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- 1904. Mammals from Southern Mexico and Central and South America. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:29-80. - 1911. Mammals from Venezuela collected by Mr. M. A. Caniker, Jr., 1901-1911. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 30239-273. MAMMALIAN SPECIES 136 Dominant males copulate with the majority of females (Marsden and Holler, 1964). Interspecific aggressive behavior was observed between introduced S. pondanus and native brush rabbits (S. bachmoni) in Oregon (Chapman and Verts. 1969). One such age~essive encounter within an enclosure resulted in the death of the brush rabbit. Chapman and Trethewey (19726) studied the responses to traps by introduced eastern cottontails in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. They found that females were more frequently recaptured than males. and that juveniles were more frequently recap tured than adults. All sex and age groups of cottontails were most easily captured in January. A positive correlation was found between cottontail captures and barometric pressure. As temperatures became colder, individuals were trapped more frequently. Kirkpatrick (1956) observed coprophagy in S.firidonur. Soft pellets were eaten directly from the anus before they touched the ground, and was limited to two or three pellets at a time. GENETICS. The eastern cottontail has a diploid c b mosome number of 42, with six metacentric or nearly metacentric pairs. 11 submetacentric pairs, and three acrocentric pairs of autosomes (Holden and Eabry, 1970). S. firidanus differs from S. transitionalis in that the latter has 52 chromosomes. The Y chromosome is acrocentric and is the smallest of the complement, while the X chromosome is a medium sized submetacentric. Four pairs of submetacentric chromosomes have secondary constrictions in the long arms and two pairs of acrocentric chromosomes have prominent satellites on the short arms (Holden and Eabry, 1970). Chapman and Morgan (1973) examined the blood sera of several species and subspecies of Sylvilagus by electrophoresis, including 277 individuals of S. floridanus (42 S. f. alacer, 18 S. f. mearnri. 5 S. f. chapmani. and 212 intergrades between various subspecies). All of the S. joridanus examined had unique protein systems, with intergrades of S. floridanus showing more polymorphism than all others they examined, including S. audubonii and S. transitionalis. The polymorphism found in the intergrade S. joridanus included varient tranfemns. Detailed electrophenograms and schematic drawings were presented for several members of the genus Sylvilagus, including four subspecies of S. floridanus. Johnson (1%8) also examined blood sera from 17 S. joridanus and several other Sylvilagus, and reported that they differed significantly from Brachylagus idahoensis. - 1916. New Southern Mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.. 35:8449. Anderson. S. 1972. Mammals of Chihuahua taxonomy and distribution. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 148:151410. Armstrong. D. M. 1971. Distribution of mammals of Colorado. Monogr. Mus. Nat. Hist.. Univ. Kansas. 3:l-415. Bachman. J. 1837. Additional note on the genus Lepus. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 7:403. Bailey, J. A. 1969. Quantity of soft pellets ~roduced by caged cottontails. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 33:421. Bailey, J. A.. and R. J. Sighn. 1966. Some food preferences of young cottontails. J. Mamm.. 47:129-130. Bailey. V. 1905. Biological Survey of Texas: Life zones. with characteristic species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and plants. N. Amer. Fauna. 251-222. Baker. R. H. 1955. A new cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus joridanus) from north eastern Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ.. Mue. Nat. Hist., 7:609412. Bangs, 0. 18%. Some new mammals from Indian temtory and Missouri. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10:135-138. Barkalow. F. S.. Jr. 1962. Latitude related to reproduction in the cottontail rabbit. J. Wildl. Mgrnt., 26:32-37. Bissonnette. T. H., and A. G. Csech. 1939. Modified sexual photoperiodicity in cottontail rabbits. Biol. Bull.. 77364-367. Bittner, S. L., and J. A. Chapman. 1979. Reproductive and physiological cycles in an island population of Syluilagus firidanus. Proc. World Lagomorph Conf.. Univ. of Guelph, Guelph. Ontario. In Press. Blair, W. F. 1938. A new race of the eastern cottontail from the Texas panhandle. Occas. Papers Mus. 2001.. Univ. Mich.. 14:1-3. Bothma, J. du P., and J. G. Teer. 1977. Reproduction and productivity in South Texas cottontail rabbits. Mammalia. 41:253-281. Bruna, J. F. 1952. Kentucky rabbit investigations. Fed. Aid Proj. 26-R. Kentucky. 83 pp. Cabrera. A. 1%1. Catalogo de 10s mamiferos de America de Sur., Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat. "Bernardino Rivadavia," 4:309-732. Casteel, D. A. 1966. Nest building parturition, and copulation in the cottontail rabbit. Amer. Midland Nat., 75:160-167. Chapman, J. A. 1975. Sylvilagus transitionalis. Mamm. Species, 55:14. Chapman, J. A.. and D. E. C. Trethewey. 1972a. Movements REMARKS. The eastern cottontail is an important game animal and provides millions of hours of recreational sport each year. This species has been more intensively studied than any other rabbit. These studies include numerous M.S. and Ph.D. theses as well as hundreds of Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration reports (PittmanIRobertson). Because of page limitations here, and the nature of many of the reports, we have not cited most. Contribution Number 947-AEL, Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies. University of Maryland. within a population of introduced eastern cottontail rabbits. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 363155-158. - 19726. Factors affecting trap responses of introduced eastern cottontail rabbits. J. Wildl. Mgmt.. 36:1221-1226. Chapman. J. A.. and B. J. Verts. 1969. Interspecific aggressive behavior in rabbits. Murrelet, 50:17-18. Chapman. J. A., and R. P. Morgan. 1973. Systematic status of the cottontail complex in western Maryland and nearby West Virginia. Wildl. Monogr., 36:l-54. - 1974. Onset of the breeding season and size of first litters in two species of cottontails froni southwestern Texas. LITERATURE CITED Allen, D. L. 1939. Michigan cottontails in winter. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 3:307-322. Allen, J. A. 18%. Notes on collections of mammals made in Central and Southern Mexico by Dr. Addly and C. Buller, with descriptions of new species of the genera Vespenilia. Sciurus and Lepus. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:175-198. - 18906. Descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies of the genus Lepus. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:159-160. - 1894. On the mammals of Arkansas county, Texas, with descriptions of new forms of Lepus and Onyomy. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:165-198. - 1899a. New rodents from Columbia and Venezuela. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.. 12:195-218. - 18996. Descriptions of five new American rodents. Bull. Amer. Nat. Hist., 12:ll-17. - 1903. List of mammals collected by Mr. J. H. Batty in New Mexico and Durango, with descriptions of new species and subspecies. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.. 19:587-612. Southwestern Nat., 19977-280. Chapman, J. A., A. L. Harman, and D. E. Samuel. 1977. Reproductive and physiological cycles in the cottontail complex in western Maryland and nearby West Virginia. Wildl. Monogr., 56:l-73. Conaway, C. H., and H. M. Wight. 1%2. Onset of reproductive season and first pregnancy of the season in cottontails. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 26278-290. Conaway, C. H., H. M. Wight, and K. C. Sadler. 1963. Annual nroduction bv , a cottontail oonulation. J. Wildl. Mnmt.. ~ . . ~ -= . i7:171-175. Conaway. K. C. Sadler. and D. H. Hazelwood. 1974. Geographic variation in litter size and onset of breeding in cottontails. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 38:47341. Dalke, P. D. 1942. The cottontail rabbits in Connecticut. Bull. Connecticut Geol. Nat. Hist. SUN., 65:l-97; Dalke, P. D.. and P. R. Sime. 1941.' Food habits of the eastern and New England cottontails. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 5:216-228. Dalquest, W. W. 1941. Distribution of cottontail rabbits in Washington State. J. Wildl. Mgmt.. 5:408-411. Dalquest, W. W., E. Roth, and F. Judd. 1969. The mammal fauna of Schulze Cave, Edw4rds County, Texas. Bull. Florida State Mus., 13:205-276. Diaz-Ungria, C. 1973. Helmintos endoparasitos de Venezuela. Rev. Cienc. Vet. Maracaibo, 237-242.
MAMMALIAN SPECIES 136 Dice. L. R. 1929. An attempt to breed cottontail rabbits in Holden. H. E.. and H. S. Eabry. 1970. Chromosomes of Sylcaptivity. J. Mamm.. 10:225-229. vila~us Joridanll~ and S. tramitionalis. J. Mamm., 51:166- Dusi. J. L. 1952. The food habits of several populations of 168. cottontail rabbits in Ohio. J. Wildl. Mgmt.. 16:180-186. Howell. A. H. 1939. Descriptions of five new mainmals from Ecke. D. H. 1955. The reproductive cycle of the Mearn's cot- Florida. J. Mamm.. 20:363-365. tontail in Illinois. Amer. Midland Nat., 53:294311. Hummelinck, P. W. 1940. Studies on the fauna of Curacao Erickson, A. B. 1947. Helminth parasites of rabbits of the ge- and other Caribbean islands. Publ. Found. Sci. Res. Surinus Sylvilagus. J. Wildl. Mgmt.. 11:255-263. nam. Netherlands Antilles. 2:l-150. Evans. R. D. 1962. Breeding characteristics of southeastern Jacobson. H. A.. and R. L. Kirkpatrick. 1974. Effects of par- Missouri cottontails. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeastern Assoc., asitism on selected physiological measurements of the cot- 16:1'&142. tontail rabbit. J. Wildl. Dis., 10:384491. Evans, R. D.. et al. 1%5. Regional comparisons of cottontail Jacobson, H. A.. R. L. Kirkpatrick, and R. B. Holliman. 1974. reproduction in Missouri. Amer. Midland Nat., 74176-184. Emaciation and enteritis of cottontail rabbits infected with Findley, J. S.. et al. 1975. Mammals of New Mexico. Univ. Hasstilesia tricolor and observations on a fluke to fluke at- New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 360 pp. tachment phenomenon. J. Wildl. Dis., 10:lll-114. Friley, C. E. 1955. A study of cottontail habitat preferences on Jacobson, H. A., et al. 1976. Epizootiology of an outbreak of a southern Michigan farming area. Fed. Aid to Wildl. Res- cerebrospinal nematodiasis in cottontail rabbits and woodtoration Proj. W-48-R. Michigan, 20 pp. chucks. J. Wildl. Dis., 12:357-360. Ganaway, J. R., R. S. McReynolds, and A. M. Allen. 1976. Jacobson, H. A., R. L. Kirkpatrick, and B. S. McGinnes. Tyzzer's disease in free-living cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus 1978. Disease and physiologic characteristics of two cottonfloridanus) in Maryland. J. Wildl. Dis., 12:545-549. tail populations in Virginia. Wildl. Monogr., 60:1-53. Gates. J. M. 1972. Red-tailed hawk populations and ecology in Janes, D. W. 1959. Home range and movements of the eastern east-central Wisconsin. Wilson Bull., 84:421433. cottontail in Kansas. Univ. Kansas Publ.. Mus. Nat. Hist.. Gazin. C. L. 1950. Annotated list of fossil Mammalia associated io:s53-572. with human remains in Melbourne, Fla. J. Washington Acad. ------- Iohnson. - A. M.. and G. 0. Hendrickson. 1958. Effects of ~ Sci., 40:397-404. weather conditions on the winter activity of Mearn's cotton- Gilmore. R. M. 1946. Mammals in archeoloPical - collections ----- ------- tail. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci.. 65:554-558. from southwestern Pennsylvania. J. Mamm., 27:227-234. Johnson. D. R. 1978. The study of raptor populations. Univ. Gimenez-Bracamonte. C. 1972. Revision taxonomica y distri- Idaho Press, Moscow, 57 pp. bucion zoogeografica de la especie de conejos Sylvilagus Johnson. M. L. 1968. Applications of blood protein electrcfloridanus (Allen) en Venzuela. Unpubl. thesis, Univ. Central nhoretic studies to problems of mammalian taxonomy. Syst. de Venezuela, Caracas, 58 pp. iool., 17:23-30. - Goldman, E. A. 1932. Two new mammals from Honduras. Jones. E. K.. C. M. Clifford. J. E. Keirns, and T. M. Kohls. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 45:121-124. - 1972. The ticks of Venezuela (Acarina: Ixodoidea) with a Graf. W. 1955. Cottontail rabbit introductions and distribution key to the species of Arnblyomrna in the western hemisphere. in western Oregon. J. Wildl. Mgmt.. 19:184-188. Pp. 1 4 in: Ectoparasites of Venezuela. V. J. Tipton (ed.). Guilday, J. E., and M. S. Bender. 1958. A recent fissure de- Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser.. 17:14. ~osit in Bedford Countv. . , Pennsvlvania. Ann. Carneme - Mus.. Kirkpatrick, C. M. 1956. Coprophagy in the cottontail. J. 55:127-138. Mamm.. 37:300. Guildav. J. E.. and P. W. Parmalee. 1965. Animal remains Kurtin, B., and E. E. Anderson. In press. Pleistocene mamfroA-~hed~ Rock Shelter (36 Hu l), Huntingdon County, mals of North America. Columbia Univ. Press. New York, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeol., 35:34-49. New York. Hagar, D. C. 1957. Nesting populations of red-tailed hawks Lewis, H. S., and H. C. Hinze. 1976. Epidemiology of Herand horned owls in central New York State. Wilson Bull., pesvirus sylvilagus infection in cottontail rabbits. J. Wildl. 69:263-272. Dis., 12:482-485. Hall. E. R. 1951.. A synopsis of the North American Lagomor- Lord, R. D., Jr. 1961~. Magnitudes of reproduction in cottonpha. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:119-202. tail rabbits. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 25:2833. Hall. E. R., and K. R. Kelson. 1959. The mammals of North - l%lb. Seasonal changes in roadside activity of cottontails. America. The Ronald Press Co.. New York. 1:l-546 + 79. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 25:206-209. Hamilton, W. J. 1940. Breeding habits of the cottontail rabbit - 1%3. The cottontail rabbit in Illinois. Tech. Bull. Illinois in New York State. J. Mamm., 21:8-11. Dept. Cons.. 3: 1-94. - 1955. Coprophagy in the swamp rabbit. J. Mamm.. 36:303- - 1964. Seasonal changes in the activity of penned cottontail 304. rabbits. Anim. Behav., 12:3841. Handley, C. 0.. Jr. 1976. Mammals of the Smithsonian Ven- Martin, A. C., H. S. Zim, and A. L. Nelson. 1961. American ezuelan project. Brigham.Young Univ. Sci. Bull.. Biol. ser., wildlife and plants, a guide to wildlife food habits. Dover 2O:l-91. Publ., Inc., New York, 500 pp. Harris, A. H.. and J. S. Findley. 1964. Pleistocene-recent fau- Marsden, H. M., and C. H. Conaway. 1963. Behavior and the na of the Isleta Caves. Bernalillo County, New Mexico. reproductive cycle in the cottontail. J. Wildl. Mgmt.. 27:161- Amer. J. Sci., 262:114-120. 170. Hams. W. P., Jr. 1933. A new tree squirrel and a new cotton- Marsden, H. M., and N. R. Holler. 1964. Social behavior in tail rabbit from Costa Rica. Occas. Papers Mus. 2001.. Univ. confined populations of the cottontail and swamp rabbit. Mich.. 12:1-4. Wildl. Monog., 13:1-39. Hartert, E. 1894. Lepus nigronuchalis Sp. Nov. Novitates McAtee, W. L. 1935. Food habits of common hawks. U.S. Zool., 1:40. Dept. Agric. Circ., 370:l-36. Heard. L. P. 1962. Job completion report. rabbit studies (cot- McCoy, R. H.. and F. Steenbergen. 1%9. Staphylococcur epitontail). Pittman-Robertson Proj. W-48-R8, Mississippi, 25 zootic in western Oregon cottontails. Bull. Wildl. Dis.. 5:ll. PP. McMullen, T. L. 1978. Mammals of the Duck Creek local fau- Hershkovitz. P., 1950. Mammals of northern Colombia. Prelimna, late Pleistocene of Kansas. J. Mamm., 59:374-386. inary Report No. 6: Rabbits (Leporidae), with notes on the classification and distribution of the South American forms. Mearns. E. A. 18%. Preliminary descriptions of a new sub- Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 100:327+75. genus and six new species and subspecies of hares, form the Hill, E. P. 1966. Mexican border on the United States. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Some effects of weather on cottontail repro- 18:551-565. duction in Alabama. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeastern Game Fish Comm., 19:48-57. - 1911. Description of a new rabbit from Islands off the coast - 1%7. Homing by a cottontail rabbit. J. Mamm., 48:648. of Virginia. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 39927-228. - 1972. The cottontail rabbit in Alabama. Bull. Agric. Exp. Memiam, C. H. 1893. Preliminary descriptions of four new Sta., Auburn Univ.. 440:l-103. mammals from southern Mexico, collected by E. W. Nelson. Hoffmeister, D. F.. and M. R. Lee. 1%3. Taxonomic review Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 13:143-146. of cottontails, SylvilagusfIondanus and Sylvilagus nuttallii, Miller, G. S. 1898. A new rabbit from Margarita Island, Venin Arizona. Amer. Midland Nat.. 70:138-148. ezuela. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 12:97-98. a
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ROY E. DAWSON SEASONAL PARK RANGER
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historical (Simpson 1965). The obje
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qauru Ao 1 IeA lap Inog suo K qeao
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Figure = 4 Trrnsect locations 111 1
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Table 1. Selected study habitats (A
Page 11 and 12:
ats and extirpated species from the
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Table 3 Site and Transect Locations
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faunal elements are represented by
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Onvchomv. Nwthwn Grasshopper House
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8 House House Order ~arni vora Carn
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t mnis Jatrans Coyote Canis JUDW 6r
Page 24 and 25:
ermwhi lus ) rtcrrl i s 601 den-man
Page 26 and 27:
.Order Insectivwa panus Dwarf Shrew
Page 28 and 29:
Order Insectivora WNDEROSA PINE cin
Page 30 and 31: individuals were caught in pitf a1
Page 32 and 33: REFERENCES Armstrong, Dm PI. 1972.
Page 34 and 35: Order Marsupi carnivora I POTENTIAL
Page 36 and 37: t h r m ncarl oti; Uestern Harvest
Page 38 and 39: SPECIES ACCOUNTS OF OBSERVED &NI MA
Page 40 and 41: FIGURE 2. Skull and jaw of Zapw hud
Page 42 and 43: 0 a douthitti, to be more abundant
Page 44 and 45: and 22 October, 1 November (2), and
Page 46 and 47: CryptOtis parva. By John 0. Whitder
Page 48 and 49: MAM!tIALIAN SI'ECIES NO. 43 abscnt.
Page 50 and 51: MAMMALIAN SPECIES NO. 43 and Wharto
Page 52 and 53: MAMMALIAN SPECIES NO. 43 7 Dryden,
Page 54 and 55: MAMMALIAN SPECIES No.'56. pp. 1-3.
Page 56 and 57: MAMMALIAN SPECIES NO. 56 / Known he
Page 58 and 59: 2 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 79 LUPUS pambas
Page 60 and 61: a &=station 4 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 79
Page 62 and 63: itt~riality). In Arkanras. Gipson a
Page 64 and 65: a Horn. of facial expressions in ca
Page 66 and 67: Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. By D
Page 68 and 69: MAMMALIAN SPECIES 103 3 ing emergen
Page 70 and 71: MAMMALIAN SPECIES 103 5 ground squi
Page 72 and 73: 2 FIGURE 1. Skull of Sylvilagus aud
Page 74 and 75: LITERATURE CITED Allen, J. A. 1877.
Page 76 and 77: FIGURE 2. Skull and mandible of Syl
Page 78 and 79: 4 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 136 1939). The
Page 82 and 83: a Pelton, 8 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 136 -
Page 84 and 85: 2 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 159 FIGURE 1. D
Page 86 and 87: a and a dent 4 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 15
Page 88 and 89: Q f Microtus prnnsvlvanicus) as a l
Page 90 and 91: 5 8 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 159 ! eters o
Page 92 and 93: 2 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 167 FIGURE 2. D
Page 94 and 95: MAMMALIAN SPECIES 167 Coulombe. H.
Page 96 and 97: Odocoileus hemionus. 'B~ Allen E. A
Page 98 and 99: MAMMALIAN SPECIES 219 responsible f
Page 100 and 101: MAMMALIAN SPECIES 219 captive 0. h.
Page 102 and 103: MAMMALIAN SPECIES 219 Anderson. A.
Page 105 and 106: Neotoma mexicana. e, John E. Comely
Page 107 and 108: MAMMALIAN SPECIES 262 The baculum o
Page 109 and 110: MAMMALIAN SPECIES 262 during severa
Page 111 and 112: MAMMALIAN SPECIES 262 MURRAY. K. F.
Page 113 and 114: L 10 mrn FIG. 2. Dorsal, ventral, a
Page 115 and 116: 4 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 272 the facial
Page 117 and 118: direction of the danger stimulus; w
Page 119 and 120: 8 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 272 LAYNE. J. N
Page 121 and 122: EASTERN COTTONTAIL -Sy lvilaws f lo
Page 123 and 124: --39- DESERT COTTONTAIL Sylvilagus
Page 125 and 126: -- 48-- THIRTZEN-LINED GmUND SQUIRR
Page 127 and 128: BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG Cynomys lu
Page 129 and 130: Thomomy s talpoides Distribution.-T
Page 131 and 132:
WESTERN EARVEST MOUSE 'Reithrodonto
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--69-- MEXICAN WOODRAT ~istribution
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-- 76- PRAIRIE VOLE Microtus ochrog
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COYOTE Canis latrans ~istributian--
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Odocoileus hemionus Distribution--T
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Common Name Scientific Name Habitat
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