ENDANGERED WILDLIFE TRUST RHINO SECURITY BOOKLET

ENDANGERED WILDLIFE TRUSTRHINO SECURITY BOOKLETEndangered Wildlife Trust Page 53 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina522011 stuf53 52537/26/11 9:53:07 AM7/26/11 9:39:09 AM

RHINO SECURITY INFORMATION BOOKLETTo support landowners and reserve managers inpreventing and combating rhino poaching on theirpropertiesContentsPage1. Scope of the booklet ....................................................................................................... 12. Foreword ........................................................................................................................ 23. Glossary of terms............................................................................................................. 34. Introduction.................................................................................................................... 55. A Short History of Rhino on the African Continent........................................................... 66. Legal aspect pertaining to Rhinos in South Africa ............................................................ 87. Standard Operating Procedures for the Management of Rhino HornStockpiles and Rhino Poaching Crime Scenes ................................................................ 168. Strengthening the Security of Rhino through proactive prevention methods................. 229. References..................................................................................................................... 3010. Acknowledgements....................................................................................................... 3111. Appendices........................................................................................................31A publication of the Endangered Wildlife Trust’ Law and Policy Programme’s (L&PP)Rhino Security Project.Published by the Endangered Wildlife Trust © 2011. All rights reserved.The tools and the information shared through this publication are offered as a publicgood and may be used freely, but only for non-commercial purposes and not forfinancial gain.The content of this publication was drawn from a variety of sources and thus do notnecessarily reflect the opinion or position of the EWT.Proudly Sponsored by the South African Mint Company and the International RhinoFoundation.Cover photograph courtesy of Rhino Force.Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from the Endangered WildlifeTrust.Please note that the content of the booklet, accurate in May 2011, is subject toamendments in legislation and changes in contact details, and might change in thefuture.ENDANGERED WILDLIFE TRUSTBuilding K2, Ardeer Road, Pinelands Office Park, Modderfontein 1609, Gauteng, South AfricaPrivate Bag X 11, Modderfontein 1645, Gauteng, South AfricaTel: +27 (0) 11 372 3600 Fax: +27 (0) 11 608 4682Rhino Security Page 50 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT ewt rhinosRHINO newPRESERVATION pages 8 and 50.pd22011 2stuf50 509/14/11 8:02:38 AM9/14/11 7:39:55 AM

1. SCOPE OF THIS BOOKLETThis booklet was developed to support landowners and reserve managers in preventing andcombating rhino poaching on their properties. It further provides relevant information on thehistory and facts about rhino conservation in Africa, relevant legislation and permit requirementsboth locally and internationally, and suggests standard operating procedures for rhino hornstockpile management, crime scene management and security of live rhino. It also containsuseful contacts and forms for use in the field and is intended as a guide to assist rhino ownersand managers to improve security on their properties in a way that is effective and affordable.There is much more information available on the Internet and other literature and whererelevant, we have made reference to additional sources of information and urge rhino ownersand managers to study these in order to broaden their perspective on rhino management andprotection.A Black Rhino calf with her motherEndangered Wildlife Trust Page 1 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina12011 1stuf1 17/26/11 9:52:30 AM7/26/11 9:37:31 AM

2. FOREWORDBetween 1820, when the White Rhino Ceratotherium simum was first recorded by Burchell at Kuruman, and theearly 1890s, the species was slaughtered to the point of extinction. Then in 1895 a hunter was hunting at the junctionof the White and the Black Umfolozi Rivers and he shot two rhinos, which he believed were Black Rhinos (Dicerosbicornis) because the White Rhino was thought to be extinct. To his surprise, the hunter discovered that they werein fact White Rhinos. This led to the proclamation of Umfolozi, Hluhluwe and Lake St Lucia Game Reserves, andthe few remaining White Rhino were given legal protection as ‘Royal Game’.A long struggle was then to ensure that the species survived, and men like Sir Charles Saunders, Vaughan Kirby,William Foster and Captain H.B. Potter took on the task of protecting the rhino from poachers. From about 50individuals in 1895, the population increased thanks to the protection afforded by the Parks. In 1952, I joined theNatal Parks Board, and in 1953, conducted the very first aerial count of the White Rhino with ranger Hendrik vanSchoor and a pilot Des van der Westhuizen, who worked in the Nagana (Tstetse fly) campaign.This was the first really accurate count of these great, grey prehistoric beasts and we counted 437. In 1961, we beganOperation Rhino and as the then Senior Ranger of Umfolozi Game Reserve, I had the task of organising the teamfor the capture and translocation of the rhinos. Thanks to Dr A.M. Harthoorn, who came down from Kenya withvarious drugs, we experimented until a suitable drug was found. Etorphine Hydrochloride (M99) turned out to be amiracle drug, and the capture and translocation began in earnest. Rangers on horseback risked their lives followingdarted rhino through very dense bush.Horses were gored and men injured while injecting antidotes into the ear. The dedication of the white and the blackrangers was a phenomenon that was commented on by many overseas visitors who came to witness the remarkableachievement of capturing these very large animals. There was a great sense of urgency because one diseased cowwith Anthrax could have wiped out the whole White Rhino population.Politically, South Africa was also going through unstable times and the possibility of revolution leading to thedemise of the rhino was another concern. Men worked day and night, developing new techniques and the WhiteRhino was beginning to be re-established in its former habitat in KwaZulu-Natal, then the Orange Free State andthe Kruger National Park. Thanks to the vigilant anti-poaching in Umfolozi and Hluhluwe, the rhinos continued toincrease in numbers, enabling us to restock Botswana, Namibia and Angola and Mozambique.A decision was then made to sell rhino to private landowners with the full knowledge that they would become partof trophy hunting. Thanks to the revenue that the game ranches derived from the rhino hunting, they bought moreland, and game ranching became a way of life, and a profitable one too, for farmers who had struggled in the beefindustry. In 1970, I undertook a journey to the United Stated, United Kingdom and Europe to sell White Rhino tothe open zoos like Whipsnade in England, Wild Animal Park in San Diego, USA and in Florida and Texas, USA.South Africa received huge plaudits for its role in re-establishing the White Rhino throughout southern Africa,including the then Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). The increase in the White Rhino population as a result of thedistribution, and the financial gain by game ranches, put South Africa in the forefront of wildlife conservation onthe continent, as well as many other countries. South Africans could truly be proud of what was initiated by the thenNatal Parks Board and the way that a wonderful animal had been rescued from the brink of extinction. The recentkilling of hundreds of rhino for their horn reflects badly on our country. Game ranchers who have benefitted sincethe 1970s with the supply of White Rhino, now have a special responsibility to take care of their stock because thecurrent rate of killing, if not halted, could lead the animal to the verge of extinction again.My congratulations and thanks to all the private landowners who have looked after the White Rhino, and to theEndangered Wildlife Trust, which has taken on the task of helping to coordinate the current anti-poaching drive.Dr Ian PlayerSeptember 2010Rhino Security Page 2 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina22011 2stuf2 27/26/11 9:52:31 AM7/26/11 9:37:31 AM

3. GLOSSARY OF TERMSAfRSGCITESCritically Endangered (interms of IUCN Red List)Critically Endangered(in terms of Section 56 ofNEMBA)DEAEndangered (in terms ofSection 56 of NEMBA)EWTGreen huntIssuing authorityIUCNIUCN Red List statusMoratoriumNEMBANEMPANear Threatened (in termsof IUCN Red List)Norms and StandardsOrdinary PermitAfrican Rhino Specialist GroupConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Faunaand FloraA taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicatesthat it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered, and it istherefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in thewildIndigenous species facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild inthe immediate futureDepartment of Environmental Affairs (National)Indigenous species facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the nearfuture, although they are not a Critically Endangered speciesEndangered Wildlife TrustThe practice whereby a paying client darts a rhino with anaesthetics insteadof live ammunition, thus immobilising the rhino instead of killing itThe Minister or an organ of state in the national, provincial or local sphereof government designated by regulation in terms of section 97 as an issuingauthority for permits of the kind in question.International Union for Conservation of NatureThe conservation status of the species based on the IUCN Red List categoriesand criteriaNational Moratorium on the domestic trade in rhino horn – Gazette No31899, Notice No. 148. In terms of the moratorium, trade of individualrhinoceros horns and any derivatives and products of the horns within SouthAfrica is prohibited from 13 February 2009 until further noticeNational Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, Act No 10 of 2004,as amendedNational Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, Act No 57 of2003, as amendedA taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteriabut does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerablenow, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatenedcategory in the near futureNorms and Standards for the marking of rhino horn and hunting of WhiteRhino for trophy hunting purposes – Government Notice R 756 publishedon 23 February in Government Gazette No 32426A permit issued in terms of NEMBA, of which the maximum period ofvalidity is specified in the ToPS Regulations, and which authorises carryingout a restricted activity in the short-termEndangered Wildlife Trust Page 3 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina32011 3stuf3 37/26/11 9:52:31 AM7/26/11 9:37:32 AM

Protected (in terms of Section56 of NEMBA)RhinoRestricted activitySOPSARPCOSAPSIndigenous species of high conservation value or national importance thatrequire national protectionBoth Black and White Rhinoceros. Where a specific species is mentionedin the text, the associated text is then only applicable to that species andexcludes any otherIn relation to a specimen of a listed threatened or protected species, means(i) hunting, catching, capturing or killing any living specimenof a listed threatened or protected species by any means,method or device whatsoever, including searching, pursuing,driving, lying in wait, luring, alluring, discharging a missileor injuring with intent to hunt, catch, capture or kill any suchspecimen;(ii) gathering, collecting or plucking any specimen of a listedthreatened or protected species;(iii) picking parts of, or cutting, chopping off, uprooting,damaging or destroying, any specimen of a listed threatenedor protected species;(iv) importing into the Republic, including introducing from thesea, any specimen of a listed threatened or protected species;(v) exporting from the Republic, including re-exporting fromthe Republic, any specimen of a listed threatened or protectedspecies;(vi) having in possession or exercising physical control over anyspecimen of a listed threatened or protected species;(vii) growing, breeding or in any other way propagating anyspecimen of a listed threatened or protected species, orcausing it to multiply;(viii) conveying, moving or otherwise translocating any specimenof a listed threatened or protected species;(ix) selling or otherwise trading in, buying, receiving, giving,donating or accepting as a gift, or in any way acquiring ordisposing of any specimen of a listed threatened or protectedspecies; or(x) any other prescribed activity which involves a specimen of alisted threatened or protected speciesStandard Operating ProcedureSouthern African Police Chiefs Cooperation OrganisationSouth African Police ServicesA permit issued in terms of NEMBA, of which the maximum period ofStanding permitvalidity is specified in the ToPS Regulations, and which authorises carryingout a restricted activity in the long-termThe Constitution The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996ToPS RegulationsThreatened or Protected Species Regulations, 2007, promulgated in termsof section 97 of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act,Act 10 of 2004Rhino Security Page 4 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina42011 4stuf4 47/26/11 9:52:31 AM7/26/11 9:37:33 AM

Distinguishing characteristicsBlack Rhino are smaller than White Rhino and weigh between 800 and 1 400 kg. They standbetween 1.35 to 1.65 metres high at the shoulder and can reach between 3 and 3.65 meters inlength. Black Rhino are not black in colour, but derive this name as a distinction from the WhiteRhino. They can be any shade of grey to brown, depending on the local soil colour, in which theywallow.What differentiates the Black Rhino from the White Rhino is primarily its mouth shape andfeeding behaviour. The Black Rhino has a prehensile upper lip which enables it to grasp twigsand feed from trees and shrubs. It can easily reach a top speed of 35 km/h over short distances.Black Rhinos can live to 45 years in captivity and between 30 to 35 years in the wild.5.2 THE WHITE RHINOThere are two recognised subspecies of White Rhino:Southern White Rhino Ceratotherium simum simum:Distribution range is South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe,Swaziland, and out of range Kenya, Zambia and Ivory Coast;andNorthern White Rhino Ceratotherium simum cottoni:Distribution range is the Democratic Republic of the Congo.The Southern White Rhino was once widespread in the bushveldof South Africa. This subspecies was reduced to a mere 20 animalswhich survived in a small area in the then Natal Province of SouthAfrica.Thanks to years of conservation protection and translocations the species now numbers around20,150, of which 93.2% occur in South Africa. Its recovery from near extinction has beenrecognised as one of the major conservation success stories in history. Botswana, Namibia,Swaziland and Zimbabwe also hold smaller reintroduced populations of the subspecies.The recovery of the Southern White Rhino population is a resultof dedicated efforts by conservation authorities who have seenthe benefit of spreading the population to other protected areaslike the Kruger National Park, and eventually private properties,to maximise the growth potential of the population.These efforts were so successful that private landowners inSouth Africa currently hold 25% of the population in gamefarms across the country. Due to these conservation efforts, theSouthern White Rhino is now classified as Near Threatened onthe IUCN’s Red List.The Northern White Rhino is now almost extinct in the wildwith only four animals recorded in the Democratic Republic ofthe Congo.White Rhino distribution in Africa (courtesyof the International Rhino Foundation)Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 7 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina72011 7stuf7 77/26/11 9:52:33 AM7/26/11 9:37:45 AM

Distinguishing characteristicsThe White Rhino does not have a white skin colour but can be any shade of grey and can evenappear brown depending on where it has wallowed. The term “white” was derived from theAfrikaans word wyd (meaning wide) and actually refers to the shape of the mouth, which isthe distinguishing feature between White and Black Rhino. The White Rhino is identified by itssquare lip and thus often also called the “square-lipped rhino”. It uses these square lips to feed ongrass and is able to trim grass shorter than a horse.The White Rhino is the second largest land mammal in Africa after the African Elephant. It canweigh between 1 800 and 2 700 kg, almost double the weight of a Black Rhino, and stands 1.5to 1.8 meters high at the shoulder. End-to-end the White Rhino can reach 3.75 to 4.5 meters inlength. It can easily reach a top speed of 30 km/hour over short distances. White Rhinos can liveup to 50 years in the wild.6. LEGAL ASPECTS PERTAINING TO RHINOS IN SOUTH AFRICA6.1 OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT LEGISLATIONIn this section, a brief outline of existing legislation and its relevance to rhinos and rhinomanagement in South Africa is given. Please note that the content of this section, accurate attime of print, is subject to amendments in the legislation and might therefore change in future.ConstitutionNationalProvincialNational EnvironmentalManagement Act of1998 (NEMA)Provincial Acts andOrdinancesNational Environmental ManagementBiodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 (NEMBA)and its Threatened or ProtectedSpecies Regulations (ToPS)National Environmental ManagementProtected Arteas Act, 57 of 2003(NEMPA)Figure 1: Environmental legislation in South Africa pertaining to rhino management and conservationRhino Security Page 8 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina82011 8stuf8 87/26/11 9:52:33 AM7/26/11 9:37:46 AM

Figure 1 provides an overview of South African national and provincial legislation relevant to rhinomanagement. According to the Constitution legislating on environmental matters is a concurrentfunction between the National Government and the nine Provincial Governments. The NationalEnvironmental Management Act, 107 of 1998 (NEMA) was passed in November 1998 and cameinto force in January 1999. It is a framework Act covering natural resource use and conservation,pollution control and waste management, and land-use planning and development. NEMA alsoprovides for environmental management principles and Section 2 (4)(a)(vi) specifically states ‘thatthe development, use and exploitation of renewable resources and the ecosystems of which they are partdo not exceed the level beyond which their integrity is jeopardised.’The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 (NEMBA) regulates themanagement and conservation of South Africa’s biodiversity and its components and affordsprotection to species and ecosystems that are in need of national protection. Chapter 4 of NEMBAas well as the accompanying Threatened or Protected Species Regulations (ToPS) specifically dealswith the protection and conservation of listed threatened or protected species as well the trade inthreatened species. Section 56 of NEMBA provides for the listing of species that are threatened orin need of national protection; both the White and Black Rhino are listed. Activities involving theselisted species are either restricted or in some cases prohibited. Restricted activities carried out withinthe national parks, or by officials of South African National Parks (SANParks), are also subject to theprovisions of NEMBA and the ToPS Regulations.On a provincial level, all nine provinces have their own provincial Act or Ordinance regulatingconservation issues in their area of jurisdiction.Internationally, provisions of the International Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species ofWild Fauna and Flora (CITES), to which South Africa is a signatory, aim to ensure that internationaltrade in specimens of animals and plants species is not detrimental for their survival in the wild.These provisions have to be effected in terms of national legislation, hence the development of theCITES Regulations in terms of NEMBA.6.2 PROVINCIALPrior to the promulgation of the National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act, 10of 2004 (NEMBA) and its Threatened or Protected Species Regulations of 2007 (ToPS) rhinoconservation was regulated by the various provincial Ordinances and Acts.Many discrepancies exist in the various sets of provincial legislation regarding the conservationand management of our indigenous species. For example, in Limpopo the hunting of WhiteRhino prior to the ToPS Regulations was allowed with the written permission of the landowner,whereas in another province, the species could only be hunted with a permit issued by theconservation authority. This created a fragmented, uncoordinated and sometimes conflictingapproach to wildlife protection. The need therefore existed to move towards a more coordinatednational approach. The ToPS Regulations do not replace or repeal provincial legislation, but applyin addition to provincial legislation. The ToPS regulations however only apply to those speciesthat are listed as threatened or protected in terms of the NEMBA, whereas provincial legislationstill applies to all species, including those not listed as threatened or protected 2 . Section 6.4.3 onintegrated permits details the integration of permitting needs in terms of national and provinciallegislation 3 .2 DEA ToPS Guidelines3 Government Notice No R 151 in Government Gazette No. 29657 of 23 February 2007Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 9 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina92011 9stuf9 97/26/11 9:52:34 AM7/26/11 9:37:46 AM

• hunting rhino by means of bow and arrow; and• hunting a rhino which was born in captivity and which was released on the property unlessthe landowner provides an affidavit or other written proof indicating the period for whichthe rhino has been on that property and that the rhino is not a put and take animal.Although both species may be hunted for trophy purposes, Black Rhino hunts are restricted bymore stringent measures which emanate from the CITES allocation of five Black Rhino malesper annum for South Africa.6.4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PERMITS REQUIRED BY THE THREATENED ORPROTECTED SPECIES REGULATIONS6.4.1 Standing PermitsStanding Permits are related to facilities for which registration is compulsory in terms ofRegulation 27 of the ToPS Regulations, or to the registration of game farms in terms of Regulation28 (this registration is voluntary). Standing Permits are longer-term permits that allow restrictedactivities to be carried out on a continuous basis. Standing Permits for registered game farmseffectively replace the provincial exemption permits or certificate of adequate enclosures only withregards to the ToPS species. Landowners who had provincial exemption permits or certificatesof adequate enclosure have the option to apply for the registration of their game farms in orderto have the same advantages. All ToPS species had to be removed from the provincial exemptionpermits by the provinces after implementation of the ToPS Regulations.6.4.2 Ordinary PermitsOrdinary Permits are permits issued to authorise restricted activities related to rhino beingcarried out.• Hunting - In terms of the Norms and Standards for marking rhinoceros horn and huntingWhite Rhino for trophy hunting purposes, rhino species may no longer be listed on “standingpermits”, which means that an Ordinary Permit issued by the Issuing Authority is alwaysneeded to hunt a rhino.• Conveyance – Any movement of a rhino from one location to another may only be done ifthe person who does the conveying is a registered wildlife trader and a holder of a StandingPermit, or any other person who is the holder of an Ordinary Permit.• Importing into the Republic or exporting from – If a person wants to import a rhino fromanywhere outside the Republic of South Africa that person needs an Ordinary Permit to doso. This includes any part of a rhino carcass as defined in NEMBA as a specimen 6 .• Dehorning (picking parts of or cutting or chopping off any specimen) –Dehorning is cutting off aspecimen from the live animal (horn) as per the definition of “specimen” and an Ordinary Permitis therefore needed to dehorn a rhino unless the activity is included on the standing permit forthat registered owner of the game farm. All horns which are cut off from the rhino must beregistered with the conservation authority and a permit to posses it must be applied for.6 “specimen” means-(a) any living or dead animal, plant or other organism;(b) a seed, egg, gamete or propagule or part of an animal, plant or other organism capable of propagation or reproduction or in anyway transferring genetic traits;(c) any derivative of any animal, plant or other organism; or(d) any goods which-(i) contain a derivative of an animal, plant or other organism; or(ii) from an accompanying document, from the packaging or mark or label, or from any other indications, appear to be or to contain aderivative of an animal, plant or other organism.Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 11 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina112011 stuf11 11117/26/11 9:52:35 AM7/26/11 9:37:47 AM

• Having in possession or exercising physical control over - This applies to a free roamingrhino on any property as well as to the parts of a rhino. For example a trophy, piece of skin,horn or any other derivative of the rhino. For any of these items a person must be authorisedby an Ordinary Permit to possess such item. In relation to rhino horn the Norms andStandards 7 stipulate that all rhino horn detached from a rhino and in possession of a personmust be microchipped in accordance with Regulation 70 of the ToPS Regulations.• Selling or otherwise trading in, buying, receiving, giving, donating, or accepting adonation as a gift, or in any way whatsoever acquiring or disposing of any specimen of aToPS species - A person needs authorisation by means of an Ordinary Permit to do any ofthese activities. A practical example is to destroy a rhino horn, which is seen as “disposingof ” and is therefore a restricted activity which can only be done with an Ordinary Permit todo so. The Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs also placed a moratorium 8 on theinternal sale of rhino horn between South African citizens, and no issuing authority mayissue a permit for the selling of rhino horn.• Green hunting - Green hunting is a practice whereby a client pays for the opportunity todart a rhino. This constitutes a restricted activity, as darting has been defined in the ToPSRegulations and therefore a permit is needed. Green hunts are allowed but only when animalsneed to be immobilised for management or veterinary purposes, and when a valid permit hasbeen issued. The South African Veterinary Council has raised concerns around the ethicalaspects of green hunting, and has placed a prohibition on veterinarians participating in greenhunts, effective from 1 July 2010.6.4.3 Integrated permits (Section 92 of NEMBA)An integrated permit may be issued in the case where carrying out a restricted activity requiresa permit issued in terms of both the ToPS Regulations and provincial legislation. The issuingauthority may issue such an integrated permit in either the provincial or the ToPS permit formatsas long as it is in accordance with the stipulations of Section 92 (3) of NEMBA which determinesthe following:An integrated permit may be issued only if—(a) the relevant provisions of this Act and that other law have been complied with; and(b) the permit specifies the—(i) provisions in terms of which it has been issued; and(ii) authority or authorities that have issued it.It is important to note that there are no exemptions from any of the provision in the ToPSRegulations and a ToPS permit is therefore always required for a restricted activity.6.4.4 Applying for permitsAny person may apply for an Ordinary or Standing Permit by lodging an application with thelocal conservation authority. Appendix B included at the back of the booklet provides a tablesetting out the various permits required for activities relating to rhino. In addition, Appendix Cat the back of the booklet provides contact details for the various permit and district offices.The following diagram illustrates the procedures to be followed when a permit is needed for anyof the restricted activities as mentioned in the paragraphs above:7 Norms and Standards for the marking of rhino horn and hunting of white rhino for trophy hunting purposes – GovernmentNotice R 756 published on 23 February in Government Gazette No 32426.8 National Moratorium on the domestic trade in rhino horn – Government gazette No 21301, Notice No. 835Rhino Security Page 12 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina122011 stuf12 12127/26/11 9:52:35 AM7/26/11 9:37:48 AM

ISSUINGAUTHORITYMINISTERDEPARTMENTOFENVIRONMENTALAFFAIRSForactivitiesrelatedtoProtectedareasMarinespeciesProvincialornationaldepartmentsOrgansofstateISSUINGAUTHORITYMECPROVINCIALDEPARTMENTForactivitiesrelatedtoAllactivitiesinvolvingnonmarinespeciesandtobecarriedoutbypersonsnotspecifiedinadjacentlistAPPLICATIONFORMOrdinarypermitsStandingpermitsPossessionpermitsThese forms are available and obtainable from your localconservationauthority.APPLICATIONMUSTBEACCOMPANIEDBY:Written consent from landowner if the species concerned is alisted threatened species (critically Endangered, Endangered orVulnerable)Processing fee (Annexure 5) and species fee (determined byissuingauthority)iftheactivityappliedforishuntingRiskassessment(ifrequiredbyissuingauthority)If person applying is disabled and relies on that condition writtenconfirmation from National Council for Persons withPhysicalDisabilitiesinSouthAfricaAnyotherinformationasrequestedbyissuingauthorityCONSIDERATIONOFAPPLICATIONIssuingauthoritymustconsideranddecideapplicationwithin20workingdaysafterreceivingtheapplicationandwilleitherissuethepermitorrequestadditionalinformationifneededorfurnishtheapplicantwithwrittenreasonsastowhythepermitapplicationwasunsuccessful.Figure2:Permitapplicationflowdiagram(Source:Carrol,TandBoshoffM(2007),GuidelinesfortheimplementationandinterpretationofThreatenedorProtectedSpecies(ToPS)Regulations,andtheissuanceofToPSpermits,intermsoftheNationalEnvironmentalManagement:BiodiversityAct(Act 10of2004)(NEMBA).Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 13 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina132011 stuf13 13137/26/11 9:52:36 AM7/26/11 9:37:52 AM

In the event of a permit being denied by the issuing authority an applicant has the right to appealagainst the decision and needs to follow the procedure in the diagram below.PERMITAPPLICATIONAPPEALSFLOWDIAGRAMLODGINGANAPPEALAn applicant who feels aggrieved by the decision of an issuing authority or a permit holder, whose permit has beencancelled,maylodgewiththeMinisteranappealagainstthedecisionwithin30daysafterbeingnotifiedofsuchdecision.TheappealmustbesubmittedtotheDirectorGeneralofDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairsandTourismandmust:Setoutthegroundsfortheappeal;andAttachsupportingdocumentationandtheprocessingfee.MINISTERMUSTConsideranddecidetheappeal;orRedirecttheappealtotheMECforEnvironmentalAffairsintherelevantprovincetoconsideranddecidetheappeal;orDesignateapanelofpersonstoconsideranddecidetheappeal.PROCESSINGOFAPPEALSTheDirectorGeneralmustacknowledgereceiptoftheappealwithin14workingdays.If an appeal panel was designated, the panel must consider and decide the appeal within 30 days of the designationandinformtheDirectorGeneralofitsdecisiontogetherwithwrittenreasons.DECISIONSOFAPPEALSTheappealcanbeupheldorrefused.Makeordersasmaybeappropriatebasedonthedecision.Iftheappealisupheldagainst A refusal to issue a permit or registration certificate, the Minister or appeal panel may issue the permit orregistrationcertificateunconditionallyorsubjecttoconditions; Aconditionsubjecttowhichthepermitorregistrationcertificatewasissued,theMinisterorappealpanelmayamendthecondition; The cancellation or refusal to renew or amend a permit or registration certificate, restore the permit orregistration,renewthepermitorregistrationcertificateoramendthepermitorregistrationcertificate.Whenanappealhasbeendecided,theappellantmustbenotified,inwriting,ofthedecisionwithin14workingdaysofthedatethedecisionwastaken.Figure3Permitapplicationappealflowdiagram(Source:Carrol,TandBoshoffM(2007),GuidelinesfortheimplementationandinterpretationofThreatenedorProtectedSpecies(ToPS)Regulations,andtheissuanceofToPSpermits,intermsoftheNationalEnvironmentalManagement:BiodiversityAct(Act10of2004)(NEMBA).Rhino Security Page 14 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina142011 stuf14 14147/26/11 9:52:37 AM7/26/11 9:37:58 AM

6.5 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILDFAUNA AND FLORA (CITES) AND RHINOSouth Africa is a signatory to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ofWild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and therefore agrees to comply with the regulations laid down bythe CITES Secretariat. CITES is an international agreement to which States (countries) adherevoluntarily. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plantsdoes not threaten their survival. States that have agreed to be bound by the Convention areknown as Parties. Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties – in other words they arerequired to implement the Convention – it does not take the place of national laws. Rather itprovides a framework to be respected by each Party, which must adopt domestic legislationto ensure that CITES is implemented at the national level. To give effect to this the Minister ofWater and Environmental Affairs published Regulations 9 in terms of NEMBA whereby CITESregulations were formally incorporated into South African legislation.Widespread information about the endangered status of many prominent species, such as tigersand elephants, might make the need for such a convention seem obvious. But in the 1960s, whenthe idea for CITES originated, international discussion on the regulation of wildlife trade forconservation purposes was something relatively new. Annually, international wildlife trade isestimated to be worth billions of dollars and includes hundreds of millions of plant and animalspecimens. The trade is diverse, ranging from live animals and plants to a vast array of wildlifeproducts derived from them, including food products, exotic leather goods, wooden musicalinstruments, timber, tourist curios and medicines. The levels of exploitation of some animal andplant species are high and the trade in them, together with other factors, such as habitat loss, iscapable of heavily depleting their populations and even bringing some species close to extinction.Many wildlife species being traded are not threatened, but the existence of an agreement to ensurethe sustainability of the trade is important in order to safeguard these resources for the future.The trade in wild animals and plants crosses international borders, and therefore the effort to regulateit requires international cooperation to safeguard certain species from over-exploitation. CITESwas conceived in the spirit of such cooperation. Today, it accords varying degrees of protection tomore than 30 000 animal and plant species, whether they are traded as live specimens, fur coats ordried herbs. CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of membersof the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The text of the Convention wasfinally agreed at a meeting of representatives from 80 countries, in Washington D.C., United Statesof America, on 3 March 1973, and on 1 July 1975 CITES entered into force.6.5.1 CITES AppendicesThe species covered by CITES are listed in three Appendices, according to the degree of protectionthey need.Appendices I and IIAppendix I includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these speciesis permitted only in exceptional circumstances. The Black Rhino is listed under this appendixand may therefore not be traded internationally. However, during the 13 th Conference of theParties (CoP) held in March 2005, a resolution was passed through which South Africa obtainedthe permission to hunt five Black Rhino bulls per annum for trophies, and that these huntingtrophies are to be exported to the hunters’ countries of residence.9 Government Gazette No 33002 - Norice No 1873 of March 5 2010. - Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Faunaand Flora CITES RegulationsEndangered Wildlife Trust Page 15 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina152011 stuf15 15157/26/11 9:52:37 AM7/26/11 9:37:58 AM

Appendix II includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade mustbe controlled in order to avoid utilisation incompatible with their survival. The White Rhinopopulation in South Africa is listed under this appendix which means that international trademay take place, but only for the off-take of rhino through sport hunting by foreign nationals andthe export of live rhino to appropriate and acceptable destinations. All other rhino or derivativesof rhino are still part of Appendix I which means that no international trade may take place. Inother words the commercial international sale of rhino horn is prohibited.Appendix IIIThis Appendix contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked otherCITES Parties for assistance in controlling the trade and is not applicable to South African rhinopopulations.6.5.2 Permits related to CITES listed animalsA prerequisite for the export of rhino trophies is that the hunt must be proven to have beencarried out legally. No illegally acquired trophy shall be exported. It is therefore very importantfor rhino owners to ensure that foreign nationals hunting rhino on their properties do it inaccordance with the law to avoid prosecution of their hunting clients.A permit is needed to legally export a rhino trophy and in terms of the Norms and Standards,only horns that form part of a hunting trophy may be exported. Rhino horns may not be exportedin hand luggage. They must be given to a taxidermist for processing and exported by anexport company. All horns must also be microchipped before they leave the property where theywere hunted and may never be separated from the rest of the trophy 10 .7 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OFRHINO HORN STOCKPILES AND RHINO POACHING CRIME SCENES7.1 RHINO HORN STOCKPILE MANAGEMENTThis section of the booklet is based on the document Rhino horn stockpile management, publishedin May 2005 by Traffic East/Southern Africa, and the National Environmental Management:Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004.7.1.1 IntroductionThe management of South Africa’s rhino populations by government and private landownersover the past 30 years is globally regarded as very successful and sustainable. During the pastfew years however, legal hunting of rhino, dehorning, illegal trade of rhino horn and poachingincreased drastically and are threatening the sustainable utilisation of this resource.Regulation 70 of the Threatened and Protected Species Regulations (ToPS) drafted in termsof the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, Act No 10 of 2004 (NEMBA)provides for the marking and registration of rhino horn. This has been dealt with in more detailin Chapter 6 above.Rhino horn stockpiles in private possession are normally derived from the following sources: Trophy hunting including sport hunted trophies; Natural causes such as natural mortalities; or Management actions such as dehorning.10 Norms and Standards for the marking of rhino horn and hunting of white rhino for trophy hunting purposes – GovernmentNotice R 756 published on 23 February in Government Gazette No 32426.Rhino Security Page 16 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina162011 stuf16 16167/26/11 9:52:38 AM7/26/11 9:37:59 AM

Any person who comes into possession of a rhino horn through any of the above methodsmust apply immediately in writing to their local provincial environmental authority to have thehorns registered, microchipped and permitted. Application forms can be obtained from localprovincial environmental offices. In this regard a list of contact details for each province and theDEA is included as Appendix C at the back of this booklet. Also see Figures 2 and 3 above forpermit application and appeal procedures.The environmental official will then obtain the following additional information during aninspection of the horn(s) before microchipping: The circumference of the horn at its base; The inner and outer length of each horn; The weight of each horn; and A clear photo of each horn.The landowner will be provided with a copy of the microchip certificate as proof that the hornshave been marked. After completion of microchipping, the inspection officer shall submit acomprehensive report to the relevant permits office indicating, inter alia, the following:Particulars of the game farmer;Game farm name and registration number;The reason for restricted activity of rhino horns;Total rhino horns removed and microchipped;Microchip numbers and description;Description of safe storage facilities;and / or theNumber of rhino horns destroyed;Method of destruction;Old Micro-chip number if applicable.All this information will be registered in a central database at the provincial permits office. Afterapproval by the permits office a permit will be issued and furnished to the rhino horn owner topossess or destroy the horns as applied for. In the event of destruction of horns, the process willbe monitored by the environmental authorities.7.1.2 Storage and security of rhino hornRhino horn stored in private facilities must be stored in secure storage facilities like safes orstrong-rooms to prevent theft. To ensure the longevity of the horns they should be stored in acool dry environment off the floor to prevent infestation by insects and dampness. Insect controlcan be achieved by using an appropriate registered chemical product. Regular inspections shallbe done by the provincial environmental authority to ascertain whether the horns are still in thepermit holder’s possession. The access key to the safe or strong-room should be controlled by thelandowner or dedicated manager or permit holder.If a rhino horn owner wants to destroy such rhino horn(s), he/she must apply for a ToPS OrdinaryPermit for the destruction of the horns (see Chapter 6 figures 2 and 3 for application guidelines).In cases where a rhino horn owner has decided to dehorn his/her rhino for security purposes,Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 17 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina172011 stuf17 17177/26/11 9:52:38 AM7/26/11 9:37:59 AM

a ToPS Ordinary Permit needs to be obtained from the provincial authorities. A member of theprovincial conservation authority must be present during destruction of the rhino horns and therhino owner is responsible for making arrangements to this effect. All pieces of rhino horn mustbe microchipped and permits must be obtained in accordance with Chapter 6 above.7.1.3 Stockpile register held by the rhino ownerThe implementation of a rhino horn register by rhino horn owners is recommended, to ensureaccurate auditable information. This, and the permits for the horns in possession of the owner,should be kept safely together. This is especially recommended for larger horn stockpiles.The permits and registry should preferably not be kept in the same location as the hornsthemselves, but must be kept in such a manner that an unauthorised person cannot gain accessto them. The register should as a minimum contain the following columns and fields: Farm name and registration number; Name of the landowner; Entry number; Date of entry; Locality; Method - Dehorning/Pick up/Natural mortality/ Other; Permit details – Permit No/Microchip No/Other marking; Horn description - Front ,back or unknown; Weight; Outside length; Basal circumference; and Date and particulars of official marking and or inspecting the stockpile.7.2 RHINO CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT7.2.1 IntroductionRhino poaching is no longer only prevalent in provincial or national parks, but is taking placeanywhere rhinos are found. Any person in the field could discover a crime scene involving rhino(or other wildlife) in the field at any time, and all field personnel should be familiar with a fewbasic rules about what to do in such an eventuality. In the interest of justice it is imperativethat rhino owners give basic training to all personnel on the property to ensure that crimescenes involving rhino (or other wildlife) are handled in accordance with Standard OperatingProcedures (SOPs). This will help the investigating authorities to maximise their ability to get theperpetrators of the crime to court and prosecuted successfully.What the SOPs are intended to achieve:The following actions are generic to every suspected rhino crime scene. The implementation ofthese actions will:• provide for the best possible protection of the crime scene (and thus more likely detectionof possible clues for investigators); and• enable the provision of all the necessary initial information required by the officials who willattend to the scene in detail.Rhino Security Page 18 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina182011 stuf18 18187/26/11 9:52:38 AM7/26/11 9:38:00 AM

What the SOP is not:The list of actions is not intended to be exhaustive or to turn the person carrying out these actionsinto an instant crime scene expert. However, a suspected crime scene should be approached ina systematic way, whether by a novice or an expert, so as not to destroy evidence and preserveits integrity.Why the crime scene needs to be approached with care:The basic purpose of crime scene investigation is to collect evidence to prove the participationof an accused in a crime. The collection of such evidence involves a systematic search for andappropriate identification of information, objects or people as:• clues;• exhibits; or• witnesses or suspects associated with the crime.Clues or evidence which is damaged or destroyed can never be replaced. A court can only baseits findings on proof beyond a reasonable doubt, and cannot reconstruct a true picture of eventsas they occurred from defective evidence. It is therefore essential for the first person who arrivesat the scene of the crime to secure the area to prevent the loss of clues or exhibits.7.2.2 How to preserve a suspected crime sceneThe following principles should at all times be adhered to when a possible crime scene has beendetected no matter how old it seems to be: The person who arrives at the scene must take control through orderly, objective and rationalconduct. All unauthorised persons/inquisitive onlookers/bystanders/family members must be keptaway from the scene. They can destroy valuable evidence and prevent successful prosecutionof the criminal. The area should be secured and nothing should be handled, moved or removed until theappropriate official has arrived at the scene to begin the investigation. The scene should be preserved in its original state for further investigation thereof.In essence this means that the person is trying to establish: if the animal died of unnatural causes; and/or if the horns have been taken.The answer to these two questions will indicate if a crime has been committed and what furtherdrills to implement.7.2.3 How to approach a rhino carcass A maximum of two people should approach the scene in single file. Tread carefully so as not to destroy possible evidence. Approach the scene only as close as is necessary to determine the situation. Try and establish whether the rhino was shot and if the horns remain on the carcass. Mark your approach route and leave by the same route. Do not touch anything which you may find at or near the scene. Leave two persons to guard the scene from a distance.Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 19 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina192011 stuf19 19197/26/11 9:52:39 AM7/26/11 9:38:00 AM

Contact your supervisor as soon as possible and get further instructions from him.On instruction from the supervisor, the person or patrol who finds the crime scene can walkin a circle, at a distance of at least 50 m around the crime scene in order to establish theapproach and departure routes of the perpetrators.Exhibits found along the way should not be touched The perpetrators’ point of entry and exit to the property and their approach and departureroutes are considered part of the crime scene and clear footprints of the perpetrators shouldbe covered with suitable “spoor boxes” or similar items which can cover and protect themfrom being destroyed by people or the weather. Be sure not to step onto any visible footprints. Make notes on all observations immediately and take photos of the scene from a distanceonly. Do not begin your own inspection of the scene.Observations to include in the initial report to the supervisor Are there still perpetrators at the scene? Has an animal been killed? Have the horns been removed? How old is the carcass? In which direction did the perpetrators leave the scene? Where is the crime scene? When did you find the scene?7.2.4 What to do when a crime is in progressIf the patrol happens to stumble upon a crime in progress, it is very important to pause for longenough to make accurate observations about the activities of the individuals at the scene. Theseobservations may only take seconds, but will be of critical importance should an arrest be made.Keep your safety and that of your patrol in mind at all times while you make observations and inmaking your decision as to what to do next.Every attempt should then be made to arrest the perpetrators with minimum force at the scene,or give chase should they flee the scene. If there is any danger for the patrol, especially if theperpetrators are armed and the patrol is unarmed and not trained, patrol members should notattempt to affect an arrest but should rather retract from the scene and notify the supervisor ofthe situation so that he can get the SAPS and the conservation authority to assist in follow-upand arrest.Should an exhibit be noticed along the way in the pursuit of the perpetrators and this itemcannot be guarded or reasonably safely left to be collected later, for example a firearm, then theposition must be marked, the firearm made safe and removed by one of the patrol members. Thiswill result in a reduction of the evidential value of the item.The best practice is not to touch anything at the scene, not even a firearm.Rhino Security Page 20 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina202011 stuf20 20207/26/11 9:52:39 AM7/26/11 9:38:00 AM

7.2.5 What to do when a staff member has shot a suspectIn the event that a staff member has shot a suspect, the following steps should be followedimmediately: The SAPS should immediately be notified of the incident and called to the scene as soon aspossible. The scene should not be tampered with in any way. This provides vital evidence of the eventsand may be crucial to the staff member’s defence. In the event of a staff member being arrested, the farm owner or manager should accompanythe staff member to the police station and arrange for release on bail or warning. Seek legal advice immediately. Provide spiritual and/or psychological support to the person who shot the poacher to alleviatetrauma.It is essential that your legal representative be advised of the incident immediately in order to: Assist with making a statement to the SAPS. Notify insurers in anticipation of a possible claim. Arrange for representation for the staff member at a formal bail hearing or formal inquestshould this be necessary.If injuries have been sustained in a possible fire-fight for example, first aid should be given tothe injured persons on site and assistance called as soon as possible. In the case of serious injurywhere the person has to be moved from where he was injured, mark the place by drawing aroundthe person with a stick on the ground.7.2.6 What to do if an arrest is made at or near the scene In the event of an arrest being made, remove the alleged perpetrator from the sceneimmediately, leaving two people behind to guard the scene. If the person is arrested away from the scene, do not bring him back to the scene. If more than one person is arrested, keep them apart from each other and do not allowcommunication between them. It is also important that the people guarding the arrested perpetrators do not discuss thecrime scene with or near, any of the arrested persons. Call law enforcement officials as soon as possible.Please see Appendix E at the back of the booklet for an easy to use breakdown of the recommendedsteps to be taken when a crime scene is detected. Appendix E can be duplicated and a copy to allrelevant staff for ease of reference/use.7.2.7 Official investigation at the crime sceneThis can only be done by a police official or an Environmental Management Inspector (EMI)and in accordance with standard operating procedures as set out by the authorities. It is criticallyimportant that landowners, managers and or any employees on the property where the crimewas committed do not attempt to do their own investigations on the crime scene other than thepreliminary observations described above.Investigating a crime scene is about collecting all the available evidence in such a manner thatthe integrity of the exhibit is not compromised so that it can be presented to a court of law withEndangered Wildlife Trust Page 21 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina212011 stuf21 21217/26/11 9:52:39 AM7/26/11 9:38:01 AM

the aim of convicting suspects linked to the crime scene. Any contamination of evidence canresult in an unsuccessful outcome in subsequent criminal proceedings.Any tampering with the evidence for whatever reason can be construed as obstruction ofjustice and can lead to criminal prosecution of the person found tampering.It is in the interest of the landowner that this process is adhered to in the strictest manner.Uncontaminated evidence can lead to the successful conviction of the perpetrators and mightalso afford the landowner an opportunity to take civil action against those who were convictedto recover the cost of his losses.8. STRENGTHENING THE SECURITY OF RHINO THROUGH PROACTIVEPREVENTION METHODS8.1 INTRODUCTION“Security” can be defined as: Freedom from risk or danger; safety. Freedom from doubt, anxiety, or fear; confidence. The condition of being protected against danger or loss. Measures adopted, as by a business, landowner or homeowner, to prevent a crime such asburglary “poaching” or assault.Every rhino owner, whether state or private, has to take responsibility for the security andprotection of their rhino. The state also has a further responsibility to enforce the laws of theland including environmental laws.One of the security principles in nature itself is “security in numbers” and we should learn fromthat. Previous investigations have shown that where landowners consolidated their efforts,there was less crime/poaching, etc. This supports an approach of collaboration and goodcommunication between neighbours as a way to safeguard each individual’s assets. You needsupport from others close to you and also not so close to you.Through good communication, intelligence can be gathered which will afford you the power ofdecision and to be proactive against any onslaught towards you or your assets. Good examplesof such successful security communities can be found in neighbourhood watches in major cities,towns and rural areas of our country.8.2 PRINCIPLES OF SECURITYStrengthening security of rhino populations should be based on two things namely: Maximising the risk to poachers; and Minimising their potential rewards.For the rhino owner, the emphasis is on maximising the risk to the poacher in attempting toapproach his/her animals. Make your farm as difficult a target as possible.Maximising the risk is simply to stop incidents from happening on your property by employing anynumber of activities necessary to detect incursions and to stop poachers before they do the damage.The measure of success would be the absence or reduction in the number of poaching incidents.Rhino Security Page 22 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina222011 stuf22 22227/26/11 9:52:40 AM7/26/11 9:38:01 AM

Minimising the potential rewards includes activities like rhino dehorning, moving rhinoto more controllable and safer areas, higher penalties for criminal activities relating to rhino,disruptive tactics and raising awareness amongst local communities to eventually deplore rhinopoaching. Some of these activities, such as dehorning, are costly and are also no guarantee forsuccess on their own. It is recommended that conventional security is employed in conjunctionwith these methods. Some of the methods mentioned may not be relevant for each individual’scircumstances.8.3 THREAT ANALYSISBusinessDictionary.com 11 defines threat analysis as “systematic detection, identification, andevaluation of areas or spots of vulnerability of a facility, operation, or system.” Doing a threatanalysis for your game farm is a proactive way of approaching the rhino poaching problemwhich can also illuminate threats against you and your family, staff and other assets.In the field of security, reducing risk is the key goal. Risk is defined by the BusinessDirectory.com 12 as “probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss, or other negative occurrence,caused by external or internal vulnerabilities, and which may be neutralised through premediatedaction.“ The secret of success lies in the word pre-meditated action which is nothingother than a threat analysis in practice.Three elements need to be present to constitute a risk. There needs to be an asset, vulnerability,and a threat. If all three are present you are at risk to experience a crime. Crime can happen whenyou have a suitable target (asset) = your rhino or rhino horn stockpile, Absence of a capableguardian (Vulnerability) = Anti poaching team or rhino monitors and a likely offender (Threat)= poacher entering your property. The diagram below illustrates the similarity between the riskscenario and the crime scenario. The only way to minimise or eliminate possible crime lies ineliminating your vulnerabilities.AssetSuitableTargetRiskCrimeThreatVulnerabilityLikelyOffenderAbsence of aCapableGuardianFigure 4: Source: Vellani, Karim H. (2010) Crime Analysis for Problem Solving Security Professionals in 25 Small Steps.The execution of a poaching operation consists of three phases, (i) intelligence gathering, (ii)reconnaissance, and (iii) execution of the plan. If the threat can be detected during the firsttwo phases of the operation, proactive measures can be deployed to foil the threat or to arrestpoachers before they do damage. The poachers will therefore look for opportunities in the firsttwo phases of their operation planning to target your farm.11 http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/threat-analysis.html12 http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/risk.htmlEndangered Wildlife Trust Page 23 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina232011 stuf23 23237/26/11 9:52:40 AM7/26/11 9:38:04 AM

The most important aspect for landowners is to do a thorough threat analysis of their propertiesin order to determine the real-time and perceived threats against their assets but also themselves,their family members and their personnel.It is beyond the scope of this booklet to provide a comprehensive guideline for a threat analysis,but in the section below, we outline some of the criteria to consider. The best practice would beto contract a specialist to do such analysis. This is a very important step towards effective securityand will lay the foundation of every counter measure you will need to employ in order to mitigatethe threats effectively. Any effort or money spared here may be very costly in the longer term.a. Size of the propertyThe size of your property will determine how effective you can be in your patrolling andobservation of activities on your farm. The bigger the farm the more difficult and costly it willbe for you to patrol or monitor all activities on your property. The ideal situation is to dominatethe terrain by adequate patrolling but also to know your farm very well so that you know wherepossible hideouts may be, or where inaccessible terrain is which may aid poaching gangs. Gangsoften stay on properties overnight while poaching.b. Farm borders along public roadsAny road bordering your farm should be seen as an opportunity for poaching gangs to gainquick access to the farm. This also provides an opportunity for a quick getaway by vehicle. Thegangs use technology extensively and will therefore have good communication enabling them toget assistance from outside the farm when needed. These borders should be priority focus areasfor anti-poaching on any farm.c. Difficult terrainDifficult terrain will make it difficult for management of security on properties and will serveas hideouts for poachers. These areas should be known by landowners or managers and shouldbe included in their anti-poaching strategies. These areas should be monitored regularly forsuspicious activities.d. Water points and feeding spotsThese are the places where many rhinos have been shot on private properties. When rhinosand other game congregate to be fed during droughts and winter times they are particularlyvulnerable. Owners and managers must be aware of the dangers around this, especially with thecurrent use of helicopters in poaching. It is easy to see well and far from the air and to take a GPSreading to later guide poachers to these vulnerable areas. Water points and feeding spots shouldtherefore be positioned with due consideration of terrain and access from the perimeter fencesand roads. They should be thoroughly monitored for suspicious activities on a daily basis.e. StaffStaff members are often used by poachers to get first hand intelligence on rhino populations, andmay even be offered sums of money in excess of their monthly salaries as payment for assistance.Debriefings of arrested poachers revealed this as their modus operandi and this threat shouldtherefore be taken very seriously. Owners and managers should do everything in their powerto keep their staff loyal to them rather than the poachers. This can include reward systems forproven information. A good rule of thumb is to never accommodate your anti poaching stafftogether with your general work force.Rhino Security Page 24 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina242011 stuf24 24247/26/11 9:52:41 AM7/26/11 9:38:04 AM

f. Location of the propertyThe location of your property will determine the threat against your property. If you are in aremote area and not readily accessible from public roads the threat will be less, but never shouldit be regarded as non-existent. Your anti-poaching activities should be on par with the threatsagainst you at all times and will differ from place to place.g. Lack of or inadequate communication systemsCommunication between landowners or managers and other staff is of critical importance.When there is cellphone coverage it will aid your operation but also that of the poaching gang.Good communication between key people or components on a farm is crucial in successfulearly detection and proactive anti-poaching measures. Know where your cellphone receptioncoverage is on your property and where not. This will help you when there is any crisis on theproperty which depends on communication to solve. The best communication however is radiocommunication, which should cover you whole farm to ensure that the patrollers are in contactwith management all the time.8.4 SECURITY PLANEvery landowner or manager should develop a security plan based on the unique circumstancesof his or her property and the results of the threat analysis. The objectives of such security planare: To provide guidelines to assist landowners to address the security threats to their properties. To identify law-enforcement staff training and equipment needs. Provide for intelligence gathering and sharing for private landowners. To ensure quick and efficient responses to poaching incidents, and To pre-plan for successful prevention, detection, investigation and prosecutions of prioritywildlife (and other) species crimes.8.4.1 Operations roomAn operational room is simply a room or corner in your office or house from where you cancoordinate your security plan. When a crisis happens one needs to know where to get all relevantinformation to execute the security plan. An incident may even happen while you are on vacationor away from your office and therefore the operational (“Ops”) room should be equipped toprovide ready access to all the information an individual unfamiliar with your property will needto respond efficiently “in the heat of the moment”.The Ops room should: Be secure. The sensitivity and confidentially of the information within the Ops room requiressecrecy. While secure, it should be easily locatable so that support services can find you – considersignage and/or staff designated to guide people to you in an emergency. Have functional communication equipment such as radios, telephones and cellphonesignals. Have an Ops map. Have your security plan clearly displayed. Have a writing surface, pens and suitable paper for recording vital information as it becomesavailable.Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 25 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina252011 stuf25 25257/26/11 9:52:41 AM7/26/11 9:38:04 AM

8.4.2 Operations mapRhino owners should have a map in their Ops room containing spatial and topographicinformation for quick reference in times of need. The following should as a minimum be indicatedon the map and GPS coordinates should be included for each item where applicable. Access and possible escape routes onto and off the property. Helicopter landing pads and all suitable open spots where a helicopter can land. Water points, habitat, home ranges, grazing and other areas where priority speciescongregate. Vantage points, “cover” and areas from which poachers may undertake surveillance of yourproperty/priority species. Location of farm and staff housing. Roads, paths and managing the movement of staff, friends and visitors. Social and congregation areas (shops, recreational areas, bus/taxi stops and routes etc. onand/or close to your property). Neighboring properties, contact details of owners, managers and occupants. Sensitive information provided by informers regarding personalities who may becomesuspects in your vicinity. Positions (GPS if possible) of old, recent and fresh carcasses. All cellphone contact points on the farm.This information should be accumulated on the map to provide an overall picture of the state ofthreat and planned response.8.4.3 Guard training and patrolsPrevention and the early detection of poaching and all other crime on the property should be thefunction of a well trained and motivated team of guards. Sufficient emphasis cannot be placedon this point. A single herd of White Rhino has a financial value of many hundreds of thousandsof rand while they also represent significant revenue potential alive. In light of this, someexpenditure on a guard force to protect your investment is justified. If these costs are prohibitive,landowners should consider forming a conservancy with neighbouring property owners to sharethese costs. All guards must be security vetted before employment.For patrolling to be an effective deterrent against rhino poaching a ratio of one well-trainedand adequately equipped person per 10 km2 should serve as a minimum guideline. Thisis especially prescribed for smaller properties where a high threat is experienced and wherepoaching is often carried out in a hit and run fashion. These individuals should at least be onpatrol or undertake other rhino protection duties in the field per month and should preferablynot associate with the rest of the farms labour force. It is also preferable that they do not shareaccommodation with other staff so as to illuminate chances that their strategy becomes knownto other staff that may be approached and paid by poachers for info.It is imperative that the patrol strategy remains a secret at all times and it should be theresponsibility of the patrol manager to determine the patrolling strategy in such a way that it isnever predictable. The element of surprise can be maintained by varying days, times and methodsof patrolling the peripheral fences as well as the whole of the farm on a regular basis. Every patrolor other activity carried out by the anti-poaching team should end in a comprehensive debriefRhino Security Page 26 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina262011 stuf26 26267/26/11 9:52:41 AM7/26/11 9:38:05 AM

on the results of the activities and must be documented as part of intelligence gathering. Tacticsshould also include manning overt and covert observation posts from strategic positions on thefarm. This would be determined by the lay of the land and should be informed by the results ofthe threat analysis. It is also very important to ensure diligence in patrolling.The movements and effectiveness of these individuals can be monitored by widely available GPStechnology. Effective communication between the guards and management is also an absolutenecessity to ensure rapid response to threats as they happen. To allow all of the above to functionproperly managers should develop a contingency plan for their farms based on the results of thethreat analysis.A second and less expensive method of deterring poaching on small properties with small populationsof rhino is to have a vetted employee or two trained as a rhino monitor. These monitorsare trained to follow rhino without disturbing them and also to look out for sign of any incursionsby unauthorised persons. These monitors can also play an important role in gathering dataon the movements of rhinos and their habits on a daily basis, which can inform managementdecisions from time to time.The chance that these monitors will pick up incursions before a rhino is killed is high and thereare many examples of such successes in areas of the country already.8.4.4 EquipmentProperly equipped and clothed guards are in themselves a very real deterrent to poachers whowill often move on to “softer targets”. Equipment, include items such as: First aid. Torches. Basic tools like pliers and spare pieces of wire. Firearms required to effectively respond to an incident. Radios and cellphones to ensure that guards are able to report incidents immediately whenthey are detected, call for support and obtain direction on how to deal with incidents. GPS’s are very affordable these days and can precisely locate the position of the incidentfor police, emergency and support persons and aircraft that are not familiar with yourproperty. At least one pair of binoculars per patrol. Night sight equipment for observation during the night time (optional due to cost). At least 200 meters of plastic barrier tape. Cold and wet weather gear. Water bottles. Small day ration pack.These should be acquired and appropriate training in their use should be provided to staff.Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 27 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina272011 stuf27 27277/26/11 9:52:42 AM7/26/11 9:38:05 AM

8.4.5 Information and intelligence gatheringIt is important to remember that a poaching operation consists of three phases, (i) informationand intelligence gathering, (ii) reconnaissance, and (iii) execution of the plan. If the threat canbe detected during the first two phases of the operation proactive measures can be deployed tofoil the threat or to arrest the poacher before they do damage.This can only be achieved if landowners initiate their own intelligence gathering networks in andaround their properties. Some activities which a landowner can use to get intelligence are:Field ranger or guard patrols. These patrols gather vital field information and intelligencewhich a manager needs to plan patrol activities. This includes rhino activities, midden activity,waterhole status, mud wallows, suspect spoor, anti tracking conditions, scavenger activities,cellphone contact points, fences, suspicious vehicle movements, and many other activities.Ensuring that the whole rhino population is DNA-profiled in order to assist enforcementagencies to link suspects after poaching incidents have happened.Collecting field data regarding rhino distribution, behaviour and population dynamics fromsurveillance by scouts, researchers, owners, tourism and hunting operators into a database.Collecting data on any and all security breaches, and recording the date, time, lunarphase, number of suspects, method used, location of entry and exit points by taking GPScoordinates, take photos of tracks and other evidence and complete an incident register.Developing and maintaining good labour relations with staff, as they are often the bestaccess to reliable information.Maintaining a comprehensive database of all personnel and contractors currently andpreviously employed on the farm. Red tag all dismissals and suspicious individuals.Security vetting of all staff before appointments are made.Acquiring a database which includes photographs of all known criminals in your area,especially those using firearms in the immediate area.Identifying potential drop-off and pick-up points on access roads that can be monitored.Exercising access control at all entrance gates.Introducing personnel card systems.Developing your own informer reward system, being careful to only pay for proveninformation.Identifying potential drop-off and pick-up points and cellphone contact points. These arein most cases the same place. The cellphones need to operate for a pick up. The cellphonecontact points have in many cases proven to also be observation posts where poachers sitand observe rhino, report to the backup and then shoot.Even in areas where cellphones operate everywhere, there is a tendency to wait for pick-upat a vantage point to observe security activity.This point might even be outside the rhino owner’s property on a neighbouring property.Good neighbour relations are therefore very important.Rhino Security Page 28 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina282011 stuf28 28287/26/11 9:52:42 AM7/26/11 9:38:06 AM

8.4.6 CommunicationsCommunications is where many security plans either succeed or fail. It is therefore very handyto have all relevant telephone numbers at hand and available in the event of a crisis situation toenable you to set your security plan into motion. A good practice is to keep a copy of this bookletin your vehicle or briefcase wherever you go and fill in the section at the back of the booklet withyour own emergency numbers.Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 29 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina292011 stuf29 29297/26/11 9:52:45 AM7/26/11 9:38:22 AM

10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSDr Ian Player for writing the forewordFaan Coetzee for pulling together all the information contained in this bookletJack Greeff for reviewing the security section of the bookletThe Department of Environmental Affairs for the use of their NEMBA Implementation guidelinesfor the Threatened or Protected Species (ToPS) RegulationsPelham Jones for his support and comments on the booklet in general and the security sectionin particularRod Potter for supplying the Standard Operating Procedures on crime scene management anddrafting the section on crime scene managementRaoul du Toit for contributions on rhino dehorning as a deterrent to rhino poachingRynette Coetzee for providing the contact details for the various permit and district officescontained in Appendix CThe International Rhino Foundation for the use of their distribution mapsPhoto Credits: Rynette Coetzee (page 1, 6, 7, 31, 42, 43, 44), Arnaud le Roux (page 29)11. APPENDICES11. APPENDICESAppendix A: Comparison of ToPS and the various provincial listings of rhinoAppendix B: Table outlining permits needed for activities relating to rhinoAppendix C: Provincial contact detailsAppendix D: Emergency contacts numbersAppendix E: Guidelines for crime scene managementRhino Security Page 31 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT rhinosRHINO EWT pagePRESERVATION 31 new.pdf 12011 stuf31 3111/2/11 2:17:26 PM11/2/11 2:14:11 PM

National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 - Comparison of ToPS and the various provincial listings of rhinoWhite Rhinoceros Ceratotherium simumNorthernNational Western Cape North West MpumalangaLimpopo Gauteng Free State KZN Eastern CapeCapeListed asa Protectedspeciesinterms ofNEMBAListed asEndangeredWild Animals(Schedule 1)in terms ofthe WesternCape NatureConservationLaws AmendmentAct, 3 of2000Listed asSpecially ProtectedGame (Schedule 2A)Section 15(1) (Aa))in terms of theTransvaal NatureConservation Ordinance12 of 1983.Listed as anEndangered WildAnimal (Schedule 1)in terms of the CapeNature and EnvironmentalOrdinance 19of 1974Listed as SpeciallyProtected Game(Schedule 1A) of theBophuthatswanaNature ConservationAct 3 of 1973Listed asSpecially ProtectedGame(Schedule 1)Section 4(1)(a)in terms of theMpumalangaNature ConservationAct,10 of 1998Listed asEndangeredWild Animals(Schedule 1)in terms of theNature andEnvironmentalConservationOrdinance, 19of 1974Listed asSpeciallyProtectedWild Animals(Schedule 2)in terms ofthe LimpopoEnvironmentalManagementAct, 7 of 2003Listed asSpeciallyProtectedGame(Schedule2A) Section15(1) (A a)n terms ofthe NatureConservationOrdinance,12 of 1983Listed asSchedule 1ProtectedGame (section2) andSchedule3 Specifiedwild animals(section 14(2) (a) (i))in terms ofthe NatureConservationOrdinance, 8of 1969.Listed as ProtectedGame(Schedule 1(c))in terms ofthe QwaQwaNature ConservationAct5 of 1976Listed asSpeciallyProtectedGame(Schedule3)in terms ofthe NatureConservationOrdinance,15of 1974Listed as anEndangeredWild Animals(Schedule 1)terms ofthe CapeNature andEnvironmentalConservationOrdinance, 19of 1974.Listed as SpeciallyProtectedWild Animals(Schedule 1)in terms of theCiskei NatureConservationAct 10 of 1987Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 33 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina332011 stuf33 33337/26/11 9:52:49 AM7/26/11 9:38:32 AM

APPENDIX BTable outlining permits needed for activities relating to rhinoACTION STEPS BY LANDOWNER/MANAGER PERMIT APPLICATION ANDDOCUMENTATIONPERMITS REQUIRED1 Poaching crime scene Report the crime immediately to the environmentalauthority and SAPSNone NoneProtect the crime scene in accordance with Chapter 7 ofthis documentIf Rhino horn is retrieved/found or handed back to legalowner after prosecutionApplication (ToPS) to Environmentalauthority with applicable documentsof the legal acquisition of the hornsToPS Ordinary Permit. RestrictedActivity: Possession of rhino hornRegister - Microchipping2 Natural mortality/Pick up Report immediately to the environmental authority Application (ToPS) to Environmentalauthority with applicable proof of thelegal acquisition of the hornsToPS Ordinary Permit. RestrictedActivity: Possession of rhino hornRegister - Microchipping3 Possession-“Old horns” Request inspection by Environmental Authority Application (ToPS) to Environmentalauthority with applicable proof of thelegal acquisition of the horns(previous provincial permits)ToPS Ordinary Permit. RestrictedActivity: Possession of rhino hornRegister - Microchipping4 Dehorning management Motivation / management proposal for dehorning mustaccompany ToPS applicationRequest Inspection by environmental authorityApplication (ToPS) to EnvironmentalauthorityToPS Ordinary Permit.Restricted Activity: Capturing andDehorning of rhino.After dehorning the horns must beregistered and application madefor possession of the Horns as inparagraph 2 and 3 above.Rhino Security Page 34 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina342011 stuf34 34347/26/11 9:52:49 AM7/26/11 9:38:33 AM

ACTION STEPS BY LANDOWNER/MANAGER PERMIT APPLICATION ANDDOCUMENTATIONPERMITS REQUIRED5 Destroying of horns Motivation / management proposal for destroying mustaccompany ToPS applicationRequest Inspection by environmental authority (Compulsory)Application (ToPS) to Environmentalauthority with applicable proof of thelegal acquisition of the horns(possession permits, micro chipnumbers)ToPS Ordinary Permit.Activity: DestroyingEnvironmental officer be presentwhen destroying horns6 Movement of horns Motivation / management proposal for the movementmust accompany ToPS applicationApplication (ToPS) to Environmentalauthority with applicable proof of thelegal acquisition of the horns( possession permits)ToPS Ordinary Permit.Restricted Activity: Transport /Convey7 Sale of horns National Moratorium in place 1 National Moratorium in place Will not be considered8 Hunting of a white rhino. Apply for a permit to hunt in the name of the hunter toyour local conservation authority.Landowner must notify the conservation authority of thehunt date. The hunt may be monitored by an official ofthe conservation authority.Supply copies of the hunter’s passportor ID document as well as thehunting rights for the hunt.ToPS Ordinary Permit.Restricted activity: Hunting of aprotected species.9 Hunting of a black rhino Prior application must be made to the conservationauthority to obtain a hunting right to market a black rhinohunt.Obtain prior written approval to beable to hunt a black rhino bull.ToPS Ordinary Permit.Restricted activity: Hunting of aSpecially Protected Species.Landowner must supply relevant documentation asrequired from time to time by the provincial conservationauthority in line with CITES regulations pertaining to thehunting of Black Rhino in South Africa.Apply for an Ordinary hunting permit.10 Export of sport hunted rhinotrophiesApply for a permit to export the trophy with the provincialconservation authority.Supply all documentation i.e. Huntingpermits, transfer of hunting rights,written permissions from landowners,micro chip certificates copies, and acopy of the CITES import permit fromthe hunting clients country of residenceCITES Management Authority,to the conservation authority togetherwith the application formsToPS Ordinary export permit, aswell as a CITES export permitEndangered Wildlife Trust Page 35 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina352011 stuf35 35357/26/11 9:52:49 AM7/26/11 9:38:33 AM

ACTION STEPS BY LANDOWNER/MANAGER PERMIT APPLICATION ANDDOCUMENTATION11 Capture of a rhino Apply for a permit to capture rhino from the provincialconservation authority.Supply the name of the person whowill capture the rhino (Normally theVeterinarian)12 Conveyance of rhino Apply for a permit to conveyance rhino from the provincialconservation authority. This activity can go hand inhand with capturing and a permit can be applied for bothactivities in one go.Supply the name and personal detailsof the person who will capture therhino (normally the veterinarian)13 Import of a live rhino Apply for a permit to import rhino from the provincialconservation authority. (This permit will also includeconveyance of the animal)Supply the name of the person whowill import the rhino (Normally theVeterinarian)14 Export of live rhino Apply for a permit to export rhino from the provincialconservation authority. (This permit will also includeconveyance of the animal)Supply all details of the origin and thedestination of the rhino.For international exports a CITESimport permit is also required from thecountry of destination.15 Keeping in captivity of rhino. Apply to the provincial conservation authority for apermit to keep a rhino in captivity.Furnish the provincial conservationauthority with reasons for keeping theanimal in captivity.If, for veterinary reasons a report fromthe vet is needed.16 Green huntingImportant note: The VeterinaryCouncil has bannedthe activity of green huntingand therefore it is prohibitedfor any veterinarian to takepart in a green hunt.Apply for a permit to capture a rhino. Furnish the provincial conservationauthority with all personal details ofwhy the rhino has to be immobilised(vet report needed)Also supply the details of the huntingclient who will conduct the green hunt.PERMITS REQUIREDToPS Ordinary Permit.Restricted Activity: Catching of athreatened or protected speciesToPS Ordinary Permit.Restricted Activity: Conveyance of athreatened or protected speciesToPS Ordinary Permit.Restricted Activity: Importing andconveyance of a threatened orprotected speciesTOPS Ordinary Permit.Restricted activity: Export of livethreatened or protected species to aforeign countryToPS Ordinary Permit.Restricted activity: Keeping in captivityof live threatened or protectedspecies.ToPS Ordinary Permit.Restricted activity: Capturing of livethreatened or protected species.Rhino Security Page 36 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina362011 stuf36 36367/26/11 9:52:50 AM7/26/11 9:38:34 AM

APPENDIX C(As at 05/05/2011)1. EASTERN CAPE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, ENVIRONMENTAND TOURISM (DEAET)LOCALITYHEAD OFFICEKing WilliamsTownDISTRICT OFFICESCacadu Region-Port ElizabethCacadu Region-Jeffreys BayCacadu Region-Graaff-ReinetCacadu Region-GrahamstownAmatole Region-East LondonChris Hani Region-QueenstownChris Hani Region-QueenstownUKhahlamba RegionOR Tambo Region-MthathaAlfrend Nzo Region-KokstadTELEPHONE NUM-BERS(043) 605 7012 (switchboard)(043) 605 7084 (Linda)FAXNUMBERS(086) 604 9225POSTAL ADDRESS(041) 508-5803 (041) 508-5850 Private Bag X5001 Greenacres 6057( 042) 292-0339 (042) 292-0226 P.O. Box 1733 Jeffreys Bay 6330( 049) 892-3755 (086) 541 2959 P.O. Box 386 Graaff Reinet 6280(046) 622-7218 (046) 622-7270 Private Bag X1006 Grahamstown 6140(043) 707-4068/ 4000 (043) 742-0323 Private Bag X9060 East London,,,5200( 045) 808-4016 (045) 838-3981 P.O. Box 9636 Queenstown 5320( 082) 461 4087 (045) 838-3981 P.O. Box 9636 Queenstown 5320(051) 633-2901 (051) 633-3117 Private Bag X1016 Aliwal North 9750( 047) 531-1191 (047) 531-2887 Private Bag X5029 Mthatha 5059(039) 727-3273 /3257 (039) 727-3282 Private Bag X3513 Kokstad 4700Permit forms: Can be obtained from any of the permit offices.Application route:i. Please contact the permits office prior to applying for a permit. This ensures correct application forms for specifiedactivities.ii. Proof of payment must accompany all applications.iii. Applications can be faxed, emailed or hand delivered.iv. Some applications are managed at district/regional level, and approved by the Assistant Director/Manager of that area.v. Some applications are initially managed at regional level; recommendations are made and forwarded to head office forapproval.vi. Where and when necessary certain applications are routed to the Scientific Section for inputs.«« These applications are sent to the scientific services officials for inputs and recommendations.vii. If the permit is approved it will be issued.viii. The applicant will be informed in writing of the denial and the reasons therefore of a permit applicationEndangered Wildlife Trust Page 37 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina372011 stuf37 37377/26/11 9:52:50 AM7/26/11 9:38:35 AM

2. 2. THE FREE STATE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, TOURISM ANDENVIRONMENT (DETEA)LOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESSHEAD OFFICEBloemfontein (051) 400-9527 051) 400-9523Private Bag 20801Bloemfontein 9300Permit forms:i. Can be obtained from the permit offices in Bloemfonteinii. Can be downloaded from the website: http://www.detea.fs.gov.za/forms.htmApplication route:i. Please contact the permits office prior to applying for a permit. This ensures correct application forms for specified activities.ii. Proof of payment must accompany all applications after a reference number is received from the permit office.iii. Banking details will be supplied on request.iv. Certain applications are initially managed at regional level, and then routed to the Permit Evaluation Committee (PEC) whichconvenes once a week.v. If the application is recommended the permit will be issued.vi. The applicant will be informed in writing of the denial and the reasons therefore of a permit application.vii. The applicant may appeal the refusal by submitting a written communiqué to the Head of Department (HOD).viii. The application will be re-examined by the Director/Chief Director and a recommendation sent to the HOD3. 3. GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT(GDARD)LOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESSHEAD OFFICEJohannesburg (011) 355-1100 (011) 355-1100P.O. Box 8769Johannesburg 2000Permit forms:i. Can be obtained from the permit offices in Johannesburg.ii. Can be downloaded from the website: http://www.gdard.gpg.gov.za/Applications_NCOP.htmApplication route:i. Please contact the permit offices prior to applying for a permit. This ensures correct application forms for the restricted activity.ii. All applications must be accompanied by proof of payment:Bank ABSAAccount 4064930912Branch Public Sector Gauteng WestCode 637-956iii. Applications can be faxed, emailed or hand delivered.iv. Gauteng is divided into a Northern and Southern Region.v. The Assistant Directors (AD) of each of these regions will receive the permit applications relevant to their regions.vi. Inspections and/or investigations are carried out by the regional officials, recommendations made and the applications arethen returned to the Ads.vii. The Deputy Director (DD) of Resource Protection makes the final decision on issuing or denying a permit.viii. Some applications may be routed to the Scientific Services officials for inputs and recommendations.ix. The applicant will be informed in writing should a permit be denied, and the reasons for the denial.x. The applicant may appeal against the denial by sending a written communiqué to the Head of Department (HOD).xi. The application will be re-examined by the Director/Chief Director and recommendations sent to the HOD.Rhino Security Page 38 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina382011 stuf38 38387/26/11 9:52:51 AM7/26/11 9:38:35 AM

4. EZEMVELO KZN WILDLIFE (KWAZULU-NATAL)LOCALITYHEAD OFFICE:PietermaritzburgTELEPHONENUMBERS(033) 845- 1968033 845 1999FAX NUMBERS(033) 845- 1747POSTAL ADDRESSP.O. Box 13053Cascades3202DISTRICT OFFICES: OFFICIAL TELEPHONE No’s. FAX NUMBERSDukuza(Stanger/Zinkwazi/Mandini) Truman Buthelezi (032) 486-1574DundeeLynne Ruddle (034) 212-4148 (034) 212-4148Durban - CITES SpeciesMuti Users & Wildflower licenceOtherOtherMike TyldesleyNellie MhlakoaneBongani ZondiElphas Ngobese(031) 274 -1150 / 96/98(031) 274- 1150 / 96 /98(031) 274-1150 / 96 /98(031) 274-1150 / 96/98(031) 274- 1174 /94(031) 274-1174 /94(031) 274-1174 /94(086) 505-8835East Griqualand (Kokstad/Franklin)Pat Lowry (039) 727-3844 (039) 727-3844Eshowe/Mtunzini Edward Khanyile (035) 473-0700 (035) 473 0709Estcourt (Weenen) Waldo Bekker (036) 353-2736 (086) 505-9805Greytown (Kranskop/Rietvlei/Partof Mooiriver)Wilfred Mhlongo (033) 413-3172 (086 516-7217Ixopo (Richmond/Eston) Brent Coverdale (033) 212-4580 (033) 212-4580/ (086) 504-9720Jozini (Jozini) Johannes Ntsele (035) 572-1560 (035) 572-1486Ladysmith (Winterton/Bergville/Colenso)(036) 488-1254 (036) 488-1254Lions River (Howick/Boston/Impendle/NottinghamRoad/Hilton)Kim Gillings (033) 330-7097 (033) 330-097/(086) 210-7398Mkuze (Mkuze) Hannes De Bruyn (035) 573-1947 (035) 573-1963/(086) 526-6137Newcastle Miranda Sikakhane (034) 318-1112 (034) 312-6853Nkandla (Nkandla/Ntonjaneni) Clement Ngcobo (035) 873-0700 (035) 473-0709Nyalazi (Hluhluwe/Dukuduku/StLucia)Jabulani Mtshali (035) 590-1676 (035) 590-1676Ongoye (Empangeni/Mthambanana/Heatonville/Kwambonambi)Lucky Zulu (035) 870-0000 (035) 474-4553Oribi Gorge(Port Shepstone/Isingolweni)Alfred Gcabashe (039) 679-1738 (039) 679-1738Paulpietersburg (Utrecht/PietRetief/Pongola)Ntoko Cele (034) 995-0268 (034) 995-0268/(086) 504-8433Pietermaritzburg (Umlaas Road/Wartberg)Benfred Dlamini (033) 343-3184 (033) 343-3184Polela (Bulwer/Underberg South) Mbuyiselo Gxashi (033) 701-1058Scottburgh (Umzinto) Zeph Dindikazi (039) 974-2222 (039) 974-2222Ulundi (Nongoma/Babanango) Jabulani Biyela (035) 870-0703 (035) 870-0703Umhlatuze (Richards Bay) Roy Jones (035) 792-0034 (035) 753-2212Umtamvuna (Port Edward inland) Rob Wolter (039) 311-2383 (039) 311-2383Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 39 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina392011 stuf39 39397/26/11 9:52:51 AM7/26/11 9:38:36 AM

Umtentweni (Entire lower southcoast from Park Rynie south)Pieter Massyn (039) 315-0112 (039) 315-0112Underberg (Himeville) Richard Schutte (033) 702-0007 (033) 702-0007Vryheid (Louwsburg) Alex Wood (034) 983-2098 (034) 983-2098Mtunzini Callum Beattie (035) 340-1504 (035) 340-1504Permit forms:Can be obtained from any permit officeApplication route:i. Please contact the permit office prior to applying for a permit. This ensures the correct form issued for the specificrestricted activity requiring a permit.ii. Proof of payment must accompany all permit applications.iii. Permits can be faxed, emailed or hand delivered to the respective district office.iv. The District Official will conduct the necessary inspection or investigation before making a recommendation.v. In certain instances the permit office manager may issue/deny the permit.vi. Certain permit applications may need to be sent to the Scientific Services Officials for inputs and recommendations.vii. The applicant will be informed in writing of the denial of a permit and the reasons therefore.viii. The applicant may appeal by sending a written communiqué to the Head of Department (HOD).ix. The Director/Chief Director will re-examine the application and make recommendations to the HOD.5. LIMPOPO DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT,ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM (LEDET)LOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESSHEAD OFFICE:PolokwaneDeon von Wielligh(015) 295-4845(082) 802 1242(086) 502-9571 P.O. Box 55464Polokwane0700DISTRICT OFFICES: NAME TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERSCapricorn District:PolokwaneMopani District:Ba-PhalaborwaGiyaniTzaneenKlaserieSekhukhune District:GrobersdalLebowakgomoVhembe District:MakhadoMusinaThoyandouWaterberg District:LephalaleModimolleThabazimbeMokopaneAnton van Wetten (Manager)RusinaTJ Khambani (Manager)Dirk de KlerkEdward BaloyiN. Luthuda/PeterBert HowardJohannes Mahlaela (Manager)Caroline BopapeDaniel ManamelaCendra Malivhoho (Manager)Lorraine NemutanzelaAllen Mac MurtrieTiny SindenLeon de JagerFrank MutheloGerhard de Beer (Manager)Ronnie HaywoodKobus PienaarElias NkunaJan NtlamaLoffie Malherbe(082) 904 5859(015) 297 4149/3839 0866202684(082) 446 7016(082) 801 0013/(015) 781-6887(082) 570 0759/(015) 812-0635(082) 801 0009/(015) 347 1195(082) 802 4189/ (015) 793-2471(082) 801 1494(079) 527 8339(082) 801 1495(082) 888 9853(082) 371 4583/ (015) 516-0002(082) 904 5812(082) 904 5870(082) 904 5862/(015) 534-3235(082) 802 4199(082) 809 8862(082) 809 8864/(014) 763-2886(082) 809 8875/(014) 717-1055(082) 888 9852/(014) 777-1539(082) 888 9861/(014) 777-1539(082) 809 8921/(015) 491-8010(015) 781-7581(015) 812-0604(015) 307-1196(015) 793-2572(015) 516-0002(015) 534 0123(015) 962 4744(014) 763-1773(014) 717-5200(014) 777-1545(014) 777-1545(015) 491-8140Rhino Security Page 40 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina402011 stuf40 40407/26/11 9:52:52 AM7/26/11 9:38:37 AM

Permit forms:i. Can be obtained from any permits office.ii. Can be obtained from the website: http://www.ledet.gov.za/index.php?page=application_formsApplication route:i. Please contact the permit office prior to applying for a permit. This will ensure that the correct form is completed for therestricted activity requiring a permit.ii. Applications can be faxed, emailed or hand delivered.iii. The District Conservation Officer will do the requisite inspection or investigation prior to making a recommendation.iv. Certain permits may be issued by the district office Manager.v. Certain permits, after initial inspection and recommendation, need to be forwarded to head office for further evaluation.vi. Some permit applications may require inputs or recommendations from the Scientific Services Officials.vii. The permit will be issued on final approval.viii. The applicant will be informed in writing of the denial and the reasons therefore when a permit is denied.ix. The applicant appeal against the denial by submitting a written communiqué to the Head of Department (HOD).x. The Director/Chief Director will re-examine the application and make recommendations to the HOD.xi. Payment for permits is made once the permit has been issued prior to the applicant collecting said permit.6. MPUMALANGA TOURISM AND PARKS AGENCYLOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESSHEAD OFFICE:Nelspruit (013) 759-5329 (013) 759-5490 Private Bag X11338Nelspruit 1200DISTRICT OFFICES:Ermelo (083) 579 2470(083) 579 2374(083) 579 2422Loskopdam (083) 579 2404Komati (083) 626 6319Middelburg (083) 579 2412Permit forms:Application route: Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 41 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina412011 stuf41 41417/26/11 9:52:52 AM7/26/11 9:38:38 AM

8. AGRICULTURE, CONSERVATION & ENVIRONMENT AND RURALDEVELOPMENT NORTH WEST PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT (THEDACERD)LOCALITY TELEPHONE NO. FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESSHEAD OFFICE:Mmabatho (018) 389-5331/5169 (018) 389-5640 Private Bag X2039Mmabatho, 2735DISTRICT OFFICES: OFFICIAL TELEPHONE NO. FAX NUMBERNgaka Modiri Molema (Mafikeng)District:Sindisiwe Zwane (018) 389 51690826627787MafikengDr. Kenneth Kaunda District:PotchefstroomElizabeth Swart (018) 299 6500(082) 347 8991Bojanala District:RustenburgConstant Hoogkamer (014) 592 7378082 403 1644Dr. Ruth Regomotsi MompatiDistrict: VryburgDavid Manganye (053) 927 0432084 552 6647Permit forms:i. Can be obtained from the permit offices.ii. Can be obtained from the website: http://www.nwpg.gov.za/Agriculture/#Application route:i. ToPS and CITES permit applications - proof of payment to accompany application.ii. Provincial permits - payment made on receipt of permit.iii. Applications can be faxed, emailed or delivered to the district permit office.iv. District conservation officials (DCO) will do the necessary inspections and investigations, prior to recommendinga permit.v. The DCO sends the application with the relevant recommendation to the Manager of the district office.vi. Some permits can be approved by and issued at the district office.vii. Where necessary the application may be referred to the Scientific Division for inputs and recommendations.viii. The applicant will be informed in writing should the permit be denied and the reasons therefore.ix. The applicant may appeal against the refusal by submitting a written communiqué to the Head of Department(HOD).x. The application will be re-examined by the Director/Chief Director and a recommendation sent to the HOD.Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 43 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina432011 stuf43 43437/26/11 9:52:55 AM7/26/11 9:38:52 AM

9. CAPENATURE (WESTERN CAPE)LOCALITY TELEPHONE NUMBERS FAX NUMBERS POSTAL ADDRESSHEAD OFFICE:Athlone (021) 483-0191/0118/0121/0123/0122/0120086 556 7734 Private Bag X29Gatesville7766Permit forms:i. Can be obtained from the permit office in Athlone.ii. Can be obtained from the website: http://www.capenature.org.za/permits.htm?sm[p1][category]=459&sm[p1][persistent]=1&Application route:i. Applications can be posted, faxed, emailed or hand delivered.ii. Proof of payment must be attached.iii. Where necessary the application will be sent to the Conservation Services Manager of the various districts,for investigation or inspection.iv. The application is returned to the permit office in Athlone, with the investigating official’s recommendations.v. Where necessary the application may be referred to the Scientific Services component for inputs andrecommendations.vi. The permit can be issued by any of the five officials in the Athlone Office.vii. The applicant will be informed in writing should the permit be denied and the reasons therefore.Rhino Security Page 44 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina442011 stuf44 44447/26/11 9:52:56 AM7/26/11 9:38:59 AM

APPENDIX DEMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBERS(Insert appropriate numbers)MEDICAL SERVICESSERVICE TELEPHONE CELL NUMBERAIR SERVICESSERVICE TELEPHONE CELL NUMBERENVIRONMENTAL STAFF, SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE AND RELATEDSOUTH AFRICAN POLICESERVICE TELEPHONE CELL NUMBERRED LINESAPS ORGANISED CRIMESAPS DOG UNITSAPS (insert local SAPS)SANDFInsert additional for your areaFarm WatchSecurity CompanyEndangered Wildlife Trust Page 45 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina452011 stuf45 45457/26/11 9:52:57 AM7/26/11 9:39:00 AM

ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT PERSONNELSERVICE NAME TELEPHONE CELL NUMBERLocal DCODistrict ConservationManagerWildlife InvestigationsOfficerNEIGHBOURING LANDOWNERSNAME FARM NAME TELEPHONE CELL NUMBERNEIGHBOURING COMMUNITY LEADERSNAME POSITION TELEPHONE CELL NUMBEROTHER IMPORTANT NUMBERSNAME TELEPHONE CELL NUMBERRhino Security Page 46 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina462011 stuf46 46467/26/11 9:52:57 AM7/26/11 9:39:00 AM

APPENDIX ESteps To Be Taken When A Crime Scene Is Detected (Duplicate For All Staff On The Property)Observations to include in the initial report to the supervisor• Are there still perpetrators at the scene? • Where is the crime scene? What to do when you approach a rhino carcass • Contact your supervisor as soon as possible and get further instructions fromLimited further actions which may be undertaken at the scene, only on instructionby the supervisor • All objects found should not be touched but their positions must be marked • Make notes of your observations and take photographs of the scene from a Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 47 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina472011 stuf47 47477/26/11 9:52:58 AM7/26/11 9:39:01 AM

What to do when a crime is in progress• Pause for long enough to make accurate observations of the activities of the • If the perpetrators are armed and you and your patrol are unarmed, retract from What to do if an arrest is made at or near the scene• In the event of an arrest being made, remove the person from the scene imme- • If more than one person is arrested, keep them apart from each other and do• It is also important that the people guarding the arrested perpetrators do notWhat to do when a staff member has shot a suspect - should accompany the staff member to the police station and arrange for re-• Seek legal advice immediately and do not make statements before you haveIt is essential that your legal representative be advised of the incidentimmediately in order to: • Notify Insurers in anticipation of a possible claim• Arrange for representation for the staff member at a formal bail hearing or formalinquest should this be necessaryRhino Security Page 48 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina482011 stuf48 48487/26/11 9:52:58 AM7/26/11 9:39:01 AM

The Endangered Wildlife TrustAs a leading high-profile player amongst the large number and variety of conservationorganisations in South Africa (governmental and civil society), the EWT fills the key nicheof conservation action, through applied field-work, research and direct engagementwith stakeholders. With specialist Programmes and a large team of skilled field staffdeployed throughout southern Africa, the EWT’s work supports the conservation ofthreatened species and ecosystems. Priority interventions focus on identifying the keyfactors threatening biodiversity and developing mitigating measures to reduce risk andreverse the drivers of species extinction and ecosystem degradation. Through a broadspectrum of partnerships and networks, the EWT responds to the key threats drivingspecies and ecosystem loss by developing innovative methodologies and best practiceguidelines which support reduced impact, harmonious co-existence and sustainableliving for all.VisionA healthy planet and an equitable world that values and sustains the diversity of lifeMissionThe Endangered Wildlife Trust is dedicated to conserving threatened species andecosystems in southern Africa to the benefit of all people.The EWT fulfils its mission by:• Initiating and implementing conservation research and action programmes;• Preventing species extinctions and maintaining biodiversity and ecosystemfunctioning;• Supporting sustainable natural resources use and management;• Communicating the principles of sustainable living and empowering peopleby capacity building, education and awareness programmes to the broadestconstituency; and• Taking a strong leadership and advocacy role in promoting environmental andsocial justice.EWT Law and Policy ProgrammeAgainst the background of every citizen’s rights to a healthy environment as enshrinedin the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of1996), the EWT’s L&PP seeks to equip individuals, communities and organisationswith the necessary knowledge regarding their rights and obligations and the processesand intervention mechanisms to achieve those rights. The L&PP’s mandate currentlyincludes: capacity building, information sharing and dissemination; policy analysisand input into environmental legislation and policy development; assisting theEWT Programmes and Civil Society with legal aspects; strengthening South Africa’senvironmental governance framework; strengthening South Africa’s rhino security andthereby contributing to achieving further conservation goals.ENDANGERED WILDLIFE TRUSTBuilding K2, Ardeer Road, Pinelands Office Park, Modderfontein 1609, Gauteng,South Africa Private Bag X 11, Modderfontein 1645, Gauteng, South AfricaTel: +27 (0) 11 372 3600 • Fax: +27 (0) 11 608 4682Endangered Wildlife Trust Page 51 Rhino SecurityEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina502011 stuf51 50517/26/11 9:52:59 AM7/26/11 9:39:06 AM

Rhino Security Page 52 Endangered Wildlife TrustEWT EWT RHINORHINO PRESERVATIONPRESERVATION 2011 fina512011 stuf52 51527/26/11 9:53:03 AM7/26/11 9:39:07 AM