The French Revolution and the Question of Human Rights
The French Revolution and the Question of Human Rights
The French Revolution and the Question of Human Rights
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Friday, January 7, 2010: <strong>The</strong> Legacy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>OUTLINEA. WHAT IS HISTORY<strong>French</strong> <strong>Revolution</strong>B. THE IMMEDIATE AND STRUCTURAL CAUSES OF THE FRENCHREVOLUTIONC. THE BEGINNING OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLYD. THE GREAT FEARE. THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: THEDECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND THE CITIZENF. FACTORS IN THE BREAKDOWN OF THE CONSENSUSG. THE SLIDE TOWARDS RADICAL REVOLUTIONH. THE FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE RADICAL REVOLUTION
A. What is History
THUCYDIDES’ TOWER: POLITICAL HISTORY<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n:SOCIAL HISTORY-ideals held by a society aboutsocial structure-experiences <strong>of</strong> social groups-relations betw. social groupsGENDER HISTORY-ideas about <strong>the</strong> body-constructs about men<strong>and</strong> women-law <strong>and</strong> practiceregarding relations betw.men <strong>and</strong> womenCULTURAL HISTORY-not just “high culture”-mentalities-language, rituals
Introductory Comments on <strong>the</strong> <strong>French</strong><strong>Revolution</strong>
<strong>the</strong> Ormée <strong>of</strong> Bordeaux
<strong>the</strong> Cascaveoeux revolt <strong>of</strong> 1630
THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE(July 14, 1789)Source: http://www.d.umn.edu/~aroos/bastillescene.JPG
TRADITIONAL (VERTICAL)NOTIONHUMAN RIGHTS(HORIZONTAL)-ONE INDIVIDUAL (KING, BY DIVINERIGHT)-THE IMPORTANCE OF EVERYINDIVIDUAL (SOCIAL EQUALITY)-SOCIAL HIERARCHY OF ORDERS-DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM OFGOVERNMENT-CLOSE CONNECTION BETWEENRELIGION AND POLITICS-SEPARATION BETWEEN CHURCHAND STATE
THE ISSUE OF HUMAN RIGHTSGESTATION:THE ENLIGHTENMENTAPPLICATION ANDCLARIFICATION-Declaration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Rights</strong> <strong>of</strong> Man <strong>and</strong>Citizen-active <strong>and</strong> passive citizen-civil <strong>and</strong> political rights-Jews, women, <strong>and</strong> black slavesDEFENSE AND BETRAYAL-<strong>the</strong> Reign <strong>of</strong> Terror-<strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolution</strong>aryTribunal--Law <strong>of</strong> Suspects
Catalysts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1780si) Harvest failures 1787-88ii) Hail stormsiii) Beginning <strong>of</strong> a manufacturingdepressioniv) Virtual royal bankruptcy
B. IMMEDIATE AND STRUCTURALCAUSES
<strong>The</strong> Estates-General
Source: http://julienas.ipt.univ-paris8.fr/cuve/E-G/images/pamphlet-Sieyes.jpg; http://www.revolution.historicum-archiv.net/galerie/personen/sieyes.html
C. THE BEGINNING OF THENATIONAL ASSEMBLY
Source: http://www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/revolutionsOT.htmlTHE TENNIS COURT OATH(June 20 th , 1789)
THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE(July 14, 1789)Source: http://www.d.umn.edu/~aroos/bastillescene.JPG
D. THE GREAT FEAR
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/pierre.collenot/img/imghisto/revolution/1789grdepeur2.jpg
Source: Lynn Hunt et al., <strong>The</strong> Making <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West (2nd. Ed.), (Boston <strong>and</strong> New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2005).
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=8334&rendTypeId=4WOMEN MARCHING TO VERSAILLES (October 1789)
E. THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THEFRENCH REVOLUTION: THEDECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MANAND CITIZEN
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONREPUBLIC OF LETTERSDECLARATION OF THERIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN-freedom <strong>of</strong> religion-human rights-freedom <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> press--no taxation withoutrepresentation--elimination <strong>of</strong> torture <strong>and</strong>excessive punishmentsFIRST CONSTITUTION (1791)-constitutional monarchy--system <strong>of</strong> checks <strong>and</strong> balances--limited manhood suffrage-active <strong>and</strong> passive citizen
E. FACTORS IN THE BREAKDOWN OFTHE CONSENSUS
<strong>the</strong> suffrage issue
POSITIVE IMAGE OF ONE OF THE SANS-CULOTTES
A JACOBIN CLUBSource; http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/jacobins.html
Civil Constitution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Clergy
Louis XVI <strong>and</strong> Marie AntoinetteSource: http://www.abcgallery.com/V/vigeelebrun/vigeelebrun4.htmlsource;: http://austrianantoinette.tripod.com/images/pictures/louisxvi4.jpg
SOURCE: http://revolution.1789.free.fr/page-6.htm
G. THE SLIDE TOWARDS RADICALREVOLUTION
War radicalized <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolution</strong>Declaration <strong>of</strong> PillnitzAugust 27, 1791
ATTACK ON THE TUILERIES PALACE, AUGUST 10, 1792Source: http://revolution.1789.free.fr/page-6.htm
THE SEPTEMBER MASSACRESSOURCE: http://revolution.1789.free.fr/page-6.htm
Source: http://www.livrenpoche.com/images/jaquettes/Editeur-00302/Collection-01115/incgtc_218820.jpg
Source: http://membres.lycos.fr/discours/portraits.htmLOUIS CAPET(formerly Louis XVI, King <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>French</strong>)
http://www.unipv.it/webdsps/storiadoc/images/Robespierre%20B.jpgMAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE
THE VENDÉE
<strong>The</strong> Death <strong>of</strong> MaratJacques-Louis David1793Oil on canvas, 162 x 128 cmMusées Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels
Women’s involvement in <strong>the</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>Revolution</strong>Source: Lynn Hunt, ed., <strong>The</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>Revolution</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Rights</strong>: A Brief Documentary History (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 1996), p. 117.
THE REIGN OF TERROR AND THE COMMITTEEOF PUBLIC SAFETY
http://ancre.chez-alice.fr/vendee/noyades.htmLES NOYADES(FORCED DROWNINGS IN THE CITY OF NANTES)
H. THE FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT AND THERADICAL REVOLUTION
connection with Grub Street: <strong>the</strong> PèreHébert
http://www.tparents.org/Library/Unification/Publications/Community/social_contract.gif
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONROUSSEAU/GRUB STREETPROPOSED CONSTITUTION (1793)-broadened manhood suffrage-republic-abolition <strong>of</strong> monarchyReign <strong>of</strong> Terror-<strong>the</strong> General Will, One <strong>and</strong>Indivisible-censorship-Committee <strong>of</strong> Public Safety<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolution</strong>ary Tribunal
Dechristianization during <strong>the</strong> radicalphase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Revolution</strong>
Source: http://www.instantdurable.com/ID_Maquettes/religieux/cluny.gifCLUNY ABBEY(reconstruction)
Jopeph Fouché“representative on mission”Source: http://img.search.com/f/fb/300px-Joseph_Fouche.jpg
<strong>the</strong> Cult <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Supreme Being