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oApply at least one other active reading strategy appropriate for the text, such as visualizingor connecting the text to personal experiences.3. After reviewing your syllabus, map out a timeline of major assignments in the course. Describe thesteps you anticipate needing to follow in order to complete these assignments.4. Take a few minutes to skim through the remaining chapters of this book, whose contents aredescribed in. Use self-stick notes or flags to mark any sections that you expect to consult frequently whenyou write, such as a grammar guide or guidelines for a particular essay format. You may wish to similarlymake notes in other writing handbooks you own and any other reference books you will need to usefrequently.Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/booksSaylor.org40
Chapter 2Writing Basics: What Makes a Good Sentence?2.1 Sentence WritingL E A R N I N G O B JE C T I V E S1. Identify the components of a basic sentence.2. Identify the four most serious writing errors.Imagine you are reading a book for school. You need to find important details that you can use for anassignment. However, when you begin to read, you notice that the book has very little punctuation.Sentences fail to form complete paragraphs and instead form one block of text without clearorganization. Most likely, this book would frustrate and confuse you. Without clear and concisesentences, it is difficult to find the information you need.For both students and professionals, clear communication is important. Whether you are typing ane-mail or writing a report, it is your responsibility to present your thoughts and ideas clearly andprecisely. Writing in complete sentences is one way to ensure that you communicate well. Thissection covers how to recognize and write basic sentence structures and how to avoid some commonwriting errors.Components of a SentenceClearly written, complete sentences require key information: a subject, a verb and a complete idea. Asentence needs to make sense on its own. Sometimes, complete sentences are also called independentclauses. A clause is a group of words that may make up a sentence. An independent clause is a group ofwords that may stand alone as a complete, grammatically correct thought. The following sentences showindependent clauses.Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/booksSaylor.org41
Page 1 and 2: This text was adapted by The Saylor
Page 3 and 4: Exercises that involve self-editing
Page 5 and 6: Table 1.1 High School versus Colleg
Page 7 and 8: one sitting so that you can truly u
Page 9 and 10: Textbooks. These usually include su
Page 11 and 12: These discussions can also serve as
Page 13 and 14: a moment and recite aloud the main
Page 15 and 16: Common Writing AssignmentsCollege w
Page 17 and 18: AssignmentType Description ExampleJ
Page 19 and 20: What times of day are you most prod
Page 21 and 22: LearningStyleStrategiesVerbalAudito
Page 23 and 24: flow throughout the semester. You m
Page 25 and 26: The key to managing your time effec
Page 27 and 28: The first example shows Crystal’s
Page 29 and 30: The Cornell Note-Taking SystemIn ad
Page 31 and 32: 2. It can take some trial and error
Page 33 and 34: listed above apply broadly to any p
Page 35 and 36: Each Monday in Crystal’s Foundati
Page 37 and 38: Your academic counselor. Many unive
Page 39: Chapter 11 "Writing from Research:
Page 43 and 44: Compound SubjectsA sentence may hav
Page 45 and 46: If you have trouble telling the dif
Page 47 and 48: Subject-Linking Verb-NounSubject-Li
Page 49 and 50: See whether you can identify what i
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Page 53 and 54: verb is used with the -ing verb for
Page 55 and 56: Incorrect: Congratulating the entir
Page 57 and 58: TipThese are the seven coordinating
Page 59 and 60: Every sentence must have a subject,
Page 61 and 62: Singular FormPlural FormFirst Perso
Page 63 and 64: BeStudy the different forms of the
Page 65 and 66: Compound subjects combined with or
Page 67 and 68: The indefinite pronoun everybody ta
Page 69 and 70: E X E R C I S E 3Correct the errors
Page 71 and 72: K E Y T A K E A W A Y SParts of sen
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Page 75 and 76: Simple Present Past Simple Present
Page 77 and 78: On your own sheet of paper, write a
Page 79 and 80: 2.4 CapitalizationL E A R N I N G O
Page 81 and 82: 1.2.3.4.5.Common noun: magazine1.2.
Page 83 and 84: Learning and applying the basic rul
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Page 87 and 88: E X E R C I S E 2Complete the follo
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2.6 Adjectives and AdverbsL E A R N
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1. If the adjective or adverb is a
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Tyra sprints best of all the other
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modifiers. If either of these error
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TipThe following three steps will h
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of the world where there is no tech
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___________________________________
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Chapter 3PunctuationSuppose you are
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Commas and Coordinating AdjectivesY
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Luckily, some people questioned tha
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Thank you for agreeing to meet with
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Correct: Be sure to wear clean, wel
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Long quotations, which are forty wo
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someone said or wrote. An indirect
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E X E R C I S E 1Copy the following
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aren’tare notcan’tcannotdoesn
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4. Please complete the questionnair
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Commasa) The wedding will be July 1
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corporate sales and account managem
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Chapter 4Working with Words: Which
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Our (pronoun). Indicates possession
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Than (conjunction). Used to connect
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9. Tonight she will ________(set, s
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state, “No Flash Photography,”
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When adding an ending that begins w
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TipRemember to focus on spelling du
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Seas (plural noun). The plural of s
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desperate immediately opinion rhyth
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time to write your first draft, sta
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Connotation: (Neutral) In this sent
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public, and she said, with time, I
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Connotations of words may be positi
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3. Penelope felt ________glamorous
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2. refer + ence3. mope + ing4. appr
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felt this would be the most inexpen
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Word Antonym Word Antonymdespair ho
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Although fuming mad is not a formal
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Jargon a type of shorthand communic
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didn’t last more than a couple of
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On is the preposition. On the couch
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1. Captain Kirk told the crew a sto
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5. dress: fashionable, purpleK E Y
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Negative: Nobody gets the day off.E
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Write a paragraph describing your f
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On a separate sheet of paper, ident
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3. Determine common pronoun errors.
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These sentences are now correct bec
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A possessive pronoun is a pronoun s
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Verb I He/She/It You We Theycook co
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CollaborationOnce you have found al
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are present perfect, past perfect,
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Notice that both actions occur in t
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On a separate sheet of paper, revis
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Table 5.8 Gerunds and VerbsGerundVe
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On your own sheet of paper, complet
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ModalAuxiliaryUseModal Auxiliary +
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Be aware of the following common er
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Preposition Time Example Place Exam
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E X E R C I S E 2On a separate shee
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The preposition on is used to expre
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Dear Ms. O’Connor:I am writing to
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2. Work collaboratively with other
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Chapter 6Writing Paragraphs: Separa
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ead. Chances are, at some point in
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Notice how the summary retains the
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Notice how the synthesis paragraphs
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Read the following paragraphs about
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Although the audience for writing a
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E X E R C I S E 3On your own sheet
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thousand. Contact your local wildli
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My audience: ______________________
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Begin?"), a topic sentence must als
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1. a. This paper will discuss the l
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Read the following paragraph. The t
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Sometimes, the topic sentence appea
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Sentence: Nearly 10 percent of adul
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Example: These statistics indicate
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Writing at WorkTransitional words a
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and concluding sentence. Then, choo
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In this extract from an election ca
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In the second sentence, the adverb
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above beneath into tillacross besid
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The underlined words are all prepos
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Notice that in the first underlined
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For more information on dangling mo
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Notice how the underlined relative
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our money going?” or “How can w
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Independent ClauseCoordinatingConju
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Now look at Joshua’s revised essa
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help the injured man, rather than t
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3. My neighbor had his television v
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eader has to do to decode the sente
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3. The firefighter spoke more of hi
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K E Y T A K E A W A Y SParallelism
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ooDoes the writer use subordination
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helpful in all stages of the writin
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Quickly recording your thoughts on
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generate new ways to think about yo
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Choose a general topic idea from th
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The following is Mariah’s brainst
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From this idea map, Mariah saw she
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CollaborationPlease share with a cl
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information you have gathered in an
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Using the topic you selected in Sec
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Formal outlines are often quite rig
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Is my outline in the best order—c
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too long or stringy, add an additio
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Take short breaks to refresh your m
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In a perfect collaboration, each co
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TipAs you read critically throughou
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Here are the notes that Mariah wrot
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TipIf you write your first draft on
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Mariah then began her third and fin
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Writing a TitleA writer’s best ch
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TipHow do you get the best out of y
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1) Answer the following two questio
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Transitions That Change a Line of T
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3. What effect does adding addition
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Avoid contractions. Use do not in p
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2) Now return once more to your ess
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feedback into consideration in futu
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Have I chosen the best coordinating
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8.5 The Writing Process: End-of-Cha
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Chapter 9Writing Essays: From Start
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Even in a personal essay that allow
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2. The government must expand its f
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The linking verb in this working th
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If your thesis gives the reader a r
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Refer to the previous exercise and
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The following topic sentence is a p
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E X E R C I S E 4Using the three to
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2. Assess how and when to use chron
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On a separate sheet of paper, write
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The following are possible transiti
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E X E R C I S E 1On a separate shee
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quote or an interesting statistic,
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TipMake sure your essay is balanced
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10.1 NarrationChapter 10Rhetorical
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next now since soonfinally later st
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The use of sensory details is cruci
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case in point for examplefor instan
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on these senses to experience the w
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helpful to look closely at each of
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topic, your subtopics, and the reas
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Time" and Table 10.2 "Phrases of Il
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Writing at WorkDefinitions play a c
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Create a full definition essay from
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contrasting, or both. Remember, the
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The organizational structure you ch
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10.8 Cause and EffectL E A R N I N
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ecausedue tohencesincethustherefore
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explained by evidence. To argue in
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5. Driving and cell phonesCollabora
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For example, you seek the opinion o
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to include an engaging introduction
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Chapter 11Writing from Research: Wh
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effective communication is essentia
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Remember, your working thesis is no
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also crucial. You instructor may pr
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A good research paper provides focu
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Set aside time to conduct prelimina
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TipOne way to determine your workin
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documents define and limit a projec
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taking notes. Defining these smalle
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you plan to use in your paper. Trac
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Now that you have planned your rese
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Resource Type Description Example(s
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"Writing from Research: What Will I
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may presume the reader has backgrou
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Use a wildcard symbol such as #, ?,
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source. For instance, you might int
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A journal article written for an ac
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well-known, respected organization
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think carefully about which sources
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To make your working bibliography e
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paraphrased notes against the origi
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Beginning writers sometimes attempt
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support your thesis, make sure you
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Synthesizing and Organizing Informa
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2. Identify details that call your
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Please share the outline you create
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Chapter 12Writing a Research Paper1
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Writing Your ConclusionIn your intr
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carbohydrate diet plan lost anywher
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you analyze primary sources, such a
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The parenthetical citation at the e
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Some sources could be considered pr
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subjects who followed a low-fat die
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Given all the time and effort you h
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E X E R C I S E 1Follow these steps
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Are there any places where I have o
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Determining an Appropriate Style an
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slowly and carefully. Mark any area
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I have checked my paper for any edi
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/b
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K E Y T A K E A W A Y SSaylor URL:
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visit regularly, or a newspaper or
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Furthermore, producing a letter-per
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AbstractThe next page of your paper
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E X E R C I S E 1Saylor URL: http:/
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Your title page The abstract you cr
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and learn more about the topic if d
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For articles or essays, the name of
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In APA style, book and article titl
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Read the following examples.Chang (
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Strong Verbs for Introducing Cited
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Works by Authors with the Same Last
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1. Review the places in your paper
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Online Sources without Page Numbers
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various types of sources. This sect
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1. Include the heading References,
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TipThe previous example shows the f
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A Book Authored by an OrganizationT
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A Journal Article with Two to Seven
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egins on page A1 and continues on p
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Robbins, K. (2010, March/April). Na
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Davies, D. (Interviewer), & Pollan,
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A Television or Radio BroadcastIncl
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2. Apply general Modern Language As
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parts of speech or information. For
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Table 13.2Sales Figures by Year Sal
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Please convert the APA-style citati
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Sample Student Reference List in AP
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oUnder what circumstances would thi
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and organize them carefully. Read t
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Planning Your IntroductionIn Chapte
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If you have more time to work with
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A conclusion that will help you end
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A natural question at this point is
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1. Identify at least two to three p
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TipSome students prefer to write ou
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Annotating a presentation outline i
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These visual aids serve two purpose
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NameRole(s) at GoldmanSachsYearsAct
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Source: http://www.nbcolympics.com/
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Working with PhotographsMost person
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Create your graphics using the pres
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Images and text are large and clear
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Images and informational graphics p
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Crediting SourcesAs you conduct you
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Public speaking is stressful. In fa
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Consider whether you might be an ex
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3. Replay the recording and assess
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Stand straight but not rigid. Do no
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You may not be able to control ever
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To practice overcoming public-speak
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Chapter 15Readings: Examples of Ess
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and science person. This class and
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going both ways. While I do not hav
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epresentation on the field reminds
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colleges and universities. Unlike t
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Once you have the gravel in the bot
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Class participation and behavior ar
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Both Washington, DC, and London off
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most pressing tasks and necessities
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Americans realize the amorality of
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