360 222 7 2.1 19.63... b 3890 187 7 2.1 19.96... c 4210 185 4 0.8 20.05... d 4550 222 9 3.0 20.09... e 4920 225 3 1.0 19.53... f 5270 211 3 1.0 18.60... g 5795 176 3 1.0 19.32... h 6075 190 3 1.0 19.29... i 6660 312 5 1.7 20.47... j 7050 121 6 2.0 19.25... k 7490 125 4 1.3 18.83... m 8020 179 3 1.0 19.12... n 8480 152 5 1.7 18.10... o 9190 194 3 1.0 18.53... p 9745 188 5 1.7 16.83M31-3 a 3360 222 7 2.1 17.55... b 3890 187 6 1.8 18.43... c 4210 185 4 1.0 20.08... d 4550 222 3 1.0 18.62... e 4920 225 4 1.3 19.76... f 5270 211 3 1.0 19.75... g 5795 176 3 1.0 19.50... h 6075 190 3 1.0 19.56... i 6660 312 3 1.0 18.10... j 7050 121 3 1.0 18.12... k 7490 125 3 1.0 19.47... m 8020 179 3 1.0 18.64... n 8480 152 8 2.7 17.89... o 9190 194 4 1.3 17.81... p 9745 188 7 2.3 17.92M31-4 a 3360 222 6 1.8 17.41... b 3890 187 4 1.1 17.47... c 4210 185 6 1.5 18.02

136 M31 7.3: –Field Filter C. W. Bandwidth Frames EXP. Limiting Mags (S/N=5)(Å) (Å) (hr) (MAG)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)... d 4550 222 3 1.0 20.03... e 4920 225 3 1.0 20.25... f 5270 211 3 1.0 19.49... g 5795 176 3 1.0 19.93... h 6075 190 4 1.3 20.30... i 6660 312 3 1.0 19.55... j 7050 121 3 1.0 19.57... k 7490 125 3 1.0 19.40... m 8020 179 3 1.0 18.93... n 8480 152 5 1.7 17.68... o 9190 194 7 2.3 18.95... p 9745 188 3 1.0 16.71M31-5 a 3360 222 6 2.0 16.54... b 3890 187 8 2.5 17.03... c 4210 185 7 1.8 20.50... d 4550 222 3 1.0 20.19... e 4920 225 3 1.0 19.49... f 5270 211 3 1.0 20.02... g 5795 176 3 1.0 20.03... h 6075 190 3 1.0 20.27... i 6660 312 3 1.0 20.07... j 7050 121 3 1.0 19.51... k 7490 125 3 1.0 19.35... m 8020 179 3 1.0 18.73... n 8480 152 6 2.0 18.21... o 9190 194 3 1.0 18.22... p 9745 188 6 2.0 18.33M31-6 a 3360 222 7 2.1 17.43... b 3890 187 7 2.1 17.58... c 4210 185 7 1.8 17.70... d 4550 222 6 2.0 16.07... e 4920 225 4 1.3 19.62... f 5270 211 3 1.0 19.69... g 5795 176 3 1.0 19.22

M31 137 7.3: –Field Filter C. W. Bandwidth Frames EXP. Limiting Mags (S/N=5)(Å) (Å) (hr) (MAG)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)... h 6075 190 3 1.0 19.25... i 6660 312 6 2.0 19.83... j 7050 121 3 1.0 18.97... k 7490 125 3 1.0 17.24... m 8020 179 3 1.0 17.95... n 8480 152 5 1.7 17.50... o 9190 194 3 1.0 17.59... p 9745 188 6 2.0 18.22M31-7 a 3360 222 6 2.0 19.66... b 3890 187 6 2.0 20.26... c 4210 185 3 0.8 15.49... d 4550 222 3 1.0 19.86... e 4920 225 3 1.0 20.16... f 5270 211 3 1.0 20.06... g 5795 176 3 1.0 19.24... h 6075 190 3 1.0 19.37... i 6660 312 3 1.0 19.99... j 7050 121 5 1.7 20.09... k 7490 125 3 1.0 17.73... m 8020 179 3 1.0 18.08... n 8480 152 6 2.0 18.28... o 9190 194 6 2.0 18.10... p 9745 188 6 2.0 17.92

138 M31 7.4: M3130BATCID a b c d e f g h i j k m n o p(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)B189D 18.98 18.31 18.18 17.90 18.00 18.01 17.91 17.87 17.78 17.74 17.96 17.85 18.15 17.95 17.780.106 0.050 0.064 0.088 0.061 0.058 0.066 0.062 0.053 0.068 0.144 0.098 0.169 0.262 0.260B193D ... 19.03 18.64 18.15 18.05 17.86 17.51 17.66 17.40 17.39 17.33 17.03 17.36 17.41 17.43... 0.150 0.098 0.174 0.192 0.157 0.164 0.131 0.105 0.135 0.150 0.112 0.184 0.216 0.268G289 15.70 14.55 13.70 13.12 12.56 12.48 12.15 12.07 11.94 11.75 11.61 11.63 11.73 11.68 11.640.007 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002G295 13.80 12.91 12.39 11.90 11.72 11.70 11.55 11.56 11.55 11.36 11.28 11.34 11.48 11.53 11.550.003 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002NB34 ... 20.02 ... 18.88 ... 17.76 ... ... 17.20 17.47 ... ... ... 17.10 ...... 0.454 ... 0.366 ... 0.160 ... ... 0.179 0.300 ... ... ... 0.346 ...NB61 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18.48 17.70 16.78 16.69 16.47 16.12 16.07... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.760 0.438 0.225 0.245 0.232 0.175 0.177AU008 ... 19.64 ... 17.85 17.52 17.44 17.99 17.40 17.02 17.01 ... ... ... ... ...... 0.313 ... 0.220 0.232 0.250 0.568 0.369 0.306 0.363 ... ... ... ... ...AU010 19.99 19.10 19.07 18.09 17.73 17.53 17.18 16.95 16.53 16.32 15.98 15.77 ... 15.46 15.460.693 0.637 1.424 0.867 0.841 0.758 0.776 0.657 0.498 0.457 0.401 0.372 ... 0.350 0.362DAO16 20.69 19.55 ... 18.54 ... ... 18.38 18.33 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...0.342 0.068 ... 0.122 ... ... 0.073 0.056 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...DAO23 21.10 20.49 20.11 19.41 19.45 19.47 19.16 19.18 19.29 19.13 19.48 19.32 19.74 19.11 19.930.345 0.119 0.161 0.190 0.116 0.075 0.096 0.102 0.079 0.093 0.320 0.179 0.414 0.362 1.132DAO30 20.45 19.34 18.93 18.37 18.63 18.39 18.09 17.99 17.85 17.83 17.90 17.72 17.89 17.95 18.320.374 0.088 0.094 0.107 0.083 0.049 0.057 0.043 0.031 0.043 0.116 0.049 0.106 0.190 0.359DAO40 18.22 17.55 17.80 17.87 17.64 ... 17.94 17.92 16.67 ... 17.66 17.61 17.78 17.19 17.350.058 0.031 0.051 0.092 0.050 ... 0.076 0.070 0.025 ... 0.125 0.072 0.127 0.129 0.193DAO46 20.13 19.54 19.28 18.61 18.84 18.70 18.55 18.39 18.24 18.25 18.11 18.13 18.06 18.16 18.230.260 0.100 0.133 0.133 0.097 0.060 0.070 0.056 0.039 0.052 0.140 0.071 0.125 0.241 0.376DAO47 20.24 19.23 19.03 18.60 18.90 18.84 18.90 19.01 18.76 18.64 18.72 18.46 18.48 18.09 18.080.319 0.094 0.119 0.136 0.115 0.083 0.133 0.125 0.104 0.125 0.258 0.127 0.195 0.273 0.325DAO51 19.65 18.51 18.22 17.44 17.17 16.94 16.73 16.52 16.31 16.24 16.14 15.96 16.07 15.92 15.740.164 0.035 0.043 0.053 0.028 0.017 0.020 0.015 0.009 0.013 0.032 0.013 0.025 0.043 0.052DAO53 ... 21.07 20.12 19.81 19.40 19.08 18.70 18.58 18.24 18.24 18.11 17.97 17.85 17.86 17.79... 0.426 0.303 0.422 0.170 0.088 0.099 0.071 0.039 0.074 0.145 0.060 0.098 0.200 0.255DAO54 21.05 20.30 19.78 19.12 18.69 18.61 18.20 18.13 17.81 17.81 17.63 17.63 17.46 17.36 17.180.593 0.190 0.204 0.195 0.082 0.051 0.058 0.045 0.023 0.036 0.087 0.041 0.059 0.118 0.146DAO69 18.75 17.91 17.70 17.83 18.25 17.77 17.84 18.15 17.68 17.92 18.25 17.55 18.03 17.99 17.670.119 0.043 0.039 0.045 0.093 0.100 0.063 0.099 0.046 0.070 0.143 0.055 0.128 0.184 0.246DAO84 ... 19.81 19.42 19.25 19.26 19.39 19.11 18.75 18.48 18.89 18.71 18.50 18.54 18.30 18.69... 0.294 0.070 0.186 0.145 0.137 0.140 0.077 0.074 0.147 0.168 0.108 0.266 0.168 1.008

M31 139 7.4: –ID a b c d e f g h i j k m n o p(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)V202 20.42 19.04 18.98 19.03 19.13 ... 19.38 19.67 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...0.286 0.076 0.087 0.115 0.169 ... 0.344 0.474 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...V203 19.07 18.98 19.18 19.38 17.23 ... ... ... 17.07 ... ... ... ... 18.28 ...0.075 0.251 0.083 0.103 0.016 ... ... ... 0.023 ... ... ... ... 0.126 ...V226 20.82 19.34 20.01 19.84 18.66 19.54 19.60 19.84 17.14 19.25 19.44 19.60 ... 17.57 ...0.339 0.293 0.086 0.083 0.034 0.084 0.105 0.112 0.019 0.127 0.174 0.216 ... 0.064 ...V234 19.09 18.55 18.15 17.96 17.74 17.59 17.33 17.33 16.86 17.08 16.87 16.67 16.47 16.44 16.450.077 0.154 0.038 0.041 0.053 0.052 0.063 0.058 0.057 0.071 0.074 0.080 0.080 0.086 0.095V245 18.91 19.24 18.77 19.26 18.51 19.90 21.47 ... 17.13 ... ... ... ... ... ...0.081 0.291 0.040 0.051 0.012 0.025 0.059 ... 0.009 ... ... ... ... ... ...BA28 ... 20.67 20.17 19.68 19.68 19.48 18.65 18.58 18.32 18.35 17.80 17.94 17.80 17.74 18.69... 0.453 0.285 0.222 0.269 0.649 0.129 0.090 0.045 0.096 0.086 0.071 0.109 0.145 0.665SH07 18.49 17.57 17.66 17.41 17.05 16.85 16.63 16.55 16.34 16.35 16.23 16.02 16.03 15.98 15.880.075 0.024 0.013 0.056 0.030 0.017 0.026 0.013 0.020 0.037 0.016 0.015 0.029 0.045 0.045BH10 ... 20.49 20.31 19.29 19.29 19.39 18.91 18.70 18.69 18.77 18.85 18.60 19.06 18.43 18.70... 0.300 0.422 0.263 0.193 0.182 0.173 0.130 0.119 0.156 0.362 0.177 0.401 0.393 0.644B515 ... 19.93 19.77 19.16 18.70 18.65 18.37 18.20 ... 17.87 17.87 17.73 ... 17.66 ...... 0.394 0.074 0.042 0.037 0.033 0.052 0.036 ... 0.057 0.072 0.076 ... 0.074 ...B521 ... 19.72 19.71 19.87 19.23 18.96 19.00 19.00 18.68 18.67 18.61 18.43 18.30 17.90 17.72... 0.130 0.214 0.379 0.158 0.101 0.141 0.130 0.094 0.119 0.228 0.109 0.154 0.197 0.235B524 ... ... 19.99 20.03 19.71 19.88 19.21 19.28 19.42 18.91 19.19 18.95 18.25 18.49 18.40... ... 0.274 0.218 0.160 0.206 0.136 0.117 0.205 0.138 0.235 0.210 0.148 0.184 0.248

140 M31 7.5: M3130UBV RIID U σ U B σ B V σ V R σ R I σ I(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)B189D 17.87 0.094 18.07 0.090 18.01 0.072 17.88 0.053 17.92 0.344B193D ... ... 18.40 0.180 17.62 0.177 17.50 0.105 17.06 0.318G289 14.43 0.008 13.50 0.001 12.33 0.002 12.04 0.001 11.44 0.002G295 12.61 0.002 12.18 0.001 11.64 0.001 11.65 0.001 11.18 0.002NB34 ... ... ... ... ... ... 17.31 0.179 ... ...NB61 ... ... ... ... ... ... 18.58 0.760 16.11 0.273AU008 ... ... ... ... 18.05 0.587 17.13 0.306 ... ...AU010 18.81 0.903 18.52 0.940 17.42 0.843 16.63 0.498 ... ...DAO16 19.43 0.247 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...DAO23 20.01 0.275 19.68 0.195 19.30 0.105 19.40 0.079 18.68 0.939DAO30 19.20 0.276 18.56 0.111 18.27 0.061 17.95 0.031 17.34 0.329DAO40 17.11 0.054 18.03 0.093 ... ... 16.78 0.025 17.20 0.210DAO46 19.04 0.214 18.83 0.138 18.70 0.075 18.35 0.039 17.74 0.373DAO47 19.02 0.245 18.76 0.141 18.89 0.142 18.86 0.104 18.09 0.386DAO51 18.39 0.119 17.80 0.054 16.91 0.021 16.41 0.009 15.86 0.060DAO53 ... ... 20.10 0.429 18.91 0.106 18.34 0.039 17.60 0.280DAO54 19.91 0.464 19.49 0.201 18.41 0.062 17.91 0.023 17.25 0.164DAO69 17.58 0.096 17.84 0.050 17.76 0.078 17.78 0.046 17.95 0.271DAO84 ... ... 19.41 0.189 19.37 0.149 18.58 0.074 17.89 0.768V202 19.08 0.215 19.13 0.122 ... ... ... ... ... ...V203 18.14 0.308 19.94 0.105 ... ... 17.17 0.023 ... ...V226 19.45 0.423 20.26 0.085 19.55 0.115 17.25 0.019 ... ...V234 18.02 0.193 18.18 0.043 17.47 0.068 16.96 0.057 16.16 0.124V245 18.12 0.356 19.44 0.052 ... ... 17.23 0.009 ... ...BA28 ... ... 19.91 0.238 18.99 0.251 18.42 0.045 16.80 0.506SH07 17.30 0.059 17.67 0.056 16.78 0.027 16.44 0.020 15.79 0.059BH10 ... ... 19.64 0.282 19.19 0.188 18.80 0.119 18.39 0.672B515 ... ... 19.52 0.046 18.57 0.054 ... ... ... ...B521 ... ... 20.11 0.383 19.04 0.151 18.78 0.094 18.01 0.282B524 ... ... 20.22 0.229 19.45 0.157 19.53 0.205 18.08 0.277

−M311M3149XX8EinsteinROSAT HRIChandra HRC ACIS-IX4X58X62M31X1−σKMMXV P −m V ≈ 15.6517.890.094KMMV 90.6%258X333 V KSP < 10 −5 > 99.999%V KSTrudolyubov & Priedhorsky(2004) [149] XV D max = 0.566P = 7.89%92.11%3XB − V B − V XKSXB − V B − V D max = 0.181P = 0.06893.2%4XX0.3 − 10 keVV 98.0%r = 0.36a = −0.26 ± 0.112BATC13UBV RI2MASSM3158 ′ × 58 ′ 91

142 M311 Gyr∼ 3 Gyr ∼ 8 Gyr∼ 3 Gyr Fusi Pecci et al. (2005) [209] ∼ 2 GyrBLCCs3GyrM31∼ 8 Gyr Puzia et al. (2005) [210] ∼ 58 Gyr[Z/H] ≈ −0.6 dexM31 [230] Abadiet al. 2003 [231] in situFusi Pecci et al. 2005 [209] Puzia etal. 2005 [210] M31−M31KSJiang et al. (2003) [66] M3158 ′ × 58 ′ 3 Barmby et al.(2000) [4] C−M Q−CM31443M31209 Perrett et al. (2002) [208] Barmby et al. (2000) [4] Huchra,Brodie & Kent (1991) [253] 504M311E(B − V ) = 0.2E(B − V ) = 0.28 +0.23−0.14M31M312KMMM31[Fe/H] ≈ −1.7 −0.7 dexDip

143KMM3−0.006 ± 0.001 −0.007 ± 0.002 dex arcmin −1 0.000 ± 0.001 dex arcmin −1 4Huchra, Brodie& Kent (1991) [253] Perrett et al. (2002) [208] 5M31V M31M31B037037−B327Barmby et al. (2002b) [279] Ma et al.(2006b) [68] Ma et al. (2006c) [83] Cohen (2006) [280] Kron & Mayall (1960) [56] B037P V A V = 3.90M31UBV Vetešnik (1962b) [258] M31B037E(B − V ) = 1.28A V =4.10Crampton et al. (1985) [63] (B − V ) 0 ∼ 40005000 ÅS40B037B037E(B − V ) = 1.48Barmby et al. (2000) [4] M31223B037E(B − V ) = 1.38 ± 0.02Barmby, Perrett & Bridges (2002) [279] E(B − V ) = 1.30 ± 0.04Ma et al. (2006b) [68] B037E(B − V ) = 1.360 ± 0.013B037E(B − V ) = 1.21 ± 0.03B037Ma et al. (2006b) [68] HST /ACSB037Cohen2006 [280] 4RBC V.3.530M31BATC 15 UBV RIRBC V.3.5M31−

144 M31U peak ≈18.2B peak ≈17.8V peak ≈17.0R peak ≈16.8I peak ≈15.8 (B − V ) peak ≈0.8(B − R) peak ≈1.3(B − I) peak ≈1.9(V −R) peak ≈0.5(U − B) peak ≈0.3(V − K) peak ≈2.5V − K < 3.0V − K > 3.0V − K = 3.0Galleti et al. 2004 [25] I ∼ (B − I)M31b = −0.141 ± 0.02199.95%3.47σ b = 0.024 ± 0.020b = −0.140 ± 0.013 > 99.99% 4.87σb = −0.009 ± 0.014blue tiltM31RBC V.3.5LAMOST

[1] Steidel, C. C., Giavalisco, M. Dickinson, M., Adelberger, K. L. 1996, AJ, 112,352[2] Iye, M., Ota, K., Kashikawa, N., Furusawa, H., Hashimoto, T., Hattori, T.,Matsuda, Y., Morokuma, T., Ouchi, M., Shimasaku, K. 2006, Nature, 443,1861[3] West, M., Cote, P., Marzke, R., Jordan, A. 2004, Nature, 427, 31[4] Barmby, P., Huchra, J., Brodie, J., Forbes D., Schroder, L., Grillmair, C.2000, AJ, 119, 727[5] Mieske, S., et al. 2004, AJ, 128, 1529[6] Borges, A. C. A., de Freitas Pacheco, J. A. 1989, Ap&SS, 153, 67[7] Krauss, L. M. & Chaboyer, B. 2003, Sci, 299, 65[8] Larsen, S., Brodie, J., Huchra, J., Forbes, D., Grillmair, C. 2001, AJ, 121,2974[9] Kundu, A., Whitmore, B. C. 2001, AJ, 121, 2950[10] Ashman, K. M., Zepf, S. E. 1992, ApJ, 384, 50[11] Harris, W. E., Whitmore, B. C., Karakla, D., Okoń, W., Baum, W. A.,Hanes, D. A., Kavelaars, J. J. 2006, ApJ, 636, 90[12] Strader, J., Brodie, J. P., Spitler, L., Beasley, M. A. 2006, AJ, 132, 2333[13] Mieske, S., et al. 2006, ApJ, 653, 193[14] Hubble, E. 1929, From the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,15, 3

146 M31[15] Penzias, A. A., Wilson, R. W. 1965, ApJ, 142, 419[16] Spergel, D. N, et al. 2003, ApJS, 148, 175[17] -. 2001, [18] Spergel, D. N., Bean, R., Doré, O., Nolta, M. R., Bennett, C. L., et al. 2007,ApJS, 170, 377[19] Stanek, K. Z., Garnavich, P. M. 1998, ApJ, 503, 131[20] Macri, L. M. 2001, ApJ, 549, 721[21] McConnachie, A. W., Irwin, M. J., Ferguson, A. M. N., Ibata, R. A., Lewis,G. F., Tanvir, N. 2005, MNRAS, 356, 979[22] Evans, N. W., Wilkinson, M. I. 2000, MNRAS, 316, 929[23] Xue, X. X., Rix, H. W., Zhao, G., Re Fiorentin, P., Naab, T., et al. 2008,ApJ, 684, 1143[24] Barmby, P., Huchra, J. P. 2001, AJ, 122, 2458[25] Galleti, S., Federici, L., Bellazzini, M., Fusi Pecci, F., Macrina, S. 2004,A&A , 416, 917[26] Galleti, S., Federici, L., Bellazzini, M., Buzzoni, A., Fusi Pecci, F. 2006,A&A., 456, 985[27] Galleti, S., Bellazzini, M., Federici, L., Buzzoni, A., Fusi Pecci, F. 2007,A&A., 471, 127[28] Brodie, J. P., Strader, J. 2006, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 44, 193[29] Binney, J., Tremaine, S. Galactic Dynamics. 2005[30] Frommert, H. Milky Way Globular Clusters. 2007, August,http://www.seds.org/ spider/spider/MWGC/ mwgc.html.

147[31] Strom, S. E., Strom, K. M., Wells, D. C., Forte, J. C., Smith, M. G., Harris,W. E. 1981, ApJ, 245, 5457[32] Harris, W. E. 1976, AJ, 81, 1095[33] Piotto, G., Bedin, L. R., Anderson, J., King, I. R., Cassisi, S., Milone, A.P., Villanova, S., Pietrinferni, A., Renzini, A. 2007, ApJ, 661L, 53[34] Elmegreen, B. G., Efremov, Y. N. 1999, ApJ, 480, 235[35] Frenk, C. S., White, S. D. M. 1980, MNRAS, 286L, 39[36] Gerssen, J., van der Marel, R. P., Gebhardt, K., Guhathakurta, P., Peterson,R. C., Pryor, C. 2002, AJ, 124, 3270[37] Gebhardt, K., Rich, R. M., Ho, L. C. 2002, ApJ, 578L, 41[38] Baumgardt, H., Hut, P., Makino, J., McMillan, S., Portegies Zwart, S. 2003,ApJ, 582L, 21[39] Baumgardt, H., Hut, P., Makino, J., McMillan, S., Portegies Zwart, S. 2003,ApJ, 589L, 25[40] Martin, S. Structure and Evolution of Stars. 1958, Princeton UniversityPress.[41] Lauchner, A., Wilhelm, R., Beers, T. C., Allende Prieto, C. 2003, AAS,20311226, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 35, p.1388[42] Odenkirchen, M., Grebel, E. K., Dehnen, W., Rix, H., Yanny, B., Newberg,H. Jo., Rockosi, C. M., Martnez-Delgado, D., Brinkmann, J., Pier, J. R.2003, AJ, 126, 2385[43] Gnedin, O.Y., & Ostriker, J.P. 1997, ApJ, 474, 223[44] Huxor, A. P., Tanvir, N. R., Irwin, M. J., Ibata, R., Collett, J. L., Ferguson,A. M. N., Bridges, T., Lewis, G. F. 2005, MNRAS, 360, 1007

148 M31[45] Goodman, J., Hut, P. Dynamics of star clusters; Proceedings of the Symposium.1985, IAUS, 113[46] Harris, W. E., van den Bergh, S. 1981, AJ, 86, 1627[47] Merrifield, M., Binney, J. Galactic Astronomy. 2003[48] Djorgovski, S., Santiago, B. X. 1992, ApJ, 391L, 85[49] Peng, E. W., Jordán, A., Côté, P., Takamiya, M., West, M. J., Blakeslee J.P., Chen, C. W., Ferrarese, L., Simona, M., Tonry, J. L., West, A. A. 2008,ApJ, 681, 197[50] Hubble, E. 1932, ApJ, 76, 44[51] Seyfert, C. K., Nassau, F. F. 1945, ApJ, 102, 377[52] Mayall, N. U., Eggen, O. F 1953, PASP, 65, 24[53] Johnson, H. M. 1961, ApJ, 133, 309[54] Vetešnik, M. 1962a, Bull. Astron. Inst. Czech., 13, 180[55] Hiltner, W. A. 1958, ApJ, 128, 9[56] Kron, G. E., Mayall, N. U. 1960, AJ, 65, 581[57] Baade, W., Arp, H. 1964, ApJ, 139, 1027[58] Sharov, A. S. 1973, Sov. Astron. A. J., 17, 174[59] Alloin, D., Pelat, D., Bijaoui, A. 1976, A&A, 50, 127[60] Karimova, D. K., Sharov, A. S. 1977, SvAL, 3, 207[61] Sargent, W. L. W., Kowal, C.T., Hartwick, F. D. A., van den Bergh, S.1977, AJ, 82, 947

149[62] Battistini, P., Bònoli, F., Braccesi, A., Fusi Pecci, F., Malagnini, M. L.,Marano, B. 1980, A&AS, 42, 357[63] Crampton, D., Cowley, A. P., Schade, D., Chayer, P. 1985, ApJ, 288, 494[64] Battistini, P., Bònoli, F., Braccesi, A., Federici, L., Fusi Pecci, F., Marano,B., Börngen, F. 1987, A&AS, 67, 447[65] Battistini, P. L., et al. 1993, A&AS, 272, 77[66] Jiang, L. H., Ma, J., Zhou, X., Chen, J. S., Wu, H., Jiang, Z. J. 2003, AJ,125, 727[67] Ma, J., et al. 2006a, A&A, 449, 143[68] Ma, J., de Grijs, R., Yang, Y., Zhou, X., Chen, J., Jiang, Z., Wu, Z., Wu,J. 2006b, MNRAS, 368, 1443[69] Ma, J., et al. 2007, ApJ, 659, 359[70] Bica, E., Bonatto, C., Dutra, C. M., Santos, Jr J. F. C. 2008, MNRAS, 389,678[71] de Grijs, R., Anders, P. 2006, MNRAS, 366, 295[72] Ma, J., Zhou, X., Kong, X., Wu, H., Chen, J., Jiang, Z., Zhu, J., Xue, S.2001, AJ, 122, 1796[73] Ma, J., Zhou, X., Chen, J., Wu, H., Jiang, Z., Xue, S., Zhu, J. 2002b, AJ,123, 3141[74] Ma, J., Zhou, X., Chen, J., Wu, H., Kong, X., Jiang, Z., Zhu, J., Xue, S.2002c, AcA, 52, 453[75] Ma, J., Zhou, X., Chen, J., Wu, H., Jiang, Z., Xue, S., Zhu, J. 2002d, A&A,385, 404[76] Sarajedini, A., Mancone, C. L. 2007, AJ, 134, 447

150 M31[77] Ma, J., et al. 2002a, ChJAA, 2, 197[78] Ma, J., Zhou, X., Chen, J. 2004, A&A, 413, 563[79] Perelmuter, J. M., Brodie, J. P., Huchra, J. 1995, AJ, 110, 620[80] Perelmuter, J. M., Racine, R. 1995, AJ, 109, 1055[81] Schroder, L. L., Brodie, J. P., Kissler-Patig, M., Huchra, J. P., Philips, A.C. 2002, AJ, 123, 2473[82] Ma, J., Zhou, X., Chen, J.-S., Wu, Z.-Y., Yang, Y.-B., Jiang, Z.-J., Wu,J.-H. 2005, PASP, 117, 256[83] Ma, J., Zhou, X., Burstein, D., Chen, J.-S., Jiang, Z.-J., Wu, Z.-Y., Wu,J.-H. 2006, PASP, 118, 98[84] Ma, J., et al. 2007, PASP, 119, 1085[85] Goudfrooij, P., Alonso, M. V., Maraston, C., Minniti, D. 2001, MNRAS,328, 237[86] Wakamatsu, K.-I. 1977, PASP, 89, 267[87] Larsen, S. S., Forbes, D. A., Brodie, J. P. 2001, MNRAS, 327, 1116[88] Bridges, T. J., Hanes, D. A. 1992, AJ, 103, 800[89] Peng, E. W., Ford, H. C., Freeman, K. C. 2004a, ApJS, 150, 367[90] Peng, E. W., Ford, H. C., Freeman, K. C. 2004b, ApJ, 602, 705[91] Peng, E. W., Jordán, A., Côté, P., Blakeslee J. P., Ferrarese, L., Simona,M., West, M. J., David, M., Milosavljević, M., Tonry, J. L. 2006, ApJ, 639,95[92] Peng, E. W., Côté, P., Jordán, A., Blakeslee, J. P., Ferrarese, L., Simona,M., West, M. J., David, M., Milosavljević, M, Tonry, J. L. 2006a, ApJ, 639,838

151[93] Baum, W. A., et al. 1995, AJ, 110, 2537[94] Kavelaars, J. J., Harris, W. E., Hanes, D. A., Hesser, J. E., Pritchet, C. J.2000, ApJ, 533, 125[95] Harris, W. E., Kavelaars, J. J., Hanes, D. A., Hesser, J. E., Pritchet, C. J.2000, ApJ, 533, 137[96] Woodworth, S. C., Harris, W. E. 2000, AJ, 119, 2699[97] Kalirai, J. S., Strader, J., Anderson, J., Bicher, H. B. 2008 ApJ, 682, L37[98] 1996[99] Fan, X., et al. 1996, AJ, 112, 628[100] Stetson, P. B. 1987, PASP, 99, 191[101] Oke, J. B., Gunn, J. E. 1983, ApJ, 266, 713[102] Zhou, X., Chen, J.-S., Xu, W., Zhang, M., Jiang, Z.-J., Zheng, Z.-Y., Zhu,J. 1999, PASP, 111, 909[103] Yan, H.-J., et al. 2000, PASP, 112, 691[104] Zhou, X., Jiang, Z. J., Xue, S. J., Wu, H., Ma, J., Chen, J. S. 2001, ChJAA,1, 372[105] Bertin, E., Arnouts, S. 1996, A&AS, 117, 393[106] William, H. P., Saul, A. T., William T. V., Brian, P. F. Numerical Recipesin Fortran–The art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press,Second Edition, 1992. p699[107] Scalo, J. M. 1986, FCPh, 11, 1[108] Salpeter, E. E. 1955, ApJ, 121, 161[109] Spinrad, H., Taylor, B. J. 1971, ApJS, 22, 445

152 M31[110] Feber, S. M. 1972, A&A, 20, 361[111] Pickles, A. J. 1985, ApJ, 296, 340[112] Bruzual, A. G. 1983, ApJ, 273, 105[113] Guiderdoni, B., Rocca-Volmerange, B 1987, A&A, 186, 1[114] Worthey, G., Faber, S. M., González, J. J., Burstain, D. 1994a, ApJ, 94,687[115] Fioc, M., Rocca-Volmerange, B. 1997, A&A, 326, 950[116] Bruzual, A. G., Charlot, S. 1993, ApJ, 405, 538, (BC93)[117] Bruzual, A. G., Charlot, S. 1996, unpublished, (BC96)[118] Bruzual, G., Charlot, S. 2003, MNRAS, 344, 1000, (BC03)[119] Alongi, M., Bertelli, G., Bressan, A., Chiosi, C., Fagotto, F., Greggio, L.,Nasi, E. 1993, A&AS, 97, 851[120] Bressan, A., Fagotto, F., Bertelli, G., Chiosi, C. 1993, A&AS, 100, 647[121] Fagotto, F., Bressan, A., Bertelli, G., Chiosi, C. 1994a, A&A, 284, 447[122] Fagotto, F., Bressan, A., Bertelli, G., Chiosi, C. 1994b, A&AS, 105, 29[123] Girardi, L., Bressan, A., Chiosi, C., Bertelli, G., Nasi, E. 1996, A&AS,117, 113[124] Chabrier, G. 2003, PASP, 115, 763[125] Girardi, L., Bressan, A., Bertelli, G., Chiosi, C. 2000, A&AS, 141, 371[126] Bessell, M. S., Brett, J. M., Wood, P. R., Scholz, M. 1989, A&AS, 77, 1[127] Bessell, M. S., Brett, J. M., Scholz, M., Wood, P. R. 1991, A&AS, 89, 335[128] Fluks, M. A., Plez, B., The, P. S., de Winter, D., Westerlund, B. E.,Steenman, H. C. 1994, A&AS, 105, 311

153[129] Allard, F., Hauschildt, P. H. 1995, ApJ, 445, 433[130] Rauch, T. 2002, RMxAC, 12, 150[131] Le Borgne, J.-F., Bruzual, G., Pelló, R., et al. 2003, A&A, 402, 433[132] Pickles, A. J. 1998, PASP, 110, 863[133] Fanelli, M. N., O’Connell, R. W., Burstein, D., Wu, C.-C. 1992, ApJS, 82,197[134] Worthey, G. Ph.D. Thesis 1992, Univ. California, Santa Cruz[135] Worthey, G. 1994b, ApJS, 95, 107[136] O’Connell, R. W. Stellar Population. 1986, Cambridge Univ. Press, 213[137] O’Connell, R. W. Nuclei of Normal Galaxies: Lessons fron the GalacticCenter. 1994, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop[138] Arimoto, N. From Stars to Galaxies. Leitherer C., Fritze–v. AlvenslebenU., Huchra J., eds., ASP Conf. Ser., (ASP: San Francisco), 98, p. 287, 1996[139] Kaviraj, S., Rey, S.-C., Rich, R. M., Lee, Y.-W., Yoon, S.-J., Yi, S. K.2007, MNRAS, 381, 74[140] Silva, D. R., Elston, R. 1994, ApJ, 428, 511[141] Faber, S. M. 1973, ApJ, 179, 731[142] Rose, J. A. 1984, AJ, 89, 1238[143] Rose, J. A. 1985, AJ, 90, 1927[144] Díaz, A. I., Terlevich, E., Terlevich, R. 1989, MNRAS, 239, 325[145] Jones, L. A., Worthey, G. 1995, ApJ, 446, L31[146] Vazdekis, A., Arimoto, N. 1999, ApJ, 525, 144

154 M31[147] Supper, R., Hasinger, G., Pietsch, W., Trümper, J., Jain, A., Magnier, E.A., Lewin, W. H. G., van Paradijs, J. 1997, A&A, 317, 328[148] Supper, R., Hasinger, G., Lewin, W. H. G., Magnier, E. A., van Paradijs,J. Pietsch, W., Read, A. M., Trümper, J. 2001, A&A, 373, 63[149] Trudolyubov, S., Priedhorsky, W. 2004, ApJ, 616, 821[150] Hertz, P., Grindlay, J. E. 1983, ApJ, 275, 105[151] Liu, Q.-Z., van Paradijis, J., van den Heuvel, E. P. J. 2001, A&A, 68, 1021[152] Clark, G. W. 1975, ApJ, 199, L143[153] Fabian, A. C., Pringle, J. E., Rees, N. J. 1975, MNRAS, 172, 15[154] van Speybroeck, L., Epstein, A., Forman, W., Giacconi, R., Jones, C.,Liller, W., Smarr, L. 1979, ApJ, 234, L45[155] Collura, A., Reale, F., Peres, G. 1990, ApJ, 356, 119[156] Trinchieri, G., Fabbiano, G. 1991, ApJ, 382, 82[157] Primini, F. A., Forman, W., Jones, C. 1993, ApJ, 410, 615[158] Trinchieri, G., et al. 1999, A&A, 348, 43[159] Osborne, J. P., et al. 2001, A&A, 378, 800[160] Kaaret, P. 2002, ApJ, 578, 114[161] Kong, A. K. H., et al. 2002, ApJ, 577, 738[162] Williams, B. F., et al. 2004, ApJ, 609, 735[163] Di Stefano, R., Kong, A. K. H., Garcia, M. R.Barmby, P., Greiner, J.,Murray, S., Primini, F. A. 2002, ApJ, 570, 618[164] Sidoli, L., Parmar, A. N., Oosterbroek, T., Stella, L., Verbunt, F., Masetti,N., Dal Fiume, D. 2001, A&A, 368, 451

155[165] Di Stefano, R., Kong, A. K. H., VanDalfsen, M. L., Harris, W. E., Murray,S. S., Delain, K. M. 2003, ApJ, 599, 1067[166] Verbunt, F., Bunk, W., Hasinger, G., Johnston, H. 1995, A&A, 300, 732[167] Bellazzini, M., Pasquali, A., Federici, L., Ferraro, F. R., Fusi Pecci, F.1995, ApJ, 439, 687[168] Zheng, Z. Y., et al. 1999, AJ, 117, 2757[169] Murray, S. S., et al. 1997, SPIE, 3114, 11[170] Fukugita, M., et al. 1996, AJ, 111, 1748[171] Wu, H., et al. 2002, AJ, 123, 1364[172] Zhou, X., et al. 2004, AJ, 127, 3642[173] Berkhuijsen, E. M., Humphreys, R. M., Ghigo, F. D., Zumach, W. 1988,A&AS, 76, 65[174] Wirth, A., Smarr, L. L., Bruno, T. L. 1985, ApJ, 290, 40[175] Ford, H. C., Jacoby, G. H. 1978, ApJS, 38, 351[176] Lampton, M., Margon, B., Bowyer, S. 1976, ApJ, 208, 177[177] Zhou, X., Jiang, Z., Ma, J., Xue, S., Wu, H., Chen, J., Zhu, J., Sun, W.,Windhorst, R. A. 2003, A&A, 397, 361[178] Landolt, A. U. 1983, AJ, 88, 439[179] Landolt, A. U. 1992, AJ, 104, 340[180] Galadŕ-Enrŕquez, D., Trullols, E., Jordi, C. 2000, A&AS, 146, 169[181] Sarazin, C. L., Kundu, A. I., Irwin, J. A., Sivakoff, G. R., Blanton, E. L.,Randall, S. W. 2003, ApJ, 595, 743[182] Ashman, K. A., Bird, C. M., Zepf, S. E. 1994, AJ, 108, 2348

156 M31[183] Popesso, P., et al. 2004, A&A, 423, 449[184] Magnier, E. Ph.D.thesis. 1993, MIT[185] Magnier, E. A., Lewin, W. H. G., van Paradijs, J., Hasinger, G., Jain, A.,Pietsch, W., Truemper, J. 1992, A&AS, 96, 379[186] Barmby, P. Ph.D. thesis 2001, Harvard Univ.[187] Rich, R. M., Corsi, C. E., Cacciari, C., Federici, L., Fusi Pecci, F., Djorgovski,S. G., Freedman, W. L. 2005, AJ, 129, 2670[188] Fusi Pecci, F., et al. 1994, A&A, 284, 349[189] Djorgovski, S. G., Gal, R. R., McCarthy, J. K., Cohen, J. G., de Carvalho,R. R., Meylan, G., Bendinelli, O., Parmeggiani, G. 1997, ApJ, 474, L19[190] Barmby, P., Holland, S., Huchra, J. P. 2002, AJ, 123, 1937[191] de Grijs, R., Wilkinson, M. I., Tadhunter, C. N. 2005b, MNRAS, 361, 311[192] Brown, T. M., Ferguson, H. C., Smith, E., Kimble, R. A., Sweigart, A. V.,Renzini, A., Rich, R. M., VandenBerg, D. A. 2004, ApJ, 613, L125[193] Rich, R. M., Mighell, K. J., Freedman, W. L., Neill, J. D. 1996, AJ, 111,768[194] Stephens, A. W., et al. 2001, AJ, 121, 2597[195] Beasley, M. A., Brodie, J. P., Strader, J., Forbes, D. A., Proctor, R. N.,Barmby, P., Huchra, J. P. 2004, AJ, 128, 1623[196] Tinsley, B. M. 1968, ApJ, 151, 547[197] Tinsley, B. M. 1972, ApJ, 178, 319[198] Searle, L., Sargent, W. L. W., Bagnuolo, W. G. 1973, ApJ, 179, 427[199] Anders, P., Bissantz, N., Fritze-v. Alvensleben, U., de Grijs, R. 2004,MNRAS, 347, 196

157[200] Leitherer, C., Heckman, T. M. 1995, ApJS, 96, 9[201] Leitherer, C., et al. 1996, PASP, 108, 996[202] Kennicutt, R. C. 1998, ARA&A, 36, 189[203] Barmby, P., Huchra, J. P. 2000a, ApJ, 531, L29[204] Calzetti, D. 1997, AJ, 113, 162[205] Vazdekis, A., Peletier, R. F., Beckman, J. E., Casuso, E. 1997, ApJS, 111,203[206] Origlia, L., Goldader, J. D., Leitherer, C., Schaerer, D., Oliva, E. 1999,ApJ, 514, 96[207] de Grijs, R., Fritze–v. Alvensleben, U., Anders, P., Gallagher, J. S., Bastian,N., Taylor, V. A., Windhorst, R. A. 2003b, MNRAS, 342, 259[208] Perrett, K. M., Bridges, T. J., Hanes, D. A., Irwin, M. J., Brodie, J. P.,Carter, D., Huchra, J. P., Watson, F. G. 2002, AJ ,123, 2490[209] Fusi Pecci, F., Bellazzini, M., Buzzoni, A., De Simone, E., Federici, L.,Galleti, S. 2005, AJ, 130, 554[210] Puzia, T. H., Perrett, K. M., Bridges, T. J. 2005, A&A, 434, 909[211] Fusi Pecci, F., Cacciari, C., Frederici, L., Pasquali, A. The Globular Cluster— Galaxy Connection. Smith G.H., Brodie J.P., eds., ASP Conf. Ser., (ASP:San Francisco), 1993, 48, p. 410[212] MacArthur, L. A., Courteau, S., Bell, E., Holtzman, J. A. 2004, ApJS,152, 175[213] de Jong, R. S. 1996, A&A, 313, 377[214] Cardiel, N., Gorgas, J., Sánchez-Blázquez, P., Cenarro, A. J., Pedraz, S.,Bruzual, A. G., Klement, J. 2003, A&A, 409, 511

158 M31[215] Wu, H., Shao, Z.-Y., Mo, H.-J., Xia, X.-Y., Deng, Z.-G. 2005, ApJ, 622,244[216] Carpenter, J. M. 2001, AJ, 121, 2851[217] Elias, J. H., Frogel, J. A., Matthews, K., Neugebauer, G. 1982, AJ, 87,1029[218] Elias, J. H., Frogel, J. A., Hyland, A. R., Jones, T. J. 1983, AJ, 88, 1027[219] Carpenter, J. M., Hillenbrand, L. A., Skrutskie, M. F. 2001, AJ, 121, 3160[220] de Grijs, R., Anders, P., Lamers, H., Bastian, N., Parmentier, G., Sharina,M. E., Yi, S. 2005a, MNRAS, 359, 874[221] Schweizer, F., Seitzer, P., Brodie, J.P. 2004, AJ, 128, 202[222] Brodie, J. P., Huchra, J. P. 1990, ApJ, 362, 503[223] Bònoli, F., Delpino, F., Federici, L., Fusi Pecci, F 1987, A&A, 185, 25[224] Beasley, M. A., Brodie, J. P., Strader, J., Forbes, D. A., Proctor, R. N.,Barmby, P., Huchra, J. P. 2005, AJ, 129, 1412[225] Charlot, S., Worthey, G., Bressan, A. 1996, ApJ, 457, 625[226] Cardelli, J. A., Clayton, G. C., Mathis, J. S. 1989, ApJ, 345, 245[227] Burstein, D., et al. 2004, ApJ, 614, 158[228] Brown, T. M., Ferguson, H. C., Smith, E., Kimble, R. A., Sweigart, A. V.,Renzini, A., Rich, R. M., VandenBerg, D. A. 2003, ApJ, 592, L17[229] Forbes, D. A., Brodie, J. P., Grillmair, C. J. 1997, AJ, 113, 1652[230] Morrison, H., Harding, P., Perrett, K.M., Hurley-Keller, D. 2004, ApJ,603, 87[231] Abadi, M. G., Navarro, J. F., Steinmetz, M., Eke, V. R. 2003, ApJ, 597,21

159[232] Sarajedini, A., King, C. R. 1989, AJ, 98, 1624[233] Chaboyer, B., Demarque, P., Sarajedini, A. A. 1996, ApJ, 459, 558[234] Barmby, P., Huchra, J. P. 2000, ApJ, 531, L29[235] Kim, S. C., Lee, M. G., Geisler, D., Sarajedini, A., Park, H. S., Hwang, H.S., Harris, W. E., Seguel, J. C., von Hippel, T. 2007, AJ, 134, 706[236] Huxor, A. Ph.D. Thesis 2007, Univ. of Hertfordshire, UK[237] Mackey, A. D., Huxor, A., Ferguson, A. M. N., Tanvir, N. R., Irwin, M.,Ibata, R., Bridges, T., Johnson, R. A., Lewis, G. 2006, ApJ, 653, L105[238] Mackey, A. D., et al. 2007, ApJ, 655, L85[239] Fan, Z., Ma, J., de Grijs, R., Yang, Y., Zhou, X. 2006, MNRAS, 371, 1648[240] Burstein, D., Heiles, C. 1982, AJ, 87, 1165[241] Schlegel, D. J., Finkbeiner, D. P., Davis, M. 1998, ApJ, 500, 525[242] van den Bergh, S. 1969, ApJS, 19, 145[243] Iye, M., Richter, O. G. 1985, A&A, 144, 471[244] Harris, W. E. Ph.D. Thesis 1974, Univ. of Toronto, Canada[245] van den Bergh, S. 1975, A&A, 41, 53[246] Bajaja, E., Gergely, T. E. 1977, A&A, 61, 229[247] Frogel, J. A., Persson, S. E., Cohen, J. G. 1980, ApJ, 240, 785[248] Rey, S. C., et al. 2007, ApJS, 173, 643[249] Eggen, O. J., Lynden-Bell, D., Sandage, A. R. 1962, ApJ, 136, 748[250] Searle, L., Zinn, R. 1978, ApJ, 225, 357[251] Gebhardt, K., Kissler-Patig, M. 1999, AJ, 118, 1526

160 M31[252] Brodie, J., Strader, J. 2006, ARA&A, 44, 193[253] Huchra, J. P., Brodie, J. P., Kent, S. M. 1991, ApJ, 370, 495[254] Harris, W. H. 1996, AJ, 112, 1487[255] Akritas, M. G., Bershady, M. A. 1996, ApJ, 470, 706[256] Racine, R. 1991, AJ, 101, 865[257] McClure, R. D., Racine, R. 1969, AJ, 74, 1000[258] Vetešnik, M. 1962b, Bull. Astron. Inst. Czech., 13, 218[259] Kent, S. 1989, AJ, 97, 1614[260] Ashman, K. M., Bird, C. M. 1993, AJ, 106, 2281.[261] McLachlan, G. J., Basford, K. E. Mixture Models: Inference and Applicationto Clustering 1988, New York: M. Dekker[262] Hartigan, J. A., Hartigan, P. M. 1985a, Ann. Statist., 13, 70[263] Hartigan, P. M. 1985b, Roy. Statist. Soc., 217, 320[264] Zinn, R. 1985, ApJ, 293, 424[265] Armandroff, T. E. 1989, AJ, 97, 375[266] Frenk, C. S., White, S. D. M. 1982, MNRAS, 198, 173[267] Minniti, D. 1995, AJ, 109, 1663[268] Côté, P. 1999, AJ, 118, 406[269] Forbes, D. A., Brodie, J. P., Larsen, S. S. 2001, ApJ, 556, L83[270] Elson, R. A., Walterbos, R. A. M. 1988, ApJ, 333, 594[271] Huchra, J., Stauffer, J., van Speybroeck, L. 1982, ApJ, 259, L57[272] Sharov, A. S. 1988, Sov. Astron. Lett., 14, 339

161[273] Parmentier, G., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Neuforge, C., Noels, A., Thoul, A.A. 1999, A&A, 352, 138[274] Spitler, L. R., Larsen, S. S., Strader, J., Brodie, J. P., Forbes, D. A.,Beasley, M. A. 2006, AJ, 132, 1593[275] Bekki, K., Yahagi, H., Forbes, D. A. 2007, MNRAS, 377, 215[276] Walterbos, R. A. M., Kennicutt, R. C., Jr. 1988, A&A, 198, 61[277] Massey, P, Armandroff, T. E., Pyke, R., Patel, K., Wilson, C. D. 1995, AJ,110, 2715[278] Xu, C., Helou, G. 1996, ApJ, 456, 163[279] Barmby, P., Perrett, K. M., Bridges, T. J. 2002, MNRAS, 329, 461[280] Cohen, J. G. 2006, ApJ, 653, L21[281] Yi, S. K. 2009, arXiv:0903.2891[282] Huxor, A. P., Tanvir, N. R., Ferguson, A. M. N., Irwin, M. J., Ibata, R.,Bridges, T., Lewis, G. F. 2008, MNRAS, 385, 1989[283] Caldwell, N., Harding, P., Morrison, H., Rose, J. A., Schiavon, R., Kriessler,J. 2009, AJ, 137, 94[284] Massey, P., Olsen, K. A. G., Hodge, P. W., Strong, S, B., Jacoby, G. H.,Schlingman, W., Smith, R. C. 2006, AJ, 131, 2478[285] Geisler, D. 1996, AJ, 111, 480[286] Strader, J., Smith, G. H. 2008, AJ, 136, 1828[287] Zhao, Y.-H. 1999, oaaf.conf, 1

[1] Fan, Z., Ma, J., Zhou, X., Chen, J., Jiang, Z., Wu, Z. Identification of X-Ray Point Sources and a Study of the Nature of 62 X-Ray Globular ClusterCandidates in M31. 2005, PASP, 117, 1236[2] Fan, Z., Ma, J., de Grijs, R., Yang, Y., Zhou, X. New age estimates of M31globular clusters from multicolour photometry. 2006, MNRAS, 371, 1648[3] Fan, Z., Ma, J., de Grijs, R., Zhou, X. Reddening, colour and metallicityof the M31 globular cluster system. 2008, MNRAS, 385, 1973[4] Fan, Z., Ma, J., Zhou, X. Multicolour Photometric Study of M31 GlobularClusters. 2009, RAA (Revised Manuscript).[5] Ma, J., Zhou, X., Burstein, D., Yang, Y., Fan, Z., Chen, J., Jiang, Z., Wu,Z., Wu, J., Zhang, T. Age estimations of M31 globular clusters from theirspectral energy distributions. 2006, A&A, 449, 143[6] Ma, J., Burstein, D., Fan, Z., Zhou, X., Chen, J., Jiang, Z., Wu, Z., Wu, J.Metal Abundance Properties of M81 Globular Cluster System. 2007, PASP,119, 1085[7] Ma, J., de Grijs, R., Chen, D., van den Bergh, S., Fan, Z., Wu, Z., Wu, H.,Zhou, X., Wu, J., Jiang, Z., Chen, J. Structural parameters of Mayall II =G1 in M31. 2007, MNRAS, 376, 1621[8] Ma, J., Yang, Y., Burstein, D., Fan, Z., Wu, Z., Zhou, X., Wu, J., Jiang,Z., Chen, J. Age Constraints for an M31 Globular Cluster from SEDs Fit.2007, ApJ, 659, 359[9] Ma, J., Fan, Z., de Grijs, R., Wu, Z., Zhou, X., Wu, J., Jiang, Z., Chen, J.Spectral Energy Distributions and Age Estimates of 39 Globular Clusters inM31. 2009, AJ, 137, 4884

164 M31[10] Ma, J., de Grijs, R., Fan, Z., Rey, S.-C., Wu, Z., Zhou, X. Old stellarpopulation synthesis: New age and mass estimates for Mayall II = G1.2009, arXiv0904.0674 (Accepted for Publication in RAA)

198262719889–1994619949–1997619979–2000620009–2004620049–20096BATC2004–2009 BATC60/90f/32009222–26 MMT 6.5X20BATC100012TEL: 010-64863043/62758636Email: fanzhou@bac.pku.edu.cnHomepage: http://batc.bao.ac.cn/∼fanzhouMSN/Facebook: fan.astro@gmail.com

BATCAstronomerBATCBATCBATCSchmidt BC03The University of SheffieldRichard de GrijsArizona State University David BursteinRogier WindhorstEric W. PengMMT Observatory

168 M31LIGOLydmila Mashonkina