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The Art of Doing Science and Engineering
The Art of Doing Science andEngineeringLearning to LearnRichard W.HammingU.S. Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CaliforniaGORDON AND BREACH SCIENCE PUBLISHERSAustralia • Canada • China • France • Germany • India •Japan • Luxembourg • Malaysia • The Netherlands •Russia • Singapore • Switzerland • Thailand •United Kingdom
Page 4 and 5: This edition published in the Taylo
Page 6 and 7: 23 Mathematics 16324 Quantum Mechan
Page 8 and 9: The year 2020 seems a convenient da
Page 10 and 11: 1OrientationThe purpose of this cou
Page 12 and 13: ORIENTATION 3Telephone Laboratories
Page 14 and 15: they arise so you will not be left
Page 16 and 17: ORIENTATION 7One of the main tasks
Page 18 and 19: 2Foundations of the Digital (Discre
Page 20 and 21: FOUNDATIONS OF THE DIGITAL (DISCRET
Page 26 and 27: 3History of Computers— HarwareThe
Page 28 and 29: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS—HARDWARE 19b
Page 30 and 31: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS—HARDWARE 21T
Page 32 and 33: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS—HARDWARE 23B
Page 34 and 35: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS—SOFTWARE 25(
Page 36 and 37: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS—SOFTWARE 27A
Page 38 and 39: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS—SOFTWARE 29F
Page 40 and 41: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS—SOFTWARE 31b
Page 42 and 43: 5History of Computer ApplicationAs
Page 44 and 45: HISTORY OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 35
Page 50 and 51: asic understanding of when the meth
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE—I 43chang
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE—I 45Early
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7Artificial Intelligence—IIIn thi
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE—II 49mome
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE—II 51have
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE—II 53can
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8Artificial Intelligenc—IIII sugg
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9n-Dimensional spaceWhen I became a
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N-DIMENSIONAL SPACE 59Figure 9. IIl
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N-DIMENSIONAL SPACE 61and hence the
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N-DIMENSIONAL SPACE 63where X and Y
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N-DIMENSIONAL SPACE 653. D(x,y)=D(y
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10Coding Theory—IHaving looked at
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CODING THEORY—I 69is uniquely dec
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CODING THEORY—I 71Figure 10.IVFig
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CODING THEORY—I 73I feel it neces
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CODING THEORY—II 75Figure 11.IFig
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CODING THEORY—II 77Figure 11.VThi
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CODING THEORY—II 79in this scheme
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12Error Correcting CodesThere are t
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ERROR CORRECTING CODES 83Figure 12.
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ERROR CORRECTING CODES 85old syndro
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ERROR CORRECTING CODES 87mention it
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13Information TheoryInformation The
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INFORMATION THEORY 91Figure 13.IThi
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INFORMATION THEORY 93Figure 13.IIIc
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INFORMATION THEORY 95Let us critiqu
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14Digital Filters—INow that we ha
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DIGITAL FILTERS—I 99for any other
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DIGITAL FILTERS—I 101Figure 14.IT
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DIGITAL FILTERS—I 103Figure 14.II
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DIGITAL FILTERS—I 105Figure 14.IV
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15Digital Filters— IIWhen digital
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DIGITAL FILTERS—II 109Let us run
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DIGITAL FILTERS—II 111Figure 15.I
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DIGITAL FILTERS—II 113At x=0 this
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16Digital Filters—IIIWe are now r
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DIGITAL FILTERS—III 117Figure 16.
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DIGITAL FILTERS—III 119We next tu
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DIGITAL FILTERS—III 121Figure 16.
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17Digital Filters—IVWe now turn t
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DIGITAL FILTERS—IV 125These recur
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DIGITAL FILTERS—IV 127Figure 17.I
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SIMULATION—I 129Figure 18.IThe fi
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SIMULATION—I 131(though they had
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SIMULATION—I 133Figure 18.IIIinte
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19Simulation—IIWe now take up the
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SIMULATION—II 137The major part o
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SIMULATION—II 139energy or angula
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20Simulation—IIII will continue t
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SIMULATION—III 143Figure 20.IVFig
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SIMULATION—III 145Figure 20.VIdow
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SIMULATION—III 147Figure 20.VIIIW
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SIMULATION—III 149Now to the next
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21Fiber OpticsOne of the reasons fo
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FIBER OPTICS 153Figure 21.IIII did
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FIBER OPTICS 155Figure 21.IVFigure
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22Computer Aided Instruction—CAIB
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COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION—CAI 15
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and they all knew immediately it wa
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23MathematicsAs you live your life
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MATHEMATICS 165Figure 23.IFigure 23
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MATHEMATICS 167illustrates my attit
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MATHEMATICS 169can use the same for
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24Quantum MechanicsMost physicists
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taught QM, no one has found a widel
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QUANTUM MECHANICS 175I do not prete
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CREATIVITY 177I hope the above has
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CREATIVITY 179“memorizing the mat
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26ExpertsAs remarked in an earlier
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EXPERTS 183Figure 26.ILaboratories
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EXPERTS 185Figure 26.IIthe final an
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27Unreliable DataIt has been my exp
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UNRELIABLE DATA 189But how about ba
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UNRELIABLE DATA 191country might ge
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UNRELIABLE DATA 193collection of qu
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28Systems EngineeringParables are o
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SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 197Cramming is
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of traffic performance degrades imm
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SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 201of the natur
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YOU GET WHAT YOU MEASURE 203Figure
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YOU GET WHAT YOU MEASURE 205still o
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YOU GET WHAT YOU MEASURE 207whole o
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30You and Your ResearchI have given
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YOU AND YOUR RESEARCH 211Confidence
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YOU AND YOUR RESEARCH 213know where
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YOU AND YOUR RESEARCH 215believe, i
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INDEX 217Godel’s theorem, 280grow
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