Yablokov Chernobyl book

70 Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesTABLE 5.12. Chromosomal Mutations among Various Groups of Liquidators within the First 3 Monthsafter the Catastrophe (Shevchenko and Snegyreva, 1999)Including dicentricGroup Cells, n Aberrations, n and centric ringsConstruction crew for the 4,937 32.4 ± 2.5 ∗ 4.4 ± 0.9 ∗sarcophagus ∗∗ (n = 71)Radiation supervisors (n = 23) 1,641 31.1 ± 4.3 4.8 ± 1.7NPP staff (n = 83) 6,015 23.7 ± 2.0 5.8 ± 1.0Drivers (n = 60) 5,300 14.7 ± 1.7 3.2 ± 0.8Pripyat City civilians (n = 35) 2,593 14.3 ± 2.4 1.9 ± 0.8Doctors (n = 37) 2,590 13.1 ± 2.3 2.7 ± 1.0Control (n = 19) 3,605 1.9 ± 0.7 0.0∗ For all groups differences with controls are significant.∗∗ Sarcophagus is the huge concrete construct that covers the exposed Chernobyl reactor.19. In the first 8 to 9 years after the catastrophethe number of cells with translocationsamong liquidators was more than twice that incontrols (Table 5.13).20. The number of translocations in liquidatorswas significantly higher than in controls(Table 5.14).21. In the first 6 to 8 years afterthe catastrophe the number of chromosomalaberrations in liquidators from the RussianFederal Nuclear Center in Sarov Citywas significantly higher than in controls(Table 5.15).22. Ten years after the catastrophe 1,000 liquidatorshad a significantly higher average frequencyof occurrence of chromosomal aberrations(especially high in liquidators from 1986)(Sevan’kaev et al., 1998).23. The incidence of dicentrics in liquidatorsrose during the first 8 to 12 years afterthe catastrophe (Slozina and Neronova,2002). More than 1,500 liquidators were examinedand even after 15 years the frequencyof occurrence of dicentrics was considerablyhigher than in control groups (Snegyreva andShevchenko, 2002).Figure 5.1. Average frequency of dicentrics in agroup of 1986 liquidators examined within 18 yearsafter the catastrophe (Snegyreva and Shevchenko,2006).5.2.1.1.4. Other Countries1. YUGOSLAVIA. Among newborns conceivedin the months postcatastrophe, the numberof chromosomal aberrations increased from4.5% (1976–1985 average) to 7.1% (Lukic et al.,1988).2. AUSTRIA. In 1987 among 17 adults examinedthere was a four- to sixfold increase inthe number of chromosomal aberrations, andin two individuals, examined before and 1 yearafter the catastrophe, there was an 11-fold increase(Pohl-Rüling et al., 1991).3. GERMANY (southern areas). Among 29children and adults examined in 1987–1991there was a two- to sixfold increase in the numberof chromosomal aberrations (Stephan andOestreicher, 1993).