<strong>of</strong> household crowding or income inequality. TB, however, forces the attention on howinequality can exist in multiple ways beyond the economic such as in the effects <strong>of</strong> historicalinequality (coming through now in the disparate rates among elderly), social marginalisation(evident in the experiences <strong>of</strong> Asian people with TBD), <strong>and</strong> the current transnational linkageswhich create persistent inequalities (apparent in the complex pattern <strong>of</strong> TB among Pacificpopulations). <strong>The</strong> study points out that Leatherman’s (2005) ‘space <strong>of</strong> vulnerability’ is notthe same space for different communities even within the one city. It is up to us in furtherwork to tease out these underlying vulnerabilities <strong>and</strong> effective ways to tackle them beyondthe simple focus upon particular ethnicities.ReferencesBeford, R. <strong>and</strong> J. Lidgard, 1996. International migration in the Asia–Pacific region in the 1980s <strong>and</strong>1990s: Two New Zeal<strong>and</strong> perspectives. Population Studies Centre Discussion Papers No. 19.Hamilton, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>: Unviersity <strong>of</strong> Waikato.Bor<strong>of</strong>sky, R., 2002. <strong>The</strong> four subfields: Anthropologists as mythmakers. American Anthropologist,104(2):463-480.Bryant, R. <strong>and</strong> S. Bailey, 1997. Third World Political-Ecology. New York: Routledge.Calder, L., 2000. Tuberculosis: reasons for diagnostic delay in Auckl<strong>and</strong>. New Zeal<strong>and</strong> MedicalJournal, 113:483-5.Calder, L., S. Marment, A. Cheng, W. Gao, <strong>and</strong> G. Simmons, 2001. Adherence with self-administeredtreatment <strong>of</strong> latent tuberculosis infection in Auckl<strong>and</strong>. New Zeal<strong>and</strong> Public Health Report,8:49-52.Das, D., M. Baker, <strong>and</strong> L. Calder, 2006a. Tuberculosis epidemiology in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> 1995-2004. NewZeal<strong>and</strong> Medical Journal, 119(1243):U2249.Das, D., M. Baker, K. Venugopoal, <strong>and</strong> S. McAllister, 2006b. Why the tuberculosis rate is not fallingin New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. New Zeal<strong>and</strong> Medical Journal, 119(1234): U2248.De Zoysa, R., P. Shoemack, R. Vaughan, <strong>and</strong> A. Vaughan, 2001. A prolonged outbreak <strong>of</strong> tuberculosisin the North Isl<strong>and</strong>. New Zeal<strong>and</strong> Public Health Report, 8:1-4.Dressler, M., 2001. Medical anthropology: Toward a third moment in social science? MedicalAnthropology Quarterly, 15:455-465.Enarson, D., 2006. Migrant tuberculosis: a moving target. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Tuberculosis <strong>and</strong>Lung Disease, 10(9):945.Finn, C., 2006. ‘<strong>The</strong> Maori Problem’? A political ecology <strong>of</strong> tuberculosis among Maori inAoteraroa/New Zeal<strong>and</strong> between 1918 <strong>and</strong> 1945. Unpublished M.A. thesis, <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong>Auckl<strong>and</strong>.G<strong>and</strong>y, M., <strong>and</strong> A. Zumla, 2002. <strong>The</strong> resurgence <strong>of</strong> disease: social <strong>and</strong> historical perspectives on the'new' tuberculosis. Social Science & Medicine, 55:385-396.Harper, J., 1999. An Old Infection: <strong>The</strong> Importance <strong>of</strong> Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Elderly People inScotl<strong>and</strong>. Scottish Medical Journal, 44:134-136.Harper, J., 2002 Endangered Species: Health illness <strong>and</strong> death among Madagascar's People <strong>of</strong> theForest. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.Leatherman, T., 2005. A space <strong>of</strong> vulnerability in poverty <strong>and</strong> health: Political-ecology <strong>and</strong> bioculturalanalysis. Ethos, 33(1):46-70.Leslie , P. W., <strong>and</strong> M. A Little, 2003. Human biology <strong>and</strong> ecology: Variation in nature <strong>and</strong> the nature<strong>of</strong> variation. American Anthropologist, 105:28-37.Lock, M., 1993. Encounters with aging: mythologies <strong>of</strong> menopause in Japan <strong>and</strong> North America.Berkeley: <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> California Press.Lock, M., <strong>and</strong> P. Kaufert., 2001. Menopause, local biologies, <strong>and</strong> cultures <strong>of</strong> aging. American Journal<strong>of</strong> Human Biology, 13:494-504.41
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health, 2002. Guidelines for Tuberculosis Control in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> 2003. Wellington:Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health.Ng Shui, R., 2006. <strong>The</strong> Place <strong>of</strong> Tuberculosis. <strong>The</strong> lived experience <strong>of</strong> Pacific peoples in Auckl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong>Samoa. Unpublished M.A. thesis, <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Auckl<strong>and</strong>.Oh, M., 2006. <strong>The</strong> Treaty <strong>of</strong> Waitangi Principles in He Korowai Oranga – Māori Health Strategy: AnEffective Partnership? A Critique from the Perspective <strong>of</strong> TB Care. Unpublished M.A. thesis,<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Auckl<strong>and</strong>.Population <strong>and</strong> Environment Health Group, 2005. Notifiable <strong>and</strong> other diseases in New Zeal<strong>and</strong>Annual Report 2004. Wellington: Institute <strong>of</strong> Environmental Science <strong>and</strong> Research Limited.Population <strong>and</strong> Environment Health Group, 2006. Notifiable <strong>and</strong> other diseases in New Zeal<strong>and</strong>Annual Report 2005. Wellington: Institute <strong>of</strong> Environmental Science <strong>and</strong> Research Limited.Searle, A., 2004. Having TB: <strong>The</strong> Experience <strong>of</strong> Pakeha in Auckl<strong>and</strong>. Unpublished M.A. thesis,<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Auckl<strong>and</strong>.Searle, A., J. Park, <strong>and</strong> J. Littleton, 2007. Alliance <strong>and</strong> compliance in tuberculosis treatment <strong>of</strong> olderPakeha people in Auckl<strong>and</strong>, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. International Journal <strong>of</strong> TB <strong>and</strong> Lung Disease,insert full reference .Turshen, M., 1984. <strong>The</strong> Political Ecology <strong>of</strong> Disease in Tanzania. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers<strong>University</strong> Press.Voss, L., M. Campbell, C. Tildesley, D. Hay, A. Vaughan, <strong>and</strong> C. Thornley, 2006. Paediatrictuberculosis in a Pacific Isl<strong>and</strong>s community in New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. Journal <strong>of</strong> Paeidatrics <strong>and</strong> ChildHealth, 42:118-122.42
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Gibson et al. 2005 X XCook et al. 2
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in rates will likely be achieved on
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Daschuk, J.W., Hackett, P., MacNeil
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Ontario Lung Association, 2003. Tub
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Part 2 Reproducing TuberculosisIntr
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particular focus on the quality of
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Chapter 9The Contribution of Tuberc
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years of civilian mortality registr
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Soldiers’ mortality rates from al
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While fluctuations in mortality can
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continue, perhaps to a very small p
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Chapter 10Tuberculosis Mortality am
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schools. This forced school officia
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Figure 2 Residential Schools and Re
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Figure 3 Manitoba TB treatment faci
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attend classes on forty of the seve
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Again, this was hardly a shocking d
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Figure 51949 TB Survey.Indian Affai
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This article examines patterns of d
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dying of consumption, that great en
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Study of mortality seasonality reve
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Recognizing the cumulative biologic
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Crowded living quarters provided an
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ReferencesAmerican Lung Association
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Stephens, Christianne V., 2004. A p
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Chapter 12Norway House Residential
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thought that Brandon was too far aw
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Tuberculosis in Norway House Reside
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The greatest number of deaths, almo
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esponsible for conducting the medic
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informed Bunn that he had treated s
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Hardiman EF. 1902. Principal’s Re
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Chapter 13A Political Ecological Pe
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Figure 2Whakarewarewa in the 1920s.
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Comparison of the housing condition
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1920s, was the government finally c
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dilapidated. They were observed als
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ReferencesAllen, A.E. and D.G. Phil
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Wang, P.D. and R.S. Lin, 2000. Tube
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ejection from within their family o
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Chapter 14The Bright Light of Actio
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environment” 18 of Taranaki Maori
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In the face of ongoing complaints a
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Fitzgerald, Criena, 2002. Making tu
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Chapter 15Pakeha and Tuberculosis i
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understand vulnerability and suppor
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around when she first had TB knew t
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An article from the Dominion newspa
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Scheper-Hughes, N., 1992. Death Wit
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Tuberculosis: A disease of othersTh
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Tuberculosis and infectionTuberculo
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secondly, the tuberculosis sufferer
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Bhadrak, an Indian man in his 20s,
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Chapter 17Health, Wellbeing and Dia
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Somalia (Lillebaek et al. 2002:682)
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carried out. I also interacted with
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The Auckland Somali population is h
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mask usually had to be worn by pati
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understanding of their migration hi
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Warfa, N., K. Bhui, T. Craig, S. Cu
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Figure 1New Zealand and its Pacific
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oth English and Samoan. The second
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Health cultures and explanations of
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Duality of TBMany of the older Paci
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e considered in the ecology of TB,
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Interviewer: “Do you have any ide
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McArthur, N., 1965. Island Populati
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ContributorsAnneka Anderson, Depart
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Moana Oh (Ngati Rarua, Ngati Toraru
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RAL-e1 Geoarchaeological Investigat