Yablokov Chernobyl book

Yablokov & Nesterenko: Contamination through Time and Space 25TABLE 1.6. Total Collective Effective Dose (persons/Sv)of Additional Irradiation from the ChernobylCatastrophe (Fairlie and Sumner, 2006)U.S.Departmentof Energy aUNSCEAR bBelarus, Ukraine, 326,000 216,000European RussiaOther European countries 580,000 318,000Rest of the world 28,000 66,000Total 930,000 600,000a Anspaugh et al. (1988).b Bennett (1995, 1996).included only several additional cases of cancerover a period of some 10 years. In 20 years it hasbecome clear that no fewer than 8 million inhabitantsof Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia havebeen adversely affected (Table 1.7).One must understand that in areas contaminatedabove 1 Ci/km 2 (a level that undoubtedlyhas statistical impact on public health) there areno fewer than 1 million children, and evacueesand liquidators have had no fewer than 450,000children. It is possible to estimate the numberof people living in areas subject to Chernobylfallout all over the world. Some 40% of Europehas been exposed to Chernobyl’s Cs-137at a level 4–40 kBq/m 2 (0.11–1.08 Ci/km 2 ;see Table 1.2). Assuming that about 35% ofthe European population lives in this territory(where radionuclides fell on sparsely populatedmountain areas) and counting the total Europeanpopulation at the end of the 1980s, wecan calculate that nearly 550 million peopleare contaminated. It is possible to consider thatabout 190 million Europeans live in noticeablycontaminated areas, and nearly 15 million inthe areas where the Cs-137 contamination ishigher than 40 kBq/m 2 (1.08 Ci/km 2 ).Chernobyl fallout contaminated about 8%of Asia, 6% of Africa, and 0.6% of NorthTABLE 1.7. Population Suffering from the Chernobyl Catastrophe in Belarus, Ukraine, and EuropeanRussiaIndividuals, 10 3Group Country Different sources Cardis et al., 1996Evacuated and moved b Belarus 135,000 a 135,000Ukraine 162,000 a —Russia 52,400 a —Lived in territory contaminated by 270,000Cs-137 > 555 kBq|m 2 (>15 Ci/km 2 )Lived in territory contaminated by Belarus 2,000,000 a 6,800,0007 Cs-137 > 37 kBq/m 2 (>1 Ci/km 2 ) Ukraine 3,500,000 a —Russia 2,700,000 a —Liquidators Belarus 130,000 200,000 (1986–1987)Ukraine 360,000 —Russia 250,000 —Other countries Not less than 90,000 c —Total 9,379,400 7,405,000a Report of the UN Secretary General (2001). Optimization of international efforts in study, mitigation,and minimization of consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe (http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/568/11/PDF/N0156811.pdf>).b Evacuated from city of Pripyat and the railway station at Janov: 49,614; evacuated from 6 to 11 days from 30-kmzone in Ukraine: 41,792, in Belarus: 24,725 (Total 116, 231); evacuated 1986–1987 from territories with density ofirradiation above 15 Ci/km 2 —Ukraine: 70,483, Russia: 78,600, Belarus: 110,275. The total number of people forcedto leave their homes because of Chernobyl contamination was nearly 350,400.c Kazakhstan: 31,720 (Kaminsky, 2006), Armenia: >3,000 (Oganesyan et al., 2006), Latvia: >6,500, Lithuania:>7,000 (Oldinger, 1993). Also in Moldova, Georgia, Israel, Germany, the United States, Great Britain, and othercountries.