Chapter 5: Exercises with Solutions

Section 5.1 The Parabola 4335.1 ExercisesIn Exercises 1-6, sketch the image ofyour calculator screen on your homeworkpaper. Label and scale each axis withxmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax. Labeleach graph with its equation. Rememberto use a ruler to draw all lines, includingaxes.1. Use your graphing calculator to sketchthe graphs of f(x) = x 2 , g(x) = 2x 2 , andh(x) = 4x 2 on one screen. Write a shortsentence explaining what you learned inthis exercise.2. Use your graphing calculator to sketchthe graphs of f(x) = −x 2 , g(x) = −2x 2 ,and h(x) = −4x 2 on one screen. Write ashort sentence explaining what you learnedin this exercise.3. Use your graphing calculator to sketchthe graphs of f(x) = x 2 , g(x) = (x −2) 2 , and h(x) = (x − 4) 2 on one screen.Write a short sentence explaining whatyou learned in this exercise.4. Use your graphing calculator to sketchthe graphs of f(x) = x 2 , g(x) = (x +2) 2 , and h(x) = (x + 4) 2 on one screen.Write a short sentence explaining whatyou learned in this exercise.5. Use your graphing calculator to sketchthe graphs of f(x) = x 2 , g(x) = x 2 +2, and h(x) = x 2 + 4 on one screen.Write a short sentence explaining whatyou learned in this exercise.6. Use your graphing calculator to sketchthe graphs of f(x) = x 2 , g(x) = x 2 −2, and h(x) = x 2 − 4 on one screen.Write a short sentence explaining whatyou learned in this exercise.In Exercises 7-14, write down the givenquadratic function on your homework paper,then state the coordinates of the vertex.7. f(x) = −5(x − 4) 2 − 58. f(x) = 5(x + 3) 2 − 79. f(x) = 3(x + 1) 210. f(x) = 7 5(x + 5 ) 2− 3 9 411. f(x) = −7(x − 4) 2 + 612. f(x) = − 1 213. f(x) = 1 614. f(x) = − 3 2(x − 8 ) 2+ 2 9 9(x + 7 ) 2+ 3 3 8(x + 1 ) 2− 8 2 9In Exercises 15-22, state the equationof the axis of symmetry of the graph ofthe given quadratic function.15. f(x) = −7(x − 3) 2 + 116. f(x) = −6(x + 8) 2 + 11Copyrighted material. See: http://msenux.redwoods.edu/IntAlgText/Version: Fall 2007

434 Chapter 5 Quadratic Functions17. f(x) = − 7 818. f(x) = − 1 219. f(x) = − 2 9(x + 1 ) 2+ 2 4 3(x − 3 ) 2− 5 8 7(x + 2 ) 2− 4 3 520. f(x) = −7(x + 3) 2 + 921. f(x) = − 8 7(x + 2 ) 2+ 6 9 522. f(x) = 3(x + 3) 2 + 6In Exercises 23-36, perform each of thefollowing tasks for the given quadraticfunction.i. Set up a coordinate system on graphpaper. Label and scale each axis.ii. Plot the vertex of the parabola andlabel it with its coordinates.iii. Draw the axis of symmetry and labelit with its equation.iv. Set up a table near your coordinatesystem that contains exact coordinatesof two points on either side of the axisof symmetry. Plot them on your coordinatesystem and their “mirror images”across the axis of symmetry.v. Sketch the parabola and label it withits equation.vi. Use interval notation to describe boththe domain and range of the quadraticfunction.23. f(x) = (x + 2) 2 − 324. f(x) = (x − 3) 2 − 427. f(x) = (x − 3) 228. f(x) = −(x + 2) 229. f(x) = −x 2 + 730. f(x) = −x 2 + 731. f(x) = 2(x − 1) 2 − 632. f(x) = −2(x + 1) 2 + 533. f(x) = − 1 2 (x + 1)2 + 534. f(x) = 1 2 (x − 3)2 − 635. f(x) = 2(x − 5/2) 2 − 15/236. f(x) = −3(x + 7/2) 2 + 15/4In Exercises 37-44, write the given quadraticfunction on your homework paper,then use set-builder and interval notationto describe the domain and therange of the function.37. f(x) = 7(x + 6) 2 − 638. f(x) = 8(x + 1) 2 + 739. f(x) = −3(x + 4) 2 − 740. f(x) = −6(x − 7) 2 + 941. f(x) = −7(x + 5) 2 − 742. f(x) = 8(x − 4) 2 + 343. f(x) = −4(x − 1) 2 + 244. f(x) = 7(x − 2) 2 − 325. f(x) = −(x − 2) 2 + 526. f(x) = −(x + 4) 2 + 4Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.1 The Parabola 435In Exercises 45-52, using the given valueof a, find the specific quadratic functionof the form f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k thathas the graph shown. Note: h and k areintegers. Check your solution with yourgraphing calculator.45. a = −2y548. a = 0.5y5x5x549. a = 2y546. a = 0.5y5x5x550. a = −0.5y547. a = 2y5x5x5Version: Fall 2007

436 Chapter 5 Quadratic Functions51. a = 2y554.y5x5x552. a = 0.5y5x5In Exercises 55-56, use the graph todetermine the domain of the function f(x) =ax 2 +bx+c. The arrows on the graph aremeant to indicate that the graph continuesindefinitely in the continuing patternand direction of each arrow. Use intervalnotation to describe your solution.55.y5In Exercises 53-54, use the graph todetermine the range of the function f(x) =ax 2 +bx+c. The arrows on the graph aremeant to indicate that the graph continuesindefinitely in the continuing patternand direction of each arrow. Describeyour solution using interval notation.x553.y556.y5x5x5Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.1The Parabola5.1 Solutions1. First, enter the functions into the Y= menu. Then press GRAPH to view a comparisonof the three graphs.Note how the graph of y = 2x 2 is narrower and taller than the graph of y = x 2 , andthe graph of y = 4x 2 is narrower and taller still. We see therefore that multiplying x 2by a positive number such as 2 or 4 stretches or scales the graph vertically, making ittaller (and narrower).3. First, enter the functions into the Y= menu. Then press GRAPH to view a comparisonof the three graphs.Note how the graph of g(x) = (x−2) 2 has the same shape as the graph of f(x) = x 2but it is shifted 2 units to the right; and the graph of h(x) = (x − 4) 2 also has the sameshape, but is shifted 4 units to the right. It thus appears that y = (x − c) 2 , for positivec, has the same shape as f(x) = x 2 but is shifted c units to the right.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions5. First, enter the functions into the Y= menu. Then press GRAPH to view a comparisonof the three graphs.Note how the graph of g(x) = x 2 + 2 has the same shape as the graph of f(x) = x 2but it is shifted 2 units up; and the graph of h(x) = x 2 + 4 also has the same shape,but is shifted 4 units up.It thus appears that y = x 2 + k, for a positive k, has the same shape as f(x) = x 2 butis shifted k units up.7. The function f(x) = −5(x − 4) 2 − 5 is given in vertex form f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k,where a = −5, h = 4, and k = −5. The vertex is (h, k) = (4, −5).9. The function f(x) = 3(x + 1) 2 is given in vertex form f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k, wherea = 3, h = −1, and k = 0. The vertex is (h, k) = (−1, 0).11. The function f(x) = −7(x − 4) 2 + 6 is given in vertex form f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k,where a = −7, h = 4, and k = 6. The vertex is (h, k) = (4, 6).13. The function f(x) = 1 ( )6 x +7 23 +38 is given in vertex form f(x) = a(x − h)2 + k,where a = 1/6, h = −7/3, and k = 3/8. The vertex is (h, k) = ( − 7 3 , 3 8).15. The function f(x) = −7(x − 3) 2 + 1 is given in vertex form f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k,where a = −7, h = 3, and k = 1. The axis of symmetry is the vertical line through thevertex. h = 3, so the axis of symmetry is x = 3.17. The function f(x) = − 7 ( )8 x +1 24 +23 is given in vertex form f(x) = a(x−h)2 +k,where a = −7/8, h = −1/4, and k = 2/3. The axis of symmetry is the vertical linethrough the vertex. h = − 1 4 , so the axis of symmetry is x = − 1 4 .19. The function f(x) = − 2 ( )9 x +2 23 −45 is given in vertex form f(x) = a(x−h)2 +k,where a = −2/9, h = −2/3, and k = −4/5. The axis of symmetry is the vertical linethrough the vertex. h = − 2 3 , so the axis of symmetry is x = − 2 3 .21. The function f(x) = − 8 ( )7 x +2 29 +65 is given in vertex form f(x) = a(x−h)2 +k,where a = −8/7, h = −2/9, and k = 6/5. The axis of symmetry is the vertical linethrough the vertex. h = − 2 9 , so the axis of symmetry is x = − 2 9 .Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.1The Parabola23. First, sketch your coordinate system. Compare the quadratic function f(x) =(x + 2) 2 − 3 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k and note that h = −2 and k = −3. Hence, thevertex is located at (h, k) = (−2, −3). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = −2. Make a table to find two points on either side of theaxis of symmetry. Plot them and mirror them across the axis of symmetry. Use all ofthis information to complete the graph of f(x) = (x + 2) 2 − 3.y10f(x)=(x+2) 2 −3x y = (x + 2) 2 − 3−1 −20 1(−2,−3)x10x=−2To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−3, ∞).y10y10x10x10Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions25. First, sketch your coordinate system. Compare the quadratic function f(x) =−(x − 2) 2 + 5 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k and note that h = 2 and k = 5. Hence, thevertex is located at (h, k) = (2, 5). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line through thevertex with equation x = 2. Make a table to find two points on either side of the axisof symmetry. Plot them and mirror them across the axis of symmetry. Use all of thisinformation to complete the graph of f(x) = −(x − 2) 2 + 5.y10(2,5)x y = −(x − 2) 2 + 50 11 4x10f(x)=−(x−2) 2 +5x=2To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 5].y10y10x10x10Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.1The Parabola27. First, sketch your coordinate system. Compare the quadratic function f(x) =(x − 3) 2 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k and note that h = 3 and k = 0. Hence, the vertexis located at (h, k) = (3, 0). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertexwith equation x = 3. Make a table to find two points on either side of the axis ofsymmetry. Plot them and mirror them across the axis of symmetry. Use all of thisinformation to complete the graph of f(x) = (x − 3) 2 .y10f(x)=(x−3) 2x y = (x − 3) 21 42 1(3,0)x10x=3To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [0, ∞).y10y10x10x10Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions29. First, sketch your coordinate system. Compare the quadratic function f(x) =−x 2 + 7 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k and note that h = 0 and k = 7. Hence, the vertexis located at (h, k) = (0, 7). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertexwith equation x = 0. Make a table to find two points on either side of the axis ofsymmetry. Plot them and mirror them across the axis of symmetry. Use all of thisinformation to complete the graph of f(x) = −x 2 + 7.y10(0,7)x y = −x 2 + 71 62 3x10f(x)=−x 2 +7x=0To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 7].y10y10x10x10Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.1The Parabola31. First, sketch your coordinate system. Compare the quadratic function f(x) =2(x − 1) 2 − 6 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k and note that h = 1 and k = −6. Hence, thevertex is located at (h, k) = (1, −6). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = 1. Make a table to find two points on either side of theaxis of symmetry. Plot them and mirror them across the axis of symmetry. Use all ofthis information to complete the graph of f(x) = 2(x − 1) 2 − 6.y10f(x)=2(x−1) 2 −6x y = 2(x − 1) 2 − 62 −43 2x10(1,−6)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−6, ∞).x=1y10y10x10x10Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions33. First, sketch your coordinate system. Compare the quadratic function f(x) =− 1 2 (x + 1)2 + 5 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k and note that h = −1 and k = 5. Hence, thevertex is located at (h, k) = (−1, 5). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = −1. Make a table to find two points on either side of theaxis of symmetry. Plot them and mirror them across the axis of symmetry. Use all ofthis information to complete the graph of f(x) = − 1 2 (x + 1)2 + 5.y10(−1,5)x y = − 1 2 (x+1)2 +50 9/21 3x10x=−1f(x)=− 1 2 (x+1)2 +5To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 5].y10y10x10x10Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.1The Parabola35. First, sketch your coordinate system. Compare the quadratic function f(x) =2(x − 5/2) 2 − 15/2 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k and note that h = 5/2 and k = −15/2.Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) = (5/2, −15/2). The axis of symmetry is a verticalline through the vertex with equation x = 5/2. Make a table to find two points on eitherside of the axis of symmetry. Plot them and mirror them across the axis of symmetry.Use all of this information to complete the graph of f(x) = 2(x − 5/2) 2 − 15/2.y10f(x)=2(x−5/2) 2 −15/2xy =2(x−5/2) 2 −15/21 −32 −7x10x=5/2(5/2,−15/2)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−15/2, ∞).y10y10x10x10Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions37. The graph opens upward since a = 7 > 0, and the vertex is at (h, k) = (−6, −6).Thus the domain is [−∞, ∞) and the range is {y : y ≥ −6} = [−6, ∞).39. The graph opens downward since a = −3 < 0, and the vertex is at (h, k) =(−4, −7). Thus the domain is [−∞, ∞) and the range is {y : y ≤ −7} = [−7, ∞).41. The graph opens downward since a = −7 < 0, and the vertex is at (h, k) =(−5, −7). Thus the domain is [−∞, ∞) and the range is {y : y ≤ −7} = [−7, ∞).43. The graph opens downward since a = −4 < 0, and the vertex is at (h, k) = (1, 2).Thus the domain is [−∞, ∞) and the range is {y : y ≤ 2} = [2, ∞).45. Note that the parabola opens downward (see figure below). Hence, let’s startwith the form f(x) = −2x 2 , which is a parabola that opens downward, with vertex atthe origin. Next, the parabola in the image has been shifted 3 units to the right, so wemust replace x with x − 3 in f(x) = −2x 2 , arriving at f(x) = −2(x − 3) 2 . Finally, wesee that the graph has been shifted 1 unit up, so we add 1 to our last form to arrive atthe final answer, f(x) = −2(x − 3) 2 + 1.y5(3, 1)x547. Note that the parabola opens upward (see figure below). Hence, let’s start withthe form f(x) = 2x 2 , which is a parabola that opens upward, with vertex at the origin.Next, the parabola in the image has been shifted 1 unit to the left, so we must replacex with x + 1 in f(x) = 2x 2 , arriving at f(x) = 2(x + 1) 2 . Finally, we see that thegraph has been shifted 1 unit down, so we add −1 to our last form to arrive at the finalanswer, f(x) = 2(x + 1) 2 − 1.y5(−1, −1)x5Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.1The Parabola49. Note that the parabola opens upward (see figure below). Hence, let’s start withthe form f(x) = 2x 2 , which is a parabola that opens upward, with vertex at the origin.Next, the parabola in the image has been shifted 2 units to the left, so we must replacex with x + 2 in f(x) = 2x 2 , arriving at f(x) = 2(x + 2) 2 . Finally, we see that the graphhas been shifted 1 unit up, so we add 1 to our last form to arrive at the final answer,f(x) = 2(x + 2) 2 + 1.y5(−2, 1)x551. Note that the parabola opens upward (see figure below). Hence, let’s start withthe form f(x) = 2x 2 , which is a parabola that opens upward, with vertex at the origin.Next, the parabola in the image has been shifted 3 units to the right, so we mustreplace x with x − 3 in f(x) = 2x 2 , arriving at f(x) = 2(x − 3) 2 . Finally, we see thatthe graph has been shifted 1 unit down, so we add −1 to our last form to arrive at thefinal answer, f(x) = 2(x − 3) 2 − 1.y5x5(3, −1)Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions53. To find the range of f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, examine the graph and mentally projecteach point of the graph onto the y-axis (see figure below). Note that the arrows on theends of the blue graph imply that the blue graph opens downward and to the left andright indefinitely. Thus, the range is all real numbers less than or equal to −2, or ininterval notation, (−∞, −2].y5x555. To find the domain of f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, examine the graph and mentallyproject each point of the graph onto the x-axis (see figure below). Note that the arrowson the ends of the blue graph imply that the blue graph opens downward and to theleft and right indefinitely. Thus, the domain is all real numbers, or in interval notation,(−∞, ∞).y5x5Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2 Vertex Form 4535.2 ExercisesIn Exercises 1-8, expand the binomial.1.2.(x + 4 ) 25(x − 4 ) 253. (x + 3) 24. (x + 5) 25. (x − 7) 26.(x − 2 ) 257. (x − 6) 28.(x − 5 ) 22In Exercises 9-16, factor the perfect squaretrinomial.9. x 2 − 6 5 x + 92510. x 2 + 5x + 25 411. x 2 − 12x + 3612. x 2 + 3x + 9 413. x 2 + 12x + 3614. x 2 − 3 2 x + 9 1615. x 2 + 18x + 8116. x 2 + 10x + 25In Exercises 17-24, transform the givenquadratic function into vertex form f(x) =(x − h) 2 + k by completing the square.17. f(x) = x 2 − x + 818. f(x) = x 2 + x − 719. f(x) = x 2 − 5x − 420. f(x) = x 2 + 7x − 121. f(x) = x 2 + 2x − 622. f(x) = x 2 + 4x + 823. f(x) = x 2 − 9x + 324. f(x) = x 2 − 7x + 8In Exercises 25-32, transform the givenquadratic function into vertex form f(x) =a(x − h) 2 + k by completing the square.25. f(x) = −2x 2 − 9x − 326. f(x) = −4x 2 − 6x + 127. f(x) = 5x 2 + 5x + 528. f(x) = 3x 2 − 4x − 629. f(x) = 5x 2 + 7x − 330. f(x) = 5x 2 + 6x + 431. f(x) = −x 2 − x + 432. f(x) = −3x 2 − 6x + 41Copyrighted material. See: http://msenux.redwoods.edu/IntAlgText/Version: Fall 2007

454 Chapter 5 Quadratic FunctionsIn Exercises 33-38, find the vertex ofthe graph of the given quadratic function.33. f(x) = −2x 2 + 5x + 334. f(x) = x 2 + 5x + 835. f(x) = −4x 2 − 4x + 136. f(x) = 5x 2 + 7x + 837. f(x) = 4x 2 + 2x + 838. f(x) = x 2 + x − 7In Exercises 39-44, find the axis of symmetryof the graph of the given quadraticfunction.39. f(x) = −5x 2 − 7x − 840. f(x) = x 2 + 6x + 341. f(x) = −2x 2 − 5x − 842. f(x) = −x 2 − 6x + 243. f(x) = −5x 2 + x + 644. f(x) = x 2 − 9x − 6For each of the quadratic functions inExercises 45-66, perform each of thefollowing tasks.i. Use the technique of completing thesquare to place the given quadraticfunction in vertex form.ii. Set up a coordinate system on a sheetof graph paper. Label and scale eachaxis.iii. Draw the axis of symmetry and labelit with its equation. Plot the vertexand label it with its coordinates.iv. Set up a table near your coordinatesystem that calculates the coordinatesof two points on either side of the axisof symmetry. Plot these points andtheir mirror images across the axis ofsymmetry. Draw the parabola andlabel it with its equationv. Use the graph of the parabola to determinethe domain and range of thequadratic function. Describe the domainand range using interval notation.45. f(x) = x 2 − 8x + 1246. f(x) = x 2 + 4x − 147. f(x) = x 2 + 6x + 348. f(x) = x 2 − 4x + 149. f(x) = x 2 − 2x − 650. f(x) = x 2 + 10x + 2351. f(x) = −x 2 + 6x − 452. f(x) = −x 2 − 6x − 353. f(x) = −x 2 − 10x − 2154. f(x) = −x 2 + 12x − 3355. f(x) = 2x 2 − 8x + 356. f(x) = 2x 2 + 8x + 457. f(x) = −2x 2 − 12x − 1358. f(x) = −2x 2 + 24x − 7059. f(x) = (1/2)x 2 − 4x + 560. f(x) = (1/2)x 2 + 4x + 661. f(x) = (−1/2)x 2 − 3x + 1/262. f(x) = (−1/2)x 2 + 4x − 2Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2 Vertex Form 45563. f(x) = 2x 2 + 7x − 264. f(x) = −2x 2 − 5x − 465. f(x) = −3x 2 + 8x − 379. Evaluate f(4x − 1) if f(x) = 4x 2 +3x − 3.80. Evaluate f(−5x−3) if f(x) = −4x 2 +x + 4.66. f(x) = 3x 2 + 4x − 6In Exercises 67-72, find the range ofthe given quadratic function. Expressyour answer in both interval and set notation.67. f(x) = −2x 2 + 4x + 368. f(x) = x 2 + 4x + 869. f(x) = 5x 2 + 4x + 470. f(x) = 3x 2 − 8x + 371. f(x) = −x 2 − 2x − 772. f(x) = x 2 + x + 9Drill for Skill. In Exercises 73-76,evaluate the function at the given valueb.73. f(x) = 9x 2 − 9x + 4; b = −674. f(x) = −12x 2 + 5x + 2; b = −375. f(x) = 4x 2 − 6x − 4; b = 1176. f(x) = −2x 2 − 11x − 10; b = −12Drill for Skill. In Exercises 77-80,evaluate the function at the given expression.77. Evaluate f(x+4) if f(x) = −5x 2 +4x + 2.78. Evaluate f(−4x−5) if f(x) = 4x 2 +x + 1.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions5.2 Solutions1.( )x +4 25 = x 2 + 2(x) ( (45)+4) 25 = x 2 + 8 5 x + 16253. (x + 3) 2 = x 2 + 2(x)(3) + 3 2 = x 2 + 6x + 95. (x − 7) 2 = x 2 + 2(x)(−7) + (−7) 2 = x 2 − 14x + 497. (x − 6) 2 = x 2 + 2(x)(−6) + (−6) 2 = x 2 − 12x + 369. x 2 − 6 5 x + 925 = ( x − 3 ) 2511. x 2 − 12x + 36 = (x − 6) 213. x 2 + 12x + 36 = (x + 6) 215. x 2 + 18x + 81 = (x + 9) 217.19.f(x) = x 2 − x + 8= x 2 − x + 1 4 − 1 4 + 8(= x 2 − x + 1 )− 1 4 4 + 8(= x − 1 ) 2+ 312 4f(x) = x 2 − 5x − 4= x 2 − 5x + 25 4 − 254 − 4(= x 2 − 5x + 254=(x − 5 2) 2− 41 4)− 254 − 4Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2Vertex Form21.f(x) = x 2 + 2x − 6= x 2 + 2x + 1 − 1 − 6= ( x 2 + 2x + 1 ) − 1 − 6= (x + 1) 2 − 723.f(x) = x 2 − 9x + 3= x 2 − 9x + 81 4 − 814 + 3(= x 2 − 9x + 81 4=(x − 9 ) 2− 692 4)− 814 + 325.f(x) = −2x 2 − 9x − 3(= −2 x 2 + 9 2 x + 3 )2(= −2 x 2 + 9 2 x + 81((= −2 x 2 + 9 2 x + 8116( (= −2 x + 9 4(= −2 x + 9 ) 2+ 57 4 816 − 8116 + 3 )2)− 81) 2− 5716)16 + 3 2)Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions27.f(x) = 5x 2 + 5x + 5= 5 ( x 2 + x + 1 )= 5(x 2 + x + 1 4 − 1 )4 + 1((= 5 x 2 + x + 1 )− 1 )4 4 + 1( (= 5 x + 1 ) 2+ 3 2 4)(= 5 x + 1 ) 2+ 15 2 429.f(x) = 5x 2 + 7x − 3(= 5 x 2 + 7 5 x − 3 )5(= 5 x 2 + 7 5 x + 49((= 5 x 2 + 7 5 x + 49100( (= 5 x + 7 10(= 5 x + 7 ) 2− 10910 20100 − 49100 − 3 )5)− 49) 2− 109100)100 − 3 5)Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2Vertex Form31.f(x) = −x 2 − x + 4= −1 ( x 2 + x − 4 )= −1(x 2 + x + 1 4 − 1 )4 − 4((= −1 x 2 + x + 1 )− 1 )4 4 − 4( (= −1 x + 1 ) )2− 17 2 4(= −1 x + 1 ) 2+ 17 2 433. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = −2x 2 + 5x + 3(= −2 x 2 − 5 2 x − 3 )2(= −2 x 2 − 5 2 x + 25((= −2 x 2 − 5 2 x + 2516( (= −2 x − 5 4(= −2 x − 5 ) 2+ 49 4 816 − 2516 − 3 )2)− 25) 2− 4916Thus, h = 5 4 and k = 49 8 , so the vertex is ( 54 , 49 )8 .)16 − 3 2)Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions35. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = −4x 2 − 4x + 1(= −4 x 2 + x − 1 )4(= −4 x 2 + x + 1 4 − 1 4 − 1 )4((= −4 x 2 + x + 1 )− 1 4 4 − 1 )4( (= −4 x + 1 ) 2− 1 2 2)(= −4 x + 1 2+ 22)Thus, h = − 1 2 and k = 2, so the vertex is ( − 1 2 , 2) .37. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = 4x 2 + 2x + 8= 4(x 2 + 1 )2 x + 2(= 4 x 2 + 1 2 x + 116 − 1 )16 + 2((= 4 x 2 + 1 2 x + 116( (= 4 x + 1 4(= 4 x + 1 ) 2+ 314 4) 2+ 3116Thus, h = − 1 4 and k = 31 4 , so the vertex is ( − 1 4 , 31 )4 .)− 1 16 + 2 ))Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2Vertex Form39. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = −5x 2 − 7x − 8(= −5 x 2 + 7 5 x + 8 )5(= −5 x 2 + 7 5 x + 49((= −5 x 2 + 7 5 x + 49100( (= −5 x + 7 10(= −5 x + 7 ) 2− 11110 20100 − 49100 + 8 )5)− 49) 2+ 111100Thus, h = − 7 10 , so the axis of symmetry is x = − 7 10 .)100 + 8 541. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = −2x 2 − 5x − 8= −2(x 2 + 5 )2 x + 4(= −2 x 2 + 5 2 x + 25((= −2 x 2 + 5 2 x + 2516( (= −2 x + 5 4(= −2 x + 5 ) 2− 39 4 816 − 25 )16 + 4)− 25 )16 + 4) 2+ 3916Thus, h = − 5 4 , so the axis of symmetry is x = − 5 4 .))Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions43. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = −5x 2 + x + 6(= −5 x 2 − 1 5 x − 6 )5(= −5 x 2 − 1 5 x + 1((= −5 x 2 − 1 5 x + 1100( (= −5 x − 1 10(= −5 x − 1 ) 2+ 12110 20100 − 1100 − 6 )5)− 1) 2− 121100Thus, h = 1110, so the axis of symmetry is x =10 .)100 − 6 5)Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2Vertex Form45. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = x 2 − 8x + 12= x 2 − 8x + 16 − 16 + 12= (x 2 − 8x + 16) − 16 + 12= (x − 4) 2 − 16 + 12= (x − 4) 2 − 4Compare the quadratic function f(x) = (x − 4) 2 − 4 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k andnote that h = 4 and k = −4. Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) = (4, −4). Theaxis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex with equation x = 4. Make atable to find two points on either side of the axis of symmetry. Plot them and mirrorthem across the axis of symmetry. Use all of this information to complete the graph off(x) = (x − 4) 2 − 4.y10f(x)=(x−4) 2 −4x y = (x − 4) 2 − 42 03 −3x10(4,−4)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−4, ∞).x=4y10y10x10x10(4,−4)Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions47. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = x 2 + 6x + 3= x 2 + 6x + 9 − 9 + 3= (x 2 + 6x + 9) − 9 + 3= (x + 3) 2 − 9 + 3= (x + 3) 2 − 6Compare the quadratic function f(x) = (x + 3) 2 − 6 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k andnote that h = −3 and k = −6. Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) = (−3, −6). Theaxis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex with equation x = −3. Make atable to find two points on either side of the axis of symmetry. Plot them and mirrorthem across the axis of symmetry. Use all of this information to complete the graph off(x) = (x + 3) 2 − 6.y10f(x)=(x+3) 2 −6x y = (x + 3) 2 − 6−2 −5−1 −2x10(−3,−6)x=−3To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−6, ∞).y10y10x10x10(−3,−6)Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2Vertex Form49. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = x 2 − 2x − 6= x 2 − 2x + 1 − 1 − 6= (x 2 − 2x + 1) − 1 − 6= (x − 1) 2 − 1 − 6= (x − 1) 2 − 7Compare the quadratic function f(x) = (x − 1) 2 − 7 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k andnote that h = 1 and k = −7. Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) = (1, −7). Theaxis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex with equation x = 1. Make atable to find two points on either side of the axis of symmetry. Plot them and mirrorthem across the axis of symmetry. Use all of this information to complete the graph off(x) = (x − 1) 2 − 7.y10f(x)=(x−1) 2 −7x y = (x − 1) 2 − 72 −63 −3x10(1,−7)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−7, ∞).x=1y10y10x10x10(1,−7)Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions51. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = −x 2 + 6x − 4= −(x 2 − 6x + 4)= −[x 2 − 6x + 9 − 9 + 4]= −[(x 2 − 6x + 9) − 9 + 4]= −[(x − 3) 2 − 9 + 4]= −[(x − 3) 2 − 5]= −(x − 3) 2 + 5Compare the quadratic function f(x) = −(x − 3) 2 + 5 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + kand note that h = 3 and k = 5. Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) = (3, 5). Theaxis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex with equation x = 3. Make atable to find two points on either side of the axis of symmetry. Plot them and mirrorthem across the axis of symmetry. Use all of this information to complete the graph off(x) = −(x − 3) 2 + 5.y10x y = −(x − 3) 2 + 52 41 1(3,5)x10x=3f(x)=−(x−3) 2 +5To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 5].Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2Vertex Formy10y10(3,5)x10x1053. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = −x 2 − 10x − 21= −(x 2 + 10x + 21)= −[x 2 + 10x + 25 − 25 + 21]= −[(x 2 + 10x + 25) − 25 + 21]= −[(x + 5) 2 − 25 + 21]= −[(x + 5) 2 − 4]= −(x + 5) 2 + 4Compare the quadratic function f(x) = −(x + 5) 2 + 4 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k andnote that h = −5 and k = 4. Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) = (−5, 4). Theaxis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex with equation x = −5. Make atable to find two points on either side of the axis of symmetry. Plot them and mirrorthem across the axis of symmetry. Use all of this information to complete the graph off(x) = −(x + 5) 2 + 4.x=−5y10(−5,4)x y = −(x + 5) 2 + 4−4 3−3 0x10f(x)=−(x+5) 2 +4Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsTo find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 4].y10y10(−5,4)x10x1055. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = 2x 2 − 8x + 3(= 2 x 2 − 4x + 3 )2(= 2 x 2 − 4x + 4 − 4 + 3 )2( (x= 22 − 4x + 4 ) − 4 +2)3(= 2 (x − 2) 2 − 8 2 + 3 )2(= 2 (x − 2) 2 − 5 )2= 2 (x − 2) 2 − 5Compare the quadratic function f(x) = 2(x − 2) 2 − 5 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k andnote that h = 2 and k = −5. Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) = (2, −5). Theaxis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex with equation x = 2. Make atable to find two points on either side of the axis of symmetry. Plot them and mirrorthem across the axis of symmetry. Use all of this information to complete the graph off(x) = 2(x − 2) 2 − 5.Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2Vertex Formy10 f(x)=2(x−2) 2 −5x y = 2(x − 2) 2 − 51 −30 3x10(2,−5)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−5, ∞).y10x=2y10x10x10(2,−5)57. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = −2x 2 − 12x − 13(= −2 x 2 + 6x + 13 )2(= −2 x 2 + 6x + 9 − 9 + 13 )2( (x= −22 + 6x + 9 ) − 9 + 13 )2(= −2 (x + 3) 2 − 18(= −2 (x + 3) 2 − 5 2= −2 (x + 3) 2 + 52 + 13 )2)Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsCompare the quadratic function f(x) = −2(x + 3) 2 + 5 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k andnote that h = −3 and k = 5. Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) = (−3, 5). Theaxis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex with equation x = −3. Make atable to find two points on either side of the axis of symmetry. Plot them and mirrorthem across the axis of symmetry. Use all of this information to complete the graph off(x) = −2(x + 3) 2 + 5.x=−3y10(−3,5)x y = −2(x+3) 2 +5−2 3−1 −3x10f(x)=−2(x+3) 2 +5To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 5].y10y10(−3,5)x10x10Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2Vertex Form59. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = (1/2)x 2 − 4x + 5= 1 (x 2 − 8x + 10 )2= 1 (x 2 − 8x + 16 − 16 + 10 )2= 1 ((x 2 − 8x + 16 ) − 16 + 10 )2= 1 ()(x − 4) 2 − 62= 1 2 (x − 4)2 − 3Compare the quadratic function f(x) = 1 2 (x − 4)2 − 3 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k andnote that h = 4 and k = −3. Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) = (4, −3). Theaxis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex with equation x = 4. Make atable to find two points on either side of the axis of symmetry. Plot them and mirrorthem across the axis of symmetry. Use all of this information to complete the graph off(x) = 1 2 (x − 4)2 − 3.y10f(x)= 1 2 (x−4)2 −3x y = 1 2 (x − 4)2 − 33 −2.52 −1(4,−3)x10x=4To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−3, ∞).Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functionsy10y10x10x10(4,−3)61. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = (−1/2)x 2 − 3x + 1/2= − 1 (x 2 + 6x − 1 )2= − 1 (x 2 + 6x + 9 − 9 − 1 )2= − 1 ((x 2 + 6x + 9 ) − 9 − 1 )2= − 1 ()(x + 3) 2 − 102= − 1 2 (x + 3)2 + 5Compare the quadratic function f(x) = − 1 2 (x + 3)2 + 5 with f(x) = a(x − h) 2 + k andnote that h = −3 and k = 5. Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) = (−3, 5). Theaxis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex with equation x = −3. Make atable to find two points on either side of the axis of symmetry. Plot them and mirrorthem across the axis of symmetry. Use all of this information to complete the graph off(x) = − 1 2 (x + 3)2 + 5.y10(−3,5)x y = − 1 2 (x+3)2 +5−2 4.5−1 3x10x=−3f(x)=(−1/2)x 2 −3x+1/2Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2Vertex FormTo find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 5].y10y10(−3,5)x10x1063. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = 2x 2 + 7x − 2= 2(x 2 + 7 )2 x − 1(= 2 x 2 + 7 2 x + 49((= 2 x 2 + 7 2 x + 4916= 2( (x + 7 4( (= 2 x + 7 4(= 2 x + 7 ) 2− 65 4 816 − 49 )16 − 1)− 4916 − 1 )) 2− 4916 − 1616)) 2− 6516)Compare the quadratic function f(x) = 2 ( x + 7 24)−658 with f(x) = a(x − h)2 + kand note that h = −7/4 and k = −65/8. Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) =(−7/4, −65/8). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex with equationx = −7/4. Make a table to find two points on either side of the axis of symmetry. Plotthem and mirror them across the axis of symmetry. Use all of this information tocomplete the graph of f(x) = 2 ( x + 7 24)−658 .Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functionsy10 f(x)=2x 2 +7x−2x=−7/4x y = 2(x+ 7 4 )2 − 65 8−1/2 −51/2 2x10(−7/4,−65/8)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [− 65 8 , ∞).y10y10x10x10(−7/4,−65/8)Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2Vertex Form65. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = −3x 2 + 8x − 3= −3(x 2 − 8 )3 x + 1(= −3 x 2 − 8 3 x + 169 − 16 )9 + 1((= −3 x 2 − 8 3 x + 16 )− 16 )9 9 + 1( (= −3 x − 4 ) 2− 16 3 9 9)+ 9( (= −3 x − 4 ) 2− 7 3 9)(= −3 x − 4 ) 2+ 7 3 3Compare the quadratic function f(x) = −3 ( x − 4 3) 2+73 with f(x) = a(x − h)2 + k andnote that h = 4/3 and k = 7/3. Hence, the vertex is located at (h, k) = (4/3, 7/3). Theaxis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex with equation x = 4/3. Make atable to find two points on either side of the axis of symmetry. Plot them and mirrorthem across the axis of symmetry. Use all of this information to complete the graph off(x) = −3 ( x − 4 3) 2+73 .y10xy =−3(x−4/3) 2 +7/31 20 −3(4/3,7/3)x10x=4/3f(x)=−3x 2 +8x−3To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 7/3].Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functionsy10y10(4/3,7/3)x10x1067. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = −2x 2 + 4x + 3(= −2 x 2 − 2x − 3 2)(= −2 x 2 − 2x + 1 − 1 − 3 )2( (x= −22 − 2x + 1 ) − 1 − 3 2)(= −2 (x − 1) 2 − 5 )2= −2 (x − 1) 2 + 5The graph opens downward since a = −2 < 0, and the vertex is at (h, k), where h = 1and k = 5. Thus, the range is (−∞, k] = (−∞, 5].69. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = 5x 2 + 4x + 4= 5(x 2 + 4 5 x + 4 5)(= 5 x 2 + 4 5 x + 4 25 − 4 25 + 4 )5((= 5 x 2 + 4 5 x + 425( (= 5 x + 2 5(= 5 x + 2 ) 2+ 16 5 5) 2+ 1625)− 4 25 + 4 )5)Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.2Vertex FormThe graph opens upward since a = 5 > 0, and the vertex is at (h, k), where h = − 2 5and k = 16 5 . Thus, the range is [k, ∞) = [ 165 , ∞) .71. First complete the square to transform the function into vertex form a(x−h) 2 +k:f(x) = −x 2 − 2x − 7= −1 ( x 2 + 2x + 7 )= −1 ( x 2 + 2x + 1 − 1 + 7 )= −1 (( x 2 + 2x + 1 ) − 1 + 7 )()= −1 (x + 1) 2 + 6= −1 (x + 1) 2 − 6The graph opens downward since a = −1 < 0, and the vertex is at (h, k), where h = −1and k = −6. Thus, the range is (−∞, k] = (−∞, −6].73. Substitute −6 for x in 9x 2 − 9x + 4 and simplify to get 382:f(−6) = 9(−6) 2 − 9(−6) + 4 = 38275. Substitute 11 for x in 4x 2 − 6x − 4 and simplify to get 414:f(11) = 4(11) 2 − 6(11) − 4 = 41477. Substitute x + 4 for x in −5x 2 + 4x + 2 and simplify:f(x + 4) = −5(x + 4) 2 + 4(x + 4) + 2= −5(x 2 + 8x + 16) + 4x + 16 + 2= −5x 2 − 36x − 6279. Substitute 4x − 1 for x in 4x 2 + 3x − 3 and simplify:f(4x − 1) = 4(4x − 1) 2 + 3(4x − 1) − 3= 4(16x 2 − 8x + 1) + 12x − 3 − 3= 64x 2 − 20x − 2Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3 Zeros of the Quadratic 4735.3 ExercisesIn Exercises 1-8, factor the given quadraticpolynomial.1. x 2 + 9x + 142. x 2 + 6x + 53. x 2 + 10x + 94. x 2 + 4x − 215. x 2 − 4x − 56. x 2 + 7x − 87. x 2 − 7x + 128. x 2 + 5x − 24In Exercises 9-16, find the zeros of thegiven quadratic function.9. f(x) = x 2 − 2x − 1510. f(x) = x 2 + 4x − 3211. f(x) = x 2 + 10x − 3912. f(x) = x 2 + 4x − 4513. f(x) = x 2 − 14x + 4014. f(x) = x 2 − 5x − 1415. f(x) = x 2 + 9x − 3616. f(x) = x 2 + 11x − 26In Exercises 17-22, perform each of thefollowing tasks for the quadratic functions.i. Load the function into Y1 of the Y= ofyour graphing calculator. Adjust thewindow parameters so that the vertexis visible in the viewing window.ii. Set up a coordinate system on yourhomework paper. Label and scale eachaxis with xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax.Make a reasonable copy of the imagein the viewing window of your calculatoron this coordinate system andlabel it with its equation.iii. Use the zero utility on your graphingcalculator to find the zeros of thefunction. Use these results to plotthe x-intercepts on your coordinatesystem and label them with their coordinates.iv. Use a strictly algebraic technique (nocalculator) to find the zeros of thegiven quadratic function. Show yourwork next to your coordinate system.Be stubborn! Work the problem untilyour algebraic and graphically zerosare a reasonable match.17. f(x) = x 2 + 5x − 1418. f(x) = x 2 + x − 2019. f(x) = −x 2 + 3x + 1820. f(x) = −x 2 + 3x + 4021. f(x) = x 2 − 16x − 3622. f(x) = x 2 + 4x − 961Copyrighted material. See: http://msenux.redwoods.edu/IntAlgText/Version: Fall 2007

474 Chapter 5 Quadratic FunctionsIn Exercises 23-30, perform each of thefollowing tasks for the given quadraticfunction.i. Set up a coordinate system on graphpaper. Label and scale each axis. Rememberto draw all lines with a ruler.ii. Use the technique of completing thesquare to place the quadratic functionin vertex form. Plot the vertexon your coordinate system and labelit with its coordinates. Draw the axisof symmetry on your coordinate systemand label it with its equation.iii. Use a strictly algebraic technique (nocalculators) to find the x-interceptsof the graph of the given quadraticfunction. Plot them on your coordinatesystem and label them withtheir coordinates.iv. Find the y-intercept of the graph ofthe quadratic function. Plot the y-intercept on your coordinate systemand its mirror image across the axisof symmetry, then label these pointswith their coordinates.v. Using all the information plotted, drawthe graph of the quadratic functionand label it with the vertex form ofits equation. Use interval notation todescribe the domain and range of thequadratic function.23. f(x) = x 2 + 2x − 824. f(x) = x 2 − 6x + 825. f(x) = x 2 + 4x − 1226. f(x) = x 2 + 8x + 1230. f(x) = −x 2 − 8x + 20In Exercises 31-38, factor the given quadraticpolynomial.31. 42x 2 + 5x − 232. 3x 2 + 7x − 2033. 5x 2 − 19x + 1234. 54x 2 − 3x − 135. −4x 2 + 9x − 536. 3x 2 − 5x − 1237. 2x 2 − 3x − 3538. −6x 2 + 25x + 9In Exercises 39-46, find the zeros ofthe given quadratic functions.39. f(x) = 2x 2 − 3x − 2040. f(x) = 2x 2 − 7x − 3041. f(x) = −2x 2 + x + 2842. f(x) = −2x 2 + 15x − 2243. f(x) = 3x 2 − 20x + 1244. f(x) = 4x 2 + 11x − 2045. f(x) = −4x 2 + 4x + 1546. f(x) = −6x 2 − x + 1227. f(x) = −x 2 − 2x + 828. f(x) = −x 2 − 2x + 2429. f(x) = −x 2 − 8x + 48Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3 Zeros of the Quadratic 475In Exercises 47-52, perform each of thefollowing tasks for the given quadraticfunctions.i. Load the function into Y1 of the Y= ofyour graphing calculator. Adjust thewindow parameters so that the vertexis visible in the viewing window.ii. Set up a coordinate system on yourhomework paper. Label and scale eachaxis with xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax.Make a reasonable copy of the imagein the viewing window of your calculatoron this coordinate system andlabel it with its equation.iii. Use the zero utility on your graphingcalculator to find the zeros of thefunction. Use these results to plotthe x-intercepts on your coordinatesystem and label them with their coordinates.iv. Use a strictly algebraic technique (nocalculator) to find the zeros of thegiven quadratic function. Show yourwork next to your coordinate system.Be stubborn! Work the problem untilyour algebraic and graphically zerosare a reasonable match.47. f(x) = 2x 2 + 3x − 3548. f(x) = 2x 2 − 5x − 4249. f(x) = −2x 2 + 5x + 3350. f(x) = −2x 2 − 5x + 5251. f(x) = 4x 2 − 24x − 1352. f(x) = 4x 2 + 24x − 45In Exercises 53-60, perform each of thefollowing tasks for the given quadraticfunctions.i. Set up a coordinate system on graphpaper. Label and scale each axis. Rememberto draw all lines with a ruler.ii. Use the technique of completing thesquare to place the quadratic functionin vertex form. Plot the vertexon your coordinate system and labelit with its coordinates. Draw the axisof symmetry on your coordinate systemand label it with its equation.iii. Use a strictly algebraic method (nocalculators) to find the x-interceptsof the graph of the quadratic function.Plot them on your coordinatesystem and label them with their coordinates.iv. Find the y-intercept of the graph ofthe quadratic function. Plot the y-intercept on your coordinate systemand its mirror image across the axisof symmetry, then label these pointswith their coordinates.v. Using all the information plotted, drawthe graph of the quadratic functionand label it with the vertex form ofits equation. Use interval notation todescribe the domain and range of thequadratic function.53. f(x) = 2x 2 − 8x − 2454. f(x) = 2x 2 − 4x − 655. f(x) = −2x 2 − 4x + 1656. f(x) = −2x 2 − 16x + 4057. f(x) = 3x 2 + 18x − 4858. f(x) = 3x 2 + 18x − 21659. f(x) = 2x 2 + 10x − 4860. f(x) = 2x 2 − 10x − 100Version: Fall 2007

476 Chapter 5 Quadratic FunctionsIn Exercises 61-66, Use the graph off(x) = ax 2 + bx + c shown to find all solutionsof the equation f(x) = 0. (Note:Every solution is an integer.)64.y561.y5x5x565.y562.y5x5x566.y563.y5x5x5Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the Quadratic5.3 Solutions1. Look for p and q such that (x+p)(x+q) = x 2 +9x+14. It follows that p+q = 9 andpq = 14, so p = 2 and q = 7. Now verify the factorization by multiplying (x + 2)(x + 7)to obtain x 2 + 9x + 14.3. Look for p and q such that (x+p)(x+q) = x 2 +10x+9. It follows that p+q = 10 andpq = 9, so p = 9 and q = 1. Now verify the factorization by multiplying (x + 9)(x + 1)to obtain x 2 + 10x + 9.5. Look for p and q such that (x + p)(x + q) = x 2 − 4x − 5. It follows that p + q = −4and pq = −5, so p = −5 and q = 1. Now verify the factorization by multiplying(x − 5)(x + 1) to obtain x 2 − 4x − 5.7. Look for p and q such that (x + p)(x + q) = x 2 − 7x + 12. It follows that p + q = −7and pq = 12, so p = −4 and q = −3. Now verify the factorization by multiplying(x − 4)(x − 3) to obtain x 2 − 7x + 12.9. To find the zeroes, set f(x) = 0 and factor.By the zero product property, either0 = x 2 − 2x − 15Solve these linear equations independently.0 = (x − 5)(x + 3)x − 5 = 0 or x + 3 = 0.x = 5 or x = −311. To find the zeroes, set f(x) = 0 and factor.0 = x 2 + 10x − 390 = (x + 13)(x − 3)By the zero product property, eitherx + 13 = 0 or x − 3 = 0.Solve these linear equations independently.x = −13 or x = 3Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions13. To find the zeroes, set f(x) = 0 and factor.0 = x 2 − 14x + 400 = (x − 4)(x − 10)By the zero product property, eitherx − 4 = 0 or x − 10 = 0.Solve these linear equations independently.x = 4 or x = 1015. To find the zeroes, set f(x) = 0 and factor.0 = x 2 + 9x − 360 = (x − 3)(x + 12)By the zero product property, eitherx − 3 = 0 or x + 12 = 0.Solve these linear equations independently.x = 3 or x = −1217. To find the zeroes with your calculator, press 2nd TRACE to access the CALCmenu and choose 2:zero.Use the left arrowto move the cursoralong the curve untilit is to the left of thefirst zero. Hit ENTER.Use the right arrow tomove the cursor until itis to the right of thesame zero. Hit ENTER.Finally hit ENTERnear that same zerofor the guess, andyou get the zero.Repeat this process for the second zero. We get (−7, 0) and (2, 0).Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the Quadratic30yf(x)=x 2 −5x−14−10(−7,0) (2,0)x10−30To find the zeroes algebraically, set f(x) = 0 and factor.By the zero product property, either0 = x 2 + 5x − 14Solve these linear equations independently.So the zeroes are (−7, 0) and (2, 0).0 = (x + 7)(x − 2)x + 7 = 0 or x − 2 = 0.x = −7 or x = 219. To find the zeroes with your calculator, press 2nd TRACE to access the CALCmenu and choose 2:zero.Use the left arrowto move the cursoralong the curve untilit is to the left of thefirst zero. Hit ENTER.Use the right arrow tomove the cursor until itis to the right of thesame zero. Hit ENTER.Finally hit ENTERnear that same zerofor the guess, andyou get the zero.Repeat this process for the second zero. We get (6, 0) and (−3, 0).Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions30y(−3,0) (6,0)x−10 10−30f(x)=−x 2 +3x+18To find the zeroes algebraically, set f(x) = 0 and factor.0 = −x 2 + 3x + 180 = −(x 2 − 3x − 18)0 = −(x − 6)(x + 3)By the zero product property, eitherx − 6 = 0 or x + 3 = 0.Solve these linear equations independently.x = 6 or x = −321. To find the zeroes with your calculator, press 2nd TRACE to access the CALCmenu and choose 2:zero.Use the left arrowto move the cursoralong the curve untilit is to the left of thefirst zero. Hit ENTER.Use the right arrow tomove the cursor until itis to the right of thesame zero. Hit ENTER.Finally hit ENTERnear that same zerofor the guess, andyou get the zero.Repeat this process for the second zero. We get (−2, 0) and (18, 0).Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the Quadratic100yf(x)=x 2 −16x−36−10(−2,0) (18,0)x30−100To find the zeroes algebraically, set f(x) = 0 and factor.0 = x 2 − 16x − 360 = (x + 2)(x − 18)By the zero product property, eitherx + 2 = 0 or x − 18 = 0.Solve these linear equations independently.x = −2 or x = 1823. First, complete the square:f(x) = x 2 + 2x − 8= x 2 + 2x + 1 − 1 − 8= ( x 2 + 2x + 1 ) − 1 − 8= (x + 1) 2 − 9Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (−1, −9). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = −1.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set y = 0 and factor.By the zero product property, either0 = x 2 + 2x − 8Solve these linear equations independently.0 = (x + 4)(x − 2)x + 4 = 0 or x − 2 = 0.x = −4 or x = 2Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsSo the x-intercepts are (−4, 0) and (2, 0).Lastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:y = x 2 + 2x − 8y = 0 2 + 2(0) − 8y = −8So the y-intercept is (0, −8). Finally, put this all together to make the graph.y10 f(x)=(x+1) 2 −9x=−1(−4,0) (2,0)x10(−2,−8)(−1,−9)(0,−8)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−9, ∞).y10 f(x)=(x+1) 2 −9y10 f(x)=(x+1) 2 −9x10x10(−1,−9)25. First, complete the square:f(x) = x 2 + 4x − 12= x 2 + 4x + 4 − 4 − 12= ( x 2 + 4x + 4 ) − 4 − 12= (x + 2) 2 − 16Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the QuadraticRead off the vertex as (h, k) = (−2, −16).through the vertex with equation x = −2.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set y = 0 and factor.By the zero product property, either0 = x 2 + 4x − 12Solve these linear equations independently.So the x-intercepts are (−6, 0) and (2, 0).0 = (x + 6)(x − 2)x + 6 = 0 or x − 2 = 0.x = −6 or x = 2The axis of symmetry is a vertical lineLastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:So the y-intercept is (0, −12).y = x 2 + 4x − 12y = 0 2 + 4(0) − 12y = −12Finally, put this all together to make the graph.y20 f(x)=(x+2) 2 −16x=−2(−6,0) (2,0)x10(−4,−12)(0,−12)(−2,−16)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−16, ∞).Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functionsy20 f(x)=(x+2) 2 −16y20 f(x)=(x+2) 2 −16x10x10(−2,−16)27. First, complete the square:f(x) = −x 2 − 2x + 8= −(x 2 + 2x − 8)= −(x 2 + 2x + 1 − 1 − 8)= − (( x 2 + 2x + 1 ) − 1 − 8 )()= − (x + 1) 2 − 9= − (x + 1) 2 + 9Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (−1, 9). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = −1.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set y = 0 and factor.By the zero product property, either0 = −x 2 − 2x + 80 = −(x 2 + 2x − 8)Solve these linear equations independently.So the x-intercepts are (−4, 0) and (2, 0).0 = −(x + 4)(x − 2)x + 4 = 0 or x − 2 = 0.x = −4 or x = 2Lastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:y = −x 2 − 2x + 8y = −0 2 − 2(0) + 8y = 8Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the QuadraticSo the y-intercept is (0, 8).Finally, put this all together to make the graph.20y(−1,9)(−2,8)(0,8)(−4,0) (2,0)x10x=−1f(x)=−(x+1) 2 +9To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 9].20y20y(−1,9)x10x10f(x)=−(x+1) 2 +9f(x)=−(x+1) 2 +929. First, complete the square:f(x) = −x 2 − 8x + 48= −(x 2 + 8x − 48)= −(x 2 + 8x + 16 − 16 − 48)= − (( x 2 + 8x + 16 ) − 16 − 48 )()= − (x + 4) 2 − 64= − (x + 4) 2 + 64Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsRead off the vertex as (h, k) = (−4, 64). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = −4.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set y = 0 and factor.By the zero product property, either0 = −x 2 − 8x + 480 = −(x 2 + 8x − 48)Solve these linear equations independently.So the x-intercepts are (−12, 0) and (4, 0).0 = −(x + 12)(x − 4)x + 12 = 0 or x − 4 = 0.x = −12 or x = 4Lastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:So the y-intercept is (0, 48).y = −x 2 − 8x + 48y = −0 2 − 8(0) + 48y = 48Finally, put this all together to make the graph.100y(−4,64)(−8,48)(0,48)(−12,0) (4,0)x20x=−4f(x)=−(x+4) 2 +64To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 64].Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the Quadratic100y100y(−4,64)x20x20f(x)=−(x+4) 2 +64f(x)=−(x+4) 2 +6431. Using the ac-test, first look for two numbers whose product is ac = (42)(−2) =−84 and whose sum is b = 5. The solutions are −7 and 12. Then42x 2 + 5x − 2 = 42x 2 − 7x + 12x − 2= 7x(6x − 1) + 2(6x − 1)= (7x + 2)(6x − 1)Now verify the factorization by multiplying (7x + 2)(6x − 1) to obtain 42x 2 + 5x − 2.33. Using the ac-test, first look for two numbers whose product is ac = (5)(12) = 60and whose sum is b = −19. The solutions are −4 and −15. Then5x 2 − 19x + 12 = 5x 2 − 4x − 15x + 12= x(5x − 4) − 3(5x − 4)= (x − 3)(5x − 4)Now verify the factorization by multiplying (x − 3)(5x − 4) to obtain 5x 2 − 19x + 12.35. Using the ac-test, first look for two numbers whose product is ac = (−4)(−5) = 20and whose sum is b = 9. The solutions are 4 and 5. Then− 4x 2 + 9x − 5 = −4x 2 + 4x + 5x − 5= 4x(−x + 1) − 5(−x + 1)= (4x − 5)(−x + 1)Now verify the factorization by multiplying (4x − 5)(−x + 1) to obtain −4x 2 + 9x − 5.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions37. Using the ac-test, first look for two numbers whose product is ac = (2)(−35) =−70 and whose sum is b = −3. The solutions are −10 and 7. Then2x 2 − 3x − 35 = 2x 2 − 10x + 7x − 35= 2x(x − 5) + 7(x − 5)= (2x + 7)(x − 5)Now verify the factorization by multiplying (2x + 7)(x − 5) to obtain 2x 2 − 3x − 35.39. To find the zeroes, set f(x) = 0 and factor.By the zero product property, either0 = 2x 2 − 3x − 20Solve these linear equations independently.0 = (2x + 5)(x − 4)2x + 5 = 0 or x − 4 = 0.x = −5/2 or x = 441. To find the zeroes, set f(x) = 0 and factor.0 = −2x 2 + x + 280 = −(2x 2 − x − 28)0 = −(2x + 7)(x − 4)By the zero product property, either2x + 7 = 0 or x − 4 = 0.Solve these linear equations independently.x = −7/2 or x = 443. To find the zeroes, set f(x) = 0 and factor.0 = 3x 2 − 20x + 120 = (3x − 2)(x − 6)By the zero product property, either3x − 2 = 0 or x − 6 = 0.Solve these linear equations independently.x = 2/3 or x = 6Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the Quadratic45. To find the zeroes, set f(x) = 0 and factor.0 = −4x 2 + 4x + 150 = −(4x 2 − 4x − 15)0 = −(2x + 3)(2x − 5)By the zero product property, either2x + 3 = 0 or 2x − 5 = 0.Solve these linear equations independently.x = −3/2 or x = 5/247. To find the zeroes with your calculator, press 2nd TRACE to access the CALCmenu and choose 2:zero.Use the left arrowto move the cursoralong the curve untilit is to the left of thefirst zero. Hit ENTER.Use the right arrow tomove the cursor until itis to the right of thesame zero. Hit ENTER.Finally hit ENTERnear that same zerofor the guess, andyou get the zero.Repeat this process for the second zero. We get (3.5, 0) and (−5, 0).50yf(x)=2x 2 +3x−35−10(−5,0) (3.5,0)x10−50To find the zeroes algebraically, set y = 0 and solve for x:Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions0 = 2x 2 + 3x − 350 = (2x − 7)(x + 5)By the zero product property, either2x − 7 = 0 or x + 5 = 0.Solve these linear equations independently.x = 7/2 or x = −549. To find the zeroes with your calculator, press 2nd TRACE to access the CALCmenu and choose 2:zero.Use the left arrowto move the cursoralong the curve untilit is to the left of thefirst zero. Hit ENTER.Use the right arrow tomove the cursor until itis to the right of thesame zero. Hit ENTER.Finally hit ENTERnear that same zerofor the guess, andyou get the zero.Repeat this process for the second zero. We get (5.5, 0) and (−3, 0).50y(−3,0) (5.5,0)x−10 10−50f(x)=−2x 2 +5x+33To find the zeroes algebraically, set y = 0 and solve for x:0 = −2x 2 + 5x + 330 = −(2x 2 − 5x − 33)0 = −(2x − 11)(x + 3)Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the QuadraticBy the zero product property, either2x − 11 = 0 or x + 3 = 0.Solve these linear equations independently.x = 11/2 or x = −351. To find the zeroes with your calculator, press 2nd TRACE to access the CALCmenu and choose 2:zero.Use the left arrowto move the cursoralong the curve untilit is to the left of thefirst zero. Hit ENTER.Use the right arrow tomove the cursor until itis to the right of thesame zero. Hit ENTER.Finally hit ENTERnear that same zerofor the guess, andyou get the zero.Repeat this process for the second zero. We get (−.5, 0) and (6.5, 0).100yf(x)=4x 2 −24x−13−10 10x(−0.5,0) (6.5,0)−100To find the zeroes, set y = 0 and solve for x:0 = 4x 2 − 24x − 130 = (2x + 1)(2x − 13)By the zero product property, either2x + 1 = 0 or 2x − 13 = 0.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsSolve these linear equations independently.x = −1/2 or x = 13/253. First, complete the square:f(x) = 2x 2 − 8x − 24= 2(x 2 − 4x − 12)= 2 ( x 2 − 4x + 4 − 4 − 12 )= 2 (( x 2 − 4x + 4 ) − 4 − 12 )()= 2 (x − 2) 2 − 16= 2 (x − 2) 2 − 32Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (2, −32). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = 2.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set y = 0 and factor.By the zero product property, either0 = 2x 2 − 8x − 240 = 2(x 2 − 4x − 12)0 = 2(x − 6)(x + 2)Solve these linear equations independently.So the x-intercepts are (6, 0) and (−2, 0).x − 6 = 0 or x + 2 = 0.x = 6 or x = −2Lastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:So the y-intercept is (0, −24).y = 2x 2 − 8x − 24y = 2(0) 2 − 8(0) − 24y = −24Finally, put this all together to make the graph.Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the Quadratic50yx=2f(x)=2(x−2) 2 −32x(−2,0) (6,0)10(0,−24)(4,−24)(2,−32)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−32, ∞).50yf(x)=2(x−2) 2 −3250yf(x)=2(x−2) 2 −32x10x10(2,−32)55. First, complete the square:f(x) = −2x 2 − 4x + 16= −2(x 2 + 2x − 8)= −2 ( x 2 + 2x + 1 − 1 − 8 )= −2 (( x 2 + 2x + 1 ) − 1 − 8 )()= −2 (x + 1) 2 − 9= −2 (x + 1) 2 + 18Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (−1, 18). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = −1.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set y = 0 and factor.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsBy the zero product property, either0 = −2x 2 − 4x + 160 = −2(x 2 + 2x − 8)Solve these linear equations independently.So the x-intercepts are (−4, 0) and (2, 0).0 = −2(x + 4)(x − 2)x + 4 = 0 or x − 2 = 0.x = −4 or x = 2Lastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:So the y-intercept is (0, 16).y = −2x 2 − 4x + 16y = −2(0) 2 − 4(0) + 16y = 16Finally, put this all together to make the graph.(−1,18)20(−2,16)y(0,16)(−4,0) (2,0)x10x=−1f(x)=−2(x+1) 2 +18To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 18].Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the Quadratic20y20(−1,18)yx10x10f(x)=−2(x+1) 2 +18f(x)=−2(x+1) 2 +1857. First, complete the square:f(x) = 3x 2 + 18x − 48= 3(x 2 + 6x − 16)= 3 ( x 2 + 6x + 9 − 9 − 16 )= 3 (( x 2 + 6x + 9 ) − 9 − 16 )()= 3 (x + 3) 2 − 25= 3 (x + 3) 2 − 75Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (−3, −75).through the vertex with equation x = −3.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set y = 0 and factor.By the zero product property, either0 = 3x 2 + 18x − 480 = 3(x 2 + 6x − 16)0 = 3(x + 8)(x − 2)Solve these linear equations independently.So the x-intercepts are (−8, 0) and (2, 0).x + 8 = 0 or x − 2 = 0.x = −8 or x = 2The axis of symmetry is a vertical lineLastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:y = 3x 2 + 18x − 48y = 3(0) 2 + 18(0) − 48y = −48Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsSo the y-intercept is (0, −48).Finally, put this all together to make the graph.y100 f(x)=3(x+3) 2 −75(−8,0) (2,0)x20(−6,−48)(0,−48)(−3,−75)x=−3To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−75, ∞).y100 f(x)=3(x+3) 2 −75y100 f(x)=3(x+3) 2 −75x20x20(−3,−75)Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the Quadratic59. First, complete the square:f(x) = 2x 2 + 10x − 48= 2(x 2 + 5x − 24)(= 2 x 2 + 5x + 254 − 25 )4 − 24((= 2 x 2 + 5x + 25 )− 25 )4 4 − 24( (= 2 x + 5 ) )2− 252 4 − 964( (= 2 x + 5 ) )2− 1212 4(= 2 x + 5 ) 2− 1212 2Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (−5/2, −121/2). The axis of symmetry is a vertical linethrough the vertex with equation x = −5/2.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set y = 0 and factor.By the zero product property, either0 = 2x 2 + 10x − 480 = 2(x 2 + 5x − 24)0 = 2(x + 8)(x − 3)Solve these linear equations independently.So the x-intercepts are (−8, 0) and (3, 0).x + 8 = 0 or x − 3 = 0.x = −8 or x = 3Lastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:So the y-intercept is (0, −48).y = 2x 2 + 10x − 48y = 2(0) 2 + 10(0) − 48y = −48Finally, put this all together to make the graph.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functionsy100 f(x)=2(x+5/2) 2 −121/2x=−5/2(−8,0) (3,0)x20(−5,−48)(−5/2,−121/2)(0,−48)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−121/2, ∞).y100 f(x)=2(x+5/2) 2 −121/2y100 f(x)=2(x+5/2) 2 −121/2x20x20(−5/2,−121/2)61. To find the solutions of ax 2 +bx+c = 0, note where the graph of f(x) = ax 2 +bx+ccrosses the x-axis (see figure below). Thus, the solutions are −2 and 3.y5x5Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.3Zeros of the Quadratic63. To find the solutions of ax 2 +bx+c = 0, note where the graph of f(x) = ax 2 +bx+ccrosses the x-axis (see figure below). Thus, the solutions are −3 and 0.y5x565. To find the solutions of ax 2 +bx+c = 0, note where the graph of f(x) = ax 2 +bx+ccrosses the x-axis (see figure below). Thus, the solutions are −3 and 0.y5x5Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4 The Quadratic Formula 4975.4 ExercisesIn Exercises 1-8, find all real solutionsof the given equation. Use a calculator toapproximate the answers, correct to thenearest hundredth (two decimal places).1. x 2 = 362. x 2 = 813. x 2 = 174. x 2 = 135. x 2 = 06. x 2 = −187. x 2 = −128. x 2 = 3In Exercises 9-16, find all real solutionsof the given equation. Use a calculator toapproximate your answers to the nearesthundredth.9. (x − 1) 2 = 2510. (x + 3) 2 = 911. (x + 2) 2 = 012. (x − 3) 2 = −913. (x + 6) 2 = −8114. (x + 7) 2 = 1015. (x − 8) 2 = 1516. (x + 10) 2 = 37In Exercises 17-28, perform each of thefollowing tasks for the given quadraticfunction.i. Set up a coordinate system on a sheetof graph paper. Label and scale eachaxis. Remember to draw all lines witha ruler.ii. Place the quadratic function in vertexform. Plot the vertex on your coordinatesystem and label it with itscoordinates. Draw the axis of symmetryon your coordinate system andlabel it with its equation.iii. Use the quadratic formula to find thex-intercepts of the parabola. Use acalculator to approximate each intercept,correct to the nearest tenth, anduse these approximations to plot thex-intercepts on your coordinate system.However, label each x-interceptwith its exact coordinates.iv. Plot the y-intercept on your coordinatesystem and its mirror image acrossthe axis of symmetry and label eachwith their coordinates.v. Using all of the information on yourcoordinate system, draw the graph ofthe parabola, then label it with thevertex form of the function. Use intervalnotation to state the domainand range of the quadratic function.17. f(x) = x 2 − 4x − 818. f(x) = x 2 + 6x − 119. f(x) = x 2 + 6x − 320. f(x) = x 2 − 8x + 121. f(x) = −x 2 + 2x + 101Copyrighted material. See: http://msenux.redwoods.edu/IntAlgText/Version: Fall 2007

498 Chapter 5 Quadratic Functions22. f(x) = −x 2 − 8x − 823. f(x) = −x 2 − 8x − 924. f(x) = −x 2 + 10x − 2025. f(x) = 2x 2 − 20x + 4026. f(x) = 2x 2 − 16x + 1227. f(x) = −2x 2 + 16x + 828. f(x) = −2x 2 − 24x − 52In Exercises 29-32, perform each of thefollowing tasks for the given quadraticequation.i. Set up a coordinate system on a sheetof graph paper. Label and scale eachaxis. Remember to draw all lines witha ruler.ii. Show that the discriminant is negative.iii. Use the technique of completing thesquare to put the quadratic functionin vertex form. Plot the vertex onyour coordinate system and label itwith its coordinates. Draw the axis ofsymmetry on your coordinate systemand label it with its equation.iv. Plot the y-intercept and its mirrorimage across the axis of symmetryon your coordinate system and labeleach with their coordinates.v. Because the discriminant is negative(did you remember to show that?),there are no x-intercepts. Use thegiven equation to calculate one additionalpoint, then plot the point andits mirror image across the axis ofsymmetry and label each with theircoordinates.vi. Using all of the information on yourcoordinate system, draw the graph ofthe parabola, then label it with thevertex form of function. Use intervalnotation to describe the domain andrange of the quadratic function.29. f(x) = x 2 + 4x + 830. f(x) = x 2 − 4x + 931. f(x) = −x 2 + 6x − 1132. f(x) = −x 2 − 8x − 20In Exercises 33-36, perform each of thefollowing tasks for the given quadraticfunction.i. Set up a coordinate system on a sheetof graph paper. Label and scale eachaxis. Remember to draw all lines witha ruler.ii. Use the discriminant to help determinethe value of k so that the graphof the given quadratic function hasexactly one x-intercept.iii. Substitute this value of k back intothe given quadratic function, then usethe technique of completing the squareto put the quadratic function in vertexform. Plot the vertex on your coordinatesystem and label it with itscoordinates. Draw the axis of symmetryon your coordinate system andlabel it with its equation.iv. Plot the y-intercept and its mirrorimage across the axis of symmetryand label each with their coordinates.v. Use the equation to calculate an additionalpoint on either side of the axisof symmetry, then plot this point andits mirror image across the axis ofsymmetry and label each with theircoordinates.vi. Using all of the information on yourcoordinate system, draw the graphof the parabola, then label it withthe vertex form of the function. UseVersion: Fall 2007

Section 5.4 The Quadratic Formula 499interval notation to describe the domainand range of the quadratic function.33. f(x) = x 2 − 4x + 4k34. f(x) = x 2 + 6x + 3k35. f(x) = kx 2 − 16x − 3236. f(x) = kx 2 − 24x + 4837. Find all values of k so that the graphof the quadratic function f(x) = kx 2 −3x + 5 has exactly two x-intercepts.38. Find all values of k so that the graphof the quadratic function f(x) = 2x 2 +7x − 4k has exactly two x-intercepts.39. Find all values of k so that the graphof the quadratic function f(x) = 2x 2 −x + 5k has no x-intercepts.40. Find all values of k so that the graphof the quadratic function f(x) = kx 2 −2x − 4 has no x-intercepts.In Exercises 41-50, find all real solutions,if any, of the equation f(x) = b.41. f(x) = 63x 2 + 74x − 1; b = 842. f(x) = 64x 2 + 128x + 64; b = 043. f(x) = x 2 − x − 5; b = 244. f(x) = 5x 2 − 5x; b = 345. f(x) = 4x 2 + 4x − 1; b = −246. f(x) = 2x 2 − 9x − 3; b = −147. f(x) = 2x 2 + 4x + 6; b = 048. f(x) = 24x 2 − 54x + 27; b = 049. f(x) = −3x 2 + 2x − 13; b = −550. f(x) = x 2 − 5x − 7; b = 0In Exercises 51-60, find all real solutions,if any, of the quadratic equation.51. −2x 2 + 7 = −3x52. −x 2 = −9x + 753. x 2 − 2 = −3x54. 81x 2 = −162x − 8155. 9x 2 + 81 = −54x56. −30x 2 − 28 = −62x57. −x 2 + 6 = 7x58. −8x 2 = 4x + 259. 4x 2 + 3 = −x60. 27x 2 = −66x + 16In Exercises 61-66, find all of the x-intercepts, if any, of the given function.61. f(x) = −4x 2 − 4x − 562. f(x) = 49x 2 − 28x + 463. f(x) = −56x 2 + 47x + 1864. f(x) = 24x 2 + 34x + 1265. f(x) = 36x 2 + 96x + 6466. f(x) = 5x 2 + 2x + 3In Exercises 67-74, determine the numberof real solutions of the equation.67. 9x 2 + 6x + 1 = 0Version: Fall 2007

500 Chapter 5 Quadratic Functions68. 7x 2 − 12x + 7 = 069. −6x 2 + 4x − 7 = 070. −8x 2 + 11x − 4 = 071. −5x 2 − 10x − 5 = 072. 6x 2 + 11x + 2 = 073. −7x 2 − 4x + 5 = 074. 6x 2 + 10x + 4 = 0Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic Formula5.4 Solutions1. Because 6 2 = 36 and (−6) 2 = 36, the equation x 2 = 36 has two solutions, x = ±6.Take these square roots on your calculator as shown in (a) and (b).(a)(b)3. The equation x 2 = 17 has two solutions, x = ± √ 17, since ( √ 17) 2 = 17 and(− √ 17) 2 = 17. Approximate these square roots on your calculator as shown in (a) and(b).(a)(b)5. The solutions of the equation x 2 = 0 are x = ± √ 0, but √ 0 = 0, so we have x = ±0.However, 0 is the same as −0, so really there is only one solution, x = 0. This singlesolution is also supported by the calculator screens (a) and (b).(a)(b)Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions7. The equation x 2 = −12 no real solutions. It is not possible to square a real numberand get −12. The fact that √ −12 is not a real number is supported by the followingcalculator results (provided you have REAL selected in the MODE menu).(a)(b)In similar fashion, − √ −12 is not a real number.(c)(d)9. If (x − 1) 2 = 25, then there are two possibilities for x − 1, namelyx − 1 = ± √ 25.To solve for x, add 1 to both sides of this last equation.x = 1 ± √ 25x = 1 ± 5.So the solutions are 1 + 5 = 6 and 1 − 5 = −4. These can also be computed on yourcalculator.(a)(b)Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic Formula11. If (x + 2) 2 = 0, then there is only one possibility for x + 2, namelyx + 2 = 0.To solve for x, subtract 2 from both sides of this last equation.So the solution is x=-2.x = −2.13. If x is a real number, then so is x + 6. It’s not possible to square the real numberx + 6 and get a negative number like -81. Hence, the equation (x + 6) 2 = −81 has noreal solutions.15. If (x − 8) 2 = 15, then there are two possibilities for x − 8, namelyx − 8 = ± √ 15.To solve for x, add 8 to both sides of this last equation.x = 8 ± √ 15.Our TI83 gives the following approximations.(a)(b)17. First, complete the square:f(x) = x 2 − 4x − 8= x 2 − 4x + 4 − 4 − 8= ( x 2 − 4x + 4 ) − 4 − 8= (x − 2) 2 − 12Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (2, −12). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = 2.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set x 2 −4x−8 = 0 and use the quadratic formulawith a = 1, b = −4 and c = −8:Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functionsx = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= 4 ± √ (−4) 2 − 4(1)(−8)2(1)= 4 ± √ 16 + 322= 4 ± √ 482So the x-intercepts are ((4 − √ 48)/2, 0) and ((4 + √ 48)/2, 0). These are approximatedon your calculator in (a) and (b).(a)(b)Lastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:f(x) = x 2 − 4x − 8f(0) = 0 2 − 4(0) − 8f(0) = −8So the y-intercept is (0, −8). Finally, put this all together to make the graph.20yx=2f(x)=(x−2) 2 −12((4− √ 48)/2,0) ((4+ √ 48)/2,0)x10(0,−8)(4,−8)(2,−12)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−12, ∞).Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic Formula20yf(x)=(x−2) 2 −1220yf(x)=(x−2) 2 −12x10x10(2,−12)19. First, complete the square:f(x) = x 2 + 6x − 3= x 2 + 6x + 9 − 9 − 3= ( x 2 + 6x + 9 ) − 9 − 3= (x + 3) 2 − 12Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (−3, −12).through the vertex with equation x = −3.The axis of symmetry is a vertical lineTo find the x-intercepts algebraically, set x 2 +6x−3 = 0 and use the quadratic formulawith a = 1, b = 6 and c = −3:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= −6 ± √ (6) 2 − 4(1)(−3)2(1)= −6 ± √ 36 + 122= −6 ± √ 482So the x-intercepts are ((−6 − √ 48)/2, 0) and ((−6 + √ 48)/2, 0). These are approximatedon your calculator in (a) and (b).(a)(b)Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsLastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:f(x) = x 2 + 6x − 3f(0) = 0 2 + 6(0) − 3f(0) = −3So the y-intercept is (0, −3). Finally, put this all together to make the graph.20yf(x)=(x+3) 2 −12x=−3((−6− √ 48)/2,0) ((−6+ √ 48)/2,0)(−6,−3)(0,−3)x10(−3,−12)To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−12, ∞).y20 f(x)=(x+3) 2 −12y20 f(x)=(x+3) 2 −12x10x10(−3,−12)21. First, complete the square:Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic Formulaf(x) = −x 2 + 2x + 10= −(x 2 − 2x − 10)= − ( x 2 − 2x + 1 − 1 − 10 )= − (( x 2 − 2x + 1 ) − 1 − 10 )()= − (x − 1) 2 − 11= − (x − 1) 2 + 11Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (1, 11). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = 1.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set −x 2 + 2x + 10 = 0 and use the quadraticformula with a = −1, b = 2 and c = 10:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= −2 ± √ (2) 2 − 4(−1)(10)2(−1)= −2 ± √ 4 + 40−2= −2 ± √ 44−2So the x-intercepts are ((−2 + √ 44)/(−2), 0) and ((−2 − √ 44)/(−2), 0).approximated on your calculator in (a) and (b).These are(a)(b)Lastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:f(x) = −x 2 + 2x + 10f(0) = −(0) 2 + 2(0) + 10f(0) = 10So the y-intercept is (0, 10). Finally, put this all together to make the graph.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functionsy20x=1(1,11)(0,10) (2,10)((−2+ √ 44)/(−2),0)((−2− √ 44)/(−2),0)x10f(x)=−(x−1) 2 +11To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 11].20y20y(1,11)x10x10f(x)=−(x−1) 2 +11f(x)=−(x−1) 2 +1123. First, complete the square:f(x) = −x 2 − 8x − 9= −(x 2 + 8x + 9)= − ( x 2 + 8x + 16 − 16 + 9 )= − (( x 2 + 8x + 16 ) − 16 + 9 )()= − (x + 4) 2 − 7= − (x + 4) 2 + 7Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (−4, 7). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = −4.Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic FormulaTo find the x-intercepts algebraically, set −x 2 − 8x − 9 = 0 and use the quadraticformula with a = −1, b = −8 and c = −9:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= 8 ± √ (−8) 2 − 4(−1)(−9)2(−1)= 8 ± √ 64 − 36−2= 8 ± √ 28−2So the x-intercepts are ((8 − √ 28)/(−2), 0) and ((8 + √ 28)/(−2), 0). These are approximatedon your calculator in (a) and (b).(a)(b)Lastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:f(x) = −x 2 − 8x − 9f(0) = −(0) 2 − 8(0) − 9f(0) = −9So the y-intercept is (0, −9).Finally, put this all together to make the graph.x=−420y(−4,7)((8+ √ 28)/(−2),0) ((8− √ 28)/(−2),0)x10(−8,−9)(0,−9)f(x)=−(x+4) 2 +7Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsTo find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 7].20y20y(−4,7)x10x10f(x)=−(x+4) 2 +7f(x)=−(x+4) 2 +725. First, complete the square:f(x) = 2x 2 − 20x + 40= 2(x 2 − 10x + 20)= 2 ( x 2 − 10x + 25 − 25 + 20 )= 2 (( x 2 − 10x + 25 ) − 25 + 20 )()= 2 (x − 5) 2 − 5= 2 (x − 5) 2 − 10Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (5, −10). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = 5.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set 2x 2 − 20x + 40 = 0 and use the quadraticformula with a = 2, b = −20 and c = 40:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= 20 ± √ (−20) 2 − 4(2)(40)2(2)= 20 ± √ 400 − 3204= 20 ± √ 804Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic FormulaSo the x-intercepts are ((20− √ 80)/4, 0) and ((20+ √ 80)/4, 0). These are approximatedon your calculator in (a) and (b).(a)(b)Lastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:So the y-intercept is (0, 40).f(x) = 2x 2 − 20x + 40f(0) = 2(0) 2 − 20(0) + 40f(0) = 40Finally, put this all together to make the graph.50yf(x)=2(x−5) 2 −10(0,40) (10,40)((20− √ 80)/4,0) ((20+ √ 80)/4,0)x20(5,−10)x=5To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [−10, ∞).Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions50yf(x)=2(x−5) 2 −1050yf(x)=2(x−5) 2 −10x20(5,−10)x2027. First, complete the square:f(x) = −2x 2 + 16x + 8= −2(x 2 − 8x − 4)= −2 ( x 2 − 8x + 16 − 16 − 4 )= −2 (( x 2 − 8x + 16 ) − 16 − 4 )()= −2 (x − 4) 2 − 20= −2 (x − 4) 2 + 40Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (4, 40). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = 4.To find the x-intercepts algebraically, set −2x 2 + 16x + 8 = 0 and use the quadraticformula with a = −2, b = 16 and c = 8:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= −16 ± √ (16) 2 − 4(−2)(8)2(−2)= −16 ± √ 256 + 64−4= −16 ± √ 320−4So the x-intercepts are ((−16 − √ 320)/(−4), 0) and ((−16 + √ 320)/(−4), 0). These areapproximated on your calculator in (a) and (b).Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic Formula(a)(b)Lastly, to find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:f(x) = −2x 2 + 16x + 8f(0) = −2(0) 2 + 16(0) + 8f(0) = 8So the y-intercept is (0, 8).Finally, put this all together to make the graph.50y(4,40)((−16+ √ (0,8) (8,8)320)/(−4),0)((−16− √ 320)/(−4),0)x20x=4f(x)=−2(x−4) 2 +40To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 40].Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions50y50y(4,40)x20x20f(x)=−2(x−4) 2 +40f(x)=−2(x−4) 2 +4029. For the quadratic function f(x) = x 2 + 4x + 8, a = 1, b = 4 and c = 8, so thediscriminant is D = b 2 − 4ac = (4) 2 − 4(1)(8) = 16 − 32 = −16 < 0. A negativediscriminant tells us that this function has no x-intercepts (zeroes).Complete the square to find the vertex.f(x) = x 2 + 4x + 8= x 2 + 4x + 4 − 4 + 8= (x 2 + 4x + 4) − 4 + 8= (x + 2) 2 − 4 + 8= (x + 2) 2 + 4Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (−2, 4). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = −2.To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:So the y-intercept is (0, 8).f(x) = x 2 + 4x + 8f(0) = 0 2 + 4(0) + 8f(0) = 8Now calculate an additional point and mirror it over, and then complete the graph.Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic Formulay20 f(x)=(x+2) 2 +4x y = (x + 2) 2 + 4−1 5(−4,8)(0,8)(−3,5)(−1,5)(−2,4)x10x=−2To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [4, ∞).y20 f(x)=(x+2) 2 +4y20 f(x)=(x+2) 2 +4x10(−2,4)x1031. For the quadratic function f(x) = −x 2 + 6x − 11, a = −1, b = 6 and c = −11, sothe discriminant is D = b 2 − 4ac = (6) 2 − 4(−1)(−11) = 36 − 44 = −8 < 0. A negativediscriminant tells us that this function has no x-intercepts (zeroes).Complete the square to find the vertex.f(x) = −x 2 + 6x − 11= −(x 2 − 6x + 11)= − ( x 2 − 6x + 9 − 9 + 11 )= − (( x 2 − 6x + 9 ) − 9 + 11 )()= − (x − 3) 2 + 2= − (x − 3) 2 − 2Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsRead off the vertex as (h, k) = (3, −2). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = 3.To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:So the y-intercept is (0, −11).f(x) = −x 2 + 6x − 11f(0) = −(0) 2 + 6(0) − 11f(0) = −11Now calculate an additional point and mirror it over, and then complete the graph.20yx=3x y = −(x − 3) 2 − 24 −3(3,−2)(2,−3)(4,−3)x10(0,−11)(6,−11)f(x)=−(x−3) 2 −2To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, −2].20y20yx10(3,−2)x10f(x)=−(x−3) 2 −2f(x)=−(x−3) 2 −233. The graph of a quadratic function has exactly one x-intercept when the discriminantis zero. For this function f(x) = x 2 − 4x + 4k, a = 1, b = −4 and c = 4k, so thediscriminant is D = b 2 − 4ac = (−4) 2 − 4(1)(4k) = 16 − 16k. In order for there to beVersion: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic Formulaonly one x-intercept, this must be zero. So, set it equal to zero and solve for the valueof k.Subtracting 16 from each side,Now divide both sides by -16:0 = D0 = 16 − 16k−16 = −16k1 = kSo, if k = 1, then f(x) will have one x-intercept. So, replacing k with 1, we get thatf(x) = x 2 − 4x + 4.Complete the square to find the vertex. f(x) already has the constant term we need,so just factor to complete the square.f(x) = x 2 − 4x + 4= (x − 2) 2Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (2, 0). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = 2.To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:So the y-intercept is (0, 4).f(x) = x 2 − 4x + 4f(0) = (0) 2 − 4(0) + 4f(0) = 4Now calculate an additional point and mirror it over, and then complete the graph.20yf(x)=(x−2) 2(−2,16) (6,16)x y = (x − 2) 26 16(0,4) (4,4)(2,0)x10x=2Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsTo find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= [0, ∞).20yf(x)=(x−2) 220yf(x)=(x−2) 2x10(2,0)x1035. The graph of a quadratic function has exactly one x-intercept when the discriminantis zero. For this function f(x) = kx 2 − 16x − 32, a = k, b = −16 and c = −32,so the discriminant is D = b 2 − 4ac = (−16) 2 − 4(k)(−32) = 256 + 128k. In order forthere to be only one x-intercept, this must be zero. So, set it equal to zero and solvefor the value of k.Subtracting 256 from each side,Now divide both sides by 128:0 = D0 = 256 + 128k−256 = 128k−2 = kSo, if k = −2, then f(x) will have one x-intercept. So, replacing k with −2, we getthat f(x) = −2x 2 − 16x − 32.Complete the square to find the vertex.f(x) = −2x 2 − 16x − 32= −2(x 2 + 8x + 16)= −2(x + 4) 2Read off the vertex as (h, k) = (−4, 0). The axis of symmetry is a vertical line throughthe vertex with equation x = −4.To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 in the equation and solve for y:Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic Formulaf(x) = −2x 2 − 16x − 32f(0) = −2(0) 2 − 16(0) − 32f(0) = −32So the y-intercept is (0, −32).Now calculate an additional point and mirror it over, and then complete the graph.x=−450yx y = −2(x + 4) 2−2−8(−6,−8)(−4,0)(−2,−8)x10(−8,−32)(0,−32)f(x)=−2(x+4) 2To find the domain of f, mentally project every point of the graph onto the x-axis, asshown on the left below. This covers the entire x-axis, so the domain= (−∞, ∞). Tofind the range, mentally project every point of the graph onto the y-axis, as shown onthe right below. The shaded interval on the y-axis is range= (−∞, 0].50y50yx10(−4,0)x10f(x)=−2(x+4) 2f(x)=−2(x+4) 237. The graph of a quadratic function has exactly two x-intercepts when the discriminantis positive. For this function f(x) = kx 2 − 3x + 5, a = k, b = −3 and c = 5, sothe discriminant is D = b 2 − 4ac = (−3) 2 − 4(k)(5) = 9 − 20k. In order for there to betwo x-intercepts, this must be positive. So, set it greater than zero and solve for thevalue of k.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions0 < D0 < 9 − 20kSubtracting 9 from each side,−9 < 20kNow divide both sides by -20 (reverse the direction of the inequality because we’redividing by a negative number):9/20 > kSo, any k less than 9/20 will work. Our solution set is therefore {k : k < 9/20}39. The graph of a quadratic function has no x-intercepts when the discriminant isnegative. For this function f(x) = 2x 2 − x + 5k, a = 2, b = −1 and c = 5k, so thediscriminant is D = b 2 − 4ac = (−1) 2 − 4(2)(5k) = 1 − 40k. In order for there to be nox-intercepts, this must be negative. So, set it less than zero and solve for the value ofk.Subtracting 1 from each side,0 > D0 > 1 − 40k−1 > −40kNow divide both sides by -40 (reverse the direction of the inequality because we’redividing by a negative number):1/40 < kSo, any k greater than 1/40 will work. Our solution set is therefore {k : k > 1/40}41. Use factoring and the principle of zero products:63x 2 + 74x − 1 = 8=⇒ 63x 2 + 74x − 9 = 0=⇒ (7x + 9)(9x − 1) = 0=⇒ x = − 9 7 , 1 9Alternatively, use the quadratic formula x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac.2a43. x 2 − x − 5 = 2 =⇒ x 2 − x − 7 = 0. The polynomial on the left side does notfactor, so use the quadratic formula:Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic Formulax = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= 1 ± √ (−1) 2 − 4(1)(−7)2(1)= 1 ± √ 292= 1 + √ 29, 1 − √ 292 245. Use factoring and the principle of zero products:4x 2 + 4x − 1 = −2=⇒ 4x 2 + 4x + 1 = 0=⇒ (2x + 1) 2 = 0=⇒ x = − 1 2Alternatively, use the quadratic formula x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac.2a47. The polynomial 2x 2 + 4x + 6 does not factor, so use the quadratic formula:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= −4 ± √ 4 2 − 4(2)(6)2(2)= −4 ± √ −324Since √ −32 is not a real number, there are no real solutions.49. −3x 2 + 2x − 13 = −5 =⇒ −3x 2 + 2x − 8 = 0. The polynomial on the left sidedoes not factor, so use the quadratic formula:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= −2 ± √ 2 2 − 4(−3)(−8)2(−3)= −2 ± √ −92−6Since √ −92 is not a real number, there are no real solutions.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions51. −2x 2 + 7 = −3x =⇒ −2x 2 + 3x + 7 = 0. The polynomial on the left side doesnot factor, so use the quadratic formula:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= −3 ± √ 3 2 − 4(−2)(7)2(−2)= −3 ± √ 65−4= 3 − √ 65, 3 + √ 654 453. x 2 − 2 = −3x =⇒ x 2 + 3x − 2 = 0. The polynomial on the left side does notfactor, so use the quadratic formula:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= −3 ± √ 3 2 − 4(1)(−2)2(1)= −3 ± √ 172= − 3 − √ 17, − 3 + √ 172 255. Make one side zero, then note that each term is divisible by 9.Factor.9x 2 + 81 = −54x=⇒ 9x 2 + 54x + 81 = 0=⇒ x 2 + 6x + 9 = 0(x + 3) 2 = 0Hence, x = −3 is the only solution. Alternatively, use the quadratic formula x =−b ± √ b 2 − 4ac.2aVersion: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic Formula57. −x 2 + 6 = 7x =⇒ −x 2 − 7x + 6 = 0. The polynomial on the left side does notfactor, so use the quadratic formula:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= 7 ± √ (−7) 2 − 4(−1)(6)2(−1)= 7 ± √ 73−2= − 7 + √ 73, − 7 − √ 732 259. 4x 2 + 3 = −x =⇒ 4x 2 + x + 3 = 0. The polynomial on the left side does notfactor, so use the quadratic formula:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= −1 ± √ 1 2 − 4(4)(3)2(4)= −1 ± √ −478Since √ −47 is not a real number, there are no real solutions.61. To find the x-intercepts, solve the equation f(x) = 0. In other words, solve theequation−4x 2 − 4x − 5 = 0The polynomial on the left side does not factor, so use the quadratic formula:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= 4 ± √ (−4) 2 − 4(−4)(−5)2(−4)= 4 ± √ −64−8Since √ −64 is not a real number, there are no real solutions, and therefore no x-intercepts.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions63. To find the x-intercepts, solve the equation f(x) = 0:− 56x 2 + 47x + 18 = 0=⇒ (−8x + 9)(7x + 2) = 0=⇒ x = 9 8 , −2 7Alternatively, use the quadratic formula x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac.2a65. To find the x-intercepts, solve the equation f(x) = 0. Note that each term isdivisible by 4, then factor the resulting perfect square trinomial.36x 2 + 96x + 64 = 0=⇒ 9x 2 + 24x + 16 = 0=⇒ (3x + 4) 2 = 0=⇒ x = − 4 3Alternatively, use the quadratic formula x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac.2a67. Compute the discriminant b 2 − 4ac to determine the number of real solutions.If b 2 − 4ac > 0, then the equation has two real solutions.If b 2 − 4ac = 0, then the equation has one real solution.If b 2 − 4ac < 0, then the equation has no real solutions.In this case, b 2 − 4ac = 6 2 − 4(9)(1) = 0, so the equation has one real solution.69. Compute the discriminant b 2 − 4ac to determine the number of real solutions.If b 2 − 4ac > 0, then the equation has two real solutions.If b 2 − 4ac = 0, then the equation has one real solution.If b 2 − 4ac < 0, then the equation has no real solutions.In this case, b 2 − 4ac = 4 2 − 4(−6)(−7) = −152 < 0, so the equation has no realsolutions.71. Compute the discriminant b 2 − 4ac to determine the number of real solutions.If b 2 − 4ac > 0, then the equation has two real solutions.If b 2 − 4ac = 0, then the equation has one real solution.If b 2 − 4ac < 0, then the equation has no real solutions.In this case, b 2 − 4ac = (−10) 2 − 4(−5)(−5) = 0, so the equation has one real solution.Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.4The Quadratic Formula73. Compute the discriminant b 2 − 4ac to determine the number of real solutions.If b 2 − 4ac > 0, then the equation has two real solutions.If b 2 − 4ac = 0, then the equation has one real solution.If b 2 − 4ac < 0, then the equation has no real solutions.In this case, b 2 − 4ac = (−4) 2 − 4(−7)(5) = 156 > 0, so the equation has two realsolutions.Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.5 Motion 5215.5 ExercisesIn Exercises 1-12, write down the formulad = vt and solve for the unknownquantity in the problem. Once that iscompleted, substitute the known quantitiesin the result and simplify. Makesure to check that your units cancel andprovide the appropriate units for your solution.1. If Martha maintains a constant speedof 30 miles per hour, how far will shetravel in 5 hours?2. If Jamal maintains a constant speedof 25 miles per hour, how far will hetravel in 5 hours?3. If Arturo maintains a constant speedof 30 miles per hour, how long will it takehim to travel 120 miles?4. If Mei maintains a constant speed of25 miles per hour, how long will it takeher to travel 150 miles?5. If Allen maintains a constant speedand travels 250 miles in 5 hours, what isis his constant speed?6. If Jane maintains a constant speedand travels 300 miles in 6 hours, what isis her constant speed?of 80 meters per minute, how far will shetravel in 600 seconds?10. If Alphonso maintains a constantspeed of 15 feet per second, how long willit take him to travel 1 mile? Note: 1 mileequals 5280 feet.11. If Hoshi maintains a constant speedof 200 centimeters per second, how longwill it take her to travel 20 meters? Note:100 centimeters equals 1 meter.12. If Maeko maintains a constant speedand travels 5 miles in 12 minutes, whatis her speed in miles per hour?In Exercises 13-18, a plot of speed vversus time t is presented.i. Make an accurate duplication of theplot on graph paper. Label and scaleeach axis. Mark the units on eachaxis.ii. Use the graph to determine the distancetraveled over the time period[0, 5], using the time units given onthe graph.13.50v (ft/s)7. If Jose maintains a constant speed of15 feet per second, how far will he travelin 5 minutes?8. If Tami maintains a constant speedof 1.5 feet per second, how far will shetravel in 4 minutes?9. If Carmen maintains a constant speed3000 5vt (s)1Copyrighted material. See: http://msenux.redwoods.edu/IntAlgText/Version: Fall 2007

522 Chapter 5 Quadratic Functions14.v (mi/h)17.v (mi/h)v40v40202000 5t (h)00 5t (h)15.v (m/s)18.v (m/s)v4040v202000 5t (s)00 5t (s)16.v (ft/s)19. You’re told that a car moves witha constant acceleration of 7.5 ft/s 2 . Inyour own words, explain what this means.402000 5vt (s)20. You’re told that an object will fallon a distant planet with constant acceleration6.5 m/s 2 . In your own words, explainwhat this means.21. You’re told that the acceleration ofa car is −18 ft/s 2 . In your own words,explain what this means.Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.5 Motion 52322. An observer on a distant planet throwsan object into the air and as it movesupward he reports that the object hasa constant acceleration of −4.5 m/s 2 . Inyour own words, explain what this means.In Exercises 23-28, perform each of thefollowing tasks.i. Solve the equation v = v 0 +at for theunknown quantity.ii. Substitute the known quantities (withunits) into your result, then simplify.Make sure the units cancel and provideappropriate units for your solution.23. A rocket accelerates from rest withconstant acceleration 15.8 m/s 2 . Whatwill be the speed of the rocket after 3minutes?24. A stone is dropped from rest ona distant planet and it accelerates towardsthe ground with constant acceleration3.8 ft/s 2 . What will be the speedof the stone after 2 minutes?25. A stone is thrown downward on adistant planet with an initial speed of20 ft/s. If the stone experiences constantacceleration of 32 ft/s 2 , what will be thespeed of the stone after 1 minute?26. A ball is hurled upward with an initialspeed of 80 m/s. If the ball experiencesa constant acceleration of −9.8 m/s 2 ,what will be the speed of the ball at theend of 5 seconds?27. An object is shot into the air withan initial speed of 100 m/s. If the objectexperiences constant deceleration of9.8 m/s 2 , how long will it take the ball toreach its maximum height?28. An object is released from rest ona distant planet and after 5 seconds, itsspeed is 98 m/s. If the object falls withconstant acceleration, determine the accelerationof the object.In Exercises 29-42, use the appropriateequation of motion, either v = v 0 +ator x = x 0 + v 0 t + (1/2)at 2 or both, tosolve the question posed in the exercise.i. Select the appropriate equation of motionand solve for the unknown quantity.ii. Substitute the known quantities (withtheir units) into your result and simplify.Check that cancellation of unitsprovide units appropriate for your solution.iii. Find a decimal approximation for youranswer.29. A rocket with initial velocity 30 m/smoves along a straight line with constantacceleration 2.5 m/s 2 . Find the velocityand the distance traveled by the rocketat the end of 10 seconds.30. A car is traveling at 88 ft/s whenit applies the brakes and begins to slowwith constant deceleration of 5 ft/s 2 . Whatis its speed and how far has it traveledat the end of 5 seconds?31. A car is traveling at 88 ft/s when itapplies the brakes and slows to 58 ft/s in10 seconds. Assuming constant deceleration,find the deceleration and the distancetraveled by the car in the 10 secondtime interval. Hint: Compute the decelerationfirst.Version: Fall 2007

524 Chapter 5 Quadratic Functions32. A stone is hurled downward fromabove the surface of a distant planet withinitial speed 45 m/s. At then end of 10seconds, the velocity of the stone is 145 m/s.Assuming constant acceleration, find theacceleration of the stone and the distancetraveled in the 10 second time period.33. An object is shot into the air fromthe surface of the earth with an initialvelocity of 180 ft/s. Find the maximumheight of the object and the time it takesthe object to reach that maximum height.Hint: The acceleration due to gravitynear the surface of the earth is well known.34. An object is shot into the air fromthe surface of a distant planet with aninitial velocity of 180 m/s. Find the maximumheight of the object and the timeit takes the object to reach that maximumheight. Assume that the accelerationdue to gravity on this distant planetis 5.8 m/s 2 . Hint: Calculate the time tothe maximum height first.35. A car is traveling down the highwayat 55 mi/h when the driver spots aslide of rocks covering the road aheadand hits the brakes, providing a constantdeceleration of 12 ft/s 2 . How long does ittake the car to come to a halt and howfar does it travel during this time period?36. A car is traveling down the highwayin Germany at 81 km/h when thedriver spots that traffic is stopped in theroad ahead and hits the brakes, providinga constant deceleration of 2.3 m/s 2 .How long does it take the car to cometo a halt and how far does it travel duringthis time period? Note: 1 kilometerequals 1000 meters.37. An object is released from rest atsome distance over the surface of the earth.How far (in meters) will the object fallin 5 seconds and what will be its velocityat the end of this 5 second time period?Hint: You should know the accelerationdue to gravity near the surface ofthe earth.38. An object is released from rest atsome distance over the surface of a distantplanet. How far (in meters) will theobject fall in 5 seconds and what will beits velocity at the end of this 5 secondtime period? Assume the accelerationdue to gravity on the distant planet is13.5 m/s 2 .39. An object is released from rest ata distance of 352 feet over the surfaceof the earth. How long will it take theobject to impact the ground?40. An object is released from rest ata distance of 400 meters over the surfaceof a distant planet. How long will it takethe object to impact the ground? Assumethat the acceleration due to gravityon the distant planet equals 5.3 m/s 2 .41. On earth, a ball is thrown upwardfrom an initial height of 5 meters with aninitial velocity of 100 m/s. How long willit take the ball to return to the ground?42. On earth, a ball is thrown upwardfrom an initial height of 5 feet with aninitial velocity of 100 ft/s. How long willit take the ball to return to the ground?Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.5 Motion 525A ball is thrown into the air near the surfaceof the earth. In Exercises 43-46,the initial height of the ball and the initialvelocity of the ball are given. Completethe following tasks.i. Use y = y 0 + v 0 t + (1/2)at 2 to setup a formula for the height y of theball as a function of time t. Use theappropriate constant for the accelerationdue to gravity near the surfaceof the earth.ii. Load the equation from the previouspart into Y1 in your graphing calculator.Adjust your viewing windowso that both the vertex and the timewhen the ball returns to the groundare visible. Copy the image onto yourhomework paper. Label and scale eachaxis with xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax.iii. Use the zero utility in the CALC menuof your graphing calculator to determinethe time when the ball returnsto the ground. Record this answerin the appropriate location on yourgraph.iv. Use the quadratic formula to determinethe time the ball returns to theground. Use your calculator to find adecimal approximation of your solution.It should agree with that foundusing the zero utility on your graphingcalculator. Be stubborn! Checkyour work until the answers agree.43. y 0 = 50 ft, v 0 = 120 ft/s.44. y 0 = 30 m, v 0 = 100 m/s.45. y 0 = 20 m, v 0 = 110 m/s.47. A rock is thrown upward at an initialspeed of 64 ft/s. How many secondswill it take the rock to rise 61 feet?Round your answer to the nearest hundredthof a second.48. A penny is thrown downward fromthe top of a tree at an initial speed of28 ft/s. How many seconds will it takethe penny to fall 289 feet? Round youranswer to the nearest hundredth of a second.49. A water balloon is thrown downwardfrom the roof of a building at aninitial speed of 24 ft/s. The building is169 feet tall. How many seconds will ittake the water balloon to hit the ground?Round your answer to the nearest hundredthof a second.50. A rock is thrown upward at an initialspeed of 60 ft/s. How many secondswill it take the rock to rise 51 feet?Round your answer to the nearest hundredthof a second.51. A ball is thrown upward from aheight of 42 feet at an initial speed of63 ft/s. How many seconds will it takethe ball to hit the ground? Round youranswer to the nearest hundredth of a second.52. A rock is thrown upward from aheight of 32 feet at an initial speed of25 ft/s. How many seconds will it takethe rock to hit the ground? Round youranswer to the nearest hundredth of a second.46. y 0 = 100 ft, v 0 = 200 ft/s.Version: Fall 2007

526 Chapter 5 Quadratic Functions53. A penny is thrown downward fromthe top of a tree at an initial speed of16 ft/s. The tree is 68 feet tall. Howmany seconds will it take the penny tohit the ground? Round your answer tothe nearest hundredth of a second.54. A penny is thrown downward off ofthe edge of a cliff at an initial speed of32 ft/s. How many seconds will it takethe penny to fall 210 feet? Round youranswer to the nearest hundredth of a second.Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.5Motion5.5 Solutions1. We are trying to solve for d, so d = vt is the formula we want to use.d = vt= 30 mih × 5 h= 150 mi3. We are trying to solve for t, so divide d = vt by v on each side first.t = d v120 mi=30 mi/hr= 120 mi × 1 hr30 mi= 4 hrs5. We are trying to solve for v, so divide d = vt by t on each side first.v = d t250 mi=5 hrs= 50 miles per hour7. We are trying to solve for d, so d = vt is the formula we want to use. But noticethat the rate v is given in ft/s, while time t is given as 5 minutes. We must first makethe units match, so convertNow plug into the formula.t = 5 min= 5min × 60 s1 min= 300 sd = vt= 15 ft s × 300 s= 4500 ftVersion: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions9. We are trying to solve for d, so d = vt is the formula we want to use. But noticethat the rate v is given in m/min, while time t is given as 600 seconds. We must firstmake the units match, so convertNow plug into the formula.t = 600 s= 600 s × 1 min60 s= 10 mind = vt= 80= 800 mm× 10 minmin11. We are trying to solve for t, so divide d = vt by v on each side first to get t = d/v.But notice that v is given in cm/s, while distance d is given in meters. We must firstmake the units match.Now plug in to the formulad = 20 m= 20 m ×= 2000 cm100 cm1 mt = d v2000 cm=200 cm/s= 2000 cm × 1 s200 cm= 10 sVersion: Fall 2007

Section 5.5Motion13.v (ft/s)5030v150 ft00 5t (s)The distance traveled is the area under the curve, which is a rectangle, so the area islength times width, or d = 30 ft s × 5 s = 150 ft.15.v (m/s)40v20100 m00 5t (s)The distance traveled is the area under the curve, which is a triangle. The formula forarea of a triangle is 1 × base × height, so2d = 1 × base × height2= 1 2 × 5 s × 40m s= 100 mVersion: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions17.v (mi/h)v4075 mi20100 mi00 5t (h)The distance traveled is the area under the curve. This can be divided into two simplegeometric shapes–a triangle and a rectangle. The area isd = area of triangle + area of rectangle( )1=2 × base × height + (length × width)=( ) (12 × 5 h × 30mi + 5 h × 20 mi )hh= (75 mi) + (100 mi)= 175 mi19. It means that the velocity of the car increases at a rate of 7.5 feet per secondevery second.21. It means that the velocity of the car is decreasing at a rate of 18 feet per secondevery second.23. We are trying to solve for v, so v = v 0 + at is the formula we want to use. Butnotice that the acceleration a is given in m/s 2 , while time t is given as 3 min. We mustfirst make the units match, so convertt = 3 min= 3 min × 60 s1 min= 180 sNow plug into the formula. Note that the rocket “accelerates from rest,” which meansthat the initial velocity is v 0 = 0 m/s.Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.5Motionv = v 0 + at= 0 m (s + 15.8 m/s )× 180 ss= 0 m s + 2844m s= 2844 m/s25. We are trying to solve for v, so v = v 0 + at is the formula we want to use. Butnotice that the acceleration a and initial speed v 0 are given in units involving seconds,while time t is given as 1 minute. We must first make the units match, so convertt = 1 min = 60s.The initial speed is v 0 = 20 ft/s and the acceleration is a = 32 ft/s 2 . Now plug intothe formula.v = v 0 + at= 20 ft (s + 32 ft/s )× 60 ss= 20 ft (s + 1920 ft )s= 1940 ft/s27. We are given v 0 = 100 m/s, a = −9.8 m/s 2 and are asked to find t when the ballhas reached maximum height. The ball will reach its maximum when v = 0 m/s. So,we are really given v, v 0 , and a and asked to find t. First, solve the formula for t.v = v 0 + atv − v 0 = atAnd now plug in what we know.at = v − v 0t = v − v 0at = v − v 0a0 m/s − 100 m/s=−9.8 (m/s)/s≈ 10.2 m/s ×sm/s= 10.2 sVersion: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions29. We’re given v 0 = 30 m/s, a = 2.5 m/s 2 , and t = 10 s, and asked to find v and x.We will thus need to use both formulas. For the velocity,v = v 0 + at= 30 m (s + 2.5 m/s )× 10 ss= 30 m s + 25m s= 55 m/sFor the distance traveled, x 0 = 0 m since the rocket hasn’t traveled any distance attime t = 0 s.x = x 0 + v 0 t + 1 2 at2= 0 m + (30 m s × 10 s) + (1 2 × 2.5m s 2 × (10 s)2 )= 0 m + (30 m s × 10 s) + (1 2 × 2.5m s 2 × 100 s2 )= 0 m + (30 m s × 10 s) + (1 2 × 2.5m s 2 × 100 s2 )= 0 m + 300 m + 125 m= 425 m31. We’re given v 0 = 88 ft/s, v = 58 ft/s, and t = 10 s, and asked to find a and x.We will thus need to use both formulas. First, since we know v, v 0 , and t, compute a.Solve the velocity formula for a:v = v 0 + atv − v 0 = atAnd plug in the known values:at = v − v 0a = v − v 0ta = v − v 0t58 ft/s − 88 ft/s=10 s−30 ft/s=10 s= −30 ft s × 110 s= −3 ft/s 2Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.5MotionFor the distance traveled, x 0 = 0 ft since the car hasn’t traveled any distance at timet = 0 s.x = x 0 + v 0 t + 1 2 at2= 0 ft + (88 ft s × 10 s) + (1 2 × −3ft s 2 × (10 s)2 )= 0 ft + (88 ft s × 10 s) + (1 2 × −3ft s 2 × 100 s2 )= 0 ft + (88 ft s × 10 s) + (1 2 × −3ft s 2 × 100 s2 )= 0 ft + 880 ft − 150 ft= 730 ft33. We are given the initial velocity v 0 = 180 ft/s and the initial position–the objectis shot from the surface of earth, so its initial distance is x 0 = 0 ft. It is well knownthat the acceleration due to gravity is a = −32 ft/s 2 when we measure in feet (and it isnegative because it is pulling down on the object). The maximum height of the objectoccurs when the velocity is v = 0 ft/s. So our task is to find x. First, find t by using,v = v 0 + atv − v 0 = atand plugging in the known values:at = v − v 0t = v − v 0at = v − v 0a0 ft/s − 180 ft/s=−32(ft/s)/s= −180ft/s ×= 5.625 sAnd now use the distance formula to find x.x = x 0 + v 0 t + 1 2 at21s−32ft/s= 0 ft + (180 ft s × 5.625 s) + (1 2 × −32ft s 2 × (5.625 s)2 )= 0 ft + (180 ft s × 5.625 s) + (1 2 × −32ft s 2 × 31.640625 s2 )= 0 ft + (180 ft s × 5.625 s) + (1 2 × −32ft s 2 × 31.640625 s2 )Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions= 0 ft + 1012.5 ft − 506.25 ft= 506.25 ftSo, at time t = 5.625 s, the object reaches its maximum height of x = 506.25 ft.35. We are given that the car’s initial speed is v 0 = 55 mi/h and its acceleration(deceleration actually, so negative in sign) is a = −12 ft/s 2 . We must find the time tand the distance traveled x when the car has come to a stop; that is, when v = 0 ft/s.First, note that the velocity is given in units involving miles and hours, while theacceleration is given in units involving feet and seconds. We must first make the unitsmatch. Convert the initial velocity to ft/s as follows:Now find t by using,v 0 = 55 mih= 55 mih × 1h 5280 ft×3600s 1 mi≈ 80.667 ft/sv = v 0 + atv − v 0 = atand plugging in the known values:at = v − v 0t = v − v 0at = v − v 0a0 ft/s − 80.667 ft/s=−12(ft/s)/s= −80.667ft/s ×≈ 6.72 s1s−12ft/sFinally, use the distance formula to find x. The initial distance is x 0 = 0 ft since thecar has not traveled any distance when t = 0.x = x 0 + v 0 t + 1 2 at2= 0 ft + (80.667 ft s × 6.72 s) + (1 2 × −12ft s 2 × (6.72 s)2 )= 0 ft + (80.667 ft s × 6.72 s) + (1 2 × −12ft s 2 × 45.158 s2 )= 0 ft + (80.667 ft s × 6.72 s) + (1 2 × −12ft s 2 × 45.158 s2 )Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.5Motion= 0 ft + 542.08 ft − 270.948 ft≈ 271.1 ftSo, it takes the car approximately 6.72 s to come to a stop, and it travels about 271 ftduring this time period.37. The object is released from rest, so v 0 = 0 m/s. t = 5 s and we are asked tofind how far the object will fall and what its velocity v will be after those 5 s. Thewell-known value for the acceleration due to gravity is a = −9.8 m/s 2 when using themetric system (and it is negative because it pulls the object downward).First, let’s find v.v = v 0 + at= 0 m (s + −9.8 m/s )× 5 ss= 0 m s − 49m s= −49 m/sNext we find the distance x that the object falls. We assume the object is high enoughabove the earth’s surface that it will not hit the ground within 5 s and cut the fallshort. And we know that x 0 = 0 m, as the object hasn’t fallen any distance when t = 0s.x = x 0 + v 0 t + 1 2 at2= 0 m + (0 m s × 5 s) + (1 2 × −9.8m s 2 × (5 s)2 )= 0 m + (0 m s × 5 s) + (1 2 × −9.8m s 2 × 25 s2 )= 0 m + (0 m s × 5 s) + (1 2 × −9.8m s 2 × 25 s2 )= 0 m + 0 m − 122.5 m= −122.5 mThe negative value indicates that the height of the object decreased (it fell).So, the object drops with a velocity of −49 m/s, falling 122.5 m.39. The object is released from rest, so v 0 = 0 ft/s; its initial height is x 0 = 352 ft.Its only acceleration is due to gravity, which is well known to be a = −32 ft/s 2 whenusing ft (negative because it is pulling down, decreasing the height of the object). Tofind how long it will take to hit the ground, we must find the time t when x = 0 (theheight is zero, or the object is on the ground).We want to find t, so solve the formula for t.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functionsx = x 0 + v 0 t + 1 2 at20 = x 0 − x + v 0 t + 1 2 at20 = x 0 − x + v 0 t + 1 2 at2This is a quadratic equation in t and we want to solve for t, so use the quadratic formulawith a = 1 2 a, b = v 0 and c = x 0 − x.t = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a√−v 0 ±t =Now subtitute in the known values.v 2 0 − 4(1 2 a)(x 0 − x)2( 1 2 a)t = −v 0 ± √ v 2 0 − 2a(x 0 − x)at = −v 0 ± √ v 2 0 − 2a(x 0 − x)at = −0 ft/s ± √ (0ft/s) 2 − 2(−32 ft/s 2 )(352 ft − 0 ft)−32 ft/s 2t = ±√ 64 ft/s 2 (352 ft)−32 ft/s 2t = ±√ 22528 ft 2 /s 2−32 ft/s 2t ≈±150.09 ft/s−32 ft/s 2t = ±150.09 ft s × 1 s × s−32 ftt = ±4.69 s≈ tWe throw out the negative result because time must be positive. Thus, the object willhit the surface of the earth in t = 4.69 s.41. The initial height of the ball is x 0 = 5 m and its initial velocity is v = 100m/s. Because we are using the metric system, we need to use the well-known value ofa = −9.8 m/s 2 for the acceleration due to gravity. We must find the time t at whichthe height is x = 0 m.Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.5Motionx = x 0 + v 0 t + 1 2 at20 = 5 m + (100 m/s)t + ( 1 2 )(−9.8m s 2 )t20 = 5 m + (100 m/s)t + (−4.9 m s 2 )t20 = (−4.9 m/s 2 )t 2 + (100 m/s)t + (5) mThis is a quadratic equation with a = −4.9 m/s 2 , b = 100 m/s and c = 5 m, so use thequadratic formula to solve.t = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2at = −100 m/s ± √ (100 m/s) 2 − 4(−4.9 m/s 2 )(5 m)2(−4.9 m/s 2 )t = −100 m/s ± √ 10000 m 2 /s 2 + 98 m 2 /s 2−9.8 m/s 2t = −100 m/s ± √ 10098 m 2 /s 2−9.8 m/s 2t ≈t ≈t ≈−100 m/s ± 100.49 m/s−9.8 m/s 2(−100 ± 100.49)m/s(−9.8)m/s 2−100 ± 100.49−9.8× m/sm/s 2−100 ± 100.49t ≈ × m −9.8 s × s2 m−100 ± 100.49t ≈ × m −9.8 s × s × smt ≈ 20.46 s, −0.50 sWe throw out the negative value for time. Thus the ball will hit the ground in approximatelyt = 20.46 s.43. We are given that y 0 = 50 ft and v 0 = 120 ft/s, and the well-known accelerationdue to gravity is a = −32 ft/s 2 when using ft. Plug these into the height formula:y = y 0 + v 0 t + 1 2 at2y = 50 + 120t − 16t 2y = −16t 2 + 120t + 50Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic FunctionsThis is a quadratic function and we can graph it. We enter it into our calculator usingx’s instead of t’s. A good window to use is Xmin = 0, Xmax = 10, Y min = −100and Y max = 400. We only need to look at time greater than or equal to zero.To find when the ball hits the ground (the zero of the function) with your calculator,press 2nd TRACE to access the CALC menu and choose 2:zero.Use the left arrowto move the cursoralong the curve untilit is to the left of thefirst zero. Hit ENTER.Use the right arrow tomove the cursor until itis to the right of thesame zero. Hit ENTER.Finally hit ENTERnear that same zerofor the guess, andyou get the zero.We get (7.895781, 0).Now sketch the graph on your paper.400y (ft)y=50+120t−16t 2t (s)0 (7.895781,0) 10−100Finally, we verify the time it takes the ball to hit the ground with the quadratic formula.The ball is on the ground when its height is y = 0 ft. So, set y = 0 and solve theequation.y = −16t 2 + 120t + 500 = −16t 2 + 120t + 50This is a quadratic equation with a = −16, b = 120 and c = 50. So, the solutions are,Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.5Motiont = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2at = −120 ± √ (120) 2 − 4(−16)(50)2(−16)t = −120 ± √ 14400 + 3200−32t = −120 ± √ 17600−32t ≈ −0.396, 7.896As usual, we throw out the negative time, so t ≈ 7.896 s. This agrees with the zerothat we found using the calculator.45. We are given that y 0 = 20 m and v 0 = 110 m/s, and the well-known accelerationdue to gravity is a = −9.8 m/s 2 when using the metric system. Plug these into theheight formula:y = y 0 + v 0 t + 1 2 at2y = 20 + 110t − 4.9t 2y = −4.9t 2 + 110t + 20This is a quadratic function and we can graph it. We enter it into our calculator usingx’s instead of t’s. A good window to use is Xmin = 0, Xmax = 30, Y min = −200and Y max = 1000. We only need to look at time greater than or equal to zero.To find when the ball hits the ground (the zero of the function) with your calculator,press 2nd TRACE to access the CALC menu and choose 2:zero.Use the left arrowto move the cursoralong the curve untilit is to the left of thefirst zero. Hit ENTER.Use the right arrow tomove the cursor until itis to the right of thesame zero. Hit ENTER.Finally hit ENTERnear that same zerofor the guess, andyou get the zero.We get (22.629349, 0).Now sketch the graph on your paper.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions1000y (m)y=20+110t−4.9t 2t (s)0 (22.629349,0) 30−200Finally, we verify the time it takes the ball to hit the ground with the quadratic formula.The ball is on the ground when its height is y = 0 ft. So, set y = 0 and solve theequation.y = −4.9t 2 + 110t + 200 = −4.9t 2 + 110t + 20This is a quadratic equation with a = −4.9, b = 110 and c = 20. So, the solutions are,t = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2at = −110 ± √ (110) 2 − 4(−4.9)(20)2(−4.9)t = −110 ± √ 12100 + 392−9.8t = −110 ± √ 12492−9.8t ≈ −0.180, 22.629As usual, we throw out the negative time, so t ≈ 22.629 s. This agrees with the zerothat we found using the calculator.47. If the y-axis is oriented with the positive direction upward, and the 0 mark is setat the initial position of the rock, then the height (in feet) of the rock at t seconds isgiven by the functionThens(t) = −16t 2 + 64theight = 61 =⇒ s(t) = 61=⇒ −16t 2 + 64t = 61=⇒ −16t 2 + 64t − 61 = 0Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.5MotionNow use either the quadratic formula or the ZERO routine on your calculator to findthe approximate solutions of this equation:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= −64 ± √ 64 2 − 4(−16)(−61)2(−16)= −64 ± √ 192−32≈ 1.567, 2.433Thus, it takes approximately 1.567 seconds for the rock to rise to a height of 61 feet.It also attains that height a second time on the way back down at approximately 2.433seconds. Rounded to the nearest hundredth of a second, the answer is 1.57.49. If the y-axis is oriented with the positive direction upward, and the 0 mark is setat ground level, then the height (in feet) of the water balloon after t seconds is givenby the functionNote thath(t) = −16t 2 − 24t + 169height = 0 =⇒ h(t) = 0 =⇒ −16t 2 − 24t + 169 = 0Now use either the quadratic formula or the ZERO routine on your calculator to findthe approximate solutions of this equation:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= 24 ± √ (−24) 2 − 4(−16)(169)2(−16)= 24 ± √ 11392−32≈ −4.085, 2.585Since −4.085 is meaningless in the context of the question, the approximate answer is2.585. Rounded to the nearest hundredth of a second, the answer is 2.59.51. If the y-axis is oriented with the positive direction upward, and the 0 mark isset at ground level, then the height (in feet) of the ball after t seconds is given by thefunctionNote thath(t) = −16t 2 + 63t + 42Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functionsheight = 0 =⇒ h(t) = 0 =⇒ −16t 2 + 63t + 42 = 0Now use either the quadratic formula or the ZERO routine on your calculator to findthe approximate solutions of this equation:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= −63 ± √ 63 2 − 4(−16)(42)2(−16)= −63 ± √ 6657−32≈ −0.581, 4.518Since −0.581 is meaningless in the context of the question, the approximate answer is4.518. Rounded to the nearest hundredth of a second, the answer is 4.52.53. If the y-axis is oriented with the positive direction upward, and the 0 mark is setat ground level, then the height (in feet) of the penny after t seconds is given by thefunctionNote thath(t) = −16t 2 − 16t + 68height = 0 =⇒ h(t) = 0 =⇒ −16t 2 − 16t + 68 = 0Now use either the quadratic formula or the ZERO routine on your calculator to findthe approximate solutions of this equation:x = −b ± √ b 2 − 4ac2a= 16 ± √ (−16) 2 − 4(−16)(68)2(−16)= 16 ± √ 4608−32≈ −2.621, 1.621Since −2.621 is meaningless in the context of the question, the approximate answer is1.621. Rounded to the nearest hundredth of a second, the answer is 1.62.Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.6 Optimization 5415.6 Exercises1. Find the exact maximum value ofthe function f(x) = −x 2 − 3x.2. Find the exact maximum value ofthe function f(x) = −x 2 − 5x − 2.3. Find the vertex of the graph of thefunction f(x) = −3x 2 − x − 6.4. Find the range of the function f(x) =−2x 2 − 9x + 2.5. Find the exact maximum value ofthe function f(x) = −3x 2 − 9x − 4.6. Find the equation of the axis of symmetryof the graph of the function f(x) =−x 2 − 5x − 9.7. Find the vertex of the graph of thefunction f(x) = 3x 2 + 3x + 9.8. Find the exact minimum value of thefunction f(x) = x 2 + x + 1.9. Find the exact minimum value of thefunction f(x) = x 2 + 9x.10. Find the range of the function f(x) =5x 2 − 3x − 4.11. Find the range of the function f(x) =−3x 2 + 8x − 2.12. Find the exact minimum value ofthe function f(x) = 2x 2 + 5x − 6.13. Find the range of the function f(x) =4x 2 + 9x − 8.14. Find the exact maximum value ofthe function f(x) = −3x 2 − 8x − 1.15. Find the equation of the axis ofsymmetry of the graph of the functionf(x) = −4x 2 − 2x + 9.16. Find the exact minimum value ofthe function f(x) = 5x 2 + 2x − 3.17. A ball is thrown upward at a speedof 8 ft/s from the top of a 182 foot highbuilding. How many seconds does it takefor the ball to reach its maximum height?Round your answer to the nearest hundredthof a second.18. A ball is thrown upward at a speedof 9 ft/s from the top of a 143 foot highbuilding. How many seconds does it takefor the ball to reach its maximum height?Round your answer to the nearest hundredthof a second.19. A ball is thrown upward at a speedof 52 ft/s from the top of a 293 foot highbuilding. What is the maximum heightof the ball? Round your answer to thenearest hundredth of a foot.20. A ball is thrown upward at a speedof 23 ft/s from the top of a 71 foot highbuilding. What is the maximum heightof the ball? Round your answer to thenearest hundredth of a foot.21. Find two numbers whose sum is 20and whose product is a maximum.22. Find two numbers whose sum is 36and whose product is a maximum.23. Find two numbers whose differenceis 12 and whose product is a minimum.1Copyrighted material. See: http://msenux.redwoods.edu/IntAlgText/Version: Fall 2007

542 Chapter 5 Quadratic Functions24. Find two numbers whose differenceis 24 and whose product is a minimum.25. One number is 3 larger than twice asecond number. Find two such numbersso that their product is a minimum.26. One number is 2 larger than 5 timesa second number. Find two such numbersso that their product is a minimum.27. Among all pairs of numbers whosesum is −10, find the pair such that thesum of their squares is the smallest possible.28. Among all pairs of numbers whosesum is −24, find the pair such that thesum of their squares is the smallest possible.29. Among all pairs of numbers whosesum is 14, find the pair such that the sumof their squares is the smallest possible.30. Among all pairs of numbers whosesum is 12, find the pair such that the sumof their squares is the smallest possible.31. Among all rectangles having perimeter40 feet, find the dimensions (lengthand width) of the one with the greatestarea.32. Among all rectangles having perimeter100 feet, find the dimensions (lengthand width) of the one with the greatestarea.33. A farmer with 1700 meters of fencingwants to enclose a rectangular plotthat borders on a river. If no fence is requiredalong the river, what is the largestarea that can be enclosed?34. A rancher with 1500 meters of fencingwants to enclose a rectangular plotthat borders on a river. If no fence is requiredalong the river, and the side parallelto the river is x meters long, findthe value of x which will give the largestarea of the rectangle.35. A park ranger with 400 meters offencing wants to enclose a rectangularplot that borders on a river. If no fenceis required along the river, and the sideparallel to the river is x meters long, findthe value of x which will give the largestarea of the rectangle.36. A rancher with 1000 meters of fencingwants to enclose a rectangular plotthat borders on a river. If no fence is requiredalong the river, what is the largestarea that can be enclosed?37. Let x represent the demand (thenumber the public will buy) for an objectand let p represent the object’s unit price(in dollars). Suppose that the unit priceand the demand are linearly related bythe equation p = (−1/3)x + 40.a) Express the revenue R (the amountearned by selling the objects) as afunction of the demand x.b) Find the demand that will maximizethe revenue.c) Find the unit price that will maximizethe revenue.d) What is the maximum revenue?38. Let x represent the demand (thenumber the public will buy) for an objectand let p represent the object’s unit price(in dollars). Suppose that the unit priceand the demand are linearly related bythe equation p = (−1/5)x + 200.a) Express the revenue R (the amountVersion: Fall 2007

Section 5.6 Optimization 543earned by selling the objects) as afunction of the demand x.b) Find the demand that will maximizethe revenue.c) Find the unit price that will maximizethe revenue.d) What is the maximum revenue?39. A point from the first quadrant isselected on the line y = mx + b. Linesare drawn from this point parallel to theaxes to form a rectangle under the line inthe first quadrant. Among all such rectangles,find the dimensions of the rectanglewith maximum area. What is themaximum area? Assume m < 0.y(x,y)y=mx+bx40. A rancher wishes to fence a rectangulararea. The east-west sides of therectangle will require stronger supportdue to prevailing east-west storm winds.Consequently, the cost of fencing for theeast-west sides of the rectangular area is$18 per foot. The cost for fencing thenorth-south sides of the rectangular areais $12 per foot. Find the dimension ofthe largest possible rectangular area thatcan be fenced for $7200.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functions5.6 Solutions1. The graph opens downward since a = −1 > 0, and the vertex is at (h, k), whereh = − b(−2a = −3 2 and k = f(h) = f 3 )= 9 . Thus, the maximum value of the2 4function is 9 4 .3. The vertex is (h, k), where h = − b(−2a = −1 6 and k = f(h) = f 1 )= − 716 12 .5. The graph opens downward since a = −3 > 0, and the vertex is at (h, k), whereh = − b(−2a = −3 2 and k = f(h) = f 3 )= 11 . Thus, the maximum value of the2 4function is 11 4 .7. The vertex is (h, k), where h = − b(−2a = −1 2 and k = f(h) = f 1 )= 33 2 4 .9. The graph opens upward since a = 1 > 0, and the vertex is at (h, k), whereh = − b(−2a = −9 2 and k = f(h) = f 9 )= − 81 . Thus, the minumum value of the2 4function is − 814 .11. The graph opens downward since a = −3 < 0, and the vertex is at (h, k), whereh = − b2a = 4 ( ) 43 and k = f(h) = f = 10(3 3 . Thus, the range is (−∞, k] = −∞, 10 ].313. The graph opens upward since a = 4 > 0, and the vertex is at (h, k), whereh = − b(−2a = −9 8 and k = f(h) = f 9 )= − 209 . Thus, the range is [k, ∞) =[8 16− 209 )16 , ∞ .15. The axis of symmetry is x = h, where h = − b2a = −1 4 .17. If the y-axis is oriented with the positive direction upward, and the 0 mark isset at ground level, then the height (in feet) of the ball after t seconds is given by thefunctionh(t) = −16t 2 + 8t + 182Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.6OptimizationUse either the vertex formula or the MAXIMUM routine on your calculator to find theapproximate vertex of the graph:t = − b2a = 1 ≈ 0.25 and h(t) ≈ 1834Thus, the maximum height is reached in ≈ 0.25 seconds (rounded to the nearest hundredth).19. If the y-axis is oriented with the positive direction upward, and the 0 mark isset at ground level, then the height (in feet) of the ball after t seconds is given by thefunctionh(t) = −16t 2 + 52t + 293Use either the vertex formula or the MAXIMUM routine on your calculator to find theapproximate vertex of the graph:t = − b2a = 13 8≈ 1.625 and h(t) ≈ 335.25Thus, the maximum height is ≈ 335.25 feet (rounded to the nearest hundredth).21. Let x and y be the two numbers, so x + y = 20. The goal is to maximize theproduct P = xy, but we cannot maximize a function of more than one variable. Wemust substitute one of the variables out. Solve x + y = 20 for y to get y = 20 − x, andsubstitute into P to get...Simplifying yieldsP (x) = x(20 − x)P (x) = −x 2 + 20xIt is a downward parabola, so the maximum occurs atx = − b2a = − 202(−1) = 10,It follows that y = 20 − x = 20 − 10 = 10. So, the two numbers are 10 and 10.23. Let x and y be the two numbers, so x − y = 12. The goal is to minimize theproduct P = xy, but we cannot minimize a function of more than one variable. Wemust substitute one of the variables out. Since x = 12 + y, P can be rewritten as afunction of y:Simplifying yieldsP (y) = (12 + y)yP (y) = y 2 + 12yThis is an upward parabola, so the minimum occurs atVersion: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functionsy = − b2a = − 122(1) = −6,and x = 12 + y = 12 + (−6) = 6. So the two numbers are 6 and −6.25. Let x and y be the two numbers, so y = 2x + 3. The goal is to minimize theproduct P = xy, but we cannot minimize a function of more than one variable. Wemust substitute one of the variables out. Substitute y = 2x + 3 into P to get...Simplifying yieldsP (x) = x(2x + 3)P (x) = 2x 2 + 3xIt is an upward parabola, so the minimum occurs atx = − b2a = − 32(2) = −3 4 .It follows that y = 2x + 3 = 2(−3/4) + 3 = −3/2 + 3 = 3/2. So, the two numbers are−3/4 and 3/2.27. Let x and y be the two numbers, so x + y = −10. The goal is to minimize thesum of squares S = x 2 + y 2 . Since y = −10 − x, S can be rewritten as a function of x:Simplifying yieldsS(x) = x 2 + (−10 − x) 2S(x) = 2x 2 + 20x + 100The minimum occurs atand y = −10 − −5 = −5.x = − b2a = −5,29. Let x and y be the two numbers, so x + y = 14. The goal is to minimize the sumof squares S = x 2 + y 2 . Since y = 14 − x, S can be rewritten as a function of x:Simplifying yieldsS(x) = x 2 + (14 − x) 2S(x) = 2x 2 − 28x + 196The minimum occurs atx = − b2a = 7,Version: Fall 2007

Section 5.6Optimizationand y = 14 − 7 = 7.31. Let the sides of the rectangle be x and y. Then the perimeter is 2x + 2y = 40(two lengths plus two widths make up the perimeter). The goal is to maximize thearea, which is A = xy, but we cannot maximize a function of more than one variable.We must substitute one of the variables out.Solve 2x + 2y = 40 for y to get y = (40 − 2x)/2 = 20 − x. Substitute into A = xy:Simplifying yieldsA(x) = x(20 − x)A(x) = −x 2 + 20xThis is a downward parabola, so the maximum occurs atx = − b2a = − 202(−1) = 10,and y = 20 − x = 20 − 10 = 10. So the dimensions are 10 by 10.33. Let x be the length of the portion of the fence parallel to the river. Then theother two sides each have length (1700 − x)/2, and the total area is( ) 1700 − xA(x) = x= − 1 2 2 x2 + 850xThe maximum occurs at the vertex of the graph, where x = −b/(2a) = 850 meters,and A(850) = 361250, so the maximum area is 361250 square meters.35. As indicated in the question, let x be the length of the portion of the fence parallelto the river. Then the other two sides each have length (400 − x)/2, and the total areais( ) 400 − xA(x) = x= − 1 2 2 x2 + 200xThe maximum occurs at the vertex of the graph, where x = −b/(2a) = 200 meters.37.a) Since p represents the unit price and x represents the number of objects, the revenuefrom sales is the unit price times the number of units, or px. Thus R(x) = px =((−1/3)x + 40)x = (−1/3)x 2 + 40x.b) In the part (a), you found the revenue R is given by the quadratic function R(x) =(−1/3)x 2 + 40x. Because a = −1/3, this is a downward parabola, and so itsmaximum occurs at the vertex. The x-coordinate of the vertex is x = −b/(2a) =−40/(2(−1/3)) = −40/(−2/3) = −40(−3/2) = 60. The maximum revenue occurswhen the demand is x = 60 objects.Version: Fall 2007

Chapter 5Quadratic Functionsc) We know that the demand is x = 60 when the revenue is maximum. Our task is tofind what p is. Use p = (−1/3)x+40 and plug in 60 for x to get p = (−1/3)60+40 =−20 + 40 = 20. The unit price should be $20 dollars to yield maximum revenue.d) The maximum revenue itself is the R-coordinate of the vertex. We already havex = 60. Plug this into the equation for R to get R(60) = (−1/3)60 2 + 40(60) =$1200.39. The dimensions of the rectangle are x by y, so its area is A = xy. We do notknow how to find maximums of equations with more than one variable, so we need toget this down to an equation for A in terms of a single variable. Luckily, we are giventhat y = mx + b, so replace y with mx + b to get A = x(mx + b). Multiply this outto get A = mx 2 + bx, which is a quadratic equation. We are given that m < 0, so thegraph of the area function A is a downward parabola, meaning its maximum occurs atthe vertex. Use x = −b/(2a) = −b/(2m) to get one dimension. Now plug in to get( ) −by = mx + b = m + b = − b 2m 2 + b = − b 2 + 2b2 = b 2 ,andA = xy =( ( ) −b b= −2m) b22 4m .So, the maximum area of −b 2 /(4m) occurs when the dimensions are −b/(2m) by b/2.Version: Fall 2007