“zero degree narratee”, any deviation from which should particularize narratees. Thus,we can speak of a progression from a “zero degree narratee”, who is apparentlyabsent, to a barely sketched narratee and, finally, to a narratee who benefits from anextended characterization, achieved through text specifications which Pierce calls“signals of the narratee”. From the distribution of these signals and the relationbetween narrator and narratee a diversity of narrates emerges, which is best explainedby Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan 17 . Thus, depen<strong>din</strong>g on the narrative level, there areextradiegetic and intradiegetic narratees, accor<strong>din</strong>g to their visibility in the text thereare overt or covert narratees, accor<strong>din</strong>g to their participation in the story, there areactive and passive narratees and finally, depen<strong>din</strong>g on their credibility, there arereliable and unreliable narratees.The last aspect this thesis discusses in the theoretical presentation of thenarratee is the one related with the narratee’s main function, that of establishing theconnection between narrator and readers or author and readers, especially withreference to the possible identification of the reader with the narratee.Applying the above to Ivasiuc’s prose fiction, we have concluded that, on thefirst narrative level, the number of extra-heterodiegetic narratees is dominant. Thissituation can be explained by the fact that, with the exception of Vestibul, where thenarrator addresses one of the characters, all the other novels address a narratee whichis neither the reader, nor an eavesdropper of the narrator, but “a faceless instance” 18with uncertain identity, which does not participate in the narrated events and can onlybe revealed by a minute analysis of the signals sent by the narrator. In somefragments, the narratee’s presence is easily detected, through the narrator’sinterventions which, although never addresses directly the narratee, either uses theinclusive plural (as it happens in O alta vedere and Corn de vanatoare), or launchesquestions about the narratee (Apa or Iluminări) or interferes through explanatory,generalizing, meaning-orienting comments (Cunoaştere de noapte, Păsările, Apa,Iluminări, Racul). Some other times, the narratee is close to Prince’s “zero degreenarratee”, by being apparently absent.As for those narratees which are addressed in the narratives framed by themain story (the Interludes in Cunoaştere de noapte, the Prologue in Pasarile, but also17 Shlomith Rimmon-Kennan, Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics, Routledge, New York, 2003,p. 105;18 Jean Rousset, Le lecteur intime, Librairie Jose Corti, 1986, p. 26;18
the metadiegetic stories in Interval, Păsările and Apa), they are all intradiegeticnarratees just like the one in Vestibul, but unlike him, they are second degree or thirddegree narratees. In most of the cases mentioned above, the presence of the narratee iswell marked in the text through direct addresses of the intradiegetic narrators,narrators-characters who pass massages to other characters.In Vestibul, the narratee is the addressee of the letters, the medical studentwhom Dr. Ilea recurrently addresses in the text using second person pronouns, so thenarratee is very much visible in the text. In this case, the game which Ivasiucintroduces is very interesting, with letters never to be sent, a technique which effacesthe narrator’s communicative function and stresses its testimonial function, so that itsreceptive role stands out as the most important. We can speak of the same narratornarrateeidentity in the case of Olga’s monologue as well as those of Ilie Chindriş inInterval, of Liviu Dunca in Pasarile, of Ştefania in Cunoaştere de noapte or ofMiguel in Racul, as these characters are, in turns, producers and receivers of their ownthoughts which they weigh, but do not estrange.In addition, we have referred to the cases in which the narrator and thenarratee are different stances. Real communication can sometimes be detectedbetween them (Liviu Dunca-Iulia, în Păsările, Petru-Olga în Interval), but there arealso case in which the impression conveyed is that of elements placed in totallyparallel positions, lacking any real connection (Liviu Dunca-Margareta in Păsările,Olga-Ilie Chindriş in Interval).What we have considered particularly worth mentioning in the case of therelation narrator-narratee at the intradiegetic level was the intimate, secret connectionwhich arises between the intradiegetic narrator and the abstract reader, especiallygiven the imperfect communication narrator-narratee. This is because even though thenarratee does not receive or perceive the message of the narrator, the reader does.Thus, because of the readers’ wider knowledge as compared to that of theintradiegetic narrates and considering the common experiences they have with thenarrators-characters, the reader empathises with the issues the narratees present,becoming a sort of sympathetic confessors and compensating the natural interpersonalconnection which remains only a wish in the fictional world, mirror of the real one.The next subchapter of the third chapter of the thesis deals with anotherintratextual instance, the character. Within the theoretical part, which defines theconcept, we have focused on the important works that discussed the character and on19
- Page 2 and 3: TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION .....
- Page 4 and 5: SUMMARYThe doctoral thesis Narrativ
- Page 6 and 7: politics in Romania revealed the au
- Page 8 and 9: names began to emerge: Nicolae Breb
- Page 10 and 11: was awarded (two prizes of the Writ
- Page 12 and 13: with the text through the opinions
- Page 14 and 15: integrate elements involving both n
- Page 16 and 17: omniscience, from the discourse cha
- Page 20 and 21: the two main directions existing in
- Page 22 and 23: portrayal, but one based on signifi
- Page 24 and 25: What the characters discover after
- Page 26 and 27: The analysis on the character also
- Page 28 and 29: internal, the focalized can be perc
- Page 30 and 31: Koppe 37 , that the relation focali
- Page 32 and 33: epresented by a proliferation of an
- Page 34 and 35: BIBLIOGRAPHYI. OPERA LUI ALEXANDRU
- Page 36 and 37: 6. Popescu-Neveanu, Paul, Dicţiona
- Page 39 and 40: 45. Neagu, Fănuş, Cartea cu priet
- Page 41 and 42: 21. Călinescu, George, Scriitori s
- Page 43 and 44: 60. Iser, Wolfgang, The Implied Rea
- Page 45 and 46: 98. Pârvulescu, Ioana, Prejudecă
- Page 47 and 48: 140. Selejan, Ana, Literatura româ
- Page 49 and 50: 14. Dimisianu, Gabriel, USR sau SSR
- Page 51 and 52: 3. Blandiana, Ana, Scriitorul şi P
- Page 53 and 54: 25. Pier, John, La narratologie all