Vol 20 - Dumfriesshire & Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian ...

Frontispiece.See p. 148.THE " CRUSADER STONE " AT BONSHAW.

DUMPRlESSHIRE AND GALL0 W AYNATURAL HISTORY & ANTIQUARIANSOCIETY.FOUNDED 20th NOVEMBER, 1862.TRANSACTIONSAXl)JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS1935-36.THIRD SERIES, VOLUME XX.EDITORMRS E. SHIRLEY.DUMFRIES :Published by the Council of the Society1958

IOffice-Bearers for 1935-36. .Hon. President.Mr R. C. REID, Cleuchbrae, Riithwell.Hon. Vice-Presiden ts.Mr E'. MILLER, Cumberland House, Annan.Rev. J. KING HEWISON, D.D., King's Mead, Thornhill.Mr H. S. GLADSTONE, Capenoch, Thornhill.Mr M. H. M'KERROW, Dunard, Maxwelltown.Vice-Presidents.Mr JOHN M'BURNIE, The Garth, Dumfries.Mr T. A. HALLIDAY, Parkhurst, Dumfries.Mr R. MAXWEZL, 17 Buccleuch Street, Dumfries.Mr G. W. SHIRLEY, Ewart Library, Dumfries.Mr ALEXANDER TURNER, Glensorrel, Maxwelltown.Mr ADAM BIRREL, Creetown.Mr WALTER BRYCE DUNCAN, Newlands, Dumfries.Mr J. TAYLOR, The Academy, Dalbeattie.Hon. Secretary.Mr J. EGAR, Ewart Library, Dumfries.Hon. Editor of Transactions.Mrs E. SHIRLEY, Lanerick, Dumfries.Hon. Treasurer.Mr WX. DINWIDDIE, Moffat Road, Dumfries.Hon. Departmental Curators.Antiquities-Mr J. FLETT, Hillhead, Dumfries.Herbarium-Dr. SIMPLE, Mile Ash, Dumfries.Photographic Section-Mr J. P. MILLIBAN, Dumfries.Members of Council.President ; Vice-Presidents ; Secretary ; Treasurer ; DepartmentalCurators ; Miss A. J. GORDON, Kenmure Terrace, Dumfries ;Mr THOS. HENDERSON, Lockerbie ; Mr BERTRAN M'GOWAN,Linwood, Dumfries; Dr. T. R. BURNETT, Education Offices,Dumfries; Mr WM. DINWIDDIE, Moffat Road, Dumfries; MrJAS. REID, Hermitage Drive, Maxwelltown.

CONTENTS .PAGEAbstract of Accounts ............... 2U7-208Annual Meeting ..................... 10Birliy. Eric. F.S.A. Excavations at Birrens ......... 157Birrell. Adam . Notes on Creetown and District ...... 189Blair-Imrie. Mrs . Andrew Heron of Bargaly ......... 172Exhibits ........................ 203Notes on Exhibits .................. 205Ferguson. Duncan . Note on Ancient Tomb at MillisleFarm. Wigtownshire .................. 201Gladstone. H . S . Thomas Watling: Limner of Dumfries ... 70Horne. J . G . The Ballad and its Origins ......... 36Johnson.Ferguson. Col . Sir E . Place 'Names in Dumfriesshireand other Notes .................. 36Morton. A . S . Kirroughtrie ............... 174Murchie. James . C'ruives Chapel ............ 184Castle Stewart ............ 186M'Connel. Col . F . R . lrving Towers ............ 143AI'Crindle. J., J.P. The Firth of Clyde and its Edible Fishes 35New Members ..................... 206Platt. Margery I., MSc . The Ideal Burgh Museum ...... 65Presentations ........................ 202Notes on ........................ 204Pullen. 0 . J . Adventures among Dumfriesshire Insects ... 46Rainfall Records .................. 140. 141Reid. R . C . The Burgh Records of Dumfries ......... 10Notes on the Family of Coningsburgh ...... 133Bonshaw .................. 147Long Cairn Site at Glaisters ......... 199Smith. Miss M . C . Gretna Hall: its History and Romance ... 28Taylor. J . Genetics: the Science of Heredity ...... 36Tnylor. Thornton L . Skaith Mote ............ 195

ILLUSTRATIONS .The “ Crusader Stone ” at Bonshaw .........PAGEFrontispiecePainting of Sydney Cove in 1794 . by Thomas Watling ... 71F1 . 1-Advertisement of Watling’s Academy ......... 75P1 . 2-Convict Hulk: possibly the “ Dunkirk ” ...... 80P1 . 3-Title page of Watling’s Book ............ 99P1 . &Painting of “ Ciliary Warbler, ” by Thomas Wntling 101P1 . 5-Guinea Note of Bank of Scotland ......... 126PI . 6-Autograph of John White ............ 118

EDITORIALMembers working on local Natural History andArchamlogical Subjects should communicate with the Hon.Secretary. Papers may be submitted at any time. Prefer-ence is always given to original work on local subjects.The Editor does not hold herself responsible for thcaccuracy of scientific, historical, or personal information.Each contributor has seen a proof of his own paper.Exchanges, Presentatioas, and Exhibits should he sentto the Hon. Secretary, Mr J. B. M'Gowan, Solicitor, IrishStreet, ' Dumfries.Enquiries regarding purchases of copies of Transactionsand payment of subscriptions (10s per annum) should hemade to Mr W. Dickson, C.A., 97 Irish Street, Dumfries.

PnocBEDTNGS AND TneNSAcrIoNSOF THEDumfriesshire and GallowayNatural History & Antiquarian Society.SESSION l 935-36.lst November, 1935.Annual General Meeting.Chairman-MrR. C. RBtp.I'he Annual General Meeting of the Society was held inthe Ewart Library.The minutes of last Annual General Meeting were readand approved.The Treasurer's report was submitted by Miss Raffertyand approved. It will be found appended to the presentvolume. It was pointed out that non-payment of members'current subscriptions and subscriptions in arrears representeda serious loss to the Society.Owing to the resignation of Mrs Shirley and the appointmentof the present Secretary, a misunderstanding had arisen,and the Secretary's report was not prepared in time for thismeeting, but would be ready for the next.Miss Rafferty intimated her desire to resign from theoffice of Treasurer, and Mr Wm. Dinwiddie was, on theresornmendation of the Council, appointed as her successor.Mr Reid expressed the gratitude o'f the members for thework Miss Rafferty had done for the Societ-v.The remainder of the members of Council were thenre-etected en bloc.

l0'IHe BuncH RncoRDS oF Duurnrps.IVIr Reid then made reference to the late Mr JohnCorrie, lVloniaive, and the late Dr. Joseph Hunter, both membersof this Society.-'NIr R. C. Reid then delivered his Presidential Addresson " The Dumfries Burgh Records," rvhich will be foundprinted belorv, and he was cordially thanked on the motionof Mr G. \,V. Shirley, who spoke of the very valuable work'.lorre by the President in going: over and arranging theserecords.'I'his terminated the proceedings.The Burgh Records of Dumfries.I he subject of Public Records is a dry and unattractiveone for any audience. The ordinary person rvisel,u- shunsthem, for, apart from their condition owing to age and toooften to neglect. their illegibility is an obstacle to most persorls,rvhilst even the searcher of experience and skill findshis zeal waning rvhen he has to go through a mass o'fmaterial with little hope and less expectation of finding whathe seeks. These notes are theretore contributed as a helpto the searcher, whether amateur or professiona!. a state'ment of what nraterial exists and how it is arranged andrvithin what limits that arrangement has been effected.1'his is not the first occasion that an attempt has beenmade to explore and arrange the Burgh Records of Dumfries.lVhen Mr Shirley first came to the town, some 30years ago, he essayed. the task. Of his efforts and thernanner in rvhich they were thwarted by an unkindly fateI have thought it best that he himself should speak. At myrequest he has compiled the follorvingMEMOR,ANDUM.Our President has asked me to preface his descriptionof the Dumfries Burgh Records which he has been arranging,bY an account of my knowledge of them which g'oes aferv years further back than his own, :It must have been about 19o6'7 that I first sought forancl obtained permission to consult the MS. records of the

'fHB Buncs RrcoRDs oF DunarRrps.1l\burgh. Those I was shown were then housed in a smallsafe in the Town Clerk's office. It was very much congested,and within a year or two was replaced by a newand more commodious strong room, specially built fro,mthe ground level at the rear of the office and opening intoit. Although specially erected, presumably by experts, thestrong room had no ventilation, and until that was providedsome time afterwards the contents suffered from the humidatmosphere.The contents were limited to the Minutes of the TownCouncil extending in sequence from 165

12'IsrBuncH RrcoRDs or Duurntrs.zrbout three feet wide and seven or eight feet long, withone srnall window. These rooms were as secure againstfire as any could be-at the top of a building. When I go'taccess to this roorn it was nearly two feet deep in anunassorted mass of papers, maps, books, thick and thin,old and modern, piled on top of each other, sacks filled andrlowing over with documents, bundles of printed notices,voting papers, oddments of official garb, plaster and dirt.The r,r'alls were lined rvith built-in presses, and some of thedoors, half-open, revealed shelves neatly docketed and filledor partly filled with bundles of documents demonstratingthat there had once been order in the room. When I gotaccess to the smaller'room I found it packed to the ceilingwith sacks crammed with papers but its shelves were almosternpty. One of the windows in the larger roorn was open,and the rain had repeatedly soaked adjacent papers andbooks.It appeared that in the alarm of the recent fire this oldsafe had not been forgotten and a band of ready helpers hadproceeded to, save its contents; orderly bundles of papers\\:ere stuffecl into sacks anyhow. bool

TnB BunoH RscoRDs oF DuurnrBs.lavolurnes of Treasurers' Accounts, and there were piles ofPorteous Roll books, Jail books, Lic-,ence books, etc., etc.individual documents of historical interest, including materialon the Grey Friars, the Raid of Lammas Flven, the BurghSchool, churches, mills and other properties, one signed bythe Regent Morton, another by the Regent Moray, a smalllist of Honorary Burgesses including Robert Burns, andmany others were found, a number of which have beenprinted by Mr Reid in his Appendices to his edition ofEdgar's History of Dumfries. These recoveries openecl upthe history of the town in a reliable docunrentary fashionrSo years further back than had been possible before.Endeavours to arrange and keep in order the materialwere not very successful. All the more important burghalrecords were transferred to the other safe. But variouspeople had'I'heaccess to both safes. current oflice recordswere kept in the strong' room, and therc u'as daily traffic,sometimes a professional searcher did not trouble to replacethings as he found them; while in the old safe everv now- andagain the overflow of congested offices was intruded amongmy painful arrangements. In the end I gave up the task indespair.No change took place until the old Town Hall wasdoomed to replacement. Perhaps I should not go so far asthat, for there were books once there-Porteous Rolls, JailBooks, which on incidental visits I have failed to find, butno thorough examination has been made by me in recentyears. 1'o forestall po,ssible eventualities, on my representationthe Library Committee offered to accommodate thedocuments from the old safe. There was no obvious placeto put them, but there was a space between the floor of theLending and Reading rooms and the earth, of some five feetwhich I knew to be perfectly dry. The Burgh agreed tomake an entrance from the Library cellar, and the iron doorof the old safe found a new home there. The documentsand books w€r€, again handled in much the same way asduring the fire, packed in boxes and sacks and deposited onloose floo'ring in the basement of this building. Thence they

14 TnB Buncn RncopDs oF Dt.iurRrrs.have been brought as and when required by Mr Reid, thoservhich he rejected from his arrangement being returned.when the Burgh Records reached the Ewart Libraryir rvas realised that an opportunity had arrived-no't likelyto be repeated-to ascertain what these reco'rds c

Tlm Buncs RpcoRDs or DuurRrBs.lsTheoriginal intentio,n was to,classify and arrang'e everythinginto three divisions - Deeds. Processes, and BurghPapers. But the work had not advanced far rvhen it r.r'asrealised that there must be many sub-divisions. BurghPapers, for instance, was far too general a term, coveringevery activity of ,Burghal life. Indeed its ultimate numberof sub-divisions might well have been increased.I. Derps.--Every Burgh Court was a C,ourt of RecorcJ,and from an early date there must have been a BurghRegister of Deeds. From 1658 this has been recoveredalmost complete, many of the bundles obvi-:ously having never been touched since they were firstmade up.In addition many unregistered deeds \*'ere found,such as tacks of the Burgh Mills and the like. Forconvenience these have been combined with theregistered deeds, and from 16.58-1835 they have beenarranged in 19 boxes containing the dated bundles.Prior to 1658 and going back to r58z many loose deedsand broken bundles of both registered and unregistereddeeds were found, often in bad condition. T'hese haveall been opened and pressed and arranged in order ofdate in a separate box along with some fragile onesof later date. A MS. Calendar of them has been preparedand lodged in the I ibrary, where it is hoped itmav some day be indexed for public use.II. PnocBssns.-This class includes all forms of legal proceedingsco,mmenced or adjudicated o,n in the BurghCourt. In the rTth and rSth centuries the jurisdictionof the Burgh Court rvas far more extensive than it isto-day, when it is confined to petty criminal offences.Formerly it exercised a jurisdiction in civil casessuch as are now dealt with by the Sheriff Court. Thesecivil processes are the biggest classification of theserecords; indeed they form the bulk of them. Wherea process went right through to decreet it often re-'quired a bundle to itself, Mercifully for the modern

l6THr Buncn RBcoRDs oF Duurmns.searcher many never got beyond the initial stag-e of a" claim."But every stage of legal process is wellrepresented. At one time " claims " seem to have'been kept in separate bundles, but the papers were inso chaotic a condition that it was deemed advisableto amalgamate " claims " with processes.From ft64-r7r8 Processes have been arrangedin dated bundles within r r boxes. Later ones' oftenin mixed bundles, have been replaced in labelledsacks. Prior to' fi64 every process has been opened,pressed, and indexed, including several very tatteredones of later date. They fill two boxes, and the indexis in many instances a full abstract. The claims areof little interest, being mostly small debts. Butmixed up with them are decreets of R'emoving or ofproduction of writs which sometimes narrate old titlesof which there is no other record to'day. There areoccasionally decreets of Transuming of contrects,marriage contracts, and the like from some old protocolbook norn{ lost beyond recall, and processes inevery stage of litigation known to the law. On thewhole they are not such a happy hunting ground asthe Deeds oi of so lively an interest as the Petitions(see below). A few samples may be given.In 1657 John Sliman in Auchencreith sued Ho'merVlaxwell of Kilbeane, rvho after a struggle betweenthem in the house of William Greir, merchant, pulledSliman o,fr his horse and assaulted him within theBurgh near the Reidbrae, withheld his cloak andprevented him going to Nunholm. Homer Maxwellwas fined {ro Sco'ts.In 1649 Thomas Maxwell " complains unto yourgodlie wisdomes " that John Hunter owed him 45omerks for the sale of a house and " ane pair of plaidesto, my wyfe or ells twelve Pounds. "Many sidelights are shed by these Pepers onburghal life. ln fi67 we hbar of Mr John Gillespie'schoolmaster of DumfnieS, sued for debt, whilst the

Tnn Bunon REcoRDs oF DuurnrBs,t7Provost of the Burgh himself was sumrnoned in hisown court b-v the jailer both for his fee as jailer rrnd3/- Scots daily to be paid for the " entertainmsnl :'-a delightful expression-within the jail of John Bellin Middlebie, a common thief. As will be seen, theprison was not exactly a guest house. Cases ofduress occasionally crop up, as when MargaretLaing, relict of Thomas McBurnie, complained in r675that she, " being now verie old & doted, past wellknowing because of my aige, dotagc & infirmity whatI doe, " had been compelled by Martin Newall, latebailie, to consent to, an assignation of the maills ofher tenement by his continual knocking and beatingat her windows. Even the parish of lVlouswald figuresin these records, as when in 1647 John Blak, servitorto the Laird of Mouswald, issued a claim against aservant of Sir Robert Maxwell of Orchardton " lbrtroubling of ye hors raise " and for " bluiding " thecomplainer. Horse racing is still a source of suchcomplaints.Every no\l' and then occurs a process rich ingenealogical material. such as a certification ofsummons of curatory against Marie and NlargaretMcMurdos, children to the deceast James NlciVlurdoin NlcMurdiestoun, as two of the nearest of kin onthc father's side to Ro,bert, George, Archibald, andr\nn McMurdos, children of the deceast NIr JohnMcNIurdo. minister of T'orthoru'ald, and AliscnCharteris, spouses, to see curators chosen. On ther,vhole there is no eviclence that the provost and bailiesdid aught but conduct the Burgh Court u'ith legalproprietv and' according to a strict interpretation ofjustice. Litigation may have anticipated occasicnalprejudice and lack of fair dealing from the Bench, butcases of advocation to the Court of Session arc comparativelyrare. In r665 George Neilson andWilliam Blackstock, merchants in lreland, bou3htsome cloth from Homer Gilison, rnerchant and allegit

lE'Inn Bunon RrcoRDs. oF Duurnrrs.burgess, but omitted to pay 156 rzs 9d sterling for it;they.were summoned, but obtained letters of advocationrem

THB Buncg REcoRDs oF Duurnrps. fgJohn Maxwell, chirurgeo,n,'in 1685, being unableto collect his fees, received dzo for doctoring JamesMcKno, a town servant, who had sustained an accidentnecessitating amputation of a leg from which herecovered but could not pay for. Brolien do,wnstrangers, even of exalted connections, did not hesitateto petition for assistance. Sir William 'Ca:npbell, onz4th July, 1697, in po.ssession of recomrnendationsfrom the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, " being come ofthe royal family of the Stewarts of Sco.tland, ancl theancient family of Argryle, and, in King Charlestyme, co,llector in two sh.yres in the north," so,licitedalms from the Council on the grounds of poverty,sickness, and his 64 years of age. Though innocenthe had long lain in irons in Edinburgh Tolbuith. Hereceived {4 Scots. In 1689 John Rowan in Kilben(Kirkmaho), whose house had been burnt downthrough an accidental fire in a neighbour's house, hadlost everything; his wife and children had nothingto cover them save the clothes upon their backs; withgratitude received {4 from the Council: John Johnston,late drummer in Col. Wm. Stanhope's regirnentof Dragoons, being discharged and anxious to settlein Dumfries, petitions to be allowed to take up residenceand practice on the kettle drum and single drum,his onlv calling of a

t0TgB Buncn Rrconos oF DuurRtrs.should rid himself .of vermin contracted from JohnGriervrn, a fellow-prisoner. tJnfortunately the viewsof the Council are not endorsed in the docurnent. Thepetitions frorn prisoners in the Tolbuith make ratherdreadful reading. Many had lain there in irons tilltheir health was undermined. In rToo the irons hadbitten so deep into the legs of Mr Robert Carnrichael,a prisoner, that his limbs were covered with naturalrunning sores. A fellow-prisoner was Gavin Dunbar,commissary clerk of Kirkcudbright, incarcerated as acommon debtor. With them were James Douglas,merchant at Moffat, and Robert Corrie, sometimetraveller in England. On 7th l)ecember, 1699, thethree last-named attempted escape by breaking theback wall under the roof. Corrie \:as first manthrough, but he slipped on the slates, which fell witha clatter. The guard, alarmed, rang his bell, andCorrie was apprehended. Gavin l)unbar, the rvilyclerk of the Commissars, pretended to be asleep. andwas later released on componding with his creditors.Another wretched inmate was not so fortunate. JanetDouglas was in prison for petty theft. She was foundguilty, and Sheriff Depute Alexander's warrant to themagistrates is still extant. ordering thenr to see thissentence executed. She was to be taken to the mercatcross between the hours of rr and rz and there burnton the left hand by the erecutioner of the burgh andthereafter scoured through the town. That happenedin the year of grace 1685.The last petition that I will quote is one of considerableinterest. It runs as follows :To the Right llonora,ble the Magistrates and TownCorrncil of Drrmfries-the petition of Rober.t Rae son toMr Peter Rae minister at Kilbride.Sheweth-That yor supplicant having for some timebygone acquainted himself with ye art of printing andbeen at great expense to furnish himself with typespresses and oyr instruments for capacitating him tofollpw and praetise that employment, Altho that I have

Trrn Buncn RncoRDS oF Dururnrcs.2l(rlhad invitatio'ns and some encouragements from someoyer places in this Kiugdom to s€bt up among you, YetI rather enclined thus far to honour my own countryas to cary on my said trade in this place which may tendvery much not only to ye credite but profite thereof.But considering the great expense I have been at in notonly furnishing my self with yo saids instruments but incarrying them to this place and ye small encouragementI have hitherto or for some time can expect to meet wibh.I{umbly crav€ your wisdoms may be pleased to grantme such a compliment as you may think fitt and in timecoming, at least during yr pleasure ease me from payingany c€sses or supplies in the Burgh and from keepingwatch yrin and your petitioner shall ever pray.Robert Rae.It must always be remembered, to the credit of theTown Council, that they granted him 4ol- sterlingand freedom from cess, supply, and watching.TnnesunrR's Rncuprs from 164o-17oo in two boxes.Every payment made by the Treasurer had to receivethe written authorisation of the Provost or bailies.Their precepts or warrants to pay are included arnongstthe receipts, for many of them bear the acknowledgmentof the recipient. At the end of the financial yearthe 'freasurer prepared his Budget for submission tothe Council, incorporating all the payments to w'hichthe precepts refer. This Budget was known as theTreasurer's Accounts, many of which have been preserved.Where gaps occur in the Accounts theirsubstance can be largely reconstructed from theseprecepts and receipts. These precepts give us apicture of how public assistance was debursed in theBurgh two centuries ago. fhus Margaret andElizabeth Whyt, daughters of one Captain Whyt,who was killed in Flanders, being on their way tofriends in Ireland and destitute save for a pass fromthe Lord Chancellor, were given'fhreer4d. distressedseamen, John Stewart and John Ranking, bothof Ayr, and Thomas Harding, Englishman, lately castaway on the coast of lVales, were given z/- sterling

22 THB B.uncH RBcoRDs oI.' I)uurRrBs.to help them to Ayr. Shipwrecked rnariners werenumerous; Thomas Eveince, a Londoner from a shipcast away at Kirkcudbright, and now going back toEngland, was given 8l- Scots, rvhilst an unnatnedshipwrecked rnan and wife were sped on their wayto Bristol with r8/- Scots. Robert Ker, a gentlemanborn in Teviotdale, shipwrecked with wife and familyin Ireland, received a do'llar, entered in the Accountsas worth 41rcd. John Thomas, a distressed rninistergoing from Ireland to England, was allowed r8d;and William Irving, late dragoon, got ro/- sterling totake him to Nervcastle. He was a townsn:an, whichrnay account for his handsome treatment. Frenchprivateers were very active on the coasts at the endof the rTth century, amongst their victims beingRichard Muncks and John N{urrav, who with theirwives and ten small children had been captured ayear before and were now trying to reach Londonwith a pass from the Lord N{ayor of Dublin; theyreceived as bounty Sl- sterling, whereas 4o/- Scotswers granted to Mistress l)ouglas, " ane object ofcharitie who rves taken by the French privateers onher passage from Dublin to Glasgow. " lVhen suchdistress was caused by French privateers it is almostrenrarkable to find four French seamen " being shipwrecktand destitute of friends money and bread in astrange countrey " receiving 3l-, " seeing the KirkI'reasurer is exhausted by his debursments to the"1)oor€. Travellers of any sort were ready objects ofcompassion. Two distressed gentlemen, Lieuts. HughHamilton and Thomas Graham, with their families,had no false pride in accepting a " dukadoon " tohelp them to lreland, any more than did WilliamDalzell, son to the deceast Robert f)alzell in Coshogle,when he took r2l- Scots to help him to England.Other items of a domestic character can be noted.r5/- Scots was paid to John Lorimer " for ane parchmentto be ane heid to the Toun's drum "; John

THn Buncn RncoRDs oF Duurnrrs.ZgLogine, 3ol- Scots for going to Drumlanrig forbringing intelligence which way the Bishop was tocome (1666); and the like. r\ccounts for horse hirefor Provost or bailies show that they were diligentattending the funerals of nobility and neighbourst8f- to'attend the Annandale burial (t61i, t4f - torthe funeral of Francis Hereis of Lambholme (16gg),and smaller sums for Closeburn's, Lady l)arnicks atTorthorwald (69fl, John Irving of Woodhouse, andCaptain Edward Maxwell in 1669. The poor wereinterred with less ceremony-.' to Janet Kirkpatrickwidow ten groats to help to buy a chist and sheit untoa poor stranger that is dead in her house."(3) Snlncrrp AccouNTS in one box. These are accountsrendered to the 'Ireasurer in detail and mostly'fhelengthy. majority of them are drinking bills. Afew of them are of later date than r1oo, and rvouldrepay a careful examination. It is probable that someof them are actually parts of the f.'reasurer's AnnualAccount.(4) Buncrss Lrsrs AND Trcrers. No Burgess roll forDumfries exists. The Town Council Minutes recordthe creation of many burgesses, and an alphabeticalregister of them is in existence But it is obviousthat there are many omissions from the Minutes.Many burgess tickets were granted gratis as a co,mplimentor in return for services, and many of thesegrants are unrecorded. A gratis burgess-ship costthe h"ppy burgess nothing. Even the ticket wasgratis. But the Town Clerk who drew the ticl

21 TnB BuncH REcoRDs oF l)uurntBs.were not created by Act of Council. But the Treasurer'saccounts sometirnes refer to them. This box thereforecontains not only a number of original ticketsbearing the names of burgesses, but also every scrapof paper, whether accounts or not, that records thecreation of a burgess. The arrangement of the BurghRecords prior to rToo can never be considered completeuntil a burgess roll is compiled from these papersand collated with the alphabetical register ofburgesses and all these papers redistributed int

Tnp Buncn REcoRDs oF Duurnles.2-atTwo o,r three more bundles are in a sack labelledMiscellaneous.(ro) SuNonv Rolrs

26 THB BuncH REcoRDs oF Duurntps.OZ4\, the erection of the Burns N{ausoleum andStatue and of the Memorial recently removed fromQueensberry Square, two ffruesome documents relatingto James McMinn, convicted murderer, whose righthand, struck off on the block before he was hangedin the Grassmarket, was sent by post to ProvostRobert Corbett to exhibit on an iron spike upon thetop of the Dumfries Tolbuith in January, r7r2i thesad case of Doctor David Pitcairn, who rvas guiltyof drinking on the Sabbath I minutes of Presbvteryin an exceedingly frail condition, relating to the rebuildingof St. Michael's in ry++; expenses of avoyage in the ship " Fortune " of \,\'hitehaven toIreland (undated); some verses so ribbald as to beunprintable, concerning a baker named John Reid;and a host of other materials rvhich are the bricks andmortar of the local historian. Amongst them is anenvelope containing two ancient playing cards, bothof them the nine of hearts. One of them is dated t67S;the other was found in a bundle of Processes dated1663. It is remarkable that though three centurieshave elapsed the form is almost indistinguishable fromthe presentday card.(r 5) GnrrRsoN Peprns-in four boxes. These papers relatingto the Griersons of L"g, covering the longperiod 1515-176o, now arranged in order of date,deserve a fuller description than can be given here.The bulk of them relate to the great Persecutor.Indeed it may be said that the ghost of Bloody Laglingers round these papers. Unfortunately only asmall po,rtion relate to his anti-Covenhnting activities,but I hope at an early date to edit that portion forpublication. One of the boxes is devoted to crorre'spondence mainly with his man of afrairs in Edinburgh.The collection should shed much new light onthe legendary figure of old Redgauntlet.That concludes the description of the contents of the

'l'He Buncn RBcoRDs oF DuupRrcs,zzRecord Boxes. The later material has all been re-baggedas follows :Processes in rz sacks.Burgh Papers in 8 sacks.Burgh Accounts in 4 sacks.Miscellaneous in r sack.Enrolment of Voters in r sackProtested Bills in r sack.In all, the contents of something like So sacks wereemptied and cleaned, perused and arranged. The taskoccupied about two years, and absorbed all the nroments ofleisure that could be spared. If it was enterecl on in a lightheartedmanner, it at least was terminated in .a spirit ofthankful relief. The sole reward is a sense of gratificationthat I have rendered easv the footpath of anyone rvho nrayfollow in my steps.fNoru.-There still remain in the 'fown Clerk's safe ;rbox of Town Charters and kindred papers, some of whichhave been published by Mr Shirley in our T.yansactions. Itis hoped at a later date to prepare a calendar of thcnr. Inthe same safe are a number of bound or partly boundvolumes of Records.Burgh Court Books-r So6tZ (rvith Rent ltoll. r549),156r-4, r569-24, rSZS-79, r579-1624, 1658-62, r66e-8o.'freasurer's Accounts - 1634-17t4 (incomplete). 17r5.16,17r8-rg, rT2o-r, t7z6-7, 17z7-8, 17z8-9, rZ32-3, .r233-4,t736-7, etc.Protocol Books - Herbert Anderson, r54r-48, r566-7o;Herbert Cunynghame, 156r-: (, r59e-r6o5, 1595-98.Register of Sasines, several not being protocol books-16oz-1733. zr vols.Town Council N{inutes-r65r-63, 166,3-7o. r67t-8o (unbouncl),168o-94. r@4-r7o3. 22 vols. down to r8r'7.Register of Bonds-r68S-gS, 1693-17oo, 1716-18. 172+-25,1716-177r.Minute Book of Bonds-r7o4-46, rTq7-ryq.)

28 GnBrNe Helr,.29th November, 1e55.Chairman-Mr G. W. SHtnr.rY.Gretna Hall: Its llistory and Romange.By Miss M. C. Srurrrr.In 1535 Johnstone of Gratney built the Auld Hoose andenrbellished its walls with his coat-of-arms " cutt uponstone. " A bitter feud between the Johnstone and lllaxwellfamilies existed for several generations. The Maxwellsburned Lochwood tower in 1585, and in that conflagrationperished the charter chest of the Johnstones and the familymuniments.At Quhytehall on March roJh, 16rz, King James VI.granted anew to John Johnstone of Gratney those landsu'hich had been possessed by himself and his predecessors" beyond the memory of man."It is explained that thisgrant is required because the family documents and infeftmentshave been burned, destroyed and lost because of the'fhedisturbed condition of the Borders. lands of Gratneyare described.with manor place, tower, mills, etc.Histovical note.Information is derived from-The descriptions of Annandale; and of Graitnev Parishs5in Voi. I. of Mr Walter M'Farlane's Geog'ra'phi'calCollections.From Sir William Fraser's work on The lohnstones ofAnnandale.Register of the Great Seal of Scotlantl.Ilegister of Sasines; Dumfries.Re gi.ster of Testaments.Calendar of Deeds. In Register House, Edinburgh,and other reliable sources.The land which was the site of these o'ld buildingsultimately formed the farm of Graitney Mains, or OldGraitney, and the Manor Place became the farm house'No 'accurate information about Graitney Tower isavailable, but it seems to have been the " auld hoose "described as ruinous in r7zt, from which the .|ohnstonecoat-of-arms was removed to Gretna Hall. About 1867the remains of an old building were to be seen on OldGraitney farm; they were adjacent to an artilici?l sQuare;shaped pond, whictr was kept in order and sometimes used

.IFIrtGnarrre- Helr,. 29as a swannery up to r9oo. There is no indication ofbuilding now and the pond is a mud hole; but it seemsthe probable site of Graitney Tower. This position wouldafford a splendid view of Solway and its foids; of beaconfires o,n both sides the Border; it would command thefords and mills of two rivers as well as the road alo,ngSolway shore. At this point the Tower would be withina mile of The Lochmaben Sto,ne-the Council Stone andmeeting place of the Wardens of the Marches.In 1693 the Parliament of Scotland passed an Act bywhich a charter was granted to William Johnstone ofGraitney enabling him to hold a weekly market on Thursdaysand tu'o, faires, one on the first 'fuesday of Jul.v andthe other on the eighth day of October.In 1883 and at the division of Graitney estate in 1889a Notarial Instrument was drawn up confirming the rightscontained in this charter to the purchaser of the Estate.The right to hold this market and these fairs is undoubtedlyheld by the present proprietor of Gretna Green Village.The market and fairs \ /ere of importance. Despite theBorder forays, there w'ere several Ports on Solway, droveroads brought cattle from different parts of Scotland, andthere was some commercial activity in the place. A rathercasual description of the Market Cross states its stones \l/erecarved and it was surmounted by u Ball; it has long sincedisappeared. Eariy in the eighteenth century the proprietorof Graitney was a " Collenell James Johnstone or Ruthven. "f'his man was a great builder, " the whole village with atolbooth being lately built anew by him after a new model. "Colonel Jarnes Johnstone married Isabella, daughter ofSir Francis Ruthven, who was a Peeress in her own right.Co,lonel James sometimes called himself Lord Ruthven. Hisson James succeeded as 5th Baron of Ruthven through hismother Isabella.lColonel Johnstone built the present Gretna Hall as themansion-house of the estate and his family dwelling place.He built substantial stables, byre; outhouses and two cottages;well planned, conrpact and convenient for work. HeI Debrett q,rld Other Peeragea,

S0GnstNe Hell.laid out pleasure grounds and planted trees wisel,v. Theappearance of Gretna Hall suggests ihat the centre blockrvas built first and the wings then added. T'here is, however,no proof of this; nor is there any record of the buildingo.f this house, the tinre occupied, or the cost incurred. T'herooms are large, rvell lit, rvith high ceilings; the rvalls sothick as to suggest defence as rvell as comfort On thelintel above the main door VILCCX is carved. Built into thefagade above the chief entrance is a stone with the Johnstonecoat-of-arms carved upon it, which once adorned the " auldhoose " of Graitney. It is a red stone z ft. 4 ins. high byz f.t. broad; carefully quarried and placed in the best aspectto avoid weathering, it shows little evidence of scaling after4oo years' exposure from 1535 to 193.5. The wall of thehouse had been built with a window-like opening, into whichthe stone was fitted, u'ell-bedded in cement. T|e ribbandis carvecl from the solid stone, well under cut. The mottois " Cave Paratus " (Beware I am about to bring forthArms). The latter word, which is expressed in the " AdArma paratus i' of Gorehead and Lochhouse, is latent here.?Co,lonel Johnstone ruined himself with his good buildings.So early as r7r8 he granted various bonds over theproperty; one in favour of Lord Queensberry. trVhenCo,lonel Johnstone died (January, r73o) his whole estate wasfound to be in the hands of William Robertson, Writer tothe Signet, Edinburgh. The household plenishings, silverincluded, were so poor that their total value is returned asd+Z r6s 6d. His son James, Lord Ruthven, owed himdA, ros od.32 Those interested may consult Nisbet's System of Haraldra,Vol. I., page 144, plate 14, fig. 11; also The HeralilrA of theJohnstones, pub. 1906.3 It should be remembered that between 1?10 and 1?90Britain was ruled by four Sovereigns-Anne, Georges f., If.'and III. The Scotch and English Parliaments were united inL707, with disastrous results. The Stewarts were fighting forthe throne from 1710 to 1750. Land was completely out ofcultivation. Farmers could not grow crops or rear stoek; rentswere low, buildings ruinous, and commercial enterprise impos'sible.

).tGnsrNe Her,r,.3lrrIGraitney suffered many changes of fortune; but aboutr79o became the property of the Earl of Hopetoun. Acouple of years later he fitted up Gretna Hall as an Inn. Aturnpike road existed, trade began to increase at the portsof Stormont and Sarkbridge, the market was well patronised,and English lovers began to run away to Gretna to bemarried.aIn r8z5 John Linton became the innkeeper at GretnaHall. An ex-valet of Sir James Graham, Netherby, Lintonwas well qualified to make the place a good " port of call. "He arranged for the mail coaches to Glasgow to changehorses at the Hall; he kept po.st-horses and carriages there,and soon had a flourishing trade. At this tinre there werehr-rndreds of runaway marriages every year, and the betterclasses rvent to the Hall to fulfil love's young dream.Near the gates was a school, one of the buildings of thelate Colonel Johnstone. When rvedding parties arrived alarge bell rvas rung to summon the ostlers to take chargeof the horses; the sound of this bell became well knorvn inthe village, and the schoolboys used to rush out to see thepanting horses and agitated bridal pair. The spectator'smost eager desire was gratified when a second carriagedashed up, conveying an angry father sometimes accompaniedby his legal advisers, sometimes by Bow Streeto'fficers. The fiery language, the threatening gestures withheavy horse pistols, delighted the young spectators.sMarch, t826, brought Linton his first cause cdldbrethefamous abduction of Ellen Turner, a Liverpool schoolgirl,by Edward Giblon, Wakefield. He was tried forconspiracy to abduct and impriso'ned for three years. Themarriage was annulled by Act o,f Parliament a vear later.a Graitney estate passed from the Hopetoun family toJames Douglas of Orchardtown, and from him to the Maxwellfamily about 1800. By the marriage of a Maxwell, Graitneypassed to the Maitlands of Auchland and Kelston. After MrsMaitland's death the property was divided and sold in portions,1889.5 Rqm,iniecences of Mr R. B, Camuthers, who was one ofthe schoolboys.

32 GnrrNA HauuOn lVlay r1th, | 83S, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, grandsonof the poet, was married to Marcia Maria Grant, o'nlysurvivipg child and heiress of Sir Colquhoun Grant ofFrampton Court.NIay zoth, r84o, was the wedding day of Lord Drumlanrig,son and heir of the Marquis of Queensberry. Hemarried Miss Caro'line Clayton, daughter of GeneralClayton.In November, r8q4, Lady Maud Villiers brought her' perfect gentleman,"Captain Parke lbbetso'n, to bemarried. She rvas the daughter of the Earl of Jerse,v. Hergrandmother, Vliss Child, ran away to Gretna rvith the Earlof Westmoreland in ry82. Both \/ere genuine love matchesand brought happiness to the adventurers.In 1846 Carlo Ferdinando Borbone, Principii de Capoa,Italy, married Penelope Caroline Smyth, Temple Michael'Co. Waterford; and in the same year Captain Lowellmarried Lady Rose Sornerset, daughter of the Duke of Beaufort.Another famous Italian, the Duke of Sforza-Cesarini,married Caroline Shirley in 1847; and in June of the followi.rgyear E. Arabella St. John. daughter of the Duke ofBolingbroke, r,vas married to Francis Smith.To the old Hall came some distinguished people at avery ro,mantic moment of their lives.Linto,n kept the Gretna Hall Marriage Register withmost meticulous care. Its entries extend from July rzth,1825, to April 3oth, 1855; it has two index bgoks. Thereare about r r zo certificates ; but these w'ere rolled up anvhowand crushed into an old tin box. It was the entry in theRegister which would stand the test'of validity in any lawcourt in the land. Sometimes a perusal of the Registerdisclosed most unwelcome facts. One young gentlemanvisited Gretna and examined the Register from idlecurio,sity, when he was startled to find that an uncle fromwhom he had expectations had recently been married !Writers, such as Pennant in 1772, Elliot r83o, and'fimbs r84r. allude to the racing and chasing which tookplace over the nine miles between Carlisle and Gretna. The

GnsrNe Hau.8tpost-boys took a strong interest in their charges, and bytheir adro,itness often saved the. situation, Sometimes thepursuit was so hot there was no time to speak the magicrl'ords. The young couple were then hurried into a privatechamber; pursuers were informed they were too late. Theceremony was over; the man and wife were having a restand could not be disturbed.Linton set hinrself against the vulgar, 'scandalous sideof the marriage trade. He would not marry drunken rnen,rrr r€probates who returned with another rvoman the followingweek. He maintained a decorum and even a dignityahout the undertaking which suited the ho,use he occupied.Gretna Hall seems to,hold itself aloof from the sordid folliesof mankind, even though the dining-room was ooce a drinkingbar described by Dickens. The built-up u'indows giveer,idence of resentment at the window tax, which isemphasised by sliding panels in the bedroom doors to provideventilation, and to call the servants before bells wereinstalled.From a bed closet there is an opening passing under apassage and ending in a large window which would give ameans of escape. There is a tradition of an enormous holein one r,r'all which could never be filled in and was finallybuilt over. There is a portion of wall in the drawing-roomwhich vibrates to the touch and seems made of plaster.There is an undergro,und water storage tank, so large thata carriage and pair can be turned in it.John Linton, sometimes nicknamed the " Bishopr " diedat Graitney Hall in r85r. His widow carried on the Innf.or a time; but trade left Gretna Hall. It became a privateresidence and was sold as a single portion when Graitneyestate was broken up in 1889. For a time " the Hall "took its place as Manor House to a wide parish; but it waslet as a private mental home in r93o, and now is an hotel.If only its walls could speak !The marriage trade continued in the village, but wastoo often conducted in a sordid, disgusting manner." Touts" from the several inns met the arrival trains and

31 Gnprma Hall.almost tore.- the clothes from the intending sfrouses. Nolcnger did the ostleCs bell ring a welcome to Gretna Hall.The romantic scenes and triumphs of former days werepzrst; the inhabitants of Gretna hoped that Lord Brougham'sAct would put an end to disgraceful scenes and conductwhich was a nrockery of rvhat; had once been gallant adventure.REGISTER OI tIrC dNENT 6EAL Of SOOTLAND.No. 958. r3th December, 1613. At Roystoun.The King has given letters of remission to RobertGordoun of Lochinvar, Knight, to.endure for his lifetime,for treasons and crimes committed by him, namely, forburning the house of Graitnahill belonging to deceasedRichard Irrving of Graitnahill and slaying said Richardin the year 16o5 or thereby; for burning the houses ofWamfray, Lokurbie, Reidhall, Langrig'gis, in the year16or or thereby; for killing Neilsoun in the year1594; for slaying Jnmes Gordoun, servitor of said Robertin the year 16o8 or thereby; for seizing George Flemyng,the King's messenger, in the execution of his offce, andon account of rvhich he forced said George to invalidatethe Royal Letters directed against said Robert, in theyear r594 or thereby; for apprehending John VlcAlexander. . ., Patrick and Robert l,'Ioffett, deceased . . . Glencors,without committing them to the King's prison, in theyears t1g6-g7-98-99 or thereby; for adultery with JonetMcAdame, daughter of McAdame; for carrying offand taking certain goods from the lands of Kirkwod I antlfor other offences committed betore the date hereof,-treason against the King's person, rvitchcraft, and falsecoinage excepted.REGISTER Of th€ GREAT SEAL Of SCOTLAND.No. 637. roth March, t6tz. At Quhytehall.The King,-whereas the underwritten lancls, etc hadbeen possessed beyond the memory of nlan by JohnJohnestoune then of Graitney and his predecessors asheritable feu-farmers and rentallers; and whereas by injury. of time and by reason of the disturbances of the Borders

Gnmxe Hell.35between Scotland and England their infeftments wereburned, destroyed and lostr-with consent, etc., demitsand quitclaims in feu-farm to said John and heirs-malewhomsoever, whom falling his eldest heir-female withoutdivision, the lands of Graitney, with manor place, tower,mills, mill-lands, etc., in the Stewartry of Annandale ;-rendering {ro; also doubling the feu-farm on the entryof heirs.Lochwood (Thornik) was burned by the Maxwells in1585, by which fire Sir John Johnstone's charter chest andall his family muniments were destroyed.15th llecember, 1935,Chairman-Mr M. H. M'I{rnnow.The Firth ol Clyde and its Edible Fishes.By J. M'CntNur,E, J.P., I)unure, Ayrshire.After describing the physiography of the sea bottombetween Arran and the mainland, the tides and the currents,he gave an account of the spawning grounds of the herringand sketched their life history. He then sho'rved horv theywere fished, and went on to speak of other fishes of commercialvalue, €.S., cod, whiting, flounder, etc.24th January, 1956.,.Jil',"ff;#Ll; H,.;un,By J. TaYron, Dalbeattie.The lecturer described the discoveries of N'Iendel andsome of his experiments in detail, and then explained brieflythe principles of cell structure and the transmission of certaincharacteristics, e.8., sex.The lecture was fully illustrated by diagrams preparedby Mr Taylor.

36 Prace NeMss 'IN DUMFRIESsHIRE.The Ballad and its OriXfins, with an Enquiry into theEquivalents of the Border Ballads in Ssandinavia.By J. G. HonNr.IVIr Horne gave a very interesting account of the developnrentof the ballad and its connection with Folk f)ance andIiolk Song. FIe described several of the Scandinavianballads, sinrilar to n'ell-known Border ones, and afterwardsread one entitled " Bendik and AroliYA," .a-Norwegian ballad,rvhich his friend, Mr Tomter, haC translated from thatlanguage into English prose, and which he hinrself hadthereafter put into ballad form.21st February, 1956.Chairman-Nlr G. \,V. SstnrBY.Place Names in Dumfriesshire and Other Notes.By Col. Sir E. JoHNsoN-FnRcusox, Bt., T.D., D.L.It was suggested to' me that, while collecting materialfor my book on the Place l{ames of Dunt'fricsshire, I mighthave come across various items of interest about the County.Owing to the very varied sources from which I get thesenotes they are of necessity rather disconnected but I hopethey may interest you-I am not going to, deal with place names individually,they do not lend themselves to a paper like this, it wouldbe too much like reading out a catalogue, and anvone whowants detail can get it by buying the book, but I rvant, firstof all, to touch briefly on the distribution of the variouslanguages through the County. There is very little doubtthat originally Gaelic r,r,'a spoken all over this area, probablytill the Norse invasion over-ran the southertr part;after that, in the Norse area, the Gaelic names disappearedalmost entirelv i the nunrber surviving shorving the extentto which the forrner inhabitants werc tlriven.out,I went through all the names in the Counfy by parishes

Plscs Neurs rN DuMrRrEssHrRE. 87tf'.I\and then struck out all that had a rn

38 PlecB Neurs tN DUMFRIESSHIRE.kept quiet; that is quiet as judged by the standards of thatperiod. It is a mistake to suppo'se that all these earlyinvaders killed o,ff. the original inhabitants; no doubt in thecourse of the invasion many were killed but a great manymore escaped to the wild country and there continued toexist until finally the two races began to intermix. It wasthese forests that were so, useful for giving covert for raidsand ambushes in vyhat one might call the sporting times onthe Border in the r6th centurY.Now to return to the distribution of the Norse and Gaelicnames, tty, in your minds, to forget the existence of fire'arms and arm yourselves rvith nothirrg but borvs, arrowsand clubs; then try and imagine the Lochar Moss and thearea round Torthorn'ald before draining had been invented,s2I, rooo years ago. Could you find a better defensivefrontier? We know that across the Solway was a largeNorse co,lony, and it seems to me that the inference is thatthey filtered in round the head of the sohvay rather than bycoming up by sea and landing on this shore, else why didthey not go up the Nith which one would think was just asattractive as the Annan for colonists ?One thing that interested me very ntuch was that thereal old Broad Sco,ts is almost identical rvith what used tobe called Anglo-Saxon, now known as Old English.I would suggest that the members of this Society shouldtry to collect a complete list of Field Names through theCounty. It is far too big a work for auv one man. Suchas I know are largely called after some person, but thereare one or tw-o curious ones, such as Clrrw Bear and theDeer Croft. One further suggestion is that some effort bemade to collect any traditions connected with the namesthat obviously commemorate some battle or murder; yo'uwill find them scattered all over the CountyAs you know, a great manY places are colloquiallyknown as " THE " so-&-so. I have not really followed upthis point but, from a few instances I can think of, when theword is used it makes sense with the nreaning of the oldname. For instance, Bigholms, known as The Bigholms -

Pr,ecr Neups lr* DururnrgssHrRp.The Barley Holm; Lanark, known as The Lanrick:TheForest Clearing. Whether this is a gener al rule I am notprepared to say, but I offer it as a suggestion to anyonewho,cares to go into it further.The follorving notes, which, as I said, are very disconnected,give a very good idea of life ht're roo years ago.They are largely taken from, some estate lt'tter books whichI came across and which Sir Patrick l{eron Maxrvell hasl

40 Plecs NeuBs lN DuMFRtEssHlRE.against that, remember the change in the value of moneyand also, that, from lack of c'ommunications, a working manhad practically nowhere to. spend money. Everyone lived aself-supporting life, hence we find the enormous kitchengardens that are no$' such a burden to keep up. Everyoneih.n gr.*, their own vegetables; there used to be a butcher'sshop at Springketl; they used to take thcir own wool to thelocal mill and there get it woven. An o,ld man still workingon the estate remembers carrying wool tt' a rnill on theKirtle.After these general remarks the first thing I will dealwith is:Roads. Thanks to our road surveyor and the ratesand taxes we pay, we can now travel fast and in co'mfort.This was not aft,r,ays the case, as the preanrble to the RoadAct of ry77 begins: " The roads from Annan by Dumbretton,Kirtlebridge, Springkell, Auchenbedrig to Crannelpathfoot(near Langholm); from Graitney to the Lanarkshiremarch; from Dumfries by Lochmaben to Lockerbie are inu,inter impassable for coaches, wagons, and other carriagesand dangerous to persons travelling on hotseback'"By an old statute of 1686 the co,mmissioners of supplywere authorised to call out tenants with horses, and cottagersto work on the roads for three days in summer and threemore after the harvest in each year. In r.777 at Act waspassed for converting this labour into money to be spent onthe roads. under this, and later Acts, five lines of l'urnpikeroad n,ere made on rvhich (with their branches) z9 bars \vereplaced rvhich lvere let in t8r r for A+l.S+ 5t',, It is remarked that manv of these roads are verygrossly and openly destroyed by the plough made to passover them ancl to turn and leave quantities of earth andstones on the road; a practice very inconvenient and oftendangerous to travellers. "lVarious measures have been in conternplation for openingup a way to Edinburgh without going up the steep hillto Arickstane.lI Agricultural Sumey of Dumfriesehire by Dr Singer, 1812'

Pr,ecB NeuBs rN DuurnIEssHrRE.4rOn May r3th, r8rr, a Committee of the House ofCommons reported, on the report of Messrs Rennie andTelford : " That a bridge over the Esk at Garrieston, oneover the Sark, and the whole of the road from the Eden toKirtlebridge ought to be done entirely at the public expense."Various canals have been suggested : One from the Solwaythrough ihe Lochar Moss to Tinwald. another up thevalley of the Annan to Kirkbank, and another from nearDalswinton to the Solway near Caerlaverock.lTolls. The following were appointed by the Act ofrSor : " For every Chariot, Berlin, Landau, Chaise, Calashor Hearse drarvn by six horses, mares, geldings or mules3/- sterling; for the same drawn by four zl-; by two'tf -;and by one -/6; half price for every vehicle w'ith 9 inchtreads on the rvheels and hind wheels in a different track tothe front rvheels."In a book I have, called Surztey ol the Roads oi Scotland,by Tavlor and Skinner, undated but o'n the fly-leaf iswritten " R. Wintle 1806," the Carlisle-Glasgo,rv roacl isshown as the road rvhich branches off at Dinwoodie and keepson the east side of the Annan, by Wamphray and Dumcrief to'I'henceMoffat.it keeps up the valley anci goes over thehill near the Beef-Tub (it can still be seen as a grass track)and thence to Elvanfoot. Cary's lload Book, r8rz, givesthe same r

LZPlecp Naurs rn DulrrnrEssnlRE.Duke of Buccleuch, with about tvu'o miles this side of Towerof Sark belonging to Sir John Maxwell."t824. Writing of the same road : " I do not hesitateto say that the money spent on this road last season will bewasted if the public are not prevented using it during thedead of winter. "From the Factor to a builder in London : " Receivedyour letter accompanying plan of a bridge for Annan. " Thereis no other reference to it, so we are left in doubt as to whatbridge it refers to.t83o." The road through Cadgill \A/ood to Solwayb.tnkis in such a state of disrepair that a lc'aded cart cannotpass some parts. "'fhet83o. Road Contractor has been getting {+ arnile, " but," thc Factor rvrites, " I will be disappointedif the Gretna roads cannot be upheld in excellent conditio,nf.cr {3 a mile. "From Cary's Road Book, r8rz, I got the follo,u,ing:Coaches running from London to Oarlisle-'fhe Roval Mail in 36$" hours via Scotch Cornerstarted Z.3o pmditto 3Zt ), ,, Preston 7.3o pmThe Herald to Glasg'ow via Ecclefcchan ,, 6.o amThe 'felegraph ,, Annan ,, .5.o pmThe Regulator ,, ,, ,, 3.o pmAnother unnamed ,, 6.45 amThere were also five from Liverpool.Fronr Carlisle there were r r dailv coaches and fourtirat ran three times a week.At Ecclefechan the mail arrived at tz.25 p.m. and leftat 3.29 a.m.At Dumfries the mail arrived at 2.3S p.rn. and left at6.s5 p"m.Leaving the roads and co,ming to ordinary estate correspondenceI r,vill simply quote the letters as they come.r8zz. Board wages are 4f - a week.A school-t'eacher is wanted for Klrkpatrick-Fleming,salary roo merkr:d8 6s 8d.

Pr,ecp NeMss IN DUMFRIEssHTRE. 43As you will see, the present agricultural depressionis nothing cgmpared to what is was roo years ago.tt,zz. There were z6 f.arms to let on the estate.In the same year a new factor came, and writes :" I have reason to hope that in time, with Sir John'ssupport, a degree of order and subordination may beintroduced among the tenantry and low classes on thisestate, of which they seem in a great measure devoid. "t823. Three farms were sold up, arrears of rent were{trr4, proceeds of sale d4or, balance loss {ZtS.Another sale was arranged but on going there it wasfound everything had been removed.$zg. Sir John wishes to place a Sheriff's OfFcer in Springfield,the Factor says " a man to act between his employersand the borderers must beterror to all."fi23. A man is engaged to take charge of the saw-mill atzl- a week and a cottage." This is more than I hadintended to give but he appeared so good I did not liketo chance losing him. "fi3o." I notice the Nervcastle-Carlisle railway is likely toproceed this season."Apparently there was a tax on sat-ldle horses, asthere is a casual reference to the payment of it.xi3o. Was a very severe winter." The labouring classesare suffering severely this winter, work is scarce,victualling of all kinds is high in price and fuel is notto be had. "163r. The Factor held a supplementary rent collection." As there are now about {3,ooo of arears. I thoughtI might certainly expect d3oo to /4oo but my collectiondid not exceed {2o."Charcoal appears to have been maCe, as there is aletter enquiring why someone has not taken deliveryof sonrc.There is a list of rents for Grass-parks for r83r.32 & 33, but it is difficult to make a proper comparisonas some of the figures are illegible and sorne parks ;rrenow changed in area, but approximatelv the rents were

LLPr,.rcB Neups tx DultrnIEssHIRE.about two-thirds of the present ones, if you go,t them.A woocl is advertised as" Oak fit for shipbuilding."tis34. The following is an extract from a lease: " TheTacksman obliges himself and his foresaids to encloseand subdivide the said farm into proper enclosures, tobe approved by the proprietor, in the first five yearsfrom the commencement of this lease, rvith ditch plantedwith thorns, and to train them up and to leave the samein good order at the expiry of this lease, the proprietorfurnishing brushwood for stakes and paling for pro'tectingsaid hedges from injury flo,m cattle "; and in regardto sheep the lease states : " T'he tacksman etc to keepno sheep on the farm during the lease unless the hedgesare properly protected by a double row of stakes andpalings or stakes and brushwood. "fi32. Another lease states : " The tenant binds himself tokeep a dog for the Landlord if required to do so, inwhich case he shall have an abatement from the year'srent of {r sterling."" 'Ihe tenant shall grind his grindable corn atCorrie's Mill paying the accustomed dues and multures,and shall attend all Baron Courts at Springkell."" The tenant shall pay sixpence perpound yearly of the rent of the farm torvards the fundfor making and upholding private roatis on the estateof Springkell, the tenant being further bound to deliverat Springkell House yearly, if r'equired by the Landlordto do So, seven fat hens, fifteen chickens, and 45bushells of good coal, for rvhich he shall receiveat the rate of rf - for each hen, -16for each chicken, and-f rg f.or everv bushell of coal."" The tenant is further allowed A'l.tS per annumfor repairing the road south of the farm till the sameis completed."1823. Two stout men are required for the woods" I willgive 7l- in winter and 816 in summer, or, if they aregood workmen 716 in rvinter and gl- in summer perweek. tt

Pr,ecr Naups rw DuurnIEssHIRE. 45Here are sorne short extracts which speak f

46 Apvnrrunrs Aruottc DtrurRIEssHIRE lNsnc't'sAdventures Amon$ Dumlriesshire Insests'By O. J. PunnN.I take my title for this paper from the works of thefamous s. American and English naturalist, w. H. Hudson,who once wrote a book, entitled Adaentures am'ong Birds.In it he recounts in his own inimitable fashion some of themany interesting observations he has made on bird behaviour.These little studies are such as we all rnight havemade when walking in this lovelv countryside of ourseverydayobservations on everyday types of birds-and itoccurred to me that, though the number of bird observersincreases until it has almost become rvhat one might call an,, overcrowded professionr"observers of inseCts are still'fruerarely met with. there are plentv of collectors ofbutterflies and other insects, but naturalists have ratherneglected the wide field which opens before them when theyco,mmence to study insect behaviour. It is a research, too,which is easily prosecuted when compared w-ith the long andpatient watching, o,ften in most uncomfortatrle circum-.turr..r, to which the bird watcher must resign himself incarrying it out. Birds in captivity act in an unnaturalmanner, as do birds which are conscious of being watched.Insects, o,n the other hand, and this applies especially towater insects, may be made captive and yet be r"'atchedgoing about their daily affairs in quite a normal fashion.The object of this paper, then, is to shorv, if possible,first, the value and fascination of adventures among insects.and, second, by recounting a few of my own observationsduring only a very short stay in this county, the variety ofpossible w-ork which Dumfriesshire insects present to trs.First, then, let me tell some stories of adventuresamong insects which a few o,f the greatest of naturalistshave lnjoyed, pointing through them to the value whichsuch work has been to Science. It is not easy to choose,for so much great work has been done-what, for instance,could be more fascinating than the work of Sir John Lub'

Aovprgrunps Auoxc DuurnlnssrrrRE lnstcrs 47bock and others on ants or the work o{ Huber, the blindSwiss naturalist, to whom we otr\'e most of our knowledgeof the hive bees?-but I intend to recount sornething ofthe work which Fabre and the Peckhams have done on thesolitary wasps and bees, for their work has been of greatinterest to me.Two only of the great groups of animals have attainedoutstanding success in this modern rvorld of ours - theArthropods (jointed-legged creatures) and the \z-ertebrates-and the plan of structure exhibited by them is conrpletel,vdifferent. I need only mention that the skeleton of a manis internal, embedded in muscle, whereas a lobster's skeletonis a superficial shell and the muscles are attached to theinside of it. The divergence between the two groups isjust as great when we study their minds through theirbehaviour, for, whereas man, the highest of the vertebrates,represents the culmination of the development of intelligence,insects, the highest arthropods, might be said to exhibit'Ihethe culmination of instinct. vertebrates, through rnan,have done wonders through the power intelligence possessesof adapting behaviour to the conditions of environment,while, though insects also perform miracles by means ofinstinctive behaviour, their powers of response are curiouslylimited, and this presents a striking parallel rvith the limitationswhich an external skeleton imposes upon bodil,y sizeand power.We, the highest members of the group Vertebrata, arealmost entirely devoid of instincts, whereas insects are bornwith a remarkably complete set. Fabre's rvorks representa thorough study of the instincts of insects in all sorts ofgroups, and he describes many experiments which show howthe instincts limit the insect's behaviour. His outstandingwork, however, as he admits himself, was his enquiry intothe egg-laying habits of the Hunting Wasps, for, he says," Nowhere do I find a more brilliant, more lucid, moreeloquent proof of the i.ntuitit:e wisdom of instincf : nowheredoes the theory of evolution suffer a more obstinate check. "This quotation more or less sums up Fabre's conclu-

.{8 AovBnruRps AMoNc I)uurnIEssHtRE Insrcrs.sions from his observations. He maintained that the hunt'ing wasps, which live a solitary existence building cells inthe ground in which to lay their eggs and provisioning themwith prey which they have paralysed-not killed-by stingingthem, have a sort of intuititte hnou'ledge of the inneranatomy ol their vi,ctims, the stings being administered withgreat deliberation in the vital nerve centres so that paralysisis induced. This, a modern authority has said, is " a eonclusionwhich is scarcely warranted by the facts at his disposal,"and the work of the Peckhams goes to detract stillfurther from Fabre's conclusions. No one, holvever, willdeny Fabre' his high place in the lists of distinguishedscientists, for his accounts of insect behaviour are classicsboth in style and substance and his experiments show horvhis genius overcame the difficulties which beset him in hislittle country home where the small salary of a countryschoolmaster had to cover the expenses of a large household.His conclusions led him, as the quotation shorvs, tomake bitter comments on the theory, at that tirne nervlyexpoundedby Darwin, of evolution taking place by slou'degrees by Natural Selection in the Struggle for Existence;but, as his conclusions were " scarcely warranted," weheed not concern ourselves with his opinions on that subject.Having shown, then, that the work of this adventurer.J. H. Fabre, among insects is still highly prized, let megive some account of that part rvhich, as I have mentioned.he considered to be his greatest discovery.The wasp which gave him most evidence was a speciesof Sphex (then called Ammophila) which digs burrows insand and provisions them with caterpillars. Fabre, as aresult of all his great experience with her relatives, insistedthat the grub which would hatch among the caterpillars itsmother had stored for it m.ust have motionless prey and,at the same time, must have fresh meat or it will bepoisoned. The wasp, therefore, he concluded, must be a;, perfect paralyser" with the power of rendering its victimimmobile yet not dead. He wished to see the way she wentto work.

AovnxruREs AMoNc DuurRrEssHrRE Imsscrs. 49He kept constantly in his rvorkrooms large lvire gauzecages filled with a great variety of insects which he fed ondrops of honey concealed among flowers. When the opprcrtrrnityoccurred, therefore, he transferred a \r asp to a srnallglass jar in which were the right kind of cateririllars. Atlast he is able to say : " Behold the worm and Ammophilaface to face beneath the glass. " She attacks, grabbing thecaterpillar by the neck with her mandibles. It twists andturns, sometimes with such violence that it throws itsassailant to a distance. She, however, is unconcerned, andfinally thrusts her sting thrice in succession into its thorax," plunging the weapon home with great determination intothe first segment where important nerve centres aresituated. "Next, deliberately and methodically she operated on allsegments from front to rear.Then, in the third'act-as Fabre puts it-she graspsic with her legs, seizes the back o,f the neck and munchesthis weak .spot which is very close to the brain (cerebralganglia).In spite of the fact that his observations show.ed himthat the process was not always like this-the amount ofrrralaxation of the neck, for instance, depends on rvhetherthe caterpillar's powerful jatvs have been immobilised andthe number of times the sting is plunged in may vary fromone to a dozen - Fabre maintained that " the number,arrangement and degree of mutual independence of the nervecentres guide the sting and control the huntress's tactics. "We shall be safe, therefore, in allowing him part of histheory, for a certain intuitive knowledge of anatomv mustbe present or Ammophila would not sting each segment andchew the neck, while another wasir, Pompilus, whichparalyses spiders, concentrates only on the importantcephalothorax.It was careful observations such as these which madeFabre famous as a great entornologist, but he was an experimenteras well as an observer, and many of his experimentswere aimed at showing how fixed is the train of actions which

50 AovenruREs AMoNc DuuruEssHrRE lusrcr,s.an insect must follow through the stages of its life, or, inother words, how perfect'yet how limited are its instincts.We have all heard of the absurdities of conduct rvhich mayresult from the limitations imposed upon an insect's behaviourby the fixity of its instincts. l'here is the story,for instance, of the procession caterpillars which are enciowedwith an instinct to follou' the leader when changingtheir feeding grounds. Placed upon a sun-dial in a circlethey creep on unceasingly round the edge even if good foodis in the centre. One of the best of these stories-I do notknow how far it is true - tells of the worker wasp imprisonedrvithout food with a grub of its own species. Itnaturally wanted to feed the grub, and the instinct to doso drove it to such lengths that it bit off the grub's hindend and offered it to the head as food ! Some of Fabre'smost interesting experiments were designed to give insectsproblems to solve in order to sho'rv up the aberrations oftheir instincts. To take only three examples :First, with a solitary bee which builds mud cells andfills them u'ith a mixture of honey and pollen to serve asfood for the grub which will hatch from the egg. Heopened the cells while she was away. She noticed the holewhen she returned and explored it with her antenne butmade no attempt to patch it, and continued to bring loadafter load of food although, when stored, it immediatelydrained away through the hole. Finally she laid her eggin the empty cell and sealed it as if nothing was wrong'.Secondly, with a solitary wasp, Pelopreus. rvhich buildslittle mud cells in warm parts of houses and stores themwith tiny spiders. He came across a Pelopreus u'hich hadjust laid her egg on the first spider she had stored in thccell. He removed spider and egg and wondered u,hat sher,vould do. She continued bringing provisions, u'hich werenow " useless and absurd," when the slightest power ofreasoning would have told her that if the first spider r,r'asgone the egg would be missing too. Fabre removed themeach time, and finally after the eoth was brought andremoved she gonscientiously closed the cell which contained

AuvnlmuREs AnoNG DUMFRIESSHTRE lNsncrs,5lNOTHING. A train of behaviour once started'MUST be completed.Further, Pelopaus covers over the line pottery ofher little group of cells by daubing them u'ith mud. Fabreremoved the completed cell from the background, leavingonly a broken line of mud. l'he patch left inside the line isquite different in colour from the cells, .vet quietly andzealously Pelopars plastered-not her house, but theuncovered support rvhere it once had been.Lastly, an example which I shall mention again. Awasp, Sphex, paralyses crickets and stores them in herburrows. Each time as she returns to her nest with hervictim instinct dictates that she shall lay it at the thresholdand go inside for a minute for a last look round beforedragging it in. Fabre dragged it a short distance ^wayrvhile she was inside. She came out, pulled it to thethreshold, and went in to look round again. He repeatedhis part and she repeated hers for 4o times, but she couldnot jump to the next stage in her instinctive behaviour anddrag it in zaithout that preliminary look round.The work of the Peckhams, more recent than that ofF abre, tends, as I have saicl, to detract in many ways fromthe value of his work. Fabre proved more or less thatinsects are perfect automata, but the American workers shorvthat their behaviour varies greatly among individuals. Onemay be nervous and excitable, another calm and unhurried;one careless, another neat and thorough; one suspicious,another confiding. Their work leads them to the importantconclusion-perhaps as unwarranted as was F-abre's--that" the old notion that the acts of bees, wasps and ants areall varying forms of instinct is no longer tenable." 'Ihreetvpes of behaviour have been watched by them :t. Instinctirue acts which are all complex and are performedwithout experience, and in a similar way by allmembers of the same race.z. Intelligent acts which are conscious acts modifiableby experience, and it is important to note that they claimto have cpme across such acts in insect behaviour.

52 AovenruREs AMoNo DuurnrEssnrRE Inspcrs.3. Acts ol Imitation.They took special care with their observations of thespecies of Amrnophila in America so that they could comparebehaviour of the American species rvith the descriptiongiven by F-abre, and, as these show the remarkable variationbetween individual wasps, they are worth recountinghere.By good fortune they were able to watch the seizure ofthe caterpillars in the field. They saw the wasp attack andsarv the repulse by the violent wrigglings and contortions.The u'asp, however, soon succeeded in alighting over thecaterpillar. and, grasping its body in her mandibles, curvedthe end of her abdomen under the body and darted hersting into the 3rd and 4th segment. Complete cessationof the movements of the unfortunate caterpillar resulted.Then the wasp paused and later plunged her sting intoother segments. Now she paused again (note-three acts),circled above, alighted again, and with " great deliberationand nicety of action " gave more stings in the abdominalregion.This account corresponds more or less rvith Fabre's,but there was No malaxation, and when the paralvsing rvasover what Fabre described as a sort of dance of victorywith abdomen held high proved, according to the Peckhams,to be just a thorough cleaning o,f the body. all parts beinewiped by the legs.Several others were watched, and the number of stingsthey gave varied considerably as did the amount of malaxation.This is not greatly different from Fabre's account,BUr, while Fabre insists that the essential result must beperfect paralysing with motionless caterpillars, the Peckhamsfound caterpillars wriggling violently when tht: wasp larvabit them, and, while Fabre insisted on the supply of meatbeing fresh, the Peckhams found great variation' in thelength of life of the paralysed caterpillars and that the lvasplarva ate and relished dead caterpillars.From their observations, therefore, the Peckhams concludethat insects are not perfect automata, although they

ApvrNrunns Amcxc Durur.'nIESsHTRE lNsrcrs. 58do not deny the complex instincts involved in such actionsas stinging of prey, carrying o,f booty, entering of nest,and type of architecture of the nest.Ammophila, in its method of finishing off its nests, asin the stinging of its prer, gave them the most convincingexamples of variation aniong individuals, for one washurried, while another, Iike an artist, took one hour incleaning up the debris and in stopping up the entrance tothe burrow. Most important o,f alr-one paused as if notsatisfied with its efforts and, goin g away, returned with apebble held in its manclibles and used it io pound clow' thesoil which plugged the entrance to the burrow. This, fortool-users are rare in the animar kingdom below man andthe apes, must surery have been an act requiring reasoningpowers, and it is 'ot the onry onc whicb the peckhamsdescribe.what are we to think, for instance, of the iittre wasp,Trypoxylon, which buirds nests with partitions of mud inthe straws of thatched roofs ? She, like all wasps, istroubled u'ith cuckoo wasps who pay her unwercome attentionin the hopes of entering her nest at appropriate timesand laying their eggs on her stored food. she gets overthis difficulty by leaving her mate on guard at the nestwhenever she is absent and he drives the cuckoos vigorousryaway. Not often do the nrare wasps herp in the houservork,but an individuar of this species had her husband so werltrained that he guarded the nest dutifuily for lour days and,in the female's ,, rush-hoss "_sf mid_dav_oacked in thespiders for her to save her time.Further exampres mentioned by the peckhams as intelligentacts are taken from the brack spider-hunting wasps,spp. of Pompilus, which hide trreir prey in burrows in sand.one went quite against the usuar rures governing behaviourof its species and hung its spider up ii . grr* plant forsafety from ants while she dug her burrow. Another, findingher spider too big for the entrance of the burrow, tookit and hid it in crover. 'rhen she spent 15 minutes creaningherself, yet a, the time memory t

S4AovsNruRes Ardoxc DuuTRIEssHIRE lxsrcrs.Even Fabre's Sphex, which in the experiments he performeddemonstrated to,him the fixity of instinct, gave theI-'t.ckhams evidence of intelligence. Fabre's Sphex repeatedone little portion of its train of behaviour 4o tirnes, forinstinct dictated that this must be done before the nextoperation could be performed. ' The Peckhams tried thesame experiment on Sphex ichneumonica, an Americansp., and found that,, after they had dragged its cricketfrom four to seven times away from the threshold of itsburrow, the wasp learnt to go straight in with its prey withoutthe preliminary inspection of the burrorv which had giventhe experinenters the opportunity of dragging the paralysedcricket away.One more piece of rvork which the Peckhams carriedout is worth describing. They, Iike Fabre, were impressedwith the power all species possessed of finding, without theleast difficulty, their orvn nest even if, to human eyes, theentrance was invisible, or, even when the entrance \'\"as onehole in a bank pitted with similar ho'les. They set out tofincl out if a special sense of direction u'as necessary forsuch accurate place-finding, and they came to the conclusionthat we need not assume that wasps possess any specialsense. This conclusion they base upon the following evidence:r. Experiments with social wasps which prol'e thatthey find their way by recognising certain landrnarks andthat they recognise the entrance to their nest as a darkerpatch in the middle of an area of a different colour.2. Obserrrations on solitary wasps r,vhich go to provethat these tinv creatures know the position of their nest bysurrounding landmarks.3. Observations on locality-studies made by solitarywasps before they leave their nest'Wasps, they found, must memorisc :r picture of thesurroundings of their nest, for an individual of the g'enusAporus lost its nest when a leaf near it was broken off butfound it immediately the leaf was replaceci. Almost all the

AovpxrunBs Arrlor.rc DuurRrEssHrRE INsgcrs.5bwasps they watched were disturbed by any change in theappearance of the surroundings of their nest. Nlany ofthem, for instance, were upset by the red-headecl matchesthe Peckhams stuck in near burrows as their own guide tothe position of the nest they were watching.The locality-studies made by wasps are particularly impressiveevidence. 'fhe Peckhams made charts in the fieldwhich show how the wasps made elaborate studies of thesurroundings before leaving their newly-dug burrows. Theyrvould fly off in ever-widening circres, then rise higher andfinally make off in a straight line. Second visits to the nestrequired no such study-the picture once made was evidcntlysecure in the memory - and one individual sphex whichmade several trial nests before finally completing a burrownc:ver made a locality-study of the unsatisfactory burrowswhen it left them, but rnade an elaborate study of the surroundingsof the completed burrow.These, then, are some interesting features o,f the worksof three great adventurers among insects-Fabre and thePeckhams-and, as you will be wondering if insects in thisdistrict can present us with such interesting probrems, .Iwill describe to you a few of my own obse^,ations uponinsects in Dumfriesshire. They wiil not, I arn afraid, besuch fascinating stories as those I have just recounted, butthey will, I hope, illustrate to you that there are plenty ofopportunities for observers in this county of ours.Meanwhile let us leave the solitary wasps and beeswith our minds still occupied with the question so neatlyput by the Peckhams : Are the wasps wiser than they seemor do they seem wiser than they are?A piece of sandy land rolled and sown with grass seedin the hopes that it would become a lawn gave me my firstadventure among' solitary bees, for, upon the smooth, hardpackedsurface, innumerable miniature mole-hills appearedin the summer of. ry34. These littre pires of excavated sandwere really more like tiny volcanoes, for they had a craterlikehollow in the centre, and soon I found a small bee-inappearance just like a honey bee-coming out of them. It

56 Aovsxrunps AuoNc DururnrEssulRE Insecrs.proved to be the Yellow-footed Mining Bee. Halictusxanthopus, half an inch long, with a dull black body andrvith legs clad with shining golden hairs.Often I watched the sand in the centre of some of thecraters heaving as the little excavators rvorked, and frecuentl,rrI saw them return to their burrows with legs ladenw;th pollen. For a minute the sand would heave and thenrvas still, until, in ro minutes, the little bee returned to thesurface head first and flew away about her business. WhileI watched over the burro'lvs in the full glare of the summersun I began to realise that some fast-flying insects withshining black bodies were u,'aiting, too, and, later, I sawthese creatures pounce upon the bees as they returned home,and, aftcr a brief struggle, the pair would lie peacefully ontheir sides in the sand for a moment, then thev separatedand were gone about their business. Caught and examinedthese swift-flying little fighters proved to,be the grey-headedmales-the fierce struggle had evidently been their idea ofcourtship.One at least of these bees was not good at finding hernest among the myriads which covered my lawn, for sheplunged head first into the sand at one point but was upagain in a minute and plunged dorvn again a short distanceaway. In this second attempt she was evidently more successful,for her stay below was so long that it outlasted m,vp:rtience and I did not stay to see her come up.When I attempted to trace the burrorvs of these beesin the sand I found it difficult, f.or the sand in which theywere constructed was so loose that thcy fell in when Iexcavated beside them. Yet my efforts proved, at any rate,that the little mining bees rvere good ntasons as rvell asminers, for rvith some mysterious tnortar, probably theirown saliva, each cements together the sand in the cylindricalwalls

Aovexrunns Auonc f)unarnrESSHrRE INsBc'rs.nZpassage leading to it. At the end the little bee had provedherself to be a master-potter, for, out of a feu, particles ofclay, she had fashioned a tiny, oval cell of linely glazedearthenware.In the summer of r93S I u'as less fortunate, for nolvthe sandy waste which had been the haunts of the bees wascovered rvith vegetation and I sarv feu' of them until theend of the season, rvhen I came across another wellpopulatedcolony on a beaten walk beside a tributary of theriver ivith. It was too late in the season to make theintimate acquaintance of this colony, hower.er, so I had toput off further investigations until the summer of 1936,when I hope to find out more about the habits of these littlecreatures t'hose sole life purpose seems to be to .lisburrows, builcl cells and in them to store a paste of honeyand pollen upon which their grubs rvill feed. Although theyare g'regarious their life seems to be a lonely one, and themales give not the slightest help to their industrious mates.That summer of 1934 seems to have been a good onefor solitary bees and rvasps, for soon after my adventuresrvith the mining bees I found that the wasps we had beenkilling on the kitchen window panes were slimmer and hadmarkings which differed fronr those of the common socialwasps. In a day or trvo these wasps, *rhich by now werevery common_. took pnssession of o,ur living rooms wherewindows were curtained off by curtains hung from rods inthe form of hollor,r' brass tubes. sitting there u,hen thesun was out-all these solitaries seem to need the stimulusof bright sunshine to make them work-we could r,vatchthem come flying, with low and powerful hum, through theopen windo'rvs, and, carrying either caterpillars or littlepellets of sand, they would go to the rods and disappearhead first inside.These evidently were Wall Mason Wasps, Odynerusparietum, members of a g'enus which Fabre had oftenlvatched. It was impossible, unfo,rtunaterv, to watch whatwent on inside the rods, but, by tapping them, I found thatthe wasps bad been making mud partitions across the tubes

58 AovnxruRBs Altottc DutrlrRtnssnlRE h.tsncrs.and that into the cells thus formed they were carrying caterpillarsas food for their grubs. In spite of the fact that thecaterpillars were as long and certainly as bulky as the waspshe could fly quite easily with her burden, holding it withher front pair of legs and her vice-like mandibles or jaws-Fro,m an unfinished cell six greyish-green caterpillars withblack heads fell out, and I found, like the master-naturalistbefore me, that, though paralysed, they were still living andeven passed excrement for the first few days. I was neverable to discover where the rvasps were getting their PreI,but it must have been close at hand and plentiftrl for theyseemed to come with a fresh caterpillar every five or tenminutes. I was especially disappointed, as I had hoped tosee, as Fabre had seen before me, the judicious thrusts of thervasp's rapier-like sting which, enterirrg the caterpillar'snerve ganglia, puts her muscles out of action.Fortune favoured me in one way' however, for some ofthe wasps built their cells in the keyholes of chests of draiversin the bedrooms, and I was able to remove the locks andstudy the contents of the mud-walled cells. In them lfound, exactly as Fabre had described so many years ag'o,the stores of paralysed caterpillars and the w'asp's erggsuspended from the roof where it rvas out of reach of anyimperfectly paralysed caterpillar which nright rear andstruggle in its efforts to escape. When the larva hatchesit uses the thread by u'hich the egg was suspended as a lifelineup which it retreats when the caterpillar it is bitingwriggles to free itself.Each day the wasp grubs, which \l'ere fat and slightlycrescentic with a pointed head end bearing a minute buteffective pair of piercing org'ans, waxed fatter and fatteras they consumed their food store. They evidently foundthe abdomens of the caterpillars most tasty, for the headand thorax they often left. Gradually they assumed alavender tint, and, in little less than a fortnight, one spun acocoon and sealed itself into its cell, one side of which hadbeen broken away.In this cocoon it, and its cousins in the curtain rods in

Anvpnrunrs Anaoxc DuurnrEssHrRE Ilqsrcls. 59similar cocoons, would sleep throughr the winter, so I leftthem to see lvhat would emerg'e.In 1935 I saw far fewer of these wasps, although hoiespierced in the mud rvhich had sealed their cells showed thatsomething had emerged, but very common in the windowswas a very beautiful ruby-tailed wasp--a species of Chrysus-with green eyes and rubv-red tail, so i rvas forced to theconclusion that, duringthose long periods rvhen my waspshad gone about their business unobserved b_y me, one ormore of these parasitic ruby-tails followed thent about andlaid its eggs on the store of caterpillars the mason wasphad so industriously laid by.Then the grub of the intruder,ousting the rightful owner, rnust have consurned the storedfood so that ruby-tails emerged from cells which I hadexpected to produce wall mason wasps.In 1935, hovvever, I came across another interestingsolitary ivasp rvhich rvas rvorking busily in the vertical bankof sand exposed in a field rvhere sheep hac! been pawing andrubbing themselves when irritated,I suppose, by parasites.The earth thus exposed was pitted u'ith the burrows ofmany individuals of the field digger wasp, N{ellinus arvensis.Sand throrvn out by the digger lay in piies at the basc ofthis miniature cliff, and I lvatched the females arriving r,viththeir prey-themales, as usual, were nowhere to be seen.They came n,ith several kinds of flies carryingthem withthe proboscis held in their mouth and rvith the body supportedbetu,cen their legs, and the fact that the species rvhichthey carried rvere chiefly those .ivhich haunt patches of cowdunghelped nre in my identification.\A.rithout the slightest difficulty-thoughnot light-thevtheir load u'asfleu' to their nest and seemed to have nodoubts as to g'hich u'as their burro,w amongstholes rvhich lvere present.the manyI excavated and found that their burrows penetratednearl-v a foot into,the bank and that the angle of excavationtook them downwards to the damper sub-soil.Each burro,u'seemed to have several cells on either side of it, although Iwas never able to prove, orving to the all-to-easy co,llapse of

(i0 AnvewruRns Altonc DuTuTRIESSHIRE INsBcT s.their rvalls, where junction with the main tunnel had beenmade.In some I found very little of the flies' carc.rses remaining,and these contained fat, shining, lavender-colouredwasp grubs slightly curled into the shape of a letter C.others a full quantity of provisions was still present, and Ifound that all the flies seemed to be dead, while curled roundthe neck of one of them a tiny, whitish, young wasp grub'lvas always present.It was not until the end of August that I came acrossthis fascinatinglittle colony, so the lateness of the seasonprevented me from seeing what I longed fs 5ss-fheInwaspsrunning about among the flies which haunt cattle-dung andsuddenly pouncing upon one of them to dispatch it with aferv lightning thrusts of its poisonous sting.illy disappointmentwas all the keener since I had read a Bo,urnentouthnaturalist's account of the way the field digger wasp huntsin his district, and he made the remarkable suggestion thatBournemouthflies are too wary to be taken in by a wasprunning, in all apparent innocence, through their midst, sothat Mellinus has to adopt another method of attack.Shelies on her side, feigns death, and pounces o'n an unsuspectingvictim whenever one comes near.In case you should think that solitary wasps and beesare the only group of insects which have interesting habits,I will norv describe three insect larva whose behaviour Ihave found interesting to rn'atch. All three are beneficialinsects, for the first turo, the hover-fly, Svrphus niteas, andthe golden-eyed lacewing fly, Chrysopa vulgaris, have larvawhich feed entirely upon those disgusting pests-'aphidsgreen-fly - while the last one, the glow-worm beetle,Lampyrison snails and slugs.noctiluca, feeds in both larval and adult stagesFirst, then, for the hover-fly. One cannot search longamong the hordes of aphids which, in Tune and luly, infestalmost all kinds of vegetation, sucking its juices and soilingir with the sticky sweat which (rczes from them, withoutcoming across a little leech- or slug-like creature which isthe larva of the hover-fly.orThis little creature with a shiny,

AovBxrunss A$,roNc DuurnrEssHrRE lNsecrs. 61,,transparent body-it is possible with a microscope to watchits life processes going on inside it-about * irr. long, hasno visible legs or protuberances

2AnvrxruRBs AltoNc Dutul'nIESSHIRE'Iusecrs.be artificial. Long urit.rrn* stretch backwards over thebdy, ancl r,r'ith these sensitive org'ans the fentale searchesfor aphid-infested shoots, upon the leaves of rvhich she willlay her curious eggs, hanging them on the end of a longancl delicate stalk and fixing them in tufts together on thetrvig.A girl pupil first introduced me to the draganJikecreature which is the lacewing fly's larva. So different is itin appearance from the adult that no one would recogniseit for rvhat it is. It is active and yellow and brown in colour,and its body is less than $ in. in length and is covered rvithsmall bristles growing from a row of little tubercles arrangedalong each side. The body tapers towards both head andtail, and the spindly shanks are helped in rn'all

ApvplruREs AMoNc DuurnrEssHrRg INsBcrs. 63baphid kicked witdly withshiftingits iegs but all to no avail, for,his grip, the monster emptied all parts until whata few minutes earlier had been a plurnp, green body becamea shrivelled, whitishempty skin, which finally was tossedcarelessly aside. The lacewing larva had not such avoracious appetite as the hover-fly grub, for it only accountedft r five aphids in one morning.I hoped to see it doing as it issaid to de-sevsring its bristles as camouflage with theshrunken carcases of its victims - but in this I was disappointed.So' decorated it must be the personification ofthe " rvolf in sheep's clothing"which we read about inchildren's stories.Before the rvonderful transforrnationvyhich rvill makethe fairy-like lacewing fly out of this unsightly rnonster cantake place it must produce silk from the glands at its tailand spin itself a cocoon in u'hich to rest.N,Iine, ho,n ever,never reached this stage, for again I only came across itlate in the season of 1935, and as every day aphids \\,'ereless easy to find it died tragicallv of starvation.A glor,r'-wornr provided me rvith another adventure inthe insect r,vorld, and again my specimen was brought to meby a pupil u'ho found it in the grass of a rvater-rneadow atTynron. These interesting beetles are not so co,mlnon inS. Scotland as they are in the south of England, for therethe grass on warm June nights is sorr:etimes as starspangledas the sky above. On such nights I have hadmany a glow-wormthe females u'hich, with glowinghunt, but though it rvas easy to securetail, clarnber up the g'rassstems and wave their lanterns to and fro to attract theiru'inged mates, I had never before seen the larva.In shapeit is like the female, and, as the common name shorvs, thebody is more like'fhea worm in appearance than a beetle.male, on the cther hand, is a typical sheath-winged beetlewith the usual large pro-thorax.The long segmented body with segments almost equalit'r size has a soft pale abdomen rvhich is slightl;r pinkbeneath, and it is dragged along by the six rather feeblethoracic legs which are helped (note resemblance to lacerving

64 AovrxruRss AltoNc DunarnIEssHIRE lwsrcrs.larva) by a rose-shaped suctorial organ at the tail.On thehead are piercing jaws, ztnd rvith these the larva attacksits prey-garden snails or slugs. It goes about its u'orkin wary fashion, brrt, 1s liabre pginted out, it is a nrasterof the art of anaesthesia, for one gentle tlveak by its jalvsrenders the rnuscles incapable of movement and after thateverything is plain-sailing,A ferv more tweaks and thehelplessness of the prey is assured, and the larva plunges itsneedle-like jaws into the soft atnd juicy flesh.In Natureseveral glow-worrns hasten to the feast so that it is soonexhausted, but my glolv-rvorrn having everythingt0 itselffound plenty o[ sustenance in one small brorl'n garden slugelch week.It lay motionless beside the mass of food, itsmandibles buried in the flesh and slowly the carcase drvindletlr.ntil nothing but a greasy smear rvas left'. Apparently itfirst pumps digestive juices into the rueal and so convertsit into a kind of soup before sucking it away'Fabre describes this in detail in a case rvhere severalglow-worms were tackling one *.nail, l-rut I rvas onlv ableto watch my glow-worm at u'ork on shell-less slugs, for itseemed to prefer these to the shelled snails rvith'*'hich I" "stocked its cage. I-et us leave them to themselves ancltheir snail " for a couple of days, " rvrites F'abre, " 1nd then'fheturn the shell with its opening downwards. contentsfliow out as easily as u'ould soup from an overturnecl saucepan."He goes on to point out how valuable this facultyis to the glow-wortn,for snails can be killecl and eaten asthey hang to srvaying grass blades rvithout dzrnger of theircarcases falling off among the herbage rvhere the ratherclumsy glow-rvorm rvould have little chance

IFIlDTHr Ioral BtrncH Musnuu.zOth March, 1936.Fragmentary Notices of the Early HistoryBurgh Sshool of Dumfries.By G. W. Sulnr,By.ofChairman-Mr R. C. Rnro.fThis paper will appear in next volume.Jthe6il0th April, 1956.The Ideal Burgh Museum.By Nlencrny I. Pr,arr, M.Sc., Royal Scottish Nluseum,Edinburgh.Miss Pratt gave a long and interesting survey of theorigin and upkeep of museums in general, and then dealt$'ith various aspects of museum r,vork, e.g.., arrangement ofcollections, scope zrnd aim of museums, duties of curator,etc. She then took up the subject of Dumfries BurghMuseum, recently opened, and the gist of her remarksfollows here. The iecture was illustrated hy ranternslides of diagrams, maps, etc. It will be rememberedthat I previously reco,mmcnded '.r small museum shoulrlbe devoted to local history, local products and naturalrcsources. F'oreign objects are best seen in all their varietyin the national museum, but in no place is the local historyand naturol characteristi,cs of Dumfriesshire dis.playeil, sowhy not do it thoroughly here? Efforts to collect prehistoricand rnedieval antiquities, household and domestic implementsnow in disuse, illustrations of local industries, maps,sketches and pho,tographs of o,ld Dumfries, Thornhill, Kirkcudbright,etc., can no,r,vhere meet with the same success asthat achieved by local enthusiasts. strangers visiting Dumfrieswill only have to visit the museum to find interest inthe past history, present activities, and future developments

66 TnB losa! BuRcu lVlussulu.of the neighbourhood. As an outsider I cannot presume tosuggest to you what to display or what not, but perhaps your,vill permit me to illustrate a few general schemes, embodyingsuggestions which might prove useful. Regarding pasthistory, Dumfries, Annan, Kirkcudbright, and similar coastaltowns were at one tirne seaports plying a regular trade.N'todels might be made of the craft employed, indicating theirtonnage anC the character of their cargo, and maps shownillustrating their routes and destinations. l'his is surely ofinterest to a visitor, who now finds .Dumfries linked withother localities only by rail, which is of comparatively recentgrorvth. I have already indicated that peasant crafts of thepast might be illustrated by the preservation of an oldcrofter's cottage, etc. Photographs of these, exhibited alongwith related antiques, would be of vast interest to the localpublic. The forernost characteristic of this part of the country,to my mind, is its zrgricultural importance. This subjectin all its aspects should have a large place in a Dumfriesshiremuseum. Diagrams (preferably coloured) illustratingthe relative proportions of grassland and crops, and the kindsof crops grown, as seen in this and the follow'ing slide,cculd be shown relating to Ayr, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries,together with other maps shorving the influence of cropscn the distribution of population. Arising from the figuresand distribution of grassland, one's next interest would bein the stcck utilising the land. Here is another diagramtaken from a recent geography of Dumfriesshire, vvhich alsomight be used in this connection. It 'rvill be seen from thisdiagram that sheep-rearing is one of the chief industries inthis locality, and around this subject many exhibits of interestto the general public (and the farming conrmunit,v inparticular) -uy be planned. I should suggest in the firstinstance an exhibition of photographs showing the variousmost popular breeds of sheep (itt the absence of stuffedspecimens, which are not desirable in a small museum onaccount of their needing a lot of space), and explanatorylabels of their relative distribution, numbers and uses. TheCheviot is, I believe' the most popular breed on the green

?THn lpper, Buncn NIusBuu.6TIhills of the eastern: part of the county, and the Blackface,seen in the next slide, second to the cheviot in numbers, butmainly found in the north and west of Dumfriesshire. crossbreds,such as seen here, may be found in smaller numbers ongood farms near the solway. Follor,ving this, the subject ofthe local tweed manufacture might be introduced with advantage.Samples of u'ool at various stages during its nranufacturemight be shown and a small label attached. It is morethan likely that a local firm r,vould be delighted to supply thesesamples-a healthy spirit of co-operation between one bodyand another is alw-ays a great asset in any rocarit,v, anclproves to the industrial ratepayer that there really is somevitality in the local museum.A further suggestion is that in an agricurtural districtthe museum might be a great aid to local farmers in battlingwith various pests in the field which affiict beast and cropalike. The scottish Journal of agricurture will give thecurator all he needs on the subject of recently discovereddiseases in cattle, sheep, etc., and their treatment, and alsothe results of recent research of economical importance incrop-growing, etc. Should specimens or further help beneeded, reference could be made to the nearest agriculturalco'llege o,r research station in Ayrshire (Auchincruive), whilepublications and statistics could be obtained from the Departmentof Agriculture, Queen Street, Edinburgh. Here aretwo instances of what I mean. one of the greatest handicapsto the business of sheep-rearing is the occurrence ofvarious diseases due tor internal worms parasitic on them.Half of all the sheep losses are found to be due to thiscause. Photographs such zrs this, showing svmptoms of aparticular infection, might be exhibited along with a concise,explanatory label, and follo'rving it a specirnen tube of theparasite accompanied by a photograph of a worm in situin the fourth stomach. A short note emphasising meansemployed to prevent infection and treatment of theinfected animals would also,be necessary. Another disease,which has arisen only in the last ten years, and of widespreadoccurrence in Dumfries and Kirkcudbright, is one

68 Tur loqal BURGH Nluseulut.related to swedes, which form the only root crgp i1 thedairying and sheep-farming districts. In the farms shownon this map indicated by letters of the alphabet zo lbs. ofborax was applied to, the soil per acre shortly before theturnip crop was sown, with very beneficial results. As aresult, at no centre where the infection was previously highwas injury to the crop reported. Raan is a disease causingbrownish stringly areas in the central portion of the bulb,due to deficiency of borax, and experience has proved thatthe swecle loses its sweet taste, since sugar in its juice maybe reduced as much as r 2 per cent. Thus raan-affected cropsare quite useless fgr shopping purposes. As noted previously,borax application is an effective means of preventingthe disease.These two instances are among many interestinff casesof control of infections upon which the curator nright' drawfor the exhibition of interesting material of benefit to thefarming community around Dumfries.Before dismissing the subject I should like just to referto the increase of the heather beetle, which, I understand,is making an impression on the grouse rnoo,rs here, as wellas in other parts of Scotland. It is not a recent pest, althoughit is only within the last twenty years that the true nature ofthe case was realised. The common heath of our moors(Caltuna uulgaris) is attacked by a beetle both in the youngand adult stage, causing the heather to appear t r 1t651sd"-in fact at one time frost rvas thought to cause the damage.It was proved beyond doubt about I9II that this beetle(Loch.mwa suturalis) f.ed extensively on the leaves of theheather, in such vast numbers that areas of heathelweredestroyed, rendering the infested moorland useless for thesupport of game fowl. within the last year a biologicalcontrol has been found for the heather beetle. The crops ofsome partridges when opened Llp were found crammed withheather beetle; 933 were counted in one particular bird'scrop. It is quite evident, thereforc. that if the lives ofpartridges are sparecl the heather bcctle rvill not only becontrolled, but even its extinction might be bro'trght about,

TiTHe lopel Buncs Mussur{. 69quite inexpensively and without further effort. To my mindthe local museum is the place to deal with such problems ofeconomic import as those cited above. And rvhen this isdone and the curator keeps ahead o,f the times it will not beIong before local farmers, agriculturists, in addition to theintellectually-minded and the children of any locality, willacquire the habit of seeking advice and interest from theirand never seek in vain.The subjects to be dealt with in a museum are unending.I have only had time to indicate some nerv hnes of progressrvhich might be made. obviously arts and crafts, localindustries, local fauna and flora, weather charts, chilclren'scxhibits, etc., could all be dealt with in a similar wa,v. pub-Iishing of guides and published lists of things wantecl, keepingin touch with the daily press, wilr alr help to get cooperationfrom interested members of the general public,quite apart fro'm the members of the local scientific society,whose interest and help can always be relied on.In closing, allow me to wish every success to the newmuseum venture in Dumfries. The observatory MuseumI saw this afternoon is on the right lines, mo.st charminglyarranged, but a mere fledgling. May it g.row so fast thatso'on additions or a new building will be an imperative neces_sity, and so go on from strength to strength untir it becomesa vital force and blessing to all the neighbourhood, worthyof its city and borough,l t+

Thomas lVatlinXfLIMNER, OF DUM}'R,IES.By Hucn S. GlerrsroNE.fNorn.-Forthe sake of mol'e uniformity in size, thispaper has been printecl here instead of in the next volume']It is known that '['homas watling was one of the earliestartists to portray the fauna of New 'south wales and hervas als

O)s+)Rs%rtFrFa oq$eJLb0+)a3

Tuoirres Wecr,ruc.Tlplace in rz9o, and the assistance of the officials of theJusticiary office, Edinburgh, was accordingry invoked butr'ithout result. I then inserted a qu*ry in r{otes andQtaeriesa which bore fruit in the shape of a repry from MissIda Leeson (Mitcheil Librarian, I'he Mitcheil Librarv,Sydney) stating that" original convict indentures in thislibrary show that Watling rvas tried in the sprin g of. r7g9at the circuit court of Dumfries. He received a lifescntence, but the indentures do not state the offence forlvhich he was convicted. "s f'his valuable information u.assupplemented by another reply from N{r T. c. Kinniburghto the effect that " Brief particulars of the trial, conviction,and sentence of the above are to,be found in the cale,loniartA,Iercury, an Edinburgh newspaper, under date rgth Apr.,rzSg- He rvas a limner of Dumfries and was transporteclfor fourteen years for forging notes of the Bank of Scotland."6It was now with greater confidence that the Justicierryoffice, Edinburgh, was again approached and I shourdli!

72 Tnoues Werr,luc'Lords Braxfield and Hailes, Thomas Watling, sometimepainter or limner in the Town of Dumfries, present prisonerin the Tolbooth of I)umfries. Indicted at the instance ofthe Crown and the Governor and Co,mpany of the Bankof scotland with concurrence of His Nlajesty's Advocateof the Crime of Forgery in rnanner mentioned in thecriminal libel raised against him thereanent. l'he libel|eing read over and the Pannell asked if he u'as guilty ornot, he answered that there \^:as a Petition given in for him'fhesubmitting to a sentence of transportation. Petitionrvas read over and judicially a{hered to by the pannell anclto which the Aclvocate l)epute gave the consent on thepart of the Crown and the Governor and Company of thetsank of Scotland. He u,as sentenced to be transportedto one or other of His Nlajesty's Colonies or Plantationsin America or to such part or place beyond seas eitherwithin His Majesty's dominions or elsewhere out of thesame as His Majesty by and with thc advice of His Privycouncil shall declare and appoint for and during the spaceclf 14 years from and after the date hereof' "Shortly afterwards Mr Rae sent lre a copy of all the,, I)ocuments irz re Thomas watling"6a and when doing sohe wrote:,,'I'here is not much in any one paper, but iinkecl'l'he-vtogether they may be of use. are certainly ver,vinteresting. As Watling pleaded guilty no evidence wasled, but the Declarations etc. g'ive some indication of theevidencethatwouldhavebeenled.IenquiredattheCrownofficeincaseanyoftheprecognitionspreparecifor watling's trial might still be in existence, but ^close search revealed nothing' "It is not easy to epitomise these papers but the follorvingitems are o,f interest. Watling was first " judiciall'iexamined,''atDumfries,beforeJohnWelshtheSheriff-Substitute of the County, on zTth November' 1788' Hewaschargedwithforging..GuineanotesupontheBankoa These " Documents" are printed in frrll in an Appendix'

f'Hotr,tas Wa;r'lrxc;. 7:iof Scotland " and he declared" that he has lived in the'fownof Dunrfries all his life ancl has for sorne years pastbeen ernployed or employed irinrself ers a painter. " Onz8th November, 1788, in course of a further examination,he mentioned the name of " his on'n i\unt"May Kirkpatricliand this is not only interesting as revealing the name of theperson to u,hom his l"etters from an esile at Botany-Rarwere addressed but is also important as a clue in subsequentdevelopments. On zgth Novenrber. r788, he ltresented a petitionto His Nlajest,v's Justices of the }teace for thc Count,vof Dumfries,asking them to authorise his liberation : inthis petition he states " what ans\ver he gave to the chargemade against hinr he cannot recoilect, but now that hismind is cahn and his recollection clear he says the answ'erhc meant to givc n'as to this cffect that he rvas not directlyor indirectly guilty actor or art and part in the crinre allegedagainst him, nor clid he, or in justice could he, crirninateany other person; And if anything to the contrary hereoffell from hinr rvhilc under examination and rvhilc his nrinrlrvas in agitation and his Recollection deranged, l-re in justiceto himself makes this appiication for having it recalled, thatneither he himself, or anv person nlzrv thereby come to anyfurther troublc.I{e does not know what proceedings havetaken place in conscquencc of the informationagainst hirn.exhibitedBut hc is advised that the crime of forgeryconsists not simply in the attempting an imitation of a piecec,f rvriting, btrt in putting the imitation to use l'ith a fraudulentintention, he has not heard of any proof being got uponthis head, and as his innocence makes him conscious thatno proof can be brought either of his forgingthe notes ofany Banking Company or individual person. or issuing thcsame; or causing them be issued by any interposed personor his issuing or causing be issued any notes u'hatever knou'-ing them to be forged; so he is lcd to consider his imprisonnrentas being rvithout good grouncls; and seeing hisInformers rvill not undertake to bring a proof of what constitutesthe essence of the crime imputed to him, viz., theputting anv forged notes or other: writings to a fraudulent

*'ffi:'--74'fHouas Warr,rnc.use. He humbly apprehends your Honours will be justifiedin recalling the Warrant for irnprisonment and restoring hinrto his liberty that he may not be longer injured through afalse Information. "On r5th January, 489, horvever, ',fhomas Watling refusedto say whether this petition was written at his desireand on t4th April, 1289, he presented a petition in thefollowing terms :" UNTO The Right Honorable The Lords Justice Clerkand Hailes one of the Lords Commissioners of Justiciarvon their Circuit Court at Dumfries.The PETITION of Thomas Watling, Limner, presentPrisoner in the Tolbooth of Dumfries.HUMBLY SHEWETHThat the Petitioner stands charged at the instance ofIlay Campbell, Esqr., His Nlajesty's Advocate for HisMajesty's interest and of the Governor & Company of theBank of Scotland rvith conco'urse of His Majesty's Advocatefor the Crime of ForSerI, as particularly mentionedin the Criminal Letters raised against him thereanent anclupon which he is to be tried before your Lordships thisday.That tho' the Petitioner does not nrean to adrnit hisbeing guilty of the crirne libelled, yet he foresees that,after being suspected and accused o'f such a crime hecannot remain longer in this countrv rvith any degree ofcredit and hope of satisfaction and comfort. thereforcinstead of standing trial consents to be transported forthof this kingdom for such time, in such manner and undersuch certification as to your I-ordships shall seem proper.May it therefore please your Lordships to accept

FlhEo61.Iab0+)F+)(Dq)a+)tic)

Tnouas'Wa'rr,ruc7 5n'ith forging, in the year 1787 or ry88, " certain promissor,vnotes-at least to the number of rz-for the sum of onepound one shilling stg., or onc guinea each."been convicted, Thomas WatlingIf he hadu'oulcl probably have beensentenced to be hanged but his petirion was g.ranted andashas alreadv been stated*-he u;as sentencecl on the santedate-r4th April. t78g-t

7 6 THouas Werr,rwc.indicating that he could not only draw but that he alsotaught (or was prepared to try to teach) drawing.In the absence of information as regards his date ofbirth a professional searcher of records was employecl toexamine the appropriate Dumfries registers in Edinburghand he reportecl as follorvs : " I have made search in theParish Register of Dumfries baptisms r75o to r77S andmarriages I75o to 1762, for the birth, or baptismal entry, ofI'homas Watling and the marriage of his parents; the onlyentry found, however, is as follows, viz. :t76z Septembe r rg: Thomas, lawful son to HamWatlin, soldier, baptised' Witnesses John Hepburnand William Donaldson.T'here is no trace of any other children baptised to this man'nor any trace of Ham's marriage in Dumfries."SIt is to be noted that, in the papers relating to ThomasWatling's trial, his surname is occasionally spelt without thefinal g and - in view of certain statements rvhich will bequoted as regards his age - confirmation of this baptismal'fhisregister was most clesirable. is forthcoming in itdocument in one of the convict volumes, in Sydney, whichhas been transcribed by Miss Leeson and sent to me by N4rK. A. Hindwood.e The document referred to is the certificateof the Sheriff-Substitute of the shire of Dumfries of the maleconvicts under sentence of transportation, to be sent toEdinburgh for the purpose' dated 4th June. r78g' Theentry for No. 7 is as follows :" Tho'mas Watling, bI trade a painter or Limner inDumfries, aged about 25 years, accused of the crime offorgery at the Spring circuit held at l)umfries in Annou8g, but who petitioned submitting himself to a sentenceof transportation, and who was by the iudges decernedand adjudged to be transported for 14 years from the dateof his sentence, being r4th APril."It will be noted that this document gives his age as,, about z5" but it is clear that Thomas Watling was over+q8 John Macleod; in ldtt,,8th April and 3rd July, 1936'e K. A. Hindwood; in litt.,16th July, 1935.!|

TnouesWiarlrnc.4 ''il ltwenty-six and a half years of age at the time

78 I noues Wel'r-rNc.to that Lenth of deffiance as to either cut their Iorns ortake them off with the lose of tl're skine of their Hands.u,as Oblidged to have 5 of the ring-leaders of them Chainedto the Learge Cadge in the hold, but it r'vas of No UseAs they cut their Iorns in the Night time, and they l'ryedto Weary us out for want of Sleap by Singing andhurraing the whole Night their Intention As I told Youbefore rvas to Nlurder us All but two to carrie the Shipinto A harbour and Escape. Judge than "vhither or Not Ihad good reason to come in here, I no sooner Applyed tothe Admeral but he sent Orders for a Corporal and sixMen to go on board as a Glvard, and to the Southamptownfrigate to Convey us dor,vn the wind is norv rvesterly butshe sails to morrow and taks us in to$'e so that I atr.tfreecl from A Charge I u'ould not again t:rke in hand forAny Money the Marines are Vitualed from their Ou'nShip so that we are At no Expence o,n their Acctt.not forget to InformgettingII nrustYou that the reason of their nottheir wicked And Crerval plote put in Execusiourvas owing to Information Received from the lad NameclWatling who rvas Acceused of forgerv vvhich fronr hisbeheavour since he came on board I belive to be false.I rvas also lVluch Oblidged to lllr Paton for what Infortnationhe could give Me. it u,ill be An Act of Gratitude inMe to do all in my pouer in their favour ,l,t Plymouth.As I rnav trervly Say it is to these Men :rnd their partenersI an] indetecl for N{y Own life and those of the Ships Company.principal lten in the Plote were that raskal'IheAnderson the tll'

f'noues Wa,rr.rwc. 79James Moirison & Co., merchants in Leith, who stated thatthey had, for ar considerable time past, carried on businesssatisfactorilv rvith Paton : and another letter fronr ASonrervail, q'fie-{'as an Insurer of the Transport, to Plyrtr

s0Ti'toltts WarLrNc.l,{ajesty's mercy is extended to him on acct. of the Servicelately performed, he 1r.v still rnake a good & usefulNlember of SocietY-As to \,VatlingCrirne rvas deeper, viz., Forgery.\l'hqse llalne is also rnentioned, hisHe is a young ilIan,unrn;rrriecl, & ern ingenious Artist; he will be an acquisitionto the ner,v cololy at Botany Bay, t[o' perhaps it gray beright to recommencl hinr to the attention of those in Commandthere on acct. of the nrcr:it he has had in this lateaff.air. 'fhe others ought to be narrorvly lvatched, particularlythe tr,vo So,ldiers from Aberdeel, who were veryunruly there & Anderson an old offender'I have the honour to bel)ear Sir your most obedt.humble Sert.Ilav CamPbell. "toAs a result Andrerv Paton \\,as granted a free pardon,clatecl 5th August,r78g,I7 but 'fhornas W-atling received nosuch rer,vard.on 3rcl october, r7go, he aclclressed the follolving petition,from Dunkirk;18 Plyrno' Harbour"' to Sir Jatrtes"'lohnstoue, Bart., of Westerhall, Dunrfriesshire :19" Most Honottred Sir,I anr truely sensiltlc th:rt this my larst 1x.lor :tddress,Irlcl humblc petition. t.h

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'fuolras WqllrNc.8lIn duty to the solicitation of my helpless Aunt & thesalvation of nryself, I assume the freedom. such is hersirnplicity of heart as to imagine the great will stoop torelieve the distressecl; upon that anchor do I at presentlean. she tells rre your honour rvill not hesitate to stretchout your helping ha'd to save me; may kind providenceexperience to nre that there is such a gooci remaining stillas Phiianthropy uporl earth.AIas ! my story is long and conrplex; nor, tho' innocent,and I master of sufficient language to tell it to myadvantage-Possibly your honour would hear it in unavailingDumfries, which makes me shudder to think of it.The imputed crime is dreadful ! its present situation hasinade the very sound to carry deadly awe with it; but dons1-i11 l

E2THoues WnrrrNc.dreadful vista of my future existence hars drawn upon mydepressed mind, that noue w'ho see me but would irnagineI was fitter for the grave, than to hope for farther healthor happiness in this rvorld; indeed, the perturbations thatpossess my soul damps every gleam of joy, and almosthope the last remaininglittle left, either for myself orgiving a helping hand to a poor decrepid and declininggood and loving Aunt.If your honour restores me track we would togetherlead the residue of our days in obscurity from the folliesand vices of this transitory and rvicked rvorld-andeverydarvning day and setting sun, ofTer up to the Father ofMercies, a sincere prayer for your disinterested charitytowards us your humble petitioners : nowMuy the great God filI yourSoul and incline yourheart to, continue as he has hitherto done in ali thatis truely brave and good, is, ancl ever shall be theprayer of your ever faithful and humble Petitioner'l'homasWatling.Vlost Honoured Sir,Should your famed humanity influence you in mYfavour, I have the pleasure to say that no help w'ill bea wantingminister.that is in the power of nry kind overseer toCaptain Groundrvater is n

Tsolres Werrruc. 83" Linto, the Honble. Sir James Johnston ofWesterhall Bart.'Ihe Petition of Marion Kirkpatrick residenterin Dumfries.iVlost Humbly Shor.veth,'I'hat the Petitioner is Aunt by the mother's side tothe Unfortunate Thomas watling rvho rvas lately on hisown Petition at a Justiciary Circuit Court held at Dumfries,Banished to Botanv Bay for a ternr of years, onthe Bare Suspicion of Forgery without the least probabilityof any guilt being adduced against him in theevent of a Tryal.That the said 'I'homas Watling is at present a veryyoung man of unripe Years and was so when he rashly &imprudently without the advice of council and friendssigned the aforesaid Petition he being then a minor atleast rvithin the Anni Utiles And the fact rs both hisParents died poor and left him in infancy under the care ofthe Petitioner zr woman never married anci in low circumstances,now near Fifty years of age And she wasinduced to educate and instruct him purely from motivesof relationship and Humanity far above her abilities Andgave him the best Opportunities in her power to gainbread for himself, and as soon as he acquired any Capacityhe on every occasion showed a sense of gratitude ancl astrong inclination to the Outmost of his power to be thesupporter and Comforter of the Petitioners old age.That the Petr. is well irrformed her innocent Nepheu,is not yet entered upon his exile, But is on Boarci theDunkirk lying at Plymouth Harbour..In these very distressing Circumstances afecting bothage and youth The Petitioner with humble hopes of Successfor relief of both the aunt and the nephew now looks up toyour Honour long distinguished for Gracious acts to thepublic and individuals in expectation that your Honourwill be pleased to exert and use yo,ur powerful influenceto save the \zouth who may be the instrument of Comforton her declining life.

84 Tnuuas WellrNc-May it therefore please Your Honour to consider thesituation of an aged woman and the unhappy situationof her nephew and to give her and him suchrelief as to Your Honour in your great wisdom andbenevolence shall seem proper and Your Petr willever pray &c.Marion Kirkpatrick.Robert 'fhomson.P.S. This my humble petition is agreeable to yourhonours rcquest of rerninding you when inLondon. "21This petition affords a few items of information. It" "tells us that Marion fpreviouslytermed M.y l Kirkpatrickwas an unmarried wo,man and was lin tTgo] nearllfifty years of age : also that she was Aunt by the Mother'sside to Thomas Watling rvhotn she had educated as both hisparents died poor and left him in infancy under her care'['homas " Watling is described as at present l r?go) a ver]young man of unripe years " 1 and at the time of his makjnghis petition for transportation Ir4th April , t78g' is saiC tt.have been " a minor at least rvithin the Anni Utiles. "22 Itzr public Record cffice; Home cffice; scotch; criminal;H.Q. 102/52.gz This designation is thus explained in Latin Phtasesa,nil Maxi.ms, by John Trayner, Esq., Advocate, as follows:-,,, Anni utiles.'-Litcrally, years which can be used; years inrvhich a right can be exercised. Both these phrases are mostfrequently to be met in cases where a question of prescription isat issue. Against any one fully able, during the whole period,to assert and defend his right, the years of prescription areanni continui; but as the loss arising from the currency of preseriptionis considered as the penalty of negligence, the prescriptiveyears are not so regarded in the case of one under alegal incupacity to sue. If'an heritable right is being acquiredby prescription against the proprietor of lands, or if a title,qu".tionrUle in itself, is becoming valid through prescription,and a minor becomes entitled to that right against which prescriptionis running, the currency of the prescriptive periodceases until the minol is valens agere, i.e., in a position todefend his right on attaining majority, although, therefore, theCoDtinu€d on l[ext' Page.

Tnouas Warruqc. 85rvill be remembered that \,Vatling is described as a " lad "in Capt. Smith's account of the mutiny on the " P"ggy "and these juvenile descriptions cast doubt on the applicabilityot the baptisrnal certificate of 'I'homas Watlin (baptized onrgth September, ry62) until this u'as confirmed--or at leasLstrengthened-by thc document already referred to23 in thcconvict volumes in Sydney. Flaving no\4; ascertained thatT homas Watling was an orphan in ry9g, the services of aprofessional searcher were empioyed to see if an entry of thedeath of his father and mother c

86 Tnouas WanrNc.with the petition of l\Iarion Kirkpatrick in behalf of herNephew Thomas Watling both rvhich I herervith return.As I was entirel;' ignorent of the Merits of the case I notbeing upon the Circuit at u'hich he rvas tried \;izt. DrunrfriesSpring Circuit q8g. I applied to Lord Hailes beforewhom hc was tried for information & from him Ilearn that in place of beine' adjudged to transportationupon his own petition rvithout the least probability ofguilt being proved agt. him as set furth irr the petition, hepled guilty no doubt in the vierv of his Majesty's Advocaterestlicting the libel to an Arbitrarl' punisirrnent & whichv/as dorie accordingly. Lord Hailes savs that the petitionin behalf of iVatling has more assurance in it than hchad met with even in petitions of that lrlature where muchliberty is wont to be taken with rnatter of fact & he thinksthat the only error in his sentence was that he had madethe term of transportation (viz. r4 vears) too short-Theproof upon which he was convicted viz. his own confessionis of all others the most unexceptionable. Thepunishment that naturally fell to be inflicted was death &rvhen that is the case he has good reason to be thankfull forthe lenitl' he has already met with & he has uo reasonablegrounds to expect meys-forgery of late years has becomeverl; fl.ouent in this Country & it is certainly anrost dangerous criine to Societ.v cspecially in a mercantilecountry where paper credit must of necessity be muchUSc:d.I lrave the honor to beNIv LordYour Lordship's mostobedient & most humble Servt.Robt. M'Queen. "26These petitions failed despite also the recommendationby the Sheriff of Dumfries (referred to in a marginal note toCertificate by him, dated 4th June, ry8g) for his " goodz6 Public Record Office; Home Office; Scotch; Criminai;H.O. 102/62.

Tgoues Werr,rNc. 8Zconduct and Behaviour during confinement "s"in DumfriesTolbooth. A document endorsed " certificate of cautionbeing found for the Transportationof Alexander M'Donald& others-Convicts r79t," (in the Nlitchell Library, Syclney,N.s.w.) shorvs that Thomas watling rnust have been transferredfrom the " Dunkirk" to the" Lion Hulk" at portsmouth;as, on z3rd NIay, r79r, he was committed thence tothe custody of" Edward Manning Shipmaster of LondonCommander of the Good Ship Pitt. "The next evidence we have as regards'fho,maslVatling's career is derived from a publication onhis behalf which was issued from a press at penrith.The title of this publication is Letters from &n exile atBotany-Bayand rvith it I shall deal later on : from it welearn that he left England in the " Pitt " and this is confirnredin a " List of Persons transported as criminals toNeu' South \A,rales in the'Pitt'in June, r7gr,', where theentr.\' occurs :" Thonras \4/atling convicted in Dunrfries Court ofJusticiary in the Spring r/8g : for life. "2?It is, perhaps, wor thv of note that his sentence is givenhere as " for lifc " and that Miss Ida Leeson has explaineda similar term-a{ recorded rn " original convict indentures "in thc Mitchell Library, Sydney, I{.S.W.z8-asa nristake inthe hand-rvritten convict list : her decision is confirmed by.thc official documents which have been quoted above anclwhich show tha.t he was actually sentenced to but fourteenvears transportation.Referringagain to his book, Lette,s from an exi.le at26a flis" Certificate by the Sheriff Substitute DumfriesShire 4th June 1789 " is in The Mitchell Library,.Sydney, New South Wales. There is a dubiety as to whetherthe above marginal note refers to watling or to a fellow convictRobert Ligget: as does also another note-in a different handalmostindecipherable: " He saved thewhen attackedby theprisoners attempting their escape."z7 Publie Record Office; Conviet Transport Registers;H.O. 1111, p. L7L.28 Notes and Queries,Zgth December, !994, Vol. 16?, p. 461.

88 Tnoues Waruno'"lJcttany-Bay, it is learned-from a letter dated Cape ofGood Hope, African Coast, 'I'uesciav, f)ec' r3th, r7gr "-that thc voyage to the Cape rvas made via Rio de Janeiro(a route adopted in order to avoid the calms on theAfrican coast) and that he had made his escapc" "from the Pitt : he cautiously says :" I holcl itimprudent to commit to paper horv I have obtainecleniancipation. I u'ilt only say, tlrat the ship Pitt lyes oppositenry windoiv, and means to sail bv sundav next I afterwhen, shoulcl anv other vessel here tend to Europe, if possible,I r,l'ill procure a passagc-and be happy. "2e lr-r a letter,'dated Sydney - Cove, Port-Jackson, New-South-Wales,"May r2lh, 1793," he writes : iVIy' first letter per theAtlantic,s0 I hope you have received before," and' in thecourse of his letter, he says that he was re-capttrredSl orvingfo his betrayal " by the mercenarv L)trtr:h " : his special mentionof the date-" z8th of December, r7g1 "-s1i1y indicatethe actual day on which his short term of liberty rvas ended'I had hoped that investigations, at Cape Town, might haveled to the discovery of details of his escape and recapturc"but I have been informed that enqttiries made in theproper offir:ial quarter regarding Thomas watling have beeumade but no trace of a person of that namc can be foundin the documents dealing with the period tTQt'r7g2."32Watling-in his lette;:-goes on to state that, after seven"monthsl imprisonment, he was shipped in the RovalAdmiral " which eventually landed him at his destination'332s Letters from, an enile at Botang-Baa, pp' 4-5'30 ,, The Atlantic,' was a vessel engaged, at this period, inthe transport of convicts to Australia and presumably caruiedletters home on her return voyage'sL Letters from an erile a,t Botang'BaU, P'2'32 The Earl of clarendon (Governor-General of union ofsouth Africa) in litt., 10th August, 1935. The Cape of GoodHop" did not become a British possession till 16th September,1?95, .vvhen it was surrendered by the Dutch: it was restoredat the peace of 1802, was retaken in 1806, and finally ceded ioEngland in 1815.3s Letters from an eYt'le at Botang-Bay, p. 2'

and il is knor,vn that the " Roval AdmiralTrouns Warr,rnc. 89" left the Cape on3oth August, r7g2, and arrivcd in Syclncl' on Zth Octoberof that year.e The incident is refcrrccl to:rs follo,w's by DavidCollins in his ln Account of the English Colony in .Yeiu SouthWales : " On the 7th, fOctober r7g2 ] 1'he Royal AdmiralEast Indiaman, commanded by Captain Essex Henrl, Bond,anchored in the cove from England Capt. tsondbrought on n'ith him f'homas Watling,a male convict, whofound means to get on shore from the Pitt rvhen at that Portiri December last. and rvho had been confined by the Dutchat the Cape tou'n fro,m her departure until this opportunityoffered o,f sending him hither. "34aHis book-f,s[.fsy5 front. an exi,le at Botatty-Boy-affordsmeagre details as to' his fortunes in New South Wales buthcstates..\,I}'emplor'mentispaintingforJ.\^/-'esq.35 the non-descript productions of the country.!'36 These" "paintings, being thr: basis of Watling's claim to fame,will be discusscd later as rvill also the tenor of his bookrvhich from its verv raritv merits particular attention. In:rn endeavour to follor,v \iVatling's ,iareer chronologically itcan onl,v be pointed out here that of the tr,vo " letters, "printed in his book, the latest is dated " Sydney-Cove, Port-Jaclrson, New-South-Wales,May rztlt, 1793," but, at the34 Journal and Proceeilr.ngs of tlte Royal Australian HistoricalS,ociety, Sydney, 1920, Vol. V., p. 227. According toofficial papers the ''' Royal Admiral " sailed from England inMay, 1792 (Public Record Office; Convict Transport Registers;H.O. Ll/t and reached her destination in October, 1792(Public Reeord Office; H.O. l0/l'); it may be noted that thislast-quoted document shows that the " Pitt " had arrived inFebruary, t792. The a.etual dates of arrival are semi-officiallygiven as " Pitt " L4 th February, L792, and " Royal Admiral "7th Oetober, L792 (David Collins: An Aecount of the English,Col.ong in Ne,w Sou.th Wales, L802, Vol. II., p. 31?).3aa David Collins: An Aceount of the English Colong inNew Saut'h Wales, tr.798, Vol. I., pp. 236/7.s0 [Probably John White, Surgeon General to the Settlernent,who was much interested in its fauna; author of Journolof a Vogage to new South Wales,1790. H. S. G.l36 Letters from. an erile at Botany-BaA, p. 20.

90 THortas Werr.rNc.end of the book, a proposal for a projected book is dated,from the same address, zoth May, 1793. Mr K. A. Hindwoodhas been so obliging as to send me a photographsT o'f alandscape of Sydney, in oils, in the Nlitchell Librar,v there,w'hich is signed by \,\ratling and dated t794,37^ andamongst a co,llection of his paintings of birds, in theNatural Histor-v Museum in London, a description ofhis picture of the" Semi-palmated Duck" is dated" 2nd, J.ny. r7g4." An account of W-atling's lraintingsu'ill, however, form a separate chapter, and the ahove areonly :nentioned here to maintain the chronological sequencein his career so far as it can be followed. As regards hisso'journ in Australia, N{r K. A. Hindwood has inforrned methat-in the l\Iitchell Library, Sydney-there is a record thatWatling was granted ^" Conditional p41d6n "3?b inSeptember, 1796: it is to be regretted that this " pardon "gives no farther particulars.s8 Mr Hindwood has also drarn'nmy attention to a " Landscape of Sydney in tSoz " which" some critics are of the opinion is by Watling"3e and it isto be regretted that the painting itself bears no signature.Thomas Watiing can almost be regarded as one of thepioneer convicts to undertal

THolres Wart,lllc.9lgards convict life in Australia but these are meagre in theextreme.The letters, addressed to his aunt, dated tTgr and 1293,rvhich are the principal contents of the volume, nlorethan hint at his hopes for emancipati

92'I'souasWetr,rxc."d,escript. N>roductiotts oi the cou'ntrtt and it is generallyaccepted that these initials designate John White (fl.ryZBlftz4), principal surgeon in the First Fleet under ArthurPhillip : Surgeon General to the Settlement : Author oflournal of a Voyage to neTa South W'ales, published inLondon in rygoi he left Sydney, in the "Daedaltts." onrTth December, r7g4.4wp."22; Sir l. ]-----," probably Sir .[ames Johnstone,4th Bart. of Westerhall, Dumfries (b. z.irdJanuary, ry26: rt. 3rd September, r7g1\, M.P., L)unrfries.aOb Doeuments in the Public Record Office, London, shorvthat John White served as Surgieon's Mate, "'Wasp," ?6th June,1?78 to Z?th February, L779: n' Chatham," 1st March, t779 t

Tgoues Werr,u.lc. 93r784l9o: to whom Thomas \{ratling, and his Aunt,addressed petitions in r79o for his release.p. 25: " Yo,u,r neu bridge and theatre I huue alreadyheard of , front. a soldier who hatl wrought as cL gardenerwith th,e M___, and, p. M_._, of D____; anduho called upon, me to see a:hether I could promote a littlecause for him zaith his commandfut,g offi,cer." It w-ould seenr,from the context, that " p--- tr indicates Dumfriesand I have been sorely puzzled, without solution, by thereferences to ,, the M__r and p,M. ,,, thereof.T'he foundation stone of the Buccleuch street Bridge, overthe Nith at Durnfries, lvas laid on rgth August, t7gr, butthe bridge was not finished for traftic until 1796. I'he dateoi' the opening of the new Theatre lloyal rvas zgth September,rZg2.p. 2Z i " nl.y t>resent condition is chieil;v owing to theIo'a reuenge of a certain milita,ry character, now ligli inoffice." It has been suggestedai that this,, militarycharacter " may have been David Collins, Judge-Advocateand Secretary to the Governor of New south wales; he leftthe Colony, for England, in September, 1796, and w,as theAuthor of. an accourtt of the English colony in New southlVales: : Vols. : r7g8lr8oz.p. z8: " If there be a friend of nline tltat can yetrecollect nte, I would thank him or her for a letterdi.recti,ng it to the care of E. L--, esq..su,rge.on, aLSydney, N.S. IVales." It has been stated that ,, E. L.',must have been Edu'ard Laing, Surgeon's rnate in theN.S.W. Corps, u'ho was granted a piece of land at CampCove, ancl u'hose name is still preserved in L:ring,s point,lVatson's Bav. He left Sydney for England, together withSurgeon General John White, in the " Daedalus, " on rTthDecember, r794.azThere can be no doubt that had Watling stoo

91 THoltes Warlrxc.friends, mentioned only by initials in his book, could havebeen identified.I have already gratefully referred tg the assistancerendered by Mr J. C. Kinniburgh; I now have to thank himfor rvhat is perhaps the most unexpected discovery and thatis that'I'boma.s Watlilg, on roth Januar,v-, r8o6, was chargedin Edinburgh, rvith forging and uttering five pound notes inimitation of those issued by the Bank of Scotland.a3 I againsolicitecl the good offices of mv kind friend Mr AlexanderRae of the Justiciary Oflice, Edinburgh, who sent me a copyof the papers connected ',vith the case' which may beepitornised as follows :" At Edinburgh. roth Janv. 18o6. Before LordFlope of Granton, Lord Justice Clerk, Lord Craig of Craig,and Lord Cullen of Cullen.Thomas watling, so,metime Painter or Limner inthe Town of Dumfries, present, Prisoner in the Tolboothof Edinburgh : is charged :In the months o'f November and December, r8o4,and o,f January, February and March, r8o5, in the houseor lodging in the Torvn of Dumfries, then occupied by himselfor in the house or lodging occupied by John Nilson,then residenter in the said f'own of Dumfries, forge orcause to be forged certain promissory notcs at least tothe number of 7 for the sum of Five pounds Sterling,each in irnitation of issues bv said Bank (Bank of Scotland)and the said Thornas Watling in order that he rnightbe able the more exactly to imitate the said promissorynote did procure from Janet Walker, wife of the said JohnNilson, one of the genuine notes issued, viz' :-No ' 3z f 627 5,and did by means of Anne Fining, then servant to him orto Marion Kirkpatrick residenter, in Dumfries, his aunt--feloniously did-' utter or sen{ ' one of the said forgednotes No. 32f6275, u'hich note he gave to said AnnFining and sent her s,ith directions to get it changed forBank Notes of {t' or one guinea each, or cash' AnneaB Ca,Iedoniait' IVIerauE, llth January, 1806'

Txones Werr,ruc. 95Fining presented the note to William Brand, Teller orClerk, in the said Bank of Scotland's Office in Dumfries,who gave said Anne Fining in exchange therefor five BankNotes for {.t each. A second note was tendered to saidJohn Nilson which he uttered to William Lau,, Innkeeper,in Rickergate, carlisle. Law having discovered the noteto be a forgerl', and the said Thomas Watling i' order toprevent detection did write as follows :' I)ear Sir,Your goodness to me respecting the note which youaccredrted and which by your account seems not varid, Iant thanlifui to you for; but if you will be pleased to remitit to me by some hand that you can confide in, I will notoniy ack'orvledge it by a certain signature I have put uponit but remit you its sterling value, with the most respectfulthanlcs.I am, Sir,Y'our rnost obliged and obedient servant,(Signed) John Neilso,n.Dumfries, W-ednesday foreno,on.,He uttered the 3rd no,te charged, himself, in theotlice of the Branch of the British Linen Rank establishedin'Il)umfries- he 4th note he uttered by 'ending to somep€rson-(unkno"vn)*-itt l)umfries, u'hich came afterwardsinto the hands of f'homas Blavlock, Grocer in carrisre,and the three remaining rrotes which were found-on asearch being' rnade-.in the room or house in the Town ofl)umfries, in which rire said John Nilson then resided, concealedin the same and ' wraped ' up in -l pieces o,f wastepaper within the foot of a worsted stocking.On 9th April last (r8o5) he did er-uit a I)eclarationin presence of Nicol Shaw, Esq., J.P. for the County ofDumfries, but refused at that time to sign or subscribe,but later before saici Justice of the Peace he did thenacknowledge and subscribe above Declaration and alsosubscribed another Declaration together with the genuinenote of the Bank of scotland and the 7 forged or counterfeitednotes and also subscribed the foresaid letter.

96'fnonaas Warltllc.r\juryofFifteenAssizershavingbeeniawfullysworn; the Llounsel for the Prosecution proceeded toadduce the following witnesses in proof of the libel, whoemittecl their deposition s 'uizta aoce in presence of the Courtaud Jury, lvithout being reclucecl into rvriting in tertns ofthe Statute:'freasurerr. Robert Forrester, Esq.,and formerlyAccouutatlt to the Goveruor and Company of theRank of Scotland.2. Janres liraser, Esquire, Principal Secretary andformerly '-freasurer to the said Bank of Scotland'3. william Brand, clerk or 'l'eller in the said Bank ofScotland's Office in I)umfries'4. David staig, Esquire, Agent for tlrc said Bank of Scotlandat Dumfries.\A/hereupon His Nlajesty's Advocate representedthat from the turn the. evidence already adcluced had takenhe perceivecl that he could not bring home the issuing ofthe forged notes libelled, to the pannel and therefole |erlid not mean to erxamine any more of the witnesses.The Lord Justice clerk then shortly addressed thefifteen assizers, q,ho were irnrnediately inclosed and in ashort time retut'ued a unanimous vcrdict finding the libelNot proven on l,hich the Pannel was dismissecl from thebar. ttIt is certailly a pity that the depositions of the witnesses"for the Prosecution sho,ulcl have been emitted tiaa toce. rvithout being reduced into rvritirrg," sa as one canno'thelp feeling that watling was remarkably fortunate to getof} as he dicl.convictiolIt rnight have been expected that his previousin ry8g rvoul{ have proved disastrous to him andit is surelV noteworthythat both on that occasion and inrgo6, one of the rvitnesses against him was David Staigraua3aJhgrecordingofevidenceintrials-exceptinmurdercases--ceased after 1748.lslrHgwasforfortyyearsrepresentativeoftheBankofScotland in Dumfries and Provost of the Burgh almost continuouslyfrom 1,783 to 181?.

Tnouas Werrrwc.gIergent for the Rank of Scotland in I)umfries. That it wasthc same 'l'homas \,Vatling is definitely proved by the mentionin each case of his Aunt, I,Iarion Kirkpatrick.\A/hat happened to him after his acquittal is unknownlrut his baptismal record of ry62 sho'uvs that 'I'homas Watlingrvould only bc forty-four yeitrs o,f age in 18o6 and he maysubsequently irave rnade go

Aug., 1792-"Tnoues We'ruNc.peysl Admiral" left Cape with t' W'on board.oct.,'zg" -- Botanv-Bav,*i["+itr#:#?:uro1"t""ot2 Mav. rTqt -Letter from T. lV. , dated " Sydnev-Cove, Port-Jackson, Neu'-South-Wales."20 Muy, tZgl--Y,toposal for a projected book : datedSydney-Cove, Port Jackson, NewSouth Wales. ''z Jany., ryg4-Description of " Sgrni-palmated Duck,"by T. W., so dated.r7g4_ Landscape of Sydney, by T.'W., sodated.Sept. , 1796-I. ry. granted a " Conditional Pardon "in New South Wales.tSoz-Landscape of Sydney, so dated, whichmay have been bv T. W.Nov., r8o4-T. W., in Dumfries, alleged to haveforged five-pound notes of Bank of Scotland.ro J"n., ,8o6-r. obtained ver-,y,,*ril.lrn*lipurgh,Thomas Watling's Book.'fhomasReference has frequently been made toWatling's book of rvhich the following is the description :Lettersffronx an exi'telatlBotatty'Bay,lto hisf Aunt inDumfries ; I giaing' a pa'rticular account of the settle'ntentf Of Neut South Wales. lVl:ith the Customs andX,[anners of the I I nhabitants. I lPrice--sixpence'f fPenrith. : f Printed bY Ann BelI.r Vol. 8 * 5 ins.: PP. iv, *28.l'his book u'ould appear to be very rare and I onlyknow of two copies : the one in the Mitchell Libtary,S,v{ney, Nerv South wales; the other in the British MuseumLibrary in Lonclon.a& From this latter I had two photostaticcopies made, in rg3.5, one of rvhich I gave to the EwartLibrzrry, Dumfries, as u token of gratitude to my friendasc (See Plnte 3,)

,i,r *.,,,,jir,;:,::iii*;rr!;t !..- Wt,.*',,n't' ?@.. ;:r.'r',M;a.' 1"," ",t,tq#:':,-'ffi'L-":W:,,-t *. ,,: p-strA${-Y-HAry,*;,- : : 'W;ih t&*Qfuff eul,ttk*arag&*',;*'':. t:96 ""1+- 1 ,..'. 1d:,:. "XWBa l, "q*,*abg"uffi .tu ..,," -\**-i',ffiw *'.ffi{e};;. o:"' d&

'fxoues Werlrnc. 99NIr G. W. Shirley fo,r all the assistance he has given rne inthis compilation.Although the title page does not bear the name of theauthor, the last page (28) ends with the rvords : " Your mostunhappy but most affectionate nephew 'f. Watliltg " : and ithas norv been ascertained that his " Au.nt in Dumfries "to whom his letters were addressed - was Nlarion (n,Iay)Kirkpatrick.The book is undated but it has been stated that it rvaspublished in t7g4aa and it is certainly o,ne of the earliestbooks on New South \A/ales. 'fhe four preliminary pagesinclude the title page (pp. i/ii) and an introduction(pp. iii/iv) as follows :" The Publisher of the ensuing Production, sends itinto the \,Vorld for the tu'o fo,llowing Reasons. First: hehopes it may contribute a little to the relief of an old,infirm, and friendless \rvorlan, to u'hom it is addressed.And Secondly : he imagines, the account here given of acountry so little known, may be interesting to some, andamusing to ALL. With the original, which is now in hishands, he declines taking any liberty, but leaves theunfortunate exile to tell his story cxactlv in his orvnrvords, and hou' he acquits himself, the public must deterrnine.The publisher has several letters from the sarne authorstill in his hands: and should these n:eet with a favourablereception, they are intended to be published, together witha life of the author on some future occasion."There is no mention of the publisher's name and hadhis intention been fulfilled a great deal of research andspeculation to-day would have been avoided.The first letter in the volume (pp. t lS\ is dated :" Sydney-Cove, Port-Jackso'n, New-South-Wales, May rzth.r7g3." I'he second (pp. " +16): Cape of Good Hope,African-Coast, Tuesdav, Dec. r3th, r7gr." These letters44 G. B. Barton: Historg of New Sou.th, Wales, Sydney,1889, p. 585: who gives the pages wrongly as 128 instead of 28.

100 Tnouas Werr,rNc.rvhich reveal a certain amount of education-couched in asomervhat repentant but aggrieved tone and . irritatinglysanctimonious-mainly refer to Watling's personal experiencesand have already been laid under contribution : theyare follorved (pp. 6lzr) by several extracts-possibly fromother letters-giving a brief account of the nature of thecountry, the natives, the convicts, the method of governingthe Colony, etc. NIy object, however, is not to criticiseWatling's book eittrer as regards its general observationsor its literary merit : its early date of publication endows itwith the glamour of originality, but it must be confessed thatI have only considered it bibliographically in so far as it hasafforded details regarding Watling's life.The title page shows that the boo,k was printed at Penrithby Ann Bell but enquiries have elicited very littleinformation about the printer or the establishment. 1'heClerk of Penrith Urban I)istrict Council-N'Ir C. H. Huntley--has most kindly interested himself in the matter and fromhim I have learned that Dr. J. F. Flaswell (Hon. Secretaryo1' the Parish Register Society for Cumberland anrl lVestmorland)has infomred him that there is in existence aI)irectory for the year r78z rvhich contains the name of" Ann Bell, Printer," under the heading

Plate tr.(/t'l1t';l )t,t'/lr'Il ' )i /I t t . r , , I,/ /, / , ,.t*I{ry 1,, " ?F /'" Ciliary War:bler," painted by Thomas Watling"

fnoues Warunc.l0lhas been definitely stated that it \l'as actually printecl in1294, but this, I think, is simply conjecture exccirt that aportion (pp. z1lzfl of the book--the prospectus of a pro_posed " Picturesque Description " of Nerv south lvalesappearedalso in T'he Dumfries l&'eehtv lournal on N,larchz5th of that year.As I believe that books from this press are scArce, itmay be of interest to add that I have a copy of T'he rforatfInstructor ; f consisti,ng ol ni,scellaneous f Essatts, /inecdotes, fPoems, Maxints, &c. f calculated to I Infornr the ! tnornnt, fReform the Reprobate,fExpose the F'ollies of the Age,lcreate cheerlulness, f Dis!>el Melancholy, prornote f char.ityand Affection.,f Encoura,ge the Inrprouement of ag.ricul-ltureand contmerce ; andf Di.scourage Indolenclr and. Extraaagancav.f Penrith : I Printed by Ann BeII, f o, the Author, fr795.Thomas Watling's paintings.'rhe basis of l'homas watling's claim to fame rests onhis portrayal of the " no,n-descript productions " of Newsouth wales. The subjects are remarkabrv varied; presenting'lrirds, beasts, fishes, insects, shells, flowers, plants,and the natives and scenery of New South wales. someof the drarvings only bear his initials but others are signedin'J-heyfull. \,vere obviously intencled as faithfur representauonaldepictions and succeed remarkably in that, fornaturaiists, primary requisite : their artistic value may notbe high but especially where scenery is the subject theydisplay character and have, of course, the merit of originality.The illustration which I am able to give - through thecourtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum (NaturalI{istorl')---of his painting of the " Ciliary Warbler " revealshis delicacy of execution.4?47 (See Plate l.),'Ciliary 'Warbler,': The Rusty-sidedwarbler sglaia lateralis Latham (Inden ornithorogicus supplement.'1801, p. LV.): the Australian White-eye Zostaropslateral:is (Latham) : the Grey-backed Silvereye.

102 Tnones 'Weruuc.Paintings by lVatling, or otherwise associated with him'have been found in three separate collections and the drau'-ings in a fourth collcction are closely connected with his.'fhe unacknowledged utilization of Watling's \vork b,v early,uvriters on New South Wales, the long-delayed gradual revealingof its iocus and of its importattce in the establishmentof tvpes of species, as well as the errors committed intlre course of that process, form a confused but fascinatingchapter in ornithological research.It will be useful here to gather together such referencesas Watling himself makes to his work. In his Lettersfrom an exile at Botany'Bay he says (pp. 8ig) when writingabout the country i " My worthy friend, Mr. H---', maYreasouably conclude, that these rornantic scenes w-ill muchamuse my pencil; thouglr therein he is mistaken' Thelanclscape painter, may in vain seek here for that beautyrvhich arises from happy-opposed off-scapes. I,however, confess that were I to select and combine I mightavoid that sarneness' and find engaginq employment"' Hesays (p. 13) " The natives are extremely fond of painting,and o,ften sit hours by me when at work "; and (p' to)" My employment is painting for J. W-_--, €sg' thcnon-clescript productions of the countty. " On p' z6 heproposes that the fo,llowing prospectut4?a ef his rvolk shouldbe issued : " Thomas Watling, Principal Limner in NewSouth Wales, Extremely anxious to deserve better o,f hisCountry. proposes, rvith due Deference, under the Patronageof an impartial Public, l'he Execution of a PicturesqueDes;cription of that colony; In an highly-finished Set ofDrau,ings, done faithfully uPon the Sptlt's, from Nature, in\7ezzr:, Aqua-tinta, or Water Colottrs. That the subjectsattempted shall be partial and general views of Sydney, Parramaftijtrancl Toongabbe; romantic groves, or native groupstancl that, if possible, in the course of the work, curiositiesin orlrothology and botany shall be interwt)ven." He furtheragrees (p. z7) that the viervs shall be submitted to a coma?aThis prospectus also appeared in The Dumfries WeekQTJournal, TuesdaY, 26th Mareh, 1794.

'fHorr,las'Warr,rnc.l0Bmittee of the subscribers before engraving. Almost at theend of his book (p. z7) he adds : " lvly present condition ischicfll' owing; io the low revenge of a certain militarycharacter, now nigh in office."The " J. VV. " whorn \,Vatling names as enrploying himin painting has been identified as John white, surgeonGeneral to the settlement and, as will be seen, thcre is substantiatingevidence for this in addition to the identity ofthe initials of the nanre.Joh, white sailed for Australia with the First Fleet onboard the " charlotte " which arrivecl in Botany Bay onzoth January, 1788. He acted as surgeon General to theSettlement till his departure, in the ,, Daedalus," on rTthDecember, r7g4. Though he obviousry took a keen interestin natural history it seems that he co,llected specimensfor scientists and friends in Englanci rather than for his ownsatisfaction. \,vhite's lournal of a voltage to new southwales was published in London in r79o, and it has beenfrequently surmised that the illustrations were drawn byWatling. The plates ar-e all dated zgth Decenrber, r7g9, andit is clear that the book had been issued from the press twoyears or so prior to watling's arrival in Neu, South walesin October, r7gz.4h.This point rvas demonstrated by ilIr \Arilliam f)ixson ina most i:rteresting article in the !ournal and, proceedings ofthe Roy,i'l australian Histovical soci,ety in re26.48 MrI)ixson also suggests a. solution of the final statement quotedabove from watling's r,etters. David collins, a Lieutenantof lr{arirres in r77o, had served at Bunker's Hill, ry75, andat the Relief of Gibraltar, 1282, and, during the first fourvears oI watling's term in New South 'wales, was Judger7bwhite states [p. I.] that his " Journal was undertaken ,,at the request of rhomas wilson to whom he addresses it tp. Ir.]in a letter dated, from ,. Port Jackson, lgth November, 1?gg r';the " Journal " only deals with the period bth March, L7g7 tol1th october, 1788: it is not known who was the Editor of thepu.blished work.a8 Sydney,!920, Vol. V., pp.ZZ7-g.

I (14THoltns Wa'r"t ti'lc.Advocate and Secretary to the Governor, which appointmenthe held from ry87-r7g6.ae Co,llins published in London, in tu'ovolumes, in ryg8,t r8oz, his ,4rz Accourtt of t.he Englt'sh Colonyin Nc'a ,Sorfth Wales. N{r Dixson, comparing the platesin Collins, book with Watling's projected advertisement,"suggests tltat Collins ma) bc the certain militarycharacter f ' who indulged in a " low revenS'e " o'n Watlingancl cieclares : " 'fhedescription of the views \Aratling intericledto at.tempt is so exactly in accord lvith the plates inCollins' Account' of the English Colonti irt I{ew South Walesthat it would be foolish to ignore the coincidence.Iispeciallv when rve learn that Collins held the positions ofIudge-Advocate and Secretarv to the Governor; positionsthat would enable him to set Watling to do the work orcalmly appropriate any pictures that tool< his fancy. Withthe above information at our disposal, \ve may reasonablyassume that lvatling drew or painted the ' series of roughsketches ' that \t'ere re-drau'n by Dayess0 and fix the date asprior to September, 1796, when Collins left for England. "5l\{r l)ixson also indicates-as shown by the follorving extract.-that Watling may have been primarily responsible for theiilustrations in The Zoology of Neur Hollo"'lt' by Dr'George Shaw and in Dr. JamesEdrvard Smith's SpecimenoftheBotttrtl'ofI'{ewHolland.ssOfthelatterMrDixsonstates : " ht the preface to this book I)r Smith savs : ' Thefigures are taken from coloured drawings ntade on the spot'Wilson,and communicated to MrF.L.S., by John White,ag David collins: b. t756; Governor of Tasmania from1804-10; d. 1810.50 lEdrilard Dayes (1?63-1804), water-colour painter ande1g:raver in mezzotint; exhibited miniatures, landscapes, andclassical and scriptural subjects at the Royal Aeademy,1?86-1804. H. S. G.lst The Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Anstralinn.Histot"i.cal Soci,ety, Sydney, t920, Vol. V., pp. 228-9'52 Zoologa of New HoIIand. The Figures ba JamesSo'werbg; 1 vol' 4to; London, t794.5s A Speeimen of the Botang of Neut Holland'The Figures bg Jq,mes Sowerbg; 1 vol. 4to; London, 1?93.

-frrolrns WatlrNc. 105Etq., Surgeon-General to the Colony, along r,vithdried specimens, with which the drawings have in everycase bet:n carefully compared.'The preface is datedI)ecember', U93; and the title pafie of the botanical sectionis also dated r7g3 i yet there are trvo references in the textto the follorving year, viz.., (p. 3r), Februarv, 1294, and(p. :6), April, r7g4. There are further discrepancies in theimprints on the pl:-rtes. 'Iwo are dated October r, r7g3;three, January r, rZ9S, n'hile eleven have neither date norimprint.page is .dated r7g4.In the Zoology section, lr,v I)r. Shau', the titlcOne plate is dated r.8.rygz; trvo,r.ro.r793; one r.g.r794; and trvo r.rt.r7g4, u'hilc five haveneither date nor inrprint (in one case it has been erased).One plate \,\'as' communicated ' b1' rVlajor Ross (p. 46), whcrleft l.[ew South Wales on r3th December, r7gr. Whitemust have serrt the dralvings to England, as he left Sydnev,irr H.M.S. 'f)aedalus..'on rTth December, r2g4."54It is extremely disconcerting to find that a carefulexamination of Collins' Account o{ the English Colony in.Vezo Sorrth IAaIes fails to reveal anv evidence of ,, f)ayes "having " re-drawn " any " series of rough sketches " eitherby Watling or any other artist and the selection of illustrationsis so unexceptiorral that no prool' of a Watling connectioncan be deduced from it. The evidence quotecl fromDr. James Edrvard Smith's prcface to .,1 Specimen of theBotany of l{ezu Ilolland which clulv mentions \!-hite fails toindicate Watling definitely as the originator of the" coloured drawings."We now colne to the next publications and the mostimportant of all in which use was made (as I hope to shorn'),hor,vbeit indirectlv, of trVatling's *'ork. They are JohnLatham's Second Supplement. to his General Synopsis of6a The Journal and Proceedbtgs of the Rogal AustralianHietori,eal Society, Sydney, L920, Vol V., pp. 228-9.

106 f'Horr,tas Werr,rNc.Bird,sffi and his Supplement to his I'ndex Orni,thologicusffiboth of which books were published in r8or. Investigationas to the source of information used in these Supplent'entsrvill involve a description of the three portfo'lios which havebeen alleged to contain Watling's drawings and of anotherc

Tnouls Weruxc. l0Zare all executed with equal correctness. I i,eBirds &c. from rvhich the drarving's were taken are depositeclin the Leverian l!1s5sq6. "5?aA careful scrutiny of these ,, Z, foll. of Water-colourdrawings"reveals that they do not resemble those in thccollection next to be described-rvhichhas been somervhatloosely ternrccl the " \A/atling drarvings "-11,i1fi the exceptionof three, one of rvhich (the only one in the volume whichbears a signature) is signed " \\,'. L " It is certainly curiousthat these should be Tho,mas Watline-'s initials but reversed;I do not think, however, that this is anything'morethan acoincidence. The volume sinrply contains a collection ofwater-colour drarvings and is u'ithout any nranuscript description,title page, or any details to guide one to its provenanceIt has been fully described by tr{essrs (iregory \4. \[atheu.'sand rom Iredale as comprising" scventy folios, but eachside is numbered so that the first painting is numberecl r,the second r, the third 5, and so on " :58 making a total ofr37 pages: there are, hotver,er.. tn'o figures on pagcs r, 5,T, rr, and 65. It is knorvn that John Latham frequentl;,described birds from sketches bv one General l)avies,i,e sp657a Jshn White: Jout.nal. of a Voyage to new South, Wales;L790, p. [vii.].58 The Austral Aaian Eecord; LgZ}, Vol. IV., Nos. 4 and b,pp. Lt4-L22.5e Thomas Davies; of the Royal Regiment of Artillery:Cadet, 17th March, L755; Fireworker, lst April, L7E6; 2nclLieut., 2nd April, 7'i57; 1st Lieut., 1st January, L75g; Capt.-Lieut., 10th March, L762; Captain, lst January, L77L; (Brevet-Major, ?th June, L782); Major, 1st December, L7g2; Lieut.-Colonel, 2lst November, 1?83; (Brevet-Colonel, 1st March,1794); Colonel, 14th August, L7g4; Major-General, Brd May,L796; Colonel Commandant, lgth July, 1?gg; Lieut.-General,25th september, 1803, Lieut.-General Davies saw much servicein North America during the operations connected with the conquestof canada. At one time (while a Lieutenant) he commandeda naval foree on Lake champlain, and took a Frenchfrigate of 18 guns after a close action of nearly three hours.Lieutenant Davies hoisted the first British flag in Montreal.He served as captain of a company in the most importantContinued on Next page,

108'l'rtouns Werr,twc.lllessrs Nlathervs and Iredale state : " the volume contaiusIigures of birds described as from the drawings of GeneralDavies. It is possible that these are copies, or more probablysimultaneous paintings from the specimens from rvhichGeneral Davies' drawings were made'The paintingscall to mincl some of the ones included in the Watlingclrawings as if they had been painted by the same artist.That u,oulcl negative their ascription to General Davies him'self , but they could have been copied by him. "60 It is believedthat it was Mr Jarnes Britten $'ho jurnped to theconclusion that these drarvings were by watling - undercircumstances rvhich will be narrated later fsee page r r r ]-and his conclusion has been shorvn to have been s'rong'.The second portfo,lio in the British Museum (NaturalHistory) is catalogued thus :,,watling (T.) [5rz original water-colour drawingsof the Natives, Animals, Plants and scenery (with maps)in the neighbourhood of Port Jackson, New South lvales. ]fol. [c. q88-gz.)Some of the figures of the Birds forr4 the types ofJ. Latham's clescriptions in the ' Supplement ' to his' General Synopsis of Birds,' r8o2'"61This collection comprises several paintings rvhich arenot by Thomas watling and the rvorks of at least threedistinct artists arc included. It is therefore unfortunate--Note 59 continued.'War'actions of the American Revolutionary During his longservice he had command of the Royal Artillery at CoxheathCamp,atGibraltar,inCanada,andatPlymouth'Hewasalsotwo years commandant of Quebec; he died at Blackheath, 16thMarch, 1812 ( [John Kane] Li'st of officers of the Rogal Regi.ment of Artitlergt,' Woolwich, 1869, pp' ? and 167') How farLieut.-iieneral Davies is to be regarded as an ornithologist maybe questionable, but he certainly supplied John Latham with aconsiderable amount of material information from distant lands'60 Th,e Austral Aaian Record; 1920, Vol' IV', Nos' 4 and 5'pp. 120-1.6L Catalogue of the Boolcs, Marruscripts, Maps, and, Draw'ings in the Brit'ieh Museum (Natural Historg),' 1916, Vol' V''p.221t.

THorues'WerlrNc.not to say misleading - that the collection should be sogenerally known as the " Watling dra.w'in[fs.', In manyinstances more than one painting (often closely arike incompo,sition and execution) illustrates one particular birdand only one painting, or rather its description, is clated :that of the" Semi-pahnated Duck,"which bears date" z Jany. r7g+." I agree with iVlessrs Gregory tll. Matheu.sand Tom Iredale in their staternent that : ', I'he paintingsmade by Watling himself are nearly all signed 1'. Watling.or Thos. Watling, tvhereas none of the others have anysignature whatever. N{oreover, in connection rvith many ofWatling's paintings notes concerning the birds are given,but none appear on the ones not painted by Watling.,,[This is not co,rrect : many of the paintings which are not byWatling are annotated. " ] The workmanship is quitedifferent, so that the pictures can be separated rvith easewithout reference to the signatures. "62 In this collectionthe pictures of birds alone are indexed to the number of 295but some of these are now nrissing. It must be adclecl-orrather emphasized-that this collection is the onlv one rvhichcontains any paintings bearing Watling's signnture.l0gThis volume was acquired after the receipt of the follorvingletter :" r4th May rgoz.'I.'he DirectorBritish Museum.78, Warrvick Gardens,Kensington.Sir,I have a portf

110'l'nouas Werlrnc.Lee,62u of the Vineyarcl Nursery, Hammersmith (theauthor of Lee's Introductionto Botany) rvith a vierv t

Tgonras W,arr,rnc.llta large volume of paintings executed for the latter by oneof his collectors, Thomas Watling, between r7gg andr7g2. These draw.ings had evidently been shown toLatham, who named most of the birds, and seems to havereferred to these pictures as ' Mr Lambert's Drawings.'They do not seem, however, to have been Lambert's propertyat any time.The types of Latham's species are, in fact, foundedon these drawings of Watling's.The co,llector was sent to New South Wales by MrLee, and some of the illustrations in \,Vhite's lou.rnal ol aVoyage to it{ew South Wales in r7go were drarvn bywatling', who refr:rs to \,vhite in his volume of paintings.Cf . Hi,st. CoII. IJrit. Mus. (rV.IJ.), i., p. 5z (Libraries).NIr James Britten, r,r'ho has examinecl the series ofdrarvings, has pubiished the following interesting note(lourn. Botany, xl., p. 3oz (tgoz)): , The British lVluseu'rhas lately acquired a very interesting vorume containingdrawings in coiour of the animals and prants of Australia,nrade by Thomas \A/atling in ry88-r7gz. Watling wassent out by James Lee of Hammersmith (front u,hosegreat-grandson, bearing the same names, the collectionwas purchased), with a view to obtaining material for ahook on the natural history of th,: countr.y.Apart from its contents, the volu're is interestingon account of the light whiclr it throws upon an entry onp. 253, vol. i.. of Dryander's ', Catalogue of thc BanksianLibrary " : this runs. " V-olumen folioru ffi Zo, continensfiguras animaiium et plantarum pictas quas in Novacambria prope Port Jackson delineavit Edgar ThomasDell. "In Banks' copy6J the last four words are struckout, and a compaiison of the volurne with the one acquired63 [This is in the Natural History Museum (Department ofBotany) south Kensington, London. The printed octavo eatalogte-catalogusBibliotheca Historico-Naturaris : J. Bankshasbeen inlaid to folio and bears additions and emendations inthe manuscript of the cataloguer, Jonas Dryander.. H. S. G.]

Ltz'l'Holtes WerltNc'from Nlr Lee shows that it is the work of the same artist'\Vatling lvas acquaintecl rvith John White (" Surgeon-General to the Settlement "), *'ho sent plants to Smith, andpublished in r79o his lountal of a Voyage to New Sott'tltIVales,. one or two of watling's drawings were executedtor Wltite.'fhe newly acquired volume contains several vie$'sof Sydne.y, rvhich are o1' great interest''Attachedtothedrawingso,fbirdsisa|istofthespecies, with the following announcement' probably in thehandwriting of tMr James Lee himself : ' 'fhis cataloguervas wrote by Dr Latham, author of the General Synopsi,sof Birds.' "64Irr view of our present information the version of theorigin of the volume given by Lee must be discounted'Lee's great-grandfather, it may be noted, died in r79S' abouttwo years after watling's arrival in Australia as a convict'I have already dealt with NIr James Britten's erroneous noteas to the provenance of the" Volumen foliorum 7o " fromthe Banks collection. with Dr sharpe's speculation thatLatharn had seen this volume and referred to the contentsaS..MrI,ambert'sdrawings''Ishalldeallater.Atalater stage also the cleletion of part of the entry in Sir JosephBanks,copyofDryarrcler's..CatalogueoftheBanksianLibrary " wili receivc attention''fhethirdportfoliowhichhasreturnedtothecountryofits origin .nd is in the Mitchell Library, Sydney' \'tr K' A'Hindr,vood designates thc" Sytlnev" set states itltd" was purchurJd by the pubiic Library o'f New SouthWales from a London bookseller, in 1887, for twenty-fivequineas. Nothing definite is known of their earlier where-,,ttr.rtr; no signatures appear on the drawings which arecertainly by slrre,al artists, and onlv two of which bearclatcs.one,theeightiethintheirpresentarrangement'is dated December, |7gl; the other, the third in the volume,o4 Histor| of the Collections contailrcil in th'e Notw'altlistoryDepartmentsoftheBritiehMuaeum;1R06,Vol.II.'pp. 107-109.

'fnonas Warr,ruc. 1 18June, r7g2. N{ost of them are annotated with briefpencilled notes in several handwritings, w'hich differ fromthose of the artists, who rarely gave more than the relativesize of the painting. "6sI now revert to the question of Mr Lambert's drawingsover which a considerable amount of confusion has arisen,due, it lvould appear, to a lapse of menrory on the part ofDr. R. ISou'dler Sharpe.So itxg ago as 1843 it was recognised that Lathamused what are known as " \{r Lambert's drawings. "I'hese lravc been described as " comprising zt4 paintings ofbirds, onc lanclscapc of Ncrfolk Island, and ten illustrationsof mamnals, [u'hich] have never been completelycatalogucd. In 1842, G. R. Gray (.4nn. tr:[a,g. Nat. Hist.,Lond.)66, u'hosc brother supposed the arrtist to be White,determinecl rr; specics. A further examination was conductedby H, E. Strickland, assisted b;r John Gould.'l-hese very important paintings are rnounted in threevolurnes, and were at one time in the possession of AylmerBourke Larnbert,6s* then Secretary to the Linnean Society ofl-ondon, from whom they passed to the Earl of Derby, inri,hose librarv they are to-day. "6? \ft' N. B. Kinnear, ofes The Emu,; Melbourne, 1931, VoI. XXXI., p. 100.66 Annals and Magazi,ne of Natural Historg; London, 1843,Vol. XI., pp. 189-194. [G. R. Gray's communication was datedL4th December, L842.1e0a [Aylmer Bourke Lambert; b. L76L; botanist; educatedat St. Mary Hall, Oxford; an original F.L.S., 1788; and vicepresident,1796-L842; contributed papers on zoology and botanyto its Transacti,ons,' F.R.S., 1791i A Descri,ption of the genusCinch,ona his first independent work, L797; chief work a monographof the genus Pinus (Vol. I., 1803; Vol. II., t824; Vol. III.,1837) ; d,. 1842. H. S. G.la7 fAylmer Bourke Lambert's library was sold, in Londouby Mr Sotheby, on 18th/20th April, 1842, and realised $1105 ls0d. n'Lot 444: New South 'Wales; 225 most beautiful drawrngsin colour, of the Quadrupeds and Birds of New SouthWales, with the names of the Birds inserted in pencil by Jo.Latham and an Autograph letter from him to A. B. Lambert,COut'inued on Next ['tgo.

114 THontes We'rltNc.the Natural llistory' Museum, London, has informed methat all these painti4gs are unsigned and include four paintingsr,','hich are not in a similar collection-of what havebeen referred to as the " Watling drawings "-in theItritish Museum (Natural History) London.ffi At thisjuncture I should like to express my special thanks to NIrKinnear and to Mr H. W. England rvho is in charge ofthe boolis in the Zoological I)eparttnent at the BritishNluseum (Natural History) not only for their patience indealing with my queries but also for their expert assistance.Much confusion has been caused b,v Dr. Sharpe'sin:tccurate presurnption that Latham" referred to thesepictures' fthe Watling drawings']as ' Mr Lambert'sdrarvings,' "69 and it will be of interest to quote some of Dr.Sharpe's notes on this point.He rvrites : " It is curiousthat Watling's name is not ntentioned, as ntany of thedrawings bear his signature; nor is that of his employer,NIr James Lee.'?0 If it seemed curious to Dr. Sharpe thatLatham should not mention Watling's name it is certainlysignificant that Latham should repeatedly mention that of X{rLambert ; s5-fs1 example-rvhen describing the 'furcoisineParrot, Dr. Sharpe's note reads : " Although Latham saysthat he described this Parraquet front the drawings of MrLambert, and apparently frour a specimen in the collection ofNote 67 continued.Esq., concerning the Collection; in 3 vols. fol. calf, N.D.": subsequentlybecame the property of the Earl of Derby and is nowat Knowsley; this is the collection known as " Mr Lambert'sdrawings." Another lot, " 683: Autograph letters (upwards of100)," was bought for the Earl of Derby and was presented tothe British Museutn in 1870: it contains the letter from JohnIVhite later referred to. H. S. G.l68 N. B. Kinnear; in litt., LTth July, 1935.a;t Historv of tlte Collections contained, in the NaturalIlistot'11 Depccrtntents of lhe' British Museunz; 1906' Vol. II.'p. 108.70 Tom eit,, p. L22.

'lttonaas Wart,rnc.ll5General Davies, he urakes use of Watling'snote, "71 afldrwhen dealing u'ith the tslue-headed Cuckow. I)r. Sharpe says :" Latham gives thc substance of[Watling's]riote, but gives credit for it to Nlr Lambert. "?2It is, I think, obvious that " lVIr Lambert's drawings "--as they are ternred-is an entirelv different collection tothat of the " Watling drawings. " It should, perhaps, alsobe emphasized that these drawings were not actually byLambert but that they have been termed" NIr Lambert'sdrawings" bccausrr they formed part of his library and notbccause he rvas the draughtsman. Dr. Sharpe-excited bytlre idea tlrat Watling's paintings had provided Latham'stypes-expresses surprise that Watling is never even mentionedb1' Latiram-his actual worcls are : " He fl-atham]sal s not one word about Watling or James Lee in the textof lris book, nor can I so far tind any evidence of his givingcredit to either of thenr as the source of his information,"Tsbut such mention is the last thing one would expect to findin rnaterial if such had been cribired.Dr. Sharpe goes onto poir-rt out that Latham has transterred a long note byWatlinginto his account o,f the Channel bill in his GeneralH'istory of Birds,?a but attributesthe last sentence of his7r HistorA of the Collecti,ons contained in the NaturalHistory Departmants of t,he Bri.tish Museum,' 1906, VoI. II.,F. 115. Dr. Sharpe's use of the phrase " Watling's note " ismisleading; it imputes to Watling a knowledge of ornithologysufficient to enable him to write critical notes whereas the factis that the annotations on some of his paintings (for not ailer:e annotated) are in the hand-writing of persons other thanWatling.72 Tom. cit,, p. LZt,7it Torn. cit,, p. L09.7a John Latham: General Hiatory of Birde; L822, Vol. II.,pp. 300-302, pl.32.

116 Tnouas WlruNc.note to " Mr White. "?5 If Watling's paintings were beingused surreptitiously it is hardly likely that oPen acknowiedgmentworrlcl be made of any infonnation which mightaccompany them and it is hardly guessing to presume that" Mr White" was none other than Surgeon General JohnWhite. Finally, Dr. Sharpe quotes Watling as stating:" 'I'he pride and vanity of the draushtsman has induced himto put his name to all the dr:rrvings, but should you publishthem I think tltc uame may bc left ottt. "?6 The wishes ofthe poor " draughtsman " seent to have been all too literallyobeyed.Mr K. A. Hindrvood has suggested that " the handrvritingof thc notes on the 'Watling Drawings,' in theNatural History Museum. South Kensington. does notappear to be by \\zatling; possibly the notes are by Surgeon-General white for whom watling painted birds. "7? It hadalso occurred to me that it rvas possible that Watling mightnot have been primarily responsible for the annotatio'ns onhis paintings but that these might have been provided by hisemployer. It scemed to me remarkable that the note on thepainting (signecl ,,T. W.") of the Red'breasted or BluebelliedParrot should read : " Native name Goez:il. ThisParrot has a fine white tongue like the drau'ing No. 3oo'haematodesPsi,ttac'tt,s variety; called the Blue-bellied Parrot,see Lathanx, Syn. "?8 'Ihis note indicates that the writer-75 Histora of the collections contained in the NoturalHistory Depurtments of th,e British Museum; 1906, Vol' II',pp. rrz-rrs. The note which is written on the back of thejrictore (signed ,' Thomas Watling ") of the bird has been used byLatham in his secon,d, su\tplentent (1801), p. 96. It may here beobserved that many of the paintings in the o'Watling " collectionhave been trimmed to such an extent that the notes on theirbaclcs have been cut into. These notes were' however, copiedout before trimming took place and these copies have beeninserted alongside the appropriate paintings in the collection;rvho was the copyist of these notes has not been ascertained.7t, Op. cit,, p. L43.77 K, A. Hindwood; iie litt., 19th November, 1935.?8 The " Watling " collection in the British Museum(Natural History) London; No. 36.

T'Horras Wal'lrNc. 1 17rvhether it rvas Watling or his employer-had a knorvledgeof Latham's General Synofsis of Birds n'hich was publishedin r78r 15. My main reason, horvever, for countenancingthe idea that Watling might not have been primarily responsiblefor the notes attributed to him is the tone of some ofthese annotertions. For example, the note on the painting(signed " T. M/atling") of the Brorvn Plover reads :" Onefifth the natural size.This is a rvater bird, though put on aperch " :79 and as regards the Neu' Holland Tern the noteon the painting (signed " T'homas Watling") is as follorn's :" This almost half the natural size, ancl a pretty goodresemblance, t,ith this exception-only the bill not just somuch bent. "80 It occurred to me as strange that an artistshould thus criticise his o\\'n \\,ork rvhich-oneu,ould havetirought--it rvould have been preferable for him to havecorrected.It was, holvever, not till I discovered a letter-inManuscripts Department of the British Museum-from JohnWhite (of date rrth IIarch r79fl to Aylmer Bourke Lambertthat I rvas able to compare this rvith the inscriptionsWatling's paintings. I then found that nrany--but not allofhis paintings were unquestionably annotated in White'sautographs0a and it was, indeed, a revelation to discoverthat the suggestion to leave out Watling'stheonnanre-shorrld7g The" Watlirtg"colleetion in the British Museum(Natural History) London; No. 253.8o Loc. cit,, No. 274.80a The paintings, referred to in footnotes 75, 76, and 88,namely of the Channel bill, o'Ciliary 'Warbler," Chattering Beeeater,and Coach-whip Bird (Nos. 67, 209, 96, and 127 in the" Watling" collection) are all annotated in the autograph ofJohn lMhite. The other paintings, referred to in footnotes 7L,72, 78,79, 80, 84, and 88, namely of the Tureoisine Parrot, BlueheadedCuckoo, Blue-bellied Parrot, Brorvn Plover, New HollandTern, Emu-Wren, and Needle-tailed Swallow (Nos. 47,72:,35,253,274, 184,'185, and 216 in the "'Watling".collection).areannotated but not in White's hand-writing.

118'l'Hortes Wa'rlt:vc.his paintings be published-rvas actually in the hand-rvritingof John White.sobThe letter referred to is as follorvs :" My dear SirHerewith you rvill receive a large rude N{anuscript,just as it was taken from my common place book by :ryoung man rvho \\:as my Hospital Clerke, rvhich mypresent situation prevents me being able to throw intoany kind of form, or even to copy fairly so as to make itlegible or understood.It contains many remarks as rvell as the progressmade in Colony, rvhich probably you mav be able to hitupon some plan of getting put into a shape not expensive,& still u'orthy of being given to the iVorld. l'his voumust take rvith you, many pages of it rvere rvritten whenHunger was very prcssing, & mav cast some reflection onGovernment from the distress of the mornent : all thatpart I rvish to suppress as well as many remarks not veryfavorable to the Settlement as I nou' trust from changc o'fMen (I mean Governors) measures rvill be pursued thatrvill very soon make it in a great clegree independent o,fthe mother country.I am just about to set off for the80b (See Ptate 6.) This painting of the " Ciliary Warbler "(No.'209 in the ,, watling " collection) has been trimmed so thatonly part of the original inseription, in the autograph of Johnwhite, now remains. Before trimming a copy of this inscriptionwas made (which is inserted by the side of the painting)and which reads: ,, This little Bird is the only one of the kindever seen. the white round the ciliary process of the Eye iscomposed of the most beautifull small white Feathers. Thepricle and vanity of the draughtsman has induced him to put hisname to all the drawings, but should you publish them I thinkthe name may as well be left out." The inscription, as trimmed,reads: "ghtsman has induced him to put his name/ drawings,but should you Publish them I thin/ me may as well be left out."

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Tnoues Warlrxcl lgIloyal Williamrejoice to hearSaturdayr rth Marchr797at Portsmouth, where I shall at all timesfrom you.IamMy dear SirYours most Sincerel-vJohn WhitestuI wish you would recommend to me what is best to bedone with the drarvings, for to have them alr engravedwould be so expensive that I could ncver carry such arvork into, executionAylmer B. Lambert Esqr.z6 LowerGrosvenor Street. "The foregoing letter, dated nineteen months afterwhite's return from Nerv South wales, clemonstrates thathe was in familiar correspondence rvith Aylmer BourkeLambert. The " large rude Manuscript " and the collectionof " drarvings " may. or may not, have been the handirvorkof watling but it is clear that Lambert obtained fromWhite drarvings from New South \\rales.In spite o,f i\,Iessrs Gregory N,I. N,[athews, and TomIredale's papers on the subjectst (which I have ali-eadyquoted) it rvas again stated in 19z6 in the check List of theRoyal Australian ornithologists' unione that the narnes ofmany Australian birds are based on Watling,s drawings.If, at this point, a summary of. my ideas is permissibleI would say that I have formed the opinion that Watling, aconvict in Nerv South wales, was emproyed in drarving" the non-descript productions of the country" : these ciraw.ings u,ere being sent home by his superiors, with annotationsby them. as opportunity occurrecl : thereafter theynotes

t20THouas Weruwc.to whonr they were sent but afuvays with a tgtal disregardo! Watling. It is horvever not to be suplrcsed that lVatlingrvas the only person in Neg' South Walcs, at that tinte, whorvas endorved rvith artistic ability and it will have beengathered from preceding statements that other artists were:tt rvork in the Colon-v before him.I must norv refer the reader to p. t r r, rvhere I drarvattention to the fact that in Sir .loseph Banks' copy ofDryander's " Catalogue of the Banksian Libtaty " the lastfour rvords of the item catalogued as " \;olumen foliorum 70,continens figuras animalium et plantarum pictas quas in NovaCarnbria prope Port Jackson delineavit Edgar l'homas Dell"are struck out. These words were apparently erasecl by thecompiler of the catalogue, Jonas Dryander. and if it isdifficult to guess rvhy they were struck out it is not easier tosurmise rvhy they were ever printed. I have already pointedout that the volume of rvater-colour drawings is sirnply acollection of such and contains nothing to indicate that theywere drawn by Edgar Thomas Dell. When, and u'hv, theylvere attributed to him remains a mystery.As regards Edgar Thonras Dell it has been ascertaineclthat, as chief mate of the " Shah Hornluzear, " he firstreached Port Jackson on z4th l,'ebruary , 1793. 'fhe orvnerand master of the " Shah Horntuzear," rvhicfi had conrefrom Calcutta. rvas William Wright Bampton, and he contractedrvith the loc:rl authorities to supply the settlementrvith certain cattle ancl provisions. In part fulfilment of thatcontract he despatched Dell on their rcturn to India in,, the snow" or brig,. FAncv," r5o tons; this vessel,presumably, rvas either purchased or chartered |y Bamptonin India. She arrived at Port Jackson on gth July, 1794,and sailed again on zgth September. Dell was verysecretive concerning his destination but it rvas generallybelieved that he n'as sailing for Nerv Zealand to obtain acargo of timber suitable for spars, etc. : this proved correct.The ,, Fancy " luy for three rnonths in the River Thames,New Zealancl, during rvhiCh period her cre\v had oncencounter with the Maoris, and reached Port- Jackson again

THouas Weuwc. 191on r5th March, r7gs. She was then chartered to take provisionsto Norfolk Island and on her return paid anothervisit to New Zealand, in conrpany rvith the " Endeavour, "almarcl u'hich rvas Bampton; the latter ship had to be scuttledon :rrrival at Duskv Boy.A boat which had been comnrcnccdby sornc of the crc\\'of the " Britanniar" some tinreearlier, wzrs completed and launched by the " En

122 Tsonaes Werlrwc.' Watling' painting No. t84e is a copy I furthermo're, the' Lambert' drau'ing is copied from this particular' 'Watling painting, or vice 'lerso. While the threeillustrations in question are by different artists, they areidentical in posture, each having five instead of six tailfeathers,u'ith the same variation in their lengths. one'fhisinstance. showing that there are sirnilar drawings of thesame species in the three sets, can be multiplied many times.fhe probability' is that the artists rvorking on the drawingsoften copied from the finished paintings of their co,lleagues. "85I have already ventured to suggest the pc'ssibility that someof the " "Lambert drawings may have been copied fronrWatling's originals. This suggestion is strengthened by theopinion expressed by NIr Hindwood when he draws attentionto the probability that artists of the period copied the paintingsof their colleagues : it is, of course, possible that Watlingtnay have copied the pictures gf otlier artists - conversely,others may have copied his originals-athe was-byWales-inany ratereason of his enforceci residence in Neg' Southa position to do original work.It lr.o,uld seem that there must always be some dubiety asto u,ho were the original artists who supplied Latham's types :that, at some date, he utilised Watling'sactual drart'ingsthere can be no such doubt. Mr K. A. I{indlvood, in his paperzrlready so much laid under contribution, states :" Wecliscover, in his account of the Soft-tailed Flycatche'r, evidenccof Latham's having used the'Watling'paintingspublication of the Second Supplenzent in r8or.in the General Historyafter thcHe quotesof Birds (1823) his .remarks rvhichappeared in the Second Su,pplement, and then continues:. Another' name for this bird is Mereangereeal [There are three paintings of the {'Emu Wren " (SofttailedFlycatcher) in the " Watling " collection in the BritishMuseum (Natural History) London, numbered t84, 185, and1g6. Only No. 185 is signed by watling; No. 186 certainlybears a resemblance to his style but No. 184 does not seem tohave been his handiwork. H. S. G.l85 The Emu; Melbourne, 1931, Vol. XXXI., PP. 101-102.

I THonras WerlrNc. 1gBIt is called Emue or Cassoway Titmouse.Iti;' also called X[ureanero in another drarving.' All of thisinformation appears on ' Watling' paintings Nos. r84 and'85,86 together with other facts, rvhich Latham uses. Hadhe access to the ' Watling ' collection rvhen conrpiling theSecontl Supplentent. he would certainly have included thercmarks appearing on the drarvings. It is obvious that theyare not the type drau'in€fs of rnost of the Australian birdsdescribed in the Second ,Su,pplem.ent. Lathanr u.sed the'Lambert'series, most of rvhich paintings are similar ro,and, of course, contemporaneous rvith, the ' \Vatling ' set. "8?NIr I(. A. Hindrvood is correct irs regards his statementthat some of the information on \,Vatling's drawing of theSoft-tailed Flycatcher rvas not used by Latham till r8e3 : hispresumption thereflsm-fh2t Latham did not have access toWatling's clrarvings when compiling his Secon d Supplement-- is not so free fronr criticism. Several of the picturesbearing Watling's signature, in the " Watling " collection,have notes u'ritten on them and a recent perusal of theSecond Su,t>plemenf has revealed that many such notes havebeen freely used therein bv Latham. Why then did healrvays refer t

124 Ttroves WeTlrNc.Iilycatcher) infortrtation clerived frorn notes on Watling'spaintings has not been utilised in the second su'pplernent,but has been used in The General Hi,story of Birds, mayindicate either that these notes were not avaiiable in i8ot orthat Latham ntay only have thought it necessar-y to incorporatethem in his major rvork trventy years later'Reference has already been made (see p. 9o) to lhomasWatling'slandscape of Sydney in r794.88a p1t K' A' Hindwood,rvhen obligingly sending me a photograph, has"informed me that the size of the painting, inside theframe, is 5r inches by :6 inches. 'fhe painting is done ontwo separate pieces of canvas stretched on board frames.. I ma1, adcl that the landscape painting is in oils anddoes not shorv a vcry rvell developed sense of composition orcolour harmony.reads : , A direct North1'he legend, on the back of the painting,general Vierv of Sydney Cove thechief British Settlement in Nes' South Wales as it appearedin ryg4 being the 7th year from its Establishment. Paintedimmediately from Nature by T. \Vatling. ' "8eN{r Hindwood has further informed me that there is" another painting of Sydney in r8oz fin the \{itchell Library,Sydney, New South Wales-l which is very similar inexecution and style : some art critics here state that it is byWatling and the caption reads ' Sydney in r8oz, probably'1by T. Watling however, Watling usually signed his rvorkand considering the fact that he \^/as very anxious to retttrnto Scotland, it is hardly likely that he $'ould still be inAustralia in that !€ar."9osea (See Frontispiace,) Among the paintings-it is No' 20,ir, ihe " Watling " colleetion-'in the British Museum (NaturzllHistory) is one which is inscribed:" A direct north view ofSydney Cove and Port Jackson, the Chief British Settlement inNew South Wales. Taken from the North Shore, about a Miledistant, for John 'White, Esqr. It must be observed the Mastsof the ships are out of all proportions." This painting is anearlier view than that reproduced here as the Frantispiece bltit is similar in many details.8e K. A. Hindwood.; in Utt., Lgth November, 1935'e0 K. A. Hindwood; in litt., LZth April, t982, and 14thApril, 193?.

THouRs Warr-rNc. 72i)al'he painting bears no signature but, no nriltter horvanxious Watling may havc been to return to Scotland, itis to be remembered that o,n r4th April, 1789, he wassentenced to fourteen years transportatio,n. His sent(lncetherefore rvould not have expired till r8o3 and, unless parto'f his sentence was remitted for good conduct. he rvourd presumablyhave been in New South wrales in r8oe ancr couldhave painted the " Landscape." The actual ciate of hisreturn is, ho'u'ever, not knou'n but oflicial clocuments havealready been quoted rvhich show that he rv:rs in Dumfries,for certain, in November, r8o4.Little did I think--rvhen Mr K. A. Hindwood {irst wroteto me on rzth April, tg3z-that I should find it so dilficulttc ascertain facts about -['homas lVatling. I trust I havenot omitted to thank all those who have assisted me in m1,search and-though I experience a certain sense of satisfactionin the result of my five years' investigation-l feel thatthere remains much more that I should like to knou, aboutone whom I have long since come to regard as the elusiveWatling.APPENDIX.DOCUMENTS /N R.E THOMAS WATLINGTRIAL FOR FORGERY, 1?89.1. Declaration of rhomas wa$ling, dated 2zth November, lzgg.AT DUIIIFRIES, the .twenty-seventh day of Nr;vember, one thousnndseven hundred and eighty-eight.lu couscquence of a Petition in the uame of willitrn Lawson of Girt,hlread,Agenb for the British Linen Company, and Dirvitl Staig Esquire, Agentfor the Bank oI scotlantl and warrant indorsed thereon THol{AS warlrN(;complained irpon rvas l.rrought before me and heing jutlicia,lly examined onthe facis -set forbh Decla.res that he has lived in t,he Town of Dumfries all hislife and has for some years past been employed or cmployed himself as apainter and being specirrlly irrterrogated if he lry himself or flny personwithin his knorvledge ha: issued or elused issue rny forged note ol noteson tbc Bnnk rtf Scotland or the British Linen (.:ompany DECLARES that, lrc

126 THouas Wetr.rrqc.[as never by ltimseli or any other person isgued or past any forged notesupon eitlier of the said Banks nor does he know or susp€ct agy person orprtrout who have becn guitty of such ofieuce aml tll this he declares to bet rutlt." Johu ll0t srtsott, \f itncss."" Thomas Watling."" John Welsh, J.P."27tI iiqverul-rer, 1?88.-The belore designed Thomas Watling having beenlgain exu,ntinetl declares thai in the tnonth of March lnst he the declarattt'tinished oll two Guiueir notes upon the Bank of Scotlrnd and after the fornttnd tenot'of the Bank of Scotland Guinea uotes; that the said two notes wet'errrarked wit[ the letter C. atrd when Onished ofi and completed were by tltctlcclar4nl tleliveretl to John Robertl, Ingraver in Dutulries, from whom thetleclarlu1 receired halt rl guinea fot' each note' That in t[e month of JulyIast the declarant flnished ofi Three Guinea llotr)s in i'mitttion of the Bankof Seot,land's Guinea notes marked with the letter G. which three not'es werein the clusk of the evening delivered by the dechrant, :rt his own door, to apersolr rvho Roberts tnade hinl believe was John Kerr but who the declarantverily believes was RoLrerts hrmself and the declarant received from the per'son to wtrom he delivereri said three notes a Gtrinet and a half, the Guinetin rr Rank of Scotland uote, the very Guinea note this day found in the declamnL'srepositories, and half & guinea in gold. That about a month agothe tleclarant flnishe'rl oft another note in imitation of the Guinea note of thetsarrk of Scotland which was also in the dusk of evening delivered at thetleclarant's own door to the person whom he then believed to be the saidJolur Robert,s brrt, for which last nol,e the declaraut got no payment; and thelast uote rr,as rnarked uith the letter D. Declares he received the aforesaidsis nobes, in the situation the one wir's this day found in, from the saidJohn Roberts and afterrvards done ofi aud f,nished by him' Declirres that'he never at any period flnished off any notes in imitation of the Bank ofScotlantl other than the six before mentioned and the one this day found''norclid he the declarani ever flnish off or attempt to flnish off any note ol'notes in inritation of any other Banking Company's notes in $cotland' Declaresthat t[e aforesaid six notes never would pass or be circulated in thcLlountry as they were tlonc with virntilon hoth onr l'he llody and the names1n{ a,ll this be declarcs to be truth. Three u'ords in the preceding page{elete before signing. In \Yitness Whereof l,he declarant has subscribed thisdecluration upon this and the two preceding pages in presence of simonl\fackenzie, writer in Dumfries, and John x'erguson, writer. there, and writerhereot,"'Ihomas" Watling."Sim. Illackenzie, Wittress.""" John \trelsh, J.P."John Ferguson, Witness."lJ. I)eclaratiols of Thomas Watling, dated 28th November, 1788,and 15th JanuarY, 1789.AT DU}[I.RII'S thc t,wenty.eighth day of Noventbet', one thousandseven hundred and cighty'ei8ht years'TIIOIIAS wATLING, Paintei' in Dumfries, being again brought beforeJohu w.elsir Esquire, slreriff $ubstitrrte of Dumfrios' one of Eis Majesty'sJ ustices of the Peace fot' the county of Du'mfries, and further examinedDDOLARDS that he rveut fronl the Town of Dumlries to Glasgow about thebeginning of lt:uch last-That previous to thal, tinre the declarant and JolruIloirt'bs rvere olten in company together, were in the use of going to onerrnothers rootns, hrlve gone togetber to several publick housos in tbis Town'prrticul:rrly to tbe hl,,r., of John Mnxwell, william Bryden and Thomas

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Tnouas Warr,rrqc. 127welsh. That they were in use of walkiug together in the garden of Bobert\Yilson younger Gardner in Dumfries and also in use to go in eveniugs tothe Episcopal chappel in Dumfriee where Roberts was in use to practise uponthe organ and to hear the Clerk, James Strong, wheelwright, sing; and thatJohn Hannay, Cabinet Maker in Dumfries, Edward Knight, the Chappel Bedal,were for ordinary in the chappel on said occasions-that is, these peoplemight be: once or twice present and see the declarant and Roberts togetherin uhe chappel. That about last saint Johnls day Roberts and williamchalmers sent for the declaranb rrbout some mason-aprons to saicl williamchalmers' shop in Dumfries, and Mrs chalmers knows of the intimacy whichsubsisted tretween Roberts and the declarant. And further declares thatRoberts' father and tris family must have often observed the Declarant cometo youug Boberts's roorn. r'hat Roberbs had been twice or thrice in theDeclarant's room sinco he came from Glasgow, and doubts not but some ofhis neighbou.rs have seen him, but cannot say particularly as to any of themexcepting tris own Aunt May Kirkpatrick. And being specially interrogatedDeclares that when doing off the six notes mentioned in his Declarationemitted yesterday he did not apply any stamp or seal before delivering themto Roberts. And further Declares that when Roberts gave him the first twounonisherd notes he at that time mentioned t"o the declarant that they werenot for circulation but for an experiment he wished to try. Being interro.gaterl as to the eighteen pieces of paper found in one of his drawers Deelaresthey were cut for sketching out attitudes of Eeads and for sundryother purposes in the '$'ay of drawing and that more papers of the samesize were and he believes may still be found in his room with sketches ordrawings u|on them. And this Declaration being read over to. him he declaresthe same to be Truth in presenoe of John Aitken senior and simonMackenzie, writers in Dumfries, Lieutenant Rollo Gillespie, late of the onehundred an'l fourth Regiment, residing in Dumfries, and samuel clark. clerkof the Peace for the County of Dumfries." Rollo Gillespie, Witness."" Sim, Mackenzie,'Witness."" Sarnuel Clark,'Witness."" Thornas Watling."" John' Welsh, J.P."AT DUMX'RIES the flIteenth day of January, one thougand sevonhundred and eighty-nine years.TH0MAS \TATLrNG before designed was again brought before Johnwelsh Dsquire, one of His Majesty's Justices of the peace for this countyand being further examined Declares he went to Glasgow in the Month ofI\rarch last andr was employed in coach and chaise painting by stonehouseM'clellan Dunbar & scott, coach Makers there during all ilre time he wasin Glasgow, and was paid at the rate of one Guinea per week and the corrrpanyalso agreed that the Declarant while in their employrnent should havctime to do anything he might be employecl to do as l likeness painter.Deelares he had Do motrey transactions with any person or pe.rsons in Glasgowexcept with the saiti company in reeeiving his wages. That he lodgedand boarded in the house of John Lamont, Head waitor in the Black Bu[Tavern in (ilasgow at ser.en shillings and sixpence per week. That the Declarantgoing lrom Dumfries to Glasgow rode upon horse back to Mofiat ancltook the Diligence from itlofiat to Glasgow. That he rotle to Moffat as aforesaidupon a horse belonging to william Brand, r{orse hirer. in Dumfries, ilrehire for which he paid on his return from Glasgow in silver. That theDeclarant staid all night in the house of James Rae vintner in Moffat andpaid the fare for the Diiigence there being eighbeen shillings and eight pencein- silver and copper. I'hat any lictle money he carried frorn Dumfries withhim was in silver excepting one Gluinea Note which he borrowed from ThomasJohnston, Auctioneer, but doth not recollpct, of what Bank the said note was.That the Declaraut when returuiug to Dumfries came in tho Diligence from

l2ETHoiues 'Warr,rxc.Glasgow to Moflat and walked from Mofiat to Duurfries and that he paid thesaore lare at Glasgow for returning in tbe Diligence to Moffat'. And beingiuterrogatediJlreeverlentorollerodtolenrlanynoneyto.\YilliamBelI'writer in Dumtries, Declares he is acquainted witir the said \ililliam Bell'but doth not recollect his ever having lent or offered to lend him any moDeynor doth lre recollect his having lent or olfered to lend any money to GeorgeBryceson,BarberinDumfries.ThatBrycesonwasoncein.Jailrvhent,heDeclarant prevailed lvith James Finlay, Sbopkeeper in Dumfries to becameBailforBryceson.Antlbeinginterrogatedwherelregotorpurchasedthepoper upon which t,he un0nished note is sketched and what quantity of suchpapcr he bouglrt. Declares lrc dot,h not incline to answer tbat, question.Declarcs he doth uot know Beuson .t company or where they live althoughlrethinkshehasscerrtlrelllnreorirearrlofsucbaCompany.AndDeclaresthat, he never ltoticed the rnrker's name upou any paper he using' And-wasbeinginter'rogatedtrotnrvhomhegottheGuineaNoteheflrstattemptedtoimitateDeclaresheisnotinclinedtoanswerthatquestion.Andbeingin.terrogaledwhenlreflrstbeguntoflnisholtNotes,whattimehetooktosoflnish thern off, a'

FTsones \,4lellrNc. L29sensible in.rpression upou the Petitioner's mind aud occasion a temporiryugitation and a, derangement of lris recollection.The test ol this petition, hat been alreaily printeil (see pp,73-4)conclud,ec:anil itMAY it therefore please your flonours to authorise his liberatiou accordingly.(Signcd) Thomas TVatling.Du,mfries, 15 January, l-789.The Peiition written upon the two preceding pages signed by ThomasWatling, was in presence of John 'Welsh, Esquire, oue of His Majesty's Justicesof the Peace for the (-'ounty of Dumfries exhibited l,o Thomas Watling,Paint,er, at preeent prisoner in the Tolbooth of Dumfries and he being calledupon to say whether or not the said Petition was wrote at his desire, issubscribed by him and u,as given in also at his desire; He the said Thomas'Wabling declines giving any answer thereto and refuses to subscribe this.ilIinute.Sirn. llackcnzic. lVitness.Samuel Clark, Witness.(Sigued) John Welsh, J.P.Dumfries, 17th January, 1789.In preference of .fohn Welsh, llsquire, beiore designcd, appeared ThomasBrown, Clerk to Robert Ramsay, Writer in Dumfries, who being examined andbhe Petition lvritten upon this Sheet, of paper exhibited to him Declares thesaid Petition is of ths Declarant's haudwriting and that he copied the samefrom a scroll or draughi made and delivered to him by the said RobertBamsay-That after the Declarant had wrote the said Petition he carried thesame into the Tolbooth of Dumfries and gave it to Thomas Watling who afterperusing the said Petition said it rvas rigbt and subscribed the same in theDeclarant's presence. That the said Petibion was lodgetl in the office of theClerk of the Peace lly the Declarant at {,he dcsire of }Ir Ramsay and tlr;rtit was macle out and lodged in a hurry as Ml Rarusay had heard a precognitionwas to bc taken on the very same day the Petitiou was lodged. Thatthe said Petition bears date the twenty-ninth day of November last butthe Declarant thinks it was not lodged or presented till a day or two thereaftcr.That the Declarant cannot recollect if any other person was present,rvhen Watling subscribed the said Petition.(Signed) Tho. Brown,( ,, ) .lohn lYelsh, J.l'.Bobert Ramsay, before designed, being called appeared and Declared he isWatling's man of business at present, and being interrogated whether previousto his bcing employed either by Watling. or any other person on hisbehatf he of his own motive odvised l\'atling to Retract his Declarations beforethe Justices he declined auswering the question or any other alleging he is notobliged.($igne'd) John Welsh, J.P..1. Petition of Watling to Lords Commissioners of Justiciary.1789, April l4.-UNTO The Right f,onourable The Lords JusticeClerk and Eailes one of the Lords Corurnissiouers of Justiciary ontheir Circuit Court at Dumfries.The PETITION of Thomas Watling, Limner, plesent Prisonel in theTolbooth of Dumfries.Thit petitian ltu:s been ulreudg printe.d in, f,ull see p.74).

f 30 Tnoues Wetr,rxc.5. Petition by L,ord Advocate re forgod notes, etc.14rh Apl'il, 1?89.-UNTO The Rigbt Eonble. Tbe Lord Justice clerkan,l LoId Hailes one of the Lords commissioners of Justiciary.The tetition of His Maiesty's Advooato for Eis Maiesty's interestaurl of The Governor and compauy of the Bank of scotland with con'course of His MajestY's Advocate.IIUTIBLY SHEWDTHThat rr, criminal Prosecution was brought at the instance of the Petil;ionersagainst Thomas Watling sometime Painter or Limner in the Town ofDuinfries ilccusing him of forging Notes of the said Bank of Scotland andalong wii[ the libel the Petitioners produced and lodged in tho hands ol theOlerk to this Orrcuib Court Eleven of the said Forged Nol,es and an unflnishedcouuterfeit note together with a bible belonging to John Johnston, Butcherin Dumiries.That the said Thornas W'atling in place of standing trial for the saidCrime presen1ed ir' letition to the Court gubmitting to a sentence of trans'port,atiou lvhich was grtnted and he was sentenced accordingly.'t,he petiiioners are therefore desirous to have up tire said Eleven forgedNot,es and the said unfinished counberfeit note t,hat the same may be des'troyed antl llso the foresaid bible that the same may be restored to theowner t,hereof'May it thelefore please your Lordships to grant warrant to the clerkof Court, to deliver up to the Petitioners the foresaid Eleven X'orged Notes,the unfluislred note and the said Bible for the purposes foresaid.According Lo Justice, e'tc.,Dumfries, 14th APril, 1789.(Signed) Ar. CamPbell, A.D.ilaving consi{ered the foregoing Petition Grants Wa1lant to the Clerk ofcourt, to delivcr up the Nobes and Bible mentioned in the Petition.(Sigued) Dav. Dalrymple.6 and 7. Criminal Letters against Watling labstractedf,,,Tlr,ese critttittal Letters" urc cquiualent to an indictntent ol to'ala!.Thomas Watling is designed as sometime Painter or Limuer in the Townof Duqrfries present Prisoner in the Tolbooth of Dumfries. The letters run"in uame of Lorrl Advocate IIay Campbell Our Advocate for our interest"and by the Governor and Comparry of the Bank oJ Scotland with concourse ofour saitl Advocate. The Letters charging watling with iorging in the year"178 i or 1788 certain promissory notes at leasb to the number of 12 forthe sunr of one pound one shilling st,g., or one guinea cach . . . ." nalratcas productions to be lodgetl " a Bible bcionging to John Johnston, Butcher inthe 'Ior,,'n o1' Dutlft'ies, iIr which t,lte n:rtttes of tho sairl John Johnston and oItrIarga,,ret, Johnston his r.'ifc are written by thc said Thomas watling, andlikewise a firrlf penny on which the wold' 'D. Crosbie :rre engravetl by thesitid 'I.homas Watlilg, l Letter tnd a Card both written by thc said T[omaswatling to FraDcis sholt,l,, \Yritc| in Dumfries, the lettcr dated the twentysevcnthday oi 1\I1y, SgvenLcetr ltutldred and eighty-eight, and an Advertiserueutrelative to the Toaching ol Drawing by him made out by him witlrout adat,e untl likewise the eighteeu pietgs of papel found in his repositories"'Iherem.alnder o! the " Crimlnal Lettets " is purely formal,

Tnouas Warrrwc. 1318. List of Witnesses to be adduceci against Watling.1. James Fraser, Secretary of the Bank of $coilaud.2. Robert Forrester, sometirne clerk in the Accoruptant's office of the Bankof Scotland, at preseut Banker in Edinburgh.3. williarn Dickie, soruetime secretary's clerk in Lhe said Bank, at presentIlerchant in the town ol Dundee.4. John Fergusson, Writer and Messeuger in tlre town of Durufries.5. Sirnon 1l[ackenzie, Writer there.6. Thomas White, Mathematician there.7 . wiliiaur -Larvson of Girthhead, Agent for lho Itrit ish Linen uourpany a rDumfries.8. Johu 3r'own, Olerk to the said William .Lawsorr.9. David Staig, Agent for the Bank of Scoiland at Dumfries.10. James Gracie. Accomptant in said Bank of scoiland's offrce in Dumfries.11. William ll'George, Shopkeeper in the town of Dumfries.12. George Bryson, Ilairdresser there.13. John Kcunedy, Writing Illrrster there.James M'Clure, late Shrremakcr in Dumfries. now ul [idinburgh14. John Rarnsay in Nether Risks.Jobn Newall, late Bookseller :rt Langholm, uow itc Glasgow.15. William .Bell, Clerk to Hugh Maxwell, Writer in Dumfries.16. Robert Richardson. Butcher in Dumfries,17. John Johnston, Butcher there.18. Margaret Johnston, wife of the said John Johuston.19. William Bryden, Innkeeper iu Dumfries.20. John Grind.all, Seuior, Clockmaker there.2L. John Grin

L32Tnoues Warr.ruc.40. Margaret crosbie, &lias sewell, wife of the said william crosltie.47. l)eborair Crosbie. Daughter to the said William Croshie'42. John Kerr, Merchant in Ecclefecban.45. Etlwarrl t{yslop, \Yriter in Dumfries.44. John GourlaY in Whiteside.45. James l\l'Lttne, lnnkeeper' in Gatebouse.\Yilliam Duncan, Candlemaker in Dumfries, and Janet Fairies, his spouse'" Ar. CamPbeU, A.D."{1. Letter.; watling to Francis shortt, }vriter. Dumfries; dated27th May, 1788.GLASOOW, 27th MAY' 88f,h.Ittiller street -at Messieurs gtenhotlse, M'Lellan, Dunbar & Scott'e &Co.Sir,I have this moment, received a letter from i{r lryslop, informing met,hatlam{,opaymyrenttoyouorMrGass.Ibelieveltoldyoulneverhrrd t.he least objection to pay it to eit,her, at least I am assured I gave MrGass niy reasons ror prettrrica.ling, and lt ibe same time begged him not tothink it was eithcr tliroueh pique or ill will to hiin that I did not pay itoulyto oppose a ceftain, piruon who is blessed with more assurance thanwisdom.Parclon ruc lof rroubling you witb this letter', I would solicit the favourof your indulgence lor two or three wceks (as I rnean soon to be in Dum'fries) v,hen I will repay you. If lrou can supet'sede any diligence that maylle used ag&inst rne in lnl airsence it will be iterned also to the above and ifever in *y pn*"t shall be hnppy tcl make o rctrliation'Your Answer lloultl greatly cblige'Sir.Your Ilurnble Servt'.,(Signed) Thomas Watling.The tollowing nanle untl add'rcss appeqr on' the back of the lettet:Mr Fraucis Sltortt'Writer'Dumfries.l)unrlries. 21st llrrrclr, 1789'-Pt'o'drtced upon my Declaration of tbis datelretore Huglt [llt.trroll, Iisquire'(Signed) f,'ras. Sbortt.o ( ,, ) Eu' Maxwell, J'P'10. Letter ; \Vatling to Francis Shorti, Writer' Dumfries ;undated.trh,wutliug's cornpLs. to IIIshortt-If he coultt tavour him witb biscourpirny in rrny lrousc urosl ilgrecable it voultl be esteemed an obligation'tt not, convenienl, this ligtrt Mr \Yotling will rvlic llpon Mr sbortt by to'mor'row at breakfagt tlme ten o'clock'

THoues Warrmc.I BSThe lollowingflguree anil aililresg o;ppeor on the other stde of the letter:4 - 1 62 - 44Mr f,'rancig SborttDumfries.2 -On the baclt, of the letter there oppearethe following Declaration :Dumfries 21st March. 1?99.l,rodueed upon my Declaration of this date before Hugb Mn,rwell. Esquire(Signed) ['rans. Sbortt,.( .. ) Bu Maxwell, .f 1,.I I l)rawing sheet announcing classes for teaebinE end terms?'his pro(luction ho's been rcprod,uccd (see plate I ).The remain.inq Oaperc are formql. uiz : Erecution.g ol Ctttttonqto l{itnesses, List ol Assize and Eaecutions ol seruice on watling.Note on the Family of Coningsburgh.By R. C. Rnro.Like so many other early feudar families of Angro-N'rnran origin, the family of coningsburgh dirt not longsurvive Bannockburn. Though it died out ter.ritorially, thename, however, continued, and, though uncomrnon, waswell known in the Glasgorv area in the rgth centur.l..l Thefamily's ownership of the barony of Staplegorton, outsideLangholm, was their connecting link with Dumfriesshire.The first of the name lvas Galfrid cle coningesburg,Pwho u'itnessed a charter of Malcolm IV. (r153-64) to Scone1 These notes were compiled to assist Mr T. c. Kinniburgh,who claims descent from these Glasgow merchants, and is collectingmaterial for an account of the family.z rhe surname occurs in the Records in an endless varietyof spelling

134 THr F.rllILY oF CoxtllcssuRcH'Abbey.3 ,fhe actual date of the charter was at Perth, 116+,ancl from the list of magnates rvho attested it u'e maY assumethat Galfrid rvas a person of some importance.a It is notknorvn $'ho he was, but we know where he must have comefrom. Hc must have come from the vill of castle ofConingsburgh in South Yorkshire, close to Doncaster. '"fhis.taken in conjunction with his association on his first appearanccin history with King Malcolm, compels the irresistibleconclusion as to his Anglo-Norman origin. For the fee ofConningsburgh was part of the vast domains of the de\Aiarren family.In rr39 Ada de \AIarren, claughter of the znd Earl andsister of the 3rcl Earl cle warren, married Henry, Earl ofNorthumberland, heir to King David I. of Scotland. Trvoof their sons, Malcolm and William, had prior to their successionto the throne of Scotland both adopted, or wereknorvn by, the surname of de warren. Their father, Henry,had granted a salt pan at Werkrvorth to Brinkburn Priory.The grant $,as confirmed by his son, Malcolm de Grvarrenr:,Earl of Northumberland.s The Rev. Joseph Huntbr in hisHistory ol Doncaster, quoting from the Nostel chartularyin the Cottonian Library, also calls attention to a " Williamde Warrenna filius Henrici comitis Northurnbriorttm " whoconfirmed a grant to the canons of Nostel. This williamwas not the then William, Earl ie Warren, but the brotherand successor of King Malco,lm. When in turn he becamcKing in I 165 he was knorvn in history as William the Lion.Our early Scottish Kings, having no, surname of their own,adopted that o,f their mother.At the date of this Nostel deed William de Warren wasexercising some right, or at least a certain control, overportions of the Coningsburgh fee.6 \Me must therefore cou'clude that Ada's two sons received some provision from thes Liber de Scon, p. 8.4 R.M.S., L806/L424, aPP. 1.,27-s chortularies of Brinkbtnn, pp. L4l and 143; surteesSoeietY.6 Hunter, I., p. 106.

THr Feurly oF Cor.llNcssuRclr.lB5coningsburgh estates, and that when Malcolm was calledon to succeed his grandfather, David, on the throne of Scotland,he took north with him a man named Galfrid, whohad some residential, if not territorial, connection withconingsburgh. His christian name of Garfrid or Geoffreyis a sure index to his Norman strain.No grant of lands to Galfrid is known, but it may lleassumed with some safety that he received the barony ofStaplegorton. carlisle mo,re than Edinburgh \\ras the centreof administration in King David and Earl Henry's tiine, andit is no distant cry from Langhorm to carlisle. Nothing elseis known of Galfrid.He was succeeded b-v his nephew, wilriarn de cunniggeburch,who granted to Kelso Abbey the advowson ofstaplegorton church, rvhich from the rvording of the granthe appears to have founded.? The grant rvas corrfi.rrred bywilliam the Lion.s This fl€pheu,, wilriam, may be identifiedrvith the william de coningburc who witnessed a g.rantof a salt pan in colvend by Roger Mascurus to the prioryof st. Bees in the last quarter of the rzth centur.y.s Thisis by no means the onry instance of association between theconingsburg and xfasculus families. It may denote someaffinity.If the first trvo generations of the family can thus bedefinitely identifiecl, the remaining ones are much more speculative.There were severar willia'rs in succession, two of*'hom were Knights, but it is difficult to differentiate:rmongst them. At so,me date before rz43 \,Villiam deConigburg,, perhaps a son of William, nephew of Galfrid,granted the lands of Rig, whicir he held as feudatory ofRoger Avenel, Lord of Eskdare, to John Fraser, erdest sonof sir Gilbert Fraser. The grant was in connection withJohn Fraser's marriage rvith r\licia, daughter of william,r0This' of course, does not impry that Aricia u,as heiress of7 Liber de Calchou, TL,2gl.I lbid.,I., 16.g Reg. de Bega, p. 91.10 Reg. Hon. de Morton,II., g.

136 Trrr FarlILY olr CoxINcssuRGH'Wil|iant.onzqthJuly,I2$9ltSir\\lilliamdeCuningburtwitnessed a charter whereby Robert cle l)unclovenald grantedtohisoverlord'sirRobertdeBrus'tu'ocartlcatesinthe;;_;i Ecclefechan along with that advorvson.ll For by re6o\VilliamhadbeenlinighteA,inwhichyearhisson'Willianrcle Coningburcht' gu; to Herbert' son of Sir Aymer deNlaxrvell, a charter of a carucate of land in l-angholmwithin the fee of Staplegorton and half ?t carucate inBrakannra,lvhiclrwastheforerunnerclftlreMaxrvellinterestsin that district.l2 This grant rvas confirmed by KingAlexander on 6th April, r26c.' wherein Sir WilliamCunyngsburg is described as deceast'13 In rzSr Herbert deMaxrvell quitclaimed these lands of Langholm and-BrakenwratoSirJohnLinclesav,Chamberlainofscotlancl.laBy rz85 thc Chambcrlain' rvho rvas ancestor of the Lindsavsof Wauchop, seems to have secured the wholc of Staplegorton,15ana in r3r5 his grandson' John Lindesay' Canonof Glasgorv, resigned that barony into the hands of theCrown for grant in '3to-t to Sir James de Douglas'16 Thusended the connection of the coningburghs rvith staplegorton'rrr:rr:^* ra c i one of theIn r2g2 a William de Cuningburgh wasauditors on behalf o{ Brus and Balliol when Edrvard I'hearcltheircompetingclaimstotheCrownofscotland.l?butwecannotbesurehewasidenticalrviththeownerofStaplegorton. At any rate he disappears as a landed proprietorin Dumfriesshirc, and when that class was called onin rzg6to render hon'rage to Edward l' it u'as not a Willianrbut a Duncan de Cunygsburgh of Dumfriesshire u'hosigned the Ragman Roll.li This is the onlv known referr1Bain, I', 1763'tzChartul'arAofPollolcMamwell'2;seealsoReg'Hon'tleMo'rton,II., P. 6'" R"g. H'on' d'a lltl6Yton' II" P' ?'tt lbid., p. 9.$ 1fui,fl., p. g,16 Reg. Hon. de Morton' II" P' 18'. L7 Palgrave, 54'18 Bain, II., 198'

ence t

138 THr F,rrvrlt-y oF CoNrNcsRtlRGH.cie Kyngestonon the ground that they had been forfeitedby the rebellion of Bykerton.2rAnother nrember of the family, Sir Thomas deCunigburch. perhaps a brother or son of Sir William,wasassociated s'ith the celebrated Alan Duru'ard. Justiciar ofScotland. u'itnessing a charter by ,\lan tn Lindores Abbey(Fife) in tz5r,24 and another b)' the same granter to '

Tnr Faivrrt.Y oF CoNlNcseuRGH. rt9assigned an English episode which occurred prior to r2Z2(tempo Hen. III.). Gilbert de Cuningburgh, Hugh Giffard,and others o,f the Kingdo,m of Scotland had slain oneRichard Bullock at Cambok, on the English side of theBorder. They promptly fled back into Scotland. TheEnglish authorities held an enquiry in r zZSt'9, which elicitedthe fact that they were persons of bad repute and had beeninstigatecl to the crime by AIan de Lascelles. Alan produceda charter of remission from Henry III. pardoning him, butGilbert and Hugh, being absent, were formally outlawed.sJThe younger Gilbert survived into the next century, for in acharter by Robert I. (r3r5-zr) to Fergus of Ardrossan ofthe barony of Ardrossan, there is mention of Richard deBoyville and Gilbert de Cunnyngburghe as Crorvn tenantsrvithin that barony.sa 'fhis Ayrshire branch, like the Staplegortono'ne, must have died out. narne, hou'ever, per-'I'hesisted in Bute, where in rSS4 \\rilliam Cunnyburgh wasserved heir to Archibald Cunnyburgh of Skethok in that 16merkland;35 and also in Dumbarton, where in r5z4 there wasmention of \{ariota Fleming, relict o,f Adam Cunyngburgh,burgess.so Perhaps it is from these that the Glasgow familyis descended.33 Bain, II., p. 34.34 n.lw.s., L306it424, 5L.35 Lennou Chartulary.36 L.H.T. Acs., Y., L9L.

140 RelNre,ll Rnconps troR THE sOUTsrnN cOUN'rlBS.1fl16 glFilr Goo =E :,,+.rFx .oll{rOao .:l . i* J 3sA-r- 's9 cv.:- 4H _ ltio ;f =a :o =E 7h. -;.1- + . -rl- tFlo 4a .-lOF- *.itr tlqOr F^o -€ tL c .Av ?q) rf)o&Ā6!tldA E.tA6E&i I s$gSFFFFFF$sFFFssI I aso:.oil@i:ococo616Q\Qa?q-e i .ri-c)d.aro

RnruRelr. Rnconns For{ ,l.Hr: Sotrr.rlinN C_-ouNL.rr:s. l4l33FSSFFF9iFFFFFF Nt-?iQ@iodcoHd:o) +7Fn991-pPg{trp9'99 -a? CO crl Ca + ir aO ctr F rr .= CO :O ic)i-+t-O:o)OCDO)O@r(:-raa $ v rC I rnf-l-(i -+ \,r = $ + vm?lmmcrr+

42Field Meetings.8th Au$ust, 1956.Rob$ill, Bonshaw, and Birrens'Only r4 persons left by mot

IFrelo Mrrrlwcs.tr43strated that the original gatelvay herd been a stone ancl tirnberstructure.Mr Shirley moved a vote of thlinks to Mr Reid, *,homhe congratulated on the successful issue of the work rvhichh€, with Mr Birlev, had initiateci, and 1or rvhich he hadcollected the funds, noting that l{r Reid hacl a hcreclitaryinterest in Birrens in so much :rs his ancestor, the Rev. peterRae. directed the attention of Gordon of the ltinerayiutnthe remains; also to NIr Birley and Mr Richmoncl for theirwork and demonstrations.The papers rn'ourcl form a valuableaddition to the Trunsact.ions of thc Societv.u'as carried with acclamation.tof'he motion(The papers above mentionecl rn,ill be founcl belou,.)Irving Towers.By Colonel F. R. M'CoNNpr.It is probably rvithin the knowledge of ail present thatRobgill is one of the seven " Irving I'on,t:rs,,' on or near theKirtle water, the chief seat of the Irvings being at Bonshau..There is some doubt as to the placcs *'hcre all thcseven Towers were situated, there are so many of these olclkeeps in this part of Dumfriesshire. but in the immediatcneighbourhood of Bonsha1v, n'hich is o,n the right bank ofthe Kirtle, n'e have Robgill on the same side. then \vooclhouse,nearly opposite Robgill.'fhe old Tower at Wysbic is 'o\\, ito more. but wzrsnearly opposite Bonshaw, and the 'fou'cr at cove u,as a mileor so' lorver down the Kirtle water from Robgill, thus allthese strongholds u'ere n'ithin a couple of nriies of Bonshau,and near enough in case of alarm to render each otherefficient help. There \\/as even said to be an undergroundpassage betn'een Bonsharv and Robgill" but the line of sucha passage would have to cross a deep gien, so that it isdoubtful if such a passag'e could have been constructed.Earthworks.In a field opposite the entrance to Robgill avenue there

L44Ftnr,o MPr.rrwcs'is an ancient artificial mouncl or cairn, and a similar one ontllackyett not far off. The late Laird of Bonshaw said thatthe one on Robgill was an outlook post for Bo'sh414', butthat seerns doubtful. The one on Blackyett has a ditch andearthrvork all round it, and in the wood at Robgill there isanother but smaller earthwork or fort. Probably thesethree rvorks are much older than the Towers'Dats of Building.ThelnztentorllofAncientMonumentsgivesther6thcentury as the probable date of building'InhisBoohofthelrdngsthelateLairdofBonshawrnakes the following statement : " The Castle consisted ofa strong square Tower lvhich existed in the year lo2o whenwe (the lrvings) go't it. ". In his Book of the lrzrings it is stated that King Bruceshelterecl at Bonsharv when he fleci from the court of KingEdward rst in the year 13o6. Then we have the " Bruce'scave ,, at cove, the traditional home of the spider thathelped to, u,eave King Bruce's life histoty, iI the verses somanyofusinouryouthhadtocommittonremoryaretobe believed.N{y old uncle, Robert Irvingof Cove' used to say thathis family obtainecl Cove Estate frorn King Malcolm of Scotland,u,ho reignecl from rr5r to 1165. That does no't provethat a'lo*,er*,as built then, though doubtless a laird of Coveirr thosc troublous times u,ould erect some defensive shelter'I{orvever,noneofthese,betheyfactsortraditions'really help us much as to the original date of building theTowers. Be the date the roth or the r6th century, as faras we know the Towers were all built to the same design''fhereand probably at the same time.is an interestingsimilarity between Bonshaw and Robgill, for both have asto,ne u,ith the sacred monogram, I.H.S., deeply cut. letinto the arch just inside the entrance'WeknorvthatRobgillatanyratewasburntbytheEnglishinIs44,TheseTowersweresosolidlybuiltthatthe shell of the Torver would probably survive the burningand require little more than to be re-roofed. I wonder

Frpr.o Mmtrncs. 145whether when the r6th century is mentioned in the Inz,entoryof Ancient Monuntents it may not have had some connectionwith the date of restoration after the English visitorshad paid their visit in rS44.PreEont Oondition of the Towerg.Bonshaw has been retained in its original state, with amodern covered way connected to the dwelling-house.Robgill has had various additions made from time totime, but the shell of the old tower remains, incorporated ina modern mansion.Woodhouse is a ruin, though it lvas saved from completecollapse some years ago by the proprietor at that time,who in part re-built it.Of Cove and Wysbie it is difficult to,find the remains.The rounded addition to Robgill, on the side next theKirtle, was built by Sir Paulus Amelius Irving, son of thethen Laird of Bonshaw, probably about the year r8oo.The front of Robgill is modern, having been built aboutr854 by my father, Frederic M'Connel, the then owner, andvarious other additions were made by the next olvner. thefather of the present Laird.Last of the lrvlngs of Robglll.It is beyond my power to tell of all the Irvings whoowned Robgill. The Sir Paulus ^4nrelius Irving alreadymentioned was the last Irving to own Robgill.In addition to Robgill, Sir P. ,8,. Irving owned Woodhouseand Blackyett. A copy of the advertisement for thesale of Robgill and Woodhouse, dated r8r8, is given in theBook of the Iruings. Blackyett was left to his nephew, andwas afterwards bought by -y father, and is now my property.Sir Paulus died in 1832.Aneodotee about Bobglll.Robgill was at one time held by " Black Christie, " socalled because of his black armo,ur.Another Christie lrving, or was it " Black Christie "?sallied forth early one morningand raided the neiehbour-

146 Ftst,o MsETrNcs.ing Tower of Stapleton, and occupied it for some months,clespite the efforts of the authorities to evict him.Prior to the building of Robgill Bridge over the Kirtlein 1835 Robgill was approached from the north by a ford'A story was told by my aunt, the widorv of Ro'bertIrving of Cove, rvhich describes a practical joke played bythe son

I am glad to say that that old tree was balked of itsprey in my case (or I would not have been here to-day), andi+. has since fallen down the rock and is no longer a menaceto any younger generation.A stone cannon ball found in the time of the lateFrederic M'Connel, when a drain was being dug at Robgill.was shown at the end of this address.Bonshaw.By R. C. Rup.It is just 3o years since the Societv visited BonsharvTower. On that occasion we w'ere addressed and shownround by the late Colonel Irving of Bonshaw, a man of outstandingand forceful character, whose main pride in lifewas his clan and this old tower which after enclless costlylitigation he recovered for his family. Here for 4oo yearso,r more his forebears had resided. \A'ithin its walls rsgenerations, maybe more, had been born, lived active andcrowded days, and passed away. Yet none of them havebeen forgotten, for the late Laird of Bonshaw made it hisbusiness to u'rite a history of the clan called the Book of theIraings, in rvhich, as was but natural, the house of Bonshau'and its offshoots occupied the principal space.Colonel Irving narrates a tradition that Bruce, hasteningnorth fro,m London to meet Comyn at the (]revfriars'Monastery at Dumfries, stayed a night in Bonshaw Tou'er.I have been unable to trace this story further back than1866, when in slightly different form it appeared in a littlebook entitled trIralhs in Annandale. rvhich incorporates rvithinits covers many local traditions-and some errors. NlissMarjorybanks says that Bruce was fleeing'from the pursuitof Edward Longshanks. If so, the episode must have beenafter Comyn's murder. This tradition is borrowed fronr theIrvings of Drum, in Aberdeenshire. It was part of theirfamily history in 1246. On this tradition the historian ofthe Irving clan bases his claim for the antiquity of BonshawTower. That claim Do, oD€ would have dared to contest in

148 Frnlp Mpntrncs.the presence of Colonel Irving, and it is therefore rneet thatit be dealt rvith tenderly to-day.As rve see it to-day the Tou'er of Bonsharv is a r 6thcentury structure. It is in extraordinary good condition,has been well cared for, and has suffered hardly at all atthe hands of the modern " restorer." Only its roof shos'ssigns of structural alteration, the original roof having beenmore steeply pitched. To the expert eve of the Ant:ientMonuments Commission, the parapet sho,rvs signs of reccntrestoration. The walls are 40 feet in height, and. as atRobgill, there is a splayed basement course round the u'allsat a height of. z feet 6 inches from the ground. 1'he presentouter porch is, of course, modern, having been erectcd b1'Colonel Irving. There is no iron yett to the original doorway,though in the stormv days of the past one must almostcertainlv have blocked the entrance, o,ver which in raisedcharacters is inscribed the family motto. One enters throughthe door into a vestibule admitting to the basement and tothe wheel stair in the north-eastern angle. Fronr the stoneroof of this vestibule hangs. as at Robgill. .t pendant onr,r'hich is carved I.H.S. in monog'ram. This is knou'n inthe family as the Crusader stone. The story goes that itwas brought back frorn Palestine by some unknown andunnamed member of the Irving clan. blessed in transit bythe Pope himself, and then carved and huilt in here. Thatimplies that the sto'ne is pre-Reformation and is coeval rviththe tower, even if its Palestinian origin and Crusading datebe disregarded. It is easy to be sccptical about this stone.but it is certainly difficult to explain its presence. f'he factthat Robgill has a similar one merel.y complicates the problem.It must have been a very ardent Catholicism thatbrought two such stones from Palestine. They are identicalin shape and design, and seem to be modelled on a sealmatrix. The one at Robgill is certainly later than the torverin which it was placed, for over the vestibule at Robgill rl'asoriginally a hatch for communication to the first floor abovc.The opening of that hatch has been built up, quite obviously,and the stone inserted in the centre. The same thing may

FrBln MrBrrNcs"r49have happened at Bonshaw, thOugh here all clumsiness hasbeen avoided, and the building-in might be perrt of the'fhecriginal vaulting. Robgill stone has becn whitervashed,so its texture and skin cannot help us.The lJonshau' stone,on the other hancl. may have bcen rubbed dorn'n in recentyears. It is skilfully llood-lit by electricity, :rnd in consequencelooks painfully modern.to ascribe any date to it.At present rve must hesitateA photograph of it will be subrnittedto an ecclesiological expert for his vier,vs on the designof the monogram,stones fromand perhaps someone rvith experience oflocal quarries may be able to say whence itcame.la I may adcl that the prcsent owner of Robgill, whois familiar rvith'bothstones. claims that his is the originaland that the Bonshalv stone is a relatively rnodern copy.as the Robgill stone is still covered rvith rvhitewash we areunable to adjudicate.ButThe basement is ceiled with the usual barrel vault, andis provided rvith gunloops.A stone bin for storage of provisionsis built against the east wall, and in the opnositecorner is a partially intermural chamber. once probablyused as a prison, measuring sonre 8 ft. by 4 ft. 6 inches.It has no windor,r', but there is a ventilationflue throughthe vaulted ceiling. The first floo,r is the hall, antl i*" lit by'fhewindows fitted with modern mullions. south rvindowis provided with stone seats, where the ladies of the housecould sit and enjoy such sunshine as penetrated into thelu A photograph of this stone, kindly taken by Mr EricBirley, F.S.A., was submitted to Mr C. H. Hunter Blair, F.S.A.,an expert on heraldry and kindred matters. His verdict is asfoilows:" The pendant stone with the sacred monogram upoltit appears to be not earlier than late 15th or early 16th century.Its style and shape suggest that, and, of course, it has nothingwhatever to do with the Crusades. f wonder what bomet lairdsfrom Seotland ever went a-crusading! M'Gibbon and Ross,Vol. III., say that there is a motto on the door of the towerwhich reads, SoIi deo Honor et Gloria-suggesting a religiousturn of mind of the builder, which may also have shown itselfin the monogram. I do not think it can have any special significanceother than the serious mind of the builder or restorer ofthe tower."

150 FrBr,o MBBtrwcs.rather gloomv interior. Two of the lvindows have smallaumbries inserted in the jambs.But the real feature of theroom is a, large and handsome aumbry, commonly called thealtar, under an arched head. It does not seenl to have any'fhereligious associations. other feature of the room is thetine 7 ft. high fireplace with moulded jambs. The secondfloor was formerly used as a billiard roo,m, but is now unfurnished.In the north-western angle is a garderobe. Thelate Colonel Irving would never recognise this nece'isarysanitary adjunct, but insisted that it had some mysteriousconnection with an undergroundpassage alleged to communicatervith Robgill. But its object is quite definite. Itwas for the use of the ladies of the househo'ld.f he menconformed to more primitive usage on the parapet r,r'alk.'fhe third ffoor is really a garret under the roof surroundedby u fine parapet rvalk. Originally the roof drainage wasthrough gargoils, only a fer,v of which survive. But thelate Colone! In'inghad collected several olcl samples ofgargoils, which it is his son's intention to build into theparapet.This tower was defended by a courtyard rvall, withperhaps a fosse beyond, all traces of which have n

FrBlo Mreuxcs.151Justice Ayre.l Herbert got another remission in 1465.2 In1473 william and John Irving's were fined for depredationsin Galloway.sBut rve have no evidence to connect thesetypical members of the clan rvith this Torver of Bonshau,.Yet rso years later the clan \\/as behaving in :ln exactlvsimilar nranner. Here is the record of two lrvings, cousinsof the house .1614rysbie, in the year t6tz. They were triedfor stealing, in 16o8 six ()xcn from rancrs of Dru'rnruir, in16o9 tr,r'o sheep from Ja'res white in l)ornock I i' July,r6ro, three linnen lvebbs from a poor \r,oman in Gullielands;in october, 1610, seven nags and mares fro'r lands ofMouswald.and two nalis and a mare from Robbicquhat.For this record they rvere cleclared fugitives at ;r r)umfriesJustice :\yre'I'heyi' october. rfirr.shifted their huntinggrounds, u'ent north, and carrie

152 FrnlP MBBttlcs.cant that before that date there is no historical evidence ofan Irving of Bonshaw. That year the banished Albany andthe Douglases invaded Annandale in expectation of a risingin their favour. One of the few families that joined them$,as the Corries. On St. Magdalene's Dav the Douglaseswith an English force entered Lochmaben, whence rheywere repulsed, and a long running fight was continued asfar as Kirtle Water. The English supporting force hadhalted on Burnswark to maintain the line of c('mmunications.It, too, was involved in the running fight and sufferedcasualties. Amongst them one named W-illiam Mtrsgrave1uas made prisoner. Now in these enlightened days onedid not hack to pieces one's prisoners or shoot thenl inbatches according to present-day Iberian ideals. In ther 5th century prisoners were valuable loot, and were notdestined to the shambles. 'Ihey could be turned into hardcash. So when John Kirkpatrick in Hesilbrae capturedWilliam \fusgrave there must have been rejoicings inCumrue and Elshieshields. Now there were obvious difficultiesin the way of a Mid-Annandale tenant farmernegotiating with a westmorland family for the ransom ofone of its members. An intermecliary r,l,'ho rvas familiarrvith both sides of the Border was desirable. Such a manrvas found in the person of one William lrving, who in allprobabilitv had not been at Lochmaben but had arrived rvithanother party of Scots during the pursuit and had completedthe

Frslp llrnrlncs.153Irving is described as william lrving of Bonshavr'-the firstreference to Bonshaw or any Irving associated rvith it that Ihave found.The corries who had fought on the rvrong side had ailtheir lands forfeited.Nlany of these lands were grantedto the victors, and it seems likety that \,Villialn Irvingwasrewarded rvith Bonsharv. colonel lrving tells us that theearliest title of Bonshaw is dated r5zo,6 but he cloes not g.ivean extract of it, so we do not knorv rvhether the I;:vings heldof the crown, of the Corries, o,r, as rnav be the case, of theJohnstons. f'he fact that Johnston r,vas suretv for Irvingin the matter of the ransonl implies sorne feudal clependence,and, as will be seen. there was always a close alliance betweenthe families.It must be assumed that Willianr In'ing, the first tobe designated of Bonshau', died a ferv monthsafter thisransom litigation, for on rzth october, r5ro. Edu'ard Irvingof Boynschan' rvitnessed a Holmains sasine.T 'fhese are thconly references I have found of these tu'o generations rvhopreceded the first recorded by Colonel Irving, namelv,christopherIrving of Bonsharv, rszo-r

154 FrBr.o N{nnrtNcs.torver rvith a palisade surround-thename to our Peel T'owers." peile" that gives itsThis torver cluring its four cettturies of existence has seensonre stirring times and distinguished visitors. If rve omit,on grounds of lack of evidence, the traditional visit of theBrus and another alleged visitation by the wrathful EdwardI-ongshanks, there is still a fine residuum of interest. In theclan r,vars betlveen the Nlaxwells and the .Johnstons that wereto terminate at l)ryfe Sands. Maxlvell in r585 took and burntJohnston's tower at Lochu'ood. Johnston sought refuge withhis relatives at Bonshaw Torver, which rvas beleagured byVlaxrvell. Holinshed describes what followed : " At whattime he (Maxu,ell) so battered the Castell (Bonshaw) withartillerie that the house was almost gotten;which beingperceived of those rvithin they fell to parlee whereby in theend the matter rvas r,vholly compounded betu'een them bythe rnediation and furtherance of the Lord scope of England."A ferv years later another meeting at Bonshaw is recordecl.In 15gr the bonny Earl of N{oray had been" "slain by the Earl of Huntly, and no steps were taken to bringthe murclerers to justice. It was indeed openly said thatthe King himself r,vas not free froni complicity in the tnurder,for the " bonny Earl " was a great favourite of the Queen.But his kinsmen were determined on vengeance, and AndrewStuart. Lorcl C)chiltree, was active in enlisting support andorganising rebellion in 1593. He joined forces rvith theEarl of Bothrvell and enlisted the help of Johnston of Lochwoodand Irving o,f Bonshaw. is rvhat the chronicler'fhissays : ,, At this tyme the Lord Ochiltree road to the Lochrvoodand after conference rvith Johnston there quho hadsworne and promist to him to concur as one of the friendisin the revendge of the slauchter of the Erle of Morav, theybzrithe read forward that nicht to the Bonschar,v quheare theEarle of Bothwell and Sir Robert Maxr,r'ell of Spotts (brotherin-lawof Johnston) met thame on the morne and thearethey all subscryvit ane band to go forduard in the revendgeof the same at all occasions and with dilegence. Lyl

Frnr,p MrBrrxcs.lb5friendis to that effect that they should n-reit in Dalkeith secondApryle r1g+."But the meeting at Dalkeith never took place.Sands rvas fought in l)ecember, rs9j,The Kine,Dryfeand N,laxrvelr srain.after a senrblance of disfavour rvith ochiltreeand J

156 FtPlo Mpmlncs'r1en, burnt Annan and Dumfries. cast down Hoddam and"'fheCowhill.Castell of Carlavrok was demoliest andtlestroyit rvith gunpowder. closeburn, T'ynnell, Bonsharv anddivers uther houssis and careyit avay great Spulzis. "12One cannot expect a minute accuracy in the descriptionof these destructions, but \\,'e are entitled to draw this inferencefrom them. In 1544 Bonshaw was burnt-I suggest,'Iheretrecause it rvas nrade of wood.is nothing in a towerlike this to burn. In r57o it u'as destroyed by gunpowder-I suggest. because it rvas built of stone' The damage wasrepairecl, ancl it has ever since been tnuch as w'e see it no\i\'.Histor,v therefore deduces a date for this tolver as betweenrS++ and tS7o, rvhich corresponds with the architecturalevidence.It makes littlc difference to the clan of which the lateColonel Irvingcenturv.\\,as so proud if this torver is r3th or l6thIt still remains the symbol of their imperishablestory, a story that is interrvoven r,vith every page of Borderhistory. Colonel Irving coulcl look back on a long line ofroisterous, reckless, hard-living ancestors. fine fighters all;he could recall hsq' James Irving of Bonshau', the persecutor" "of the Covenanters. the rvild Bonshaw of \A/anderingWillie's Tale, captured by luck in 168r Donald Cargill, onrvhose head there was a reward of 5ooo merks;how atLanark he tiecl Cargill's feet beneath the horse's belly tillthe blood sprang and drew from Cargill the rebul(e, " Yourvill not long escape the just judgement of God, and if Iam not mistaken it will seize you in this verv place," whichwas fulfillerl rvithin a year, when, quarrellingwith a comradeover the rervard, Bonshaw was run through the bodyby a sword in the streets of Lanark. With such an histori'cal and traditional background to his family. with this grimtower-the epitome of his race-in his possession, we neednot rvonder at the proud declaration of Colonel Irvingrvhenwe parted with him 30 years ago : " I rn'ould rather be Irvingof Bonshaw than King of England. "72 lbid., p. 43.

Frslo MrBrrNcs.t57Excavations at Binens in t936.By Enrc BrRlrv, F.S.A.The excavations carried out at Birrens in 1895,1 bythis society in conjunctionwith the society of Antiquariesof Scotland, marked an epoch in the study of the Ro,manmilitary occupation of Britain.For the first time a virtuallycomplete fort lay-o,ut was recovered, and it became possibleto use it to interpret the results of less co,mplete excavationselsewhere.N'Iorever, the work at Birrens, and that done inthe following years at Burnswark and Raeburnfoot, gavea stimulus to antiquaries elsewhere, not merely in Scotlancl(though a remarkably fruitful series of scottish excavationsr,vas to follow), but on the line of Hadrian's Wall in England,in particular at Housesteads in 1898. and in Wales.Indeed, it is no exaggeration to say that the work atBirrens, in rvhich this Society played so honourable a part,rn'as the first serious step in the remarkable advance that hasbeen achieved in this sphere in the past half century.In rgzo Sir George Macdonald gave this Society a paperon " The Romans in Dumfriesshire, "2 in tvhich he broughtback the results obtained gn other sites in the interveningquarter of a century, and in their light was able to offer areinterpretation of much of the anatonty and history ofBirrens in particular. largely as the outcome of his ownfruitful researches on the line of the Antonine Wall betu'eenliorth and Clyde.I{y own excuse for corning to deal u'iththe sanre subject is. that seventeen years of stitl more widespreadand intensive research have provideda rvealth ofadditional information, and indeed have focussed interestonce more on the Roman occupation of Dumfriesshire.Andjust as Sir George Nlacdonald came down from the AntonineWall to repay some of the debt all archaologists owe toI Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., XXX., 81-199; Macdonald andBarbour, Binens and its Antiquities (1897).2 These Transactions, L920-21, Vol. V[I., p. 68.

158 Frplo MBBrrNcs.Jantes Bari:our ancl his colleagues in the pioneer excavattonsat Birrens, so I rvish to offer a contribution in the same sensefrom those u,hose work has been for the n1.ost part on theline of Hadrian's Wall.It is perhaps nzrtural that Sir George should havearpproached his subject :rs part of the hist

Fmr,n MsBnNcs.1b9chance finds at Bewcastle, further to, the west : and are-examination of an inscription fro,m Netherby (the rrostintervening between Birrens and the walr, on the maintrunk road from carlisle to the clyde), have shou,n thatthese outliers were still held, not merely throughout thethird century, but well into the fourth I and thc accompanyingsketch-map (Fis. r) emphasises the equal relevance of Birrensto the southern line. 'fhat alone might be eno,ugh to justifythe suspicion that Birrens, too, continued to be occupiedTO CHEsTER IZ I TO YORK TO YORKFig. l-Hadrian'sWall and its outliers.after the close of the second century, when Sir GeorgeMacdonald rvould have us suppose that it u,as, finally ab;rndonedby the Romans. Furthermore, an exarnination of theinscriptions from Birrens suggests that trvo or three ofthem, though they are not dated, ought to belong to thethird century rather than the second : I instance, in particular,the two dedications to il4ercury by the college of hisworshippers, u'hose style best fits the later period, and thealtar set up by the architect Amandus in hr-inour of Brigantia;as Professor collingrvoocl has recently observed, the otherknorvn dedications to that goddess all seem to belong to the

160 Ftru> iVBBTrNcsthird century--when the tsrigantes were no longer a danger,and the u,o,rship of their goddess (rve mav suggest) no longerpolitically undesirable.}/lore suggestive still is the evidence front the line ofHadrian's Wall for rvhat I ntav call the main framervork ofthe Itoman occupation. In 1895 people still tended to think

FrBr,o Mrrrrxcs. 161tion

t62l. rru> MBBrrNcs.the completion of their twenty-five years' service, and so itcame to be included in the diplo'ma which set fo'rth the grantof the privileges custo'marily acco'rded to soldiers qualifiedfor honourable discharge, and named the regiments in theprovince which had men so qualified.One consequence was,that the gaps in its ranks had to'be filled by fresh recruits,enliste.d or conscripted in the normal we-lt at this period, inthe province rvhere the unit was serving, Raetia.fhatexplains the occurrence, on an altar found at Birrens," abo'ut the year r}rz," o,f men from Raetia serving in thesecond cohort of Tungrians.As Sir George Macdonald haspointed out, the acco,mmodation in the fort is srrfficient for: acohors m.illiaria at full strength;that is to say, the detachmento,f the second cohort of Tungrianshad been recatlledfrom Raetia by e.o. r58, bringing with it these nerv recruits.But it brought something else as rvell.buildingsThere is a remarkable feature about the central block ofat Birrens i no't only the granaries, but also theheadquarters and the building to the east of it u'hich seemst

$FrBlp MBprrncs. 163BIRRTNSPRI}'IARYXXIX.xtx.ffi0 50 100 150 2m FT.fFig. 2-"Primary " structures at Birrens; after, Barbour.

164 Ftplo MPBtrwcs.interfere with the symmetry of the block; X. makes anawkward junction with IX., and leaves no,roon'l even forpedestrian traflic on the west side of the granary XI. ; similarly,the insertion of XIV. has obliterated the street rvhichmust originally have. separated XIII. from the granary XVIn the case of IX. and X., N{r Barbour's plan indicates no,, " secondar;I work; but XIII. and xIV. are o'erlaid bysome--there, then, rve have two structural Lreriods follo'rvingthe Raetian type of plan that we must associate rvith theinscription of e.o. r 58.It is now time to turn to the results obtained by the trialexcavations carried out at ljirrens by this Society in 1935.Their object may be summarised as follows : It seemed clear,for reasons rvhich have been set out above, that the twoperiods distinguished by the original excavators could' notrepresent more than a part of the structural history of thefort; N4r Barbour's plan makes a careful distinction betrveenwalls revealecl by digging, and those inferred betrveen pointsuncovered; and it rvas decided to examine part of one barrackbuilding,$'here the plan showed that least digging had beenclone in r895-for excavation cannot but

Flpt o MeerrNcs.165flaN[mffi1 1 r r m u v .BIRRTNS:'vrr

166 FtBt o Mnnttwcs;IV. had been r.emoved, they were founci to have covered aslightly smaller patch of flagging, and the south wall of an"uili"r building, period III.;this hacl a rvide cloorway, rvith athreshold of three u,ell-rvorn slabs, at the south end of its vvestn'all, ancl another cloor, whose u'idth s'r: did not ascertain,in the south wall; the north-west corner of the building hadbeen removed rvhen the structure of periotl IV.u'as |ttilt,but a small portion of its north rvall remained, to shorv that'fheit had been somervhat narro\,\,er than the later building.removal of the flags of period III. revealed a yet smaller areaof flagging in the floor of the earliest stone building, periodII., tvhose surviving $'alls \vere on the same alignment asthose of period III., but rather thicker; in this building thercwas no, door at the g'est end, but an entrance in the sotrthu,all at the same place as that used in period III. Finally,belorv the level of the periocl II. floor, in digging down to thetill, r,ve came across lour post-holes - r:asilv recognisable,because thc points of posts, left in them 'rvhen the later floorrvas layed. hacl perished,, leaving cavities gaping rvhen thccovering clay tvas removed-andbeam had been fixed.the sleeper-track in which aPost-holes and sleeper-track testifv toa rvoodcn building. period I.. though they are insufficient inthis case to shon, its shape i the only pottery from this levelrvas part of the rim from a samian borvl of Curle's type I r ; itis too far develr-rped to be taken as indullitable evidence fora Flavian occupation of the site, and in anv case it mighthave been dropped at the time u'hen the stoue l-ruil'ding ofperiod II. u'as being Put uP.Immediately north of No. XIX. there was a little stratifica'tion preserved in the alley-rvay separating it from the nextbuilding; the greater part of a jug rvas found. almost entirelyunderneath the north wall of period IV.. and much of amortarium some rvay to the east, not sealed by the laterstructure. but at the same level; both vessels seem to belongto the close of the second century, and serve to sttggest at.erminus post quem. for period IV. 1'o the rvest, a sectionwas taken through the rampart of the fort, in line with thesouth wall of No,. XIX.It is proposed to pay further atten-

Frprn Mner:rwcs.16Ttion to the structure of the rampart in 1932, so that it rvill besufficient now to note that the section revealed at least threestructural periods, in a rampart rvhich hacl an outer face ofturf, in thc last trvo periocls on a partial foundation of flagsor cobbles; no evidence was founcl of an outer revetment ofu''ood, such as sirGeorge Macclonalcl has postulatecl forBirrens,s on the basis of one of NIr Barbour.s section.s. and itshould be pointed out that Sir George's sug.gestion is baseclo'n a nrisunderstanding of the conventions emplo,ved b.r MrBarbour.The scarcity of pottery evidence on site XIX.-bestexplicable by interpreting the successive stone buildings asstables-suggested the need for extending our exarnination toanother part of the interior; accordingrv a smalr portio' ofthe building' or succession of buildings marked VIII.on I\.{rBarbour's plan r,r,'as uncovered; partly because the surfaceindications promised some depth of undisturbed stratilication,partly because the pubrished plan, though markingail thewalls as " primzry,, ' seemed to give evidence of two,or morestructural periods. In the portion examined. period I. wasagain represented b,v post-hores; it was foilowed by threesurviving periods of stone-built structures, this time rvithfloors of earth or cray: the floor of peri.d II. was coveredby a layer of rn'ood ash. containing large and smalr pieces ofcharred r'vood, to a depth in places of trrree inches; this rayerI'ielded one or t*'o interesting pieces of :netal-u,ork. and aquantity of glass, representing more than one vesser, brokeninto small pieces and some of it partry fused by intense heat;there was very rittre pottery. The floor of period III. yielcleda fair amount of pottery, however, all of t-ypes assignablc tothe latter part of the second century; and it may not beunreasonable to suggest that the rayer of burning underrvingthat occupation bears rvitness to the clestructio' thn, prececedthe fresh building on the site, by'I'ungrians.the second cohort ofin ,r.r>. r58. The floor of period IV., such of it assurvived. was immediatery below the turf. and there was nodeposit of pottery surviving on it; but one surface find of some8 Proc. Soc, Ant. Seot., LXVII., 2gg_g.

168 Ftnr,P Mrrrrucs.interest must be recorded : a rim-fragrnent from a lvidemouthedcut-glass borvl, another piece of which had beenfound in the excavations of 1895'There was one other feature of the 1895 plan rvhichinvited zrnd received attention in 1936. fhe north and r't'estgateways o,f the fort differed markedly from those kno'n'nelse*here, and to judge by Mr Barbour's plan, and Dr'christison's acco,unt, it seemed possible that both gate$'avs.mightbelongtoalatestageinthehistoryofthefort.Intlreevent, we met with less success than wc had been expecting.At the north gate, tvhere rvork of two periods had been foundin 18g5, considerable search failed to shorv any certain trace ofeither structure; we could only conclucle that here, as u'iththe walls of period V. on site XIX., demolition had follorT'edplanning. At the west gate rve lvere more fortunate, in thatwe found much of a gate-passage surviving; trut it was notthe gateway of the publishecl plan; that, too, had been completelyremoved, and it rvas its prcdecessor rvhicfu remainedfor us to uncover. This was a passage ten feet rvide, edgeclby walls of a ro,ughness quite unfamiliar in l{ornan masonl'y'rvhich Mr Richmond has been able to expittin convincinglv asthe rubble filling of a timber framework. Originally the gatepassagemust have been eighteen feet lon$, as shor,r'n on theu""o-p"rrying diagram (I'ig: 4),rvith four upright beamsrecessed into.each sicle at the ends and at one- and trvo-thirdintervals; the same cliagram also shos'S, for comparison' al'lenlarged copy of the gate-plan recovered in 1895' The typcof construction is an interesting one, familiar in a number ofRoman forts on the German limes, but not met with hitirert

Frprn Mon'rrr.tcs.I69\,VGATT 95ttFis 4.in r9t(r rvhich must be dated so early, among the small collectionof nraterial found in 1895 that is preserved in thisSocietv's museum in Dumfries, Mr Shirley shou'ed me partof a cooking-potthat must certainly be Agric''o,lan. PeriodII. ends in destruction by fire (at least on site VIII.):periorlIII., u.ith pottery of the latter part of the second century, ffoesrvell u.ith the re-occupation in A.D. r58 attested b,v thebuilding-inscriptionalready referred to; among the debriscovering the floor of period IV. on site XIX.was part of al:rte third century cooking-pot, u'hich suggests that thatperiod covers the third century,Highand that period V., as atRochester. openr; u'ith the Constantian reorgarrisation

170 FIELD MEETINGS.of the northern frontier about A.D. 300. It must be the objectof the forthcoming season’s work to secure sufficient materialto confirm or correct this dating, in a building or buildingswhere there were not horses but .men living,g as well as tocomplete the examination of the west gate and the rampartof the fort, which already promise structural features ofunusual interest. Finally, if the headquarters building andthe other “ primary ” structures in the central block reallybelong to period III., as the above analysis suggests, thereshould be remains of earlier headquarters, of a less exotictype, awaiting discovery ; and though there can be no questionof a complete examination, such as has proved practicable atChesterholm, it will be worth while seeing what the earlierbuilding was like.It remains for me to express the Society’s thanks, in thefirst place, to Mr James Mackie, the proprietor of the fort,for his welcome interest, and his kindness in allowing thatrich grazing land to be disturbed in the pursuit of knowledge;to our President, Mr R. C. Reid. for collecting the funds withwhich the work was done, and for undertaking much of thelabour of organisation; to h4r W. L. George, of St. Chad’sCollege, Durham, who shared in the supervision of theexcavations; and to my colleague, Mr I. A. Richmond, €orhis assistance in the interpretation of the structural evidence.It is indeed fortunate that Mr Richmond is prepared to sharein the forthcoming continuation of the digging which thepresent paper records.12th September, 1936.Despite unpromising weather conditions a party of 24members set out to visit several places of archaologicalinterest around Newton-Stewart. Many members fromGalloway joined the party en route, so that it was about 60strong when the first halt was made at Bargaly. Here MrsBlair Imrie of Bardrochwood gave a delightful address on9 Nos. XXII. and XXIX. (fig. 2 above) appear to promisethe best results.

FIELD MEETINGS. 171Andrew Heron, the noted naturalist, and also r_)n thehistorical associations of the district. Heron’s tomb nearbywas inspected and also the layout of the gardens and gro?inds.A vote of thanks to Mrs Blair Imrie was proposed by MrReid, and cordially approved.After lunch, the party visited Bardrochat Mote, whereMr Adam Birrell gave an interesting paper on the Mote andon the old lead mining industry and village at Blackcraig.Mr Birrell was cordially thanked on the motion of thePresident.By the kind invitation of Rliss Armitage andMiss Southern, the next place visited was KirroughtreeHouse. Here the speaker was Mr A. S. Morton, Kewton-Stewart, who, in the course of a very interesting address,gave a history in brief of happenings at Kirroughtrec fromearliest times. Mr Reid, in expressing the thanks of theSociety to Mr Morton, referred to an excavation made byinexperienced persons already at one of the mounds neaiby,and suggested that at some future date the Society might beallowed to make some further excavations at some of thehitherto unexplored mounds.The next halt was at the Cruives of Crce, where aninspection was made of the old Chapel of St. Ninian, thestory of which was given by Mr James Murchie, Newton-Stewart, who added also an account of Castle Stewart andits owners, the remains of the building- being seen at a littledistance but not visited. A short address on the old fishingsat the Cruives was added by Mr Adam Birrell, and boththe speakers were thanked on behalf of the Society by MrReid.The last place on the itinerary was Skaith Mote, wherethe speaker was Mr T. L. Taylor, Hon. Secretary of theSociety. In asking him to accept the hearty thanks of themembers, Mr Reid said there were more Motes in the threeSouthern Counties than in any other district of Scotland, andmuch might be added to our histolical knowledge if theseMotes could be analysed.

172 FIELD MEETINGS.The company then left for Newton-Stewart, where teawas served at the Galloway Arms Hotel, and D'umfries wasreached about 9.30 p.m.Andrew Heron of Bargaly.By Mrs BLAIR IMRIE.Andrew Heron was born' at Kirroughtree about the year1660. His family had lived in the neighbourhood for overthree hundred years, and according to the values of thosetimes and the district they were considered wealthy peopleand large landowners.Andrew was the third son, and his father was also anAndrew Heron. Old Andrew Heron made what was calleda pre-mortem distribution of his property many years beforehis death, and in the deed he gave o'r left the estate of Bargalyto his third son, Andrew.His second son had Kirroughtree. His eldest son wasnot mentioned in the deed, and although he died rather younghe was alive then, and from the remarks about him one wasled to suppose that he was perhaps not really capable ofmanaging his own affairs.Young Andrew married his first wife, Mary Grahame, ofFloriston, in Cumberland, and for the first three years oftheir married life they lived with his parents at Kirroughtree.At the end of that time the farm of Larg, throughthe death of M'Kie of Larg, was empty, and Andrew Heronrented it and he and his wife went to live there in a small,humble way. It was there that their five eldest childrenwere born. They lived there for seven years, but duringmuch of that time they had difficulties, legal and otherwise,with M'Kie's heirs of entail, and at the end of seven yearshe moved to Bargaly.Old Andrew Heron did not die until 1695, but severalyears before that young Andrew had begun planting treesup and down that lovely glen. Then he built and laid outthe gardens and followed that by building a small house for

FIELD MEETINGS. 173his wife and family. It was in 1691 that he and his familymoved from Larg to Bargaly, and two more children of themarriage were born there.Mary Grahame, of Floriston, died in 1706 and twoyears later Andrew married his second wife, ElizabethDunbar, widofw of M'Kie of Palgowan. ,4 tomb had beenbuilt in 1729 by Andrew Heron, and it was concluded thatElizabeth, his wife, died in that 'year. Andrew himself diedin 1740 and was buried there beside his second wife.The tomb had been repaired in 1829, and again in 1929it was repaired by the late Col. John M'Rie and the Dukeof Bedford.This Elizabeth Dunhar formed a link between the cldand the new lairds of Bargaly, for it was a descendant ofhers by her first marriage who now owned the estate.Bargaly had not long been in the possession of theHerons when Andrew came to live there. It is possiblethat his father bought it for him at the time of his marriage.It consisted of one or two farms, chiefly hill farms and alittle arable land. The farm of Cairn of Dallash was partof the estate, and is not to be confused with DallashFarm which was on the other side of the river, and wasquite a separate thing. It did not appear that Bargalyextended to the other side of Palnure, nor did it include, asit now does, the sheep farm of Bardrochwood, althoughAndrew Heron had rented Bardrochwood for thirteen years.Bargaly Glen, which they undoubtedly owed to him. wasone of the loveliest pieces of Scotland. Truly indeed couldthey say Andrew Heron was a very remarkable man andit was to be regretted that many people did not realise justhow great a man he was.The thing that struck one most concerning AndrewHeron was a sentence in Loudon's Arboretzim which was asfollows, " Bargaly is to us by far the most interesting seatin Scotland with respect to the introduction of foreign treesand shrubs. )'There could be no doubt that Andrew Heron had apassion for trees and gardening, that he was celebrated for

174 FIELD MEETINGS.his knowledge of horticulture among gardeners andforesters all over England and Scotland. To illustrate thatthere was a well-known story told about him.In Loudon’s Arboretum it was recorded of Mr Heronthat he went to visit a garden in the neighbourhood ofLondon and very much astonished the principal gardener, towhom he was a stranger, with the botanica! knowledge hedisplayed. The gardener having shown him an exotic plantwhich he felt confident Mr Heron had never seen, exclaimedwhen Mr Heron readily named it, “ Then, Sir, you mustbe either the devil or Andrew Heron of Bargaly.”It is difficult to understand homw he learned all heknew. There were no props when he started planting, andvery few books as compared with the present day. Hemust have travelled. He must have been an enthusiast. Heplanted trees there before he came to live himself. Perhapsthe holly trees that were on the banks of the Palnure thatday, and the alder buckthorn that grew in the glen, werefrom the trees that he planted, and the melancholy thistles,that were in profusion between the house and the ford andmade such a purple carpet, were all put there by him.Kirroughtree.By A. S. MORTON.The history of Kirroughtree may be said to begin inthe days of Robert the Brucc. We have, however, abundantevidence in the many mounds and cairns scattered all overwhat is known as the great Plain of Kirroughtree to showthat it was the scene of probably more than one sanguinaryencounter centuries before that, but we are in the dark asto who the combatants were or why they came into conflict.It is true that certain historians tell us that here was foughta great battle between the Romans and the Picts on the oneside and the Scots on the other. In Buchanan’s Historyit is stated that in the reign of King Eugenius the RomanGeneral, hoping to possess the whole island if he could only

FIELD MEETINGS. 175destroy the two northern nations, pretended great friendshipto the Picts and promised to concede to them the wholeterritory of the Scots if they would only prove sincere, intheir attachment to the Romans. The Picts, allured by thepromises, willingly agreed to the proposals, and, in conjunctionwith the Romans, ravished the possessions of theScots. Then we read : “ The first engagement took placeon the Banks of the Cree, a river in Galloway, where theScots being inferior in strength were overcome by numbers.\Vhile they fled on all sides, the Romans, certain of victory,pursued without regularity, but in the midst of t$e pursuitthe troops of Argyle and other remote districts who hadnot yet joined the Army arriving in good order fell uponand dispersed the Romans and occasioned a great slaughter.Eugenius, profiting by this circumstance, rallied as manyas he could of the fugitives and held a council of war onthe present state of his affairs, but, finding that with theforces he possessed it would be hopeless to renew the engagement,he retreated into Carrick.” It is said that theslaughter on both .sides was very great and that the Crecwas discoloured with blood and almost choked with thebodies of the slain.?’his narrative raises several questions, but it inay hedisposed of by saying that there isbelief of the great majority of thosethat no Roaian army ever penetratedway.strong ground for thebest qualified tc judgeinto this part of Gallo-We itre on firmer ground when we come down to thebeginning of the fourteenth century, for there can be .qodoubt that an important battle was fought here in or about1.308 between the Scots under Sir Edward de Bruce and theEnglish under Sir John de St. John and Sir IngelritmL’nifraville, who, in addition to their own English forccs,had with them many of the Galwegians who mere opposedto Robert the Brpce. Umfraville was so renowned for hisprowess and chivalry that he was distinguished wherever hewent by a red bonnet borne before him on a spear. Thisbonnet was lowered on the Plain of Kirroughtree by Sir

176 FIELD MEETINGS.Edward de Bruce. He had entered Galloway from Ayrshire,and although his forces werc far inferior lie boldly attackedthe English and gained a complete victory. Barbour saysthat 200 of the flower of the English Army were slain onthe field. Local tradition puts the loss at 1400, which, evenallowing for those killed in flight, must be an exaggeration.The English fled precipitately to Buittle Castle, hotly pursuedall the way. The Scots seized all the cattle in thevicinity of the castle, and, though the English saw thisbeing done, they were afraid to venture out to offer anyopposition.St. John went to England for reinforcements and returnedto Galloway with 1500 horse. Edward de Bruce,being informed where they were, placed his infantry inambush and went with only 50 men at arms to make a surpriseattack under cover of a thick mist, when suddenly themist lifted and revealed the two parties within a bow-shotof each other. Nothing daunted, Edward made a vigorousonslaught, rode through and through the column threetimes and so terrified the English that they believed othercontingents must be coming against them and tookignominiously to flight.The Moundg.Several of the mounds and cairns on Kirroughtree Plainhave been explored at different times. In the Appendix toSymson's Large llescviption of GulZo.ruuy the following interestingparticulars are given of one which was openedmany years ago : " Mr Heron one day making pitts for aplantation of firs in that plain was persuaded by a friendstanding by him to open a large niount of earth standingin the middle of the ground, and to take the old earth toput into the pitts to encourage his trees to take root, andupon opening of it found it to be a Roman urn. The topof the mount was all covered over with a strong clay, halfyard deep, under which there was half a yard deep of grayashes, and under that there was an inch thick of scurff-likemug metal, bran-coloured, which' took a stroak of the pick-

FIELD MEETINGS. 177axe to break it, under which the workmen found a doublewall, built circular ways, about a yard deep, full of red asheslike those of a great furnace. When these were taken out,at the bottom there was a large flagstone six feet long andthree broad covering a pit of a yard deepth, and when theyhoised up the stone they observed thc bones of a large manlying entire, but when they struck upon the stone to breakit they fell down in ashes. Therc was nothing more foundin it. There is above a dozen of great heaps of stones detachedover the plain in which were found several urns,but none so memorable as this.”In another 04pened in 1754 n.eapons were found. Oneresembled a halbert, another a hatchet or tomahawk, havingon the back a projection like a pavier’s hammer. Athird resembled a small spade, ancl each had an aperturcfor a handle. They were found to he made of brass.In the Ittzpentory you will find described half a dozenof these cairns on Kirroughtree, and also the one besidethe public road at the entrance to the football field. It is ingood preservation, and, except for some prodding by a localantiquary, has not been excavated.“ Parliament Knowe ” is the name of a place on theleft hand or west side of the road leading to New-Galloway,and about half a mile east of Kirroughtree House, but whyit is so named is not ltno3wn. I have heard local people callit The Fort, and in the Iwenlovy it is given as a fortifiedsite, and described as “ an oblong or circular rocky hillockstanding at the edge of a bank which declines towards theeast. Except in that direction, it is steeply scarped allaround to a height of about 10 feet at an angle of 38 degrees,and from the edge of the bank on the south-east passinground towards the north-north-west there is visible a ditch,now shallow, measuring some 13 feet in width, the counterscarpof which, to judge from the loose stones lying uponit, has probably been crowned with a wall. At the pointwhere the ditch appears to terminate on the north-northwestthere is a single upright stone in the line of the counterscarp,and adjacent to it a row of stones may be seen

178 FIELD MEETINGS.converging towards the base of the scarp. Around thesummit on the crest of the scarp there is visible a stonymound except across the natural bank on the east, where adisordered mass of stones may indicate the previous existenceof a wall. From this direction there is a suggestion ofa road leading up the sbpe. The highest pint of the interiorrises to a height of some 9 to 10 feet above the level of thescarp at the sides. From north to south the area within thedefences measures some 96 feet, and from east to west aboutthe same.”Adjoining the fort on the north-west is a plot of groundwhich seems to have been enclosed and may have been cultivatedor used as a cattle-yard, and farther on in the samedirection among the rough ground between this and the pathgoing over the hill is an old corn kiln or kiln pot.Kirroughtree was the portion of the hassock of landbetween the waters of Palnure and Penki!n that fell toM‘Lurg, the youngest of the three sons cf the widow ofCraigencallie, as a reward for his services to Robert theBruce. Tradition is that the line of the M‘Im-gs ended inan only daughter heiress who married a Captain Heronbelonging to a well-known family in Northumberland, andthis is supported by a statement in the Macfarlane MS.where the information given suggests that the marriage tookplace in the early part of the 17th century. The avail.hlerecords are not always clear as to the succession or theextent of the estate, which has varied greatly at differenttimes. It is certain, however, that the Herons came to Gallowayand were associated with Kirroughtree, centuries beforethis. We find it recorded in 1456 that Thonias tlherounehad sasine in the 8!4 land of Carowchtre, a merkland ofLessens, and the 5/- land of Dyrnemore. The prefis “A”is the Galloway equivalent to thc better known prefix “0,”and was quite common in early Galloway surnames, but wasdropped by the end of the 15th century. As the “A” indicatesa grandson, the inference is that he was the thirdgeneration at least of the Herons in Galloway. ’Takingthree generations to the century, the probability is that

FIELD MEE'I'JNGS. 179Thomas Aheroune's English progenitor came here about1330-60. We can only surmise how he was allowed toremain. It may he that he was captured and found favour,or that he was wounded and submitted, and afterwardsmarried the R1'L.urg heiress, according to the tradition.Whatever lands he acquired would be held not from theCro'wn but from the Lords of Galloway, uho left no records.After the forfeiture of the Douglases and the Resumptionof Galloway by the Crown in 1455 we have administrativerecords, and the very next year we meet Thomas Aheroune,as already mentioned. Three years later he appears in adifferent r61e. He was fined at a Justice Ayre, charge notstated, and on the ground of poverty a third of the fine wasremitted. So far there is not mention of any M'Lurg connection,but in 1487 he, or another of the same name, isdescribed as Thomas Heron of Camloddan M'Lurg, when hetransferred all his lands to his brother, John. They amountedonly to a 40/- land, a trifling holding compared with KirroughtreeEstate in its zenith. John Heron must have beensucceeded by another Thomas Heron, for in 1512 theescheated goods of John M'Nacht, fugitive, were sold toThomas Heron of Kerachtrc. Three years later this 'ThomasHeron must have been dead, for in 1515 the ward andmarriage of the heirs of Camloddan 1M'Lurg and ofCarruchtre was granted to Gilbert, Earl of Cassillis. Theheir came of age in 1521, when Andrew Heron was infeft inthe lands. I do not intend to follow up the persons andpossessions of the family, but you see that the Herons hada footing in Galloway very much earlier than has beengenerally understood.The Herons of Kirroughtree for many generations tooka foremost part in the affairs of the Stewartry. TheNational Covenant of 16-38 for the Parish of Minnigaff bearsthe signature of Andrew Heroa of Kirroughtree. After theRestoration the Parliament of 1661 voted Charles ~40,000,of which the Stewartry had to provide about kT350, andamong the Commissioners appointed to collect it was AndrewHeron of Kirroughtree. The following year when the Act

iaoFIELD MEETINGS.of Indemnity was passed Heron of Kirroughtree had tor paya fine of A600 Scots for nonconformity.Twenty years later we find the Laird of Kirroughtreeagain in trouble with the Government of the day. ThePrivy Council had the case before it in January, 1683, andthe following interesting letter was written to the Secretary :" My Lord," There being one Andrew Herron of Kerrochtree,pursued before his Majesty's privy council, for harbouring,resetting, entertaining, and intercommuning withPatrick Herron his second son, Anthony McGhie late ofGlencard, and other rebels : and the said Andrew havingcome voluntarily to' the lord high treasurer before anycitation given, how soon he understood the hazard he wasliable to by law, and confessed that out of ignorance ofthe laws of the kingdom, and on account of his near relationto his said son, and his wife's nephew, he had sometimesseen and conversed with them, and palliate a smalltrade of cattle, which his son brought from England :having confessed his crime humbly, and begged hisMajesty and the council's mercy : the council having consideredthe specialities in his case. do recommend to yourlordship to interpose for a remission both as to his life andestate. Rut that others may be deterred from harbouringand resetting rebels. though never so nearly related, thecouncil desire that your lordship may procure a letterunder his majesty's royal hand, empowering and authorizingthem in this case (even though the crime be capital initself) to impose such a fine as they think fit and just.This, in the council's name, is signified by" Your lordship's etc.," ABERDEEN, CANCEL, 1.P.D."When intercession had been made for a remission as tohis life and estate, thc n;anagers wanted a fine from himbcfore he \\.as clismisscd. Accordingly, on March 8th," :Indrcw Heron of Kcrrochtree in Galloway, compears, and

FIELD MEETINGS. 181is libelled, for being at house and field conventicles, andintercommuning with, and resetting his son Patrick Herona ring leader at Rothwell Bridge, and his son in law whohad been likewise there. The lords of his majesty’s privycouncil fine him in 5000 merks and appointed him to lie inprison till he pay it.” On March 17th, 1683, the cashkeeperreports he has paid his fine.In a field known as the Green Doon on the north-eastof Kirroughtree House is a large stone called The Preacher’sStone, around which Conventicles were kept during theReligious Persecution.This son Patrick did a great cattle trade with Englandand had charge of the famous Park at Baldoon belongingto Sir David Dunbar. This park was about z& miles inlength and a mile and a half in breadth, and could keep,winter and summer, 1000 cattle. After his father’s death in1695 Patrick came to Kirroughtree, and in 1719 built KirroughtreeHouse and the Dm-cot, tol both of which J intendto refer later. He then started to plant trees, build dyicesand enclose parks. Other landlords adopted a similar course,and this led to the removal of many herds, cotters andsmall tenants. These took the law into their own hands,and in 1724 they levelled all the recently erected dykes inthe Stewartry. The Stewart Depute ordered the landownersto assemble at the Steps of Tarff with their best horses,arms and ammunition in order to, proceed against theLevellers. The latter at once ordered their supporters tocome armed to the other side of the ’Tarff. Large partiesgathered on each side and a sanguinary engagement seemedimminent. Fortunately Patrick Heron of Kirroughtree persuadedhis colleagues not to risk an engagement, and then,unattended, and hat in hand, he approached the Levellersand proposed a conference to try to settle their differences.This was agreed to and the insurgents dispersed. In astatement of their grievances the Levellers complained thatHeron, younger and elder of that Ilk, had put out all theirtenants and made the little town of Minnigaff belunging tothem only a nest oaf beggars since they enclosed all the land

182 FIELD MEETINGS.about it. A reply was made, in which these statements weredenied.Patrick Heron, senior, became M.P. for the Stewartryin 1727, and continued to be Member for several yearsPatrick Heron, younger, was Convener of the Commi.ssionersof Supply for the Stewartry in 1742-43. He married thesccond daughter of hlacKie, Palgowan, and this, with othercircumstances, eventually brought the whole estate of Lugto the Herons. It was joined to Kirroughtree and the twoerected into one Barony under the title of Heron. Thename Heron appears in official documents and such like, butit was never adopted by the people, few of whom thoughliving on the land could have told where the estate of Heronwas. He died in 1761, aged 60, and his father died threeweeks afterwards, aged 89. The latter was succeeded byhis grandson, Patrick. He was one of the partners of theDouglas-Heron Bank which came to such a tragic end Itwas established in 1769 with a capital of ,CI j0,oOo. Thehead office was in Ayr, and there were branchesthroughout Scotland. Through bad management it crashedin 1772 with liabilities of not less than I* millions. Therewas no “ Limited Liability ” then, and the loss to thepartners was estimated at about A663,500. In order to meetthe calls on his shares he had to sell valuable estate inLincolnshire, and Kirroughtree would probably have beensold also but for the fact that it was strictly entailed. He,however. cut down his establishment and retrenched in themost rigid manner till all the claims against the bank weremet.In 1795 Patrick Heron became M.P. for the Stewartry,and he was again M.P. from 1796 to 1802. He was the Heronof Kirroughtree praised by Burns in the Stewartry ElectionBallads as “ the man of independent mind,” “ the independentpatriot,” etc. Burns wrote an inscription for an altarto Independence which Heron erected’ in Kirroughtreegrounds. This has disappeared, though some of us are notwithout hope that it may yet be found. Burns also wrotea song named, from the opening words, “ Here is the Glen,”

FIELD MEETINGS 183to a tune entitled “ The Banks 0’ Cree ” by LadyElizabeth Heron. Burns refers to her as “ a particularfriend of mine,” and described the Cree as “ ii beautifulromantic stream.” While he was on a visit to Kirroughtreehe happened to be in the Inn at Minnigaff and scratcheda verse with his ring oln a pane of glass in one of thewindows. ‘This pane of glass was removed some timeafterwards by Miss Heron Maxwell to Creebridge House,and has been lost, and we have no record of what the versewas.PatricK Heron died at Grantham in 1803 and was buriedin the family tomb in hfinnigaff Churchyard, one of the mostelaborate tombs in any churchyard in Galloway. Kirroughtreethen passed to his only surviving child, Stuart Mary,who! had married Sir John Shaw Maxwell of Springkell in1802, and who! remained in possession till her death in 18j6.She was succeeded by her second surviving son, Michael,who assumcd the arms and name of Heron. He became aCaptain in the 87th Royal Irish Fusileers. He retired andtook Holy Orders and was Vicar of Heddon-on-the-Wall,Northumberland. He died in 1873 and was succeeded byhis eldest son, John Heron hfaxwell, who had been Captainin the First Regiment of thc Royal Scots. He was M.P.for the Stewartry from 1880 to 1885. In 1883 Kirroughtreewas disentailed, and in 1889, after being exposed atA85.000, it was sold at L60,ooo to Major A. C.ilrmitagc, whose qemory is still cherished by all those whohad the privilege of his acquaintance. No’w, the greaterextent of the estate has been taken over by The ForestryCommissioners, but Kirroughtree House, with the policiesand the lands immediately surrounding it, is owned by MissArmitage and her friend, Miss Southern, to whom ourwarmest thanks are due for allowing us here to-day.I nicntioned that the house was built in 1719. KobertHeron, the Galloway writer, passed here in 1792, and refersto it as “ a large house modernized and repaired withadditions within these last fifteen or twenty years.” It hassince then had several alterations and additions, to make

1These184 FIELD MEETINGS.it the mztgnificent mansion you see now. It has a mostdesirable situation amidst beautiful surroundings, and withthe Bay of Wigtown in view from the windows.Kirroughtree Doo-cot has nothing to equal it in theSouth of Scotland. The one at Blackwood, Ihmfriesshire,could no doubt house more pigeons, but neither in appearancenor position can it cocnipare with the dcro-cot here.K irroughtree Doo:cot stands on elevated ground overlookingthe golf course, and can be seen from a great distance.I: is octagonal in form, each side being six feet six inchesacross, thus giving a circumference of over 50 feet. ’Thewalls are two feet thick. It is about 18 feet high, lightedfrom the roof, and has 448 nests, ranged tier on tier allround from about three feet above the floor. The trapswere operated by a rope from the ground, and three or sixpigeons as desired could he liberated at a time.The Hermitage. with its heautiful summer house andother rustic erections, was in a grotto between RirroughtreeHouse and the Mid Lodge, and up till 60 years ago attractedmany visitors.Cruives Chapel or St. Ninian’s.By JA~IES MURCHIE.We are now at the Cruives of Cree, which recalls thefamiliar rhyme :‘‘ Frae M7igtown to the Toon 0’ -4yr,Portpatrick to the Cruives of Cree,No man may hope for to bide thereUnless he courts a Kennedy.”lines show the importance to which the Kennedyiamily had risen after the downfall of the great Douglases.In 1478 Sir John Kennedy received a crown grant of theBarony of Myretoun as a reward for putting down outlawsand rebels. In time their power passed, and by the year1,540 the Barony of Myretoun had passed into the hands of. the M,‘Kie’s.

FlBlo N{BrrrNcs. 185But here we have an interesting relic of the time of theKennedy's-the ruin of St. Ninian's Chapel, or the OldKirk of the Cruives of Cree. Little of the chapel remainsbut the eastern gable, as you see; the other u'alls have alllong since disappearecl, though the plan of the church caristill be traced from the earth mounds covering the old'-fhefoundations. church lies naturally almost due east zrnd'Ihewest. nreasurements, it may interest you to know,are : From east to, urestr 4z feet 6 inches, and from trorthto south z3 feet 9 inches. It was built by a 'well-knorvnmember of the Kennedy family, the Sir John Kennedy ofBlairwhan, of his duy. We learn that in the vear r5o7Sir John Kennedy set forth on a pilgrinrage to the Shrineof Thonras e Ilecket at Canterbury and of St. John atArniens. On his return the fo'llo'rving year, in r5o8, hcbuilt ancl endowed this chapel in the Raronv ol Nlyretouncalled the Cruives of Cree. It u'as dedicated to St. Ninian,and so bore the names of St. Ninian's Chapel and also theChurch of The Cruives of Cree. The enclotvment amounteclto the sum of /.8 ros Scots per annum. This was thechaplain's stipend, ancl orving to the situation of the chapelit is quite possible that it never had a resident ch:rplain butwas ser\:ed by' a priest of the neighbouring chapel. It ispossible that its situation r,vas selected bccause of the excellentfishing rvhich the Cruives of Cree provided, for theKennedys were keen slxrrtsmen and u'oulcl often visit thisplace in scarch of sport.It seenrs likely that it soon fcll into clisuse and dccay,possibly at or soon after the Reformation period. !\"e canlearn little about it until 1684, rvhen Svmson mentioned thechapel and stated that even then it u'as in a state of ruitr,onlv 76 vcars after its erection.I have searched the records of Penninghame KirkSession fronr 169z to 1755, and the chapel is never nrentioned

186 Frnlo MrBrtNcs.though services \\'ere held fortnightly ert Beoch, tn'o nrilesoff, during this period. It is only half a mile from here towhat q'as then the most important resiclence in the district,Castle Steu'art, but in all the records relating to the Castleno mention is made of the Chapel. So rve mav concludethat even then it was a complete ruin or on its way to ruin.Sixty years ago a man then 8o years of age told me that itu'as in the same condition in his boyhood as it is to-day.'fhattakes us back at least r 30 ,vears. He remembereda burial in the old burial ground and thought that that u'asthe last burial there. He also remembered the dykes beingbuilt to enclose the burial ground.In view of all these facts I think we nray safely concludethat its period of service r,r,as short, and that u'ith the passingof the local po'\\'er of the l(ennedys, and likely with thecessation of the endou'ment from Alloway, the chapel ofSt. Ninian or Kirk of The Cruives of Cree ceased to beused as a place of r,vorshiP.Castle Stewart.By Jalres Nluncrue.l'his castle has gone under the name of Castle Stervartfrom about the middle of the rTth century, but there is littlecloubt there was a nruch earlier building, the name of whichwas " Calcruchie." On znd NIay, 1646, it lvas olvned bya member of the Gordon family of Kenrnure. Sonre timelater it rvas acquired by Col. William Stervart. He wasa descendant of Anthony Stewart 9f Clary, eldest sonof Sir Alexander Stewart of Garlies. Coi. Williarn Stervartis described by Simpson as an expert and valiant so'ldierp'16r, fought in the German wars of 163o under the conlmandof Gustavus Adolphus of Srveden. In those lvars he madea considerable fortune, rvith which he purchased the barony

I.'rel.n Nlrm'r'rNcs.lgzof calchruchie, later naming it castle ster,vart. Later hefought on behalf of the Presbyterian church of scotland-about r64t. He also orvned the barony of Bardrochwoodin the parish of Nlinnigaff, ancl representecl wigtownshirein the scottish Parliament. In 166z rre was fined daoofor adherence to the Presbyteria.n Church.col. william stewart married Elizabeth NI'clellan,daughter of william ]Vl'clellan, of Senwick, parish ofBorgue. They had a daughter who married John Gordonof cardoness. They in turn had a daughter who washeiress to castle stewart, and who succeecled her grandfather,Col. William Stewart.In the Parish Rolls, signed by James Calhoun,Episcopal Minister of Penninghame, dated egth september,1684, Elizabeth Gordon (Lady castle stewart), and herrvaiting nraid are reported as withdrawing fronr public worship.she rnerrried in ..676 the Hon. william stewart, rvho\4/as the fourth and youngest son o,f James, second Earlof Gallorvzr.y. He succeeded to Castle Ster,r,arthrough hismarriagc, and was the founcjer of the tovl.n of Newtonsteu'art,obtaining fronr liing charles the second a charterclated rst July, 1677, making it a Bo,rough of Barony zrndzr u'eekly nrarket to,ll'n. He built the first few houses athis or'n cxpense, and in .'679 both he and his wife \r,ereclcnounced as Rcbels frrr espousing the cause of thePresbyterian church. He rvas \{ember of parliament for\A/igtownshirc in 1685, a'd again in rToo to r7o7. He v

188 Frrlo MerrtNcs.Patrick lVIaxu'ell of Cassencarieestate in ryr9 was as fo'llows :An inventorv of lheLands and baronies of castle stewart, including thelands of Kirkcala, Castlemickle, Castle Ochiltrie, Glenvernock,Glenlochoch and also, Kirkhoble, Knockville,Nether Glenhaple, l-Ipper Glenhaple, Gienrassie, castleStewart and fishing thereof, Skeath, Shalloch, corssbie,Iifoord House, now called Newton Stewart with thefreedorn of a borough of baronY'He was succeeded by his son, John Stewart, and on'ingto his restricted income no,thing eventful happened duringhis lifetime, except that his name appears in variousdocuments regarding the disposal of parts of the estate'He was succeeded by his son, william Ste'rvart, aboutryZS. It x,ould appear he w-as struggling under the debthe inherited, and he had to part with the barony. Thepurchaser u,as william Douglas. described as a merchant"t London and Glasgow. He purchased the property inFebruary, t781.The career of Willianr I)ouglas was short' Hcchanged the name of the Barony and the Town to castleDougt"s and Nervton Douglas. He erected large cotton andother mills, rvhich were unprofitable vcntures and ohligeC'fhehim to resell the property. torvn and mills were purchasedbyJohn,TthEarlofGalloway,andtlreoriginalname of the totl'n was resumed about r8ooIn rSoz Patrick Larvrie of Urral rvits in possession ofpart of Castle Stewart Barony, and in r8z5 the greaterpart of the castle stewart lands were knou'n as PenninghameEstate and rvere purchased by.Janres Blair, rvho hadmade a large fortune in the \Mest Indies. He was succeetledby his brother-in-law, col. stopford Blair, and the estatewas held by their descendants until about fourteen vearsago, when it was purchased by I\{r Henry, Oxley' who nou'holds the ProPertY.

Frclo NleorrNcs.189Notes on Cre€town and District,By Aoeru Brnnrrl.\Arhen the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Antiquarian andNatural History society visited the creetown district Ihave been honoured in being their local guide, and thoughcreetown has been visited on several occasions, rittre hasbeen said of that Burgh of Barony. It may be remarkeclthat it is probably the Port or Ferry of Sir walter scott'sGuy fuIanne'ring. Its histor,v does not go very far back.several houses bear dates in ryao. Its original name wasCreth, Gaelic, signifying a boundary. Time does not permitrne to go into the stories connecting it with the smugglingtimes, but one thing I think it can safely clainr, along withthe Abbot of rungland and also stirling, that it is one ofthe cradles of aviation.Tho Story.one man in creetown named lvl'connel and nicknamed" Beardie"conceived the idea of flying, and made himserfa pair of wings out of weights.here I rvill tell what a rveight was.For the benefit

190 Ftpr,o MrPrrwcs.and I have visited the supposed sites n'ith others, and wediffer a little as to the exact spot. It may not be out ofplace to give my own opinion, and that is it was on the presentsite of the farm buildings.:rhe Lsgcnd of Muirfad oastlc.You will notice the name of Graeme creeps in' Thesame happens in Denniston's Legends oi Gallou'ay, rvherear Graeme is the chief actor in the " Standard of Denmark. "I do not think we are here in a Graente locality.The castledoes not figure prominently in the history of Gallowav, butthere are one or two traditions associated with it. It belongedat one time to a branch of the Gordons of Lochinvar.Graeme, the outlaw of Galloway,was then plundering theless powerful houses in the province, exacting blackmail andcnrrying off everything he could take u'ith him He hadsent his spies to learn the surroundings and the strength ofMuirfacl in rnen and munitions.Their report showed thatthere were so few men at the castle that little or no resistancervould be o'ffered to the attack,suddenly.out for Muirfad.especially if madeGraeme accordingly mustered his forces and setGordon, however, had someho'r' got ahint of rvhat rvas brewing and sent a message for instanthelp to all his friends within reach. and they hurried withclependants to his assistance.Gordon had just placed themin ambush when Graeme and his follo'rvers appeared andrvalked into the trap.Though taken completely b"y surprisethey fought fiercely, and a desperate struggle ensued. ,Sonreof the bandits were killed, and Graeme himself rvas severelywounded but managed to escape. He vowed a terriblevengeance, and G6rdon, knowing he rvould likely return,kept the castle n'ell manned and prepared for zrny suddenattack.Graeme bided his time and rn'atched his opportunity.Again and again he sent some trusty f

Flrr,o MreuNcs.lgldid rvhat they could and closed the castle gates and thenwaited fearfully for what would happen.Graeme demanded the surrender ofthe castle, andGordon made no reply but kept the doors secured. Graeme

192 FIBt-tl lVlmrrucs.to the changc in his cASc, lest it slrould affcct his titlc to thcproperty.Bardrochrvood Moto.As rl'e will be hearing more of the history and construcrionof motes later I rvill rnerely give the dimensions of thisnrote. It is on a narrow gravel ridge rising to a height oft5 or 16 feet, rvith a gradual slope frour the north-rvest etndrvith a scarp at ern angle of 33 degrees at the south-east.'l'he highest level continues for a distance of abotrt 65 feet,$.ith a narrow crest of an average breadth of 8 feet expand'ing slightly torvards its south-east, and r'vhere it forms aplat r.vith a breadth of about ro feet.At both ends of iheriag" ancl along a part of the west side the.re are visible therernains of a trench some 18 to r9 feet in rvidth and rvith aclepth of frorn z to 3 feet.Load Minos at Blackcraig.I am sorry the 'bus rvill be unable to go over the r"lineshill, although private cars may, so we rvill be unablcto see the old lead workings, and, alas, the ruins of thevillage there. The inhabitants were all lead rniners, and itwas a hztppy, contentcd comrlrunity' I coulci mention manyof the okl names. IM'Cleary,Smith, Bort$'ick, Marr.M,Caul, Findlay, Allison. skimnring, Rice, \{'Kie, etc.]"To sholv thcir character it $'as a common saying that ltBlackcraig funerarl rvas better thzrn a N'{innigaff rvedding."The r7g3 statisticol account of ,scotland states that thernilitary road fronr London passes through this parish forscveral nriles. It was in making this roitd in 1763 that alliece of lead ore was accidentally disc

Frelo MpBlrrqcs."f93snrelted yielded for evcry three tons of ore tu'o of lead.brought in the market Sr8 per ton when smelted and J8 inore.It had been assayed but did not bear the expense ofextracting the silver. It was not carried above a mile byland till they put it on board small vessels and carried it toChestcr, to u'hich placc they ran u'ith a fair wincl in r8 to zohours.It rv:rs u'orked fr

194 FrBro Mnprrxcs.river here, and one of the river tracts is said to be artificial,but I think it is natural. where the Loch Cree ends. (" LochCree,," however, is only a rvidening of the lliver Cree.)l'here are in " situ " three stepping stones s'hich has beenthe rvay over to the island.They are in a most unusualplace, and from their size I rvould sav the,v have been broughtthcre on ice when the loch was frozen. The islzrnd hzrs beeninhabited, and trenches and earthwork can be seen.Another Cruive of a ntuch later date rvas at the junction ofthe Cree and Nlinnock, but nothing remains to poipt out itssitc but several helvn squared granite stones.The enclosed letter from Mr W. J. il4enzies, FishervBoard for Scotland, explains the rv

FrBro Mrnrrucs.lg5caught this year at the Royal Scottish Museum not verylong ago. I hope you had a satisfactory season, and thatthe good prices helped to make the fishing profitable.l'ours faithfully,W. J. MBNzrrs.[r\o:ra.-The Barony Mill in Creetown is stil! in workingorder, and bears a date on the rvall inside early in r7oo,but I think the mill is much older. It was the scene of asmuggling event, the exit still being pointed out. ]Skaith Mote.By TuonNrloN L. Teyron.Skaith Mote presents many interesting difticulties. Firstof all, what does the name Skaith mean? M'Kerlie in hisLands and thei,r Owners in Galloway offer.s fivesuggestions : (r) From the Norse Shatta-to pay tribute, or(z) land paying, the duty called scat (or ska/t)--either ofthese might suit, as Skaith is never likely to have been anindependent holding; (S) from the Scots s'kaith or Norseskaga, meaning a projection or headland, but this seemsrather pointless on this site. The next two are also perhapsmore ingenious than probabie : (4) From the Scots skaithie,a fence, or (S) from the Gaelic sceoch, meaning hawthorn.While fenced land rvas unusual, or unkno,rvn, in the daysof the Mote, its palisaded mound and counterscarp mightsupply the connection. The Norman fortilication alsofrequently boasted a thorn hedge on the slopes as a furthermeans of defence, and this might possiblv justify No. sabove. The absence of hawthorn on the site to-day neednot be given undue weight. Mr James Murchie, whoremembers this site 7o years ag'o,, assures me that there weremany hawthorn trees in the immediate neighbourhood then,and furthermore tells me that up to about 6o years agofarmers were superstitiously unwilling to dig up hawthornson o,ld dr,r'elling sites, but that since then they havediligently uprooted them. I am not, ho,wever, suggestingthat Skaith Mote means the Mote of the Hawthorns. as

196 Freln Mrrrrucs.thorn trees were a feature common to the type rather thanpeculiar to this site.The second difficulty which presents itself is : Whyshould anyone have chosen this spot for a fortified residence ?Apart from the marshy nature of the land round about,rvhich r,vould facilitate defence, the site has little to reco'mrnendit; and yet so,meo,ne obviously thought it worth hiswhile to erect a stout little fortified house in the midst ofthis .rvaste lancl. As a rule the Norman IVIote was plantedin a dominating position to overawe a turbulent neighbourhood,o,r, more commonly, in the heart of a fertiie district sothat its orvner could compel the obedience of its inhabitantsand live on their labour. Yet at no time does it appearlikely that the immecliate surroundings of this Mote offeredeither rich lands or numerous followers.'fhcplan of the Mote is unusual, being roughly asquare (6o feet by 6o feet at the base, tapering to some 4ofeet by 3z feet at the summit of the ro foot high cone)'Another unusual feature is that the broad defensive ditchsurrounding the Mote was obviously designed to carry acOnsiderable volume of tvater, whereas the nrcre usualpractice in the constructio,n of a Norman Castle was tohave a dry clitch. (" Mote " has no' connection with" moat," meaning a \ryet ditch, but is derived from theNorman French " nlotte, " :r clod of earth, as the NormanCastle u'as built on a mouncl, frequently nrade of the earth'Ihethrown up from the surrounding ditch.) r'r''ater atSkaith rvas probably obtained by natural drainage from thehigher marshy ground to thc south of the lVlote, thoughthere is a small glnd to the south-east which may at onctime have provided the rvater for the ditch. It is interesting, to note that the ditch varies in breadth to suit the lie ofthc lancl. lt is zz fcet broad at bottom on the south sidefacing the higher ground', and only so'rne ro feet q'ide onthe other three sides.fhe u'ct ditch clclrr:rndcd special construction in theIVIote and surrounding counterscarp. Examination of theservill reveal a foundation of huge boulders (particularly

Flrrn Menrrxcs.197noticeerble on the east slope of the NIote), and the largenunrber of smaller stones is a more notervorthy feature ofthe earthtvorks rvhen one realises the paucity of stone in theimmediate vicinity.As a rule an artificial lVlote, as this oneis, consisted merely of packed earth cast up from thesurrounding trench, :rnd the presence of so much stone in theconstruction of the Mote and Counterscarpindicates thatspecial pains \\/ere taken to make this site inrpregnable.The next surprising feature about Skaith is the smallnessof the area of the top of the Mote.The greatest over allmeasurements are 4o feet by 3z feet (the E.-W. measurementbeing the greater), but the space actually availablefor a building is considerably smaller, so that the rvoodencastle must have been no more than about z5 feet by ao feet.Had therc been a large dependent Bailey this lacls of spaceon the N{o'te u,ould have been less surprising.but there isno indication of there ever having been a Court of any kind.The absence of a Bailey suggest,s that the Mote may be oflate datc-perhapsas late as the first half of the r3thcentury-as the original Norman settlers preferred the dualfortification of \'[otc :rnd Bailey since they requirecl theadditional area to house their men-at-arms, horses, andcattle.Indeed in the larger establishments the Bailey was aconrpletc villagc in itself-n'ithhuts, chapel, granarv. smith.v,stables, and pcns. The later l[orman Castle \\'as less agarrison headquarters and more of a forti{iecl residence, suchas Skaith appears to have been.An interesting feature about the top of the Mote is thatthe edge is raised some two or three feet above the level ofthe rest of thc top area.It is a little diflicult to see thereason for this, as the crest of the l\fote would be surroundedby a palisacle of stakes in any case. Then at the S. -E.corner is a snrall mound some tnzo to three feet high. To thewest of this mound is a break in the parapet, and it seemslikely that a drarvbridge led diagonally across the ditch fromthe S.-\M., and that this mound served as a look-out postand as a position to command the one means of entering thecastle.In their report on Skaith l\{ote the Ancient Nfonu-

lgEFrBt o MBBuNcs.ments Commissioners, who visited the site in June, r9rr,say that without excavation it is not lrcssible to deterrninewhether this L-shaped projection is a mass of rock or building.To-day, however, I think the excavations of rabbitshave made it sufficiently clear that this eminence is neitherrock nor building but an artificial mound rvhose possible purposeas a vantage spot to command the entry I have justindicated.There is a considerable vagueness about the date andplan of the earthworks, and, unfortunatelv, there is an evengreater lack of information as to its early owners or occupiers.Mr R. C. Reid, rvho is probabl,v our greatest localauthority on the history of the families in our counties, hasshown that the lands of Skaith were at one time part of thelands of the Kennedys of Blairquhan. { One must,horvever, bear in mind that this is a Norman site, and sofar it has not been possible to trace any reierence to itshistory, or even existence, till long after that period. Infact the extant account deals rather rvith the four nterklandof Skaith, rvhich formed part of the Barony of Frethride,alias Myretoun, alias Calcruchie, and by the end of the r5thcentury, lvhen this record bcgins, the earthworks of SkaithMote may very possibly have been as deserted as they aretoday. Mr James Nfurchie tells me that the site has notchanged in the last seventy years ercept that the surroundingditch is no'rv dry-the cut to the l\tr.-E. in the outer scarpis either recent or has been recently deepene

Frrro NlnorrNcs.lgglands of Skeich in favour of John Kennedy of tslairquhan inr4zr. I have sought in vain to learn more of Nigel M'corde,when or from whom he got the lands. And so the historyof skaith begins, in this tantalising fashion, somewhere inthe middle [t does not appear an easy task to go furtherback than L+7r till more information comes to light aboutNigel l['c'rde, as he is. nreantime, the only tink rvith thcearlier an

200 Flnrn MnBrrNcs.nre there were a lot of stones single and heaped at the endof the moor, indicating the same location as the extinctsheiling of Carnochan.so I tackled the moor:. This extends to rzoo acres ofthe best heather I have ever tro

Frelo Mnrrrucs. 201Note on Ancient Tomb Found on Millisle Farm,Sorbie Parish, lViXltownshire.Police Constable Duxcew FpRcusoN, Garlieston, reportsas follows :About 6.3o p.m. on Monday, zgth April, 1935, I wasinformed that two labourers employed by Hugh Ramsay,farmer, Millisle Farm, Sorbie Parish. Wigtownshire, whileengaged grubbing in a field on said farm known as theCommon, had unearthed a grave containing human remains.I proceeded to this field at o,nce, and found whatappeared to be an ancient tomb, containing part of a humanskeleton in a very advanced state of decav. Only the skull(which crumbled into small pieces when touched), vertebra,part of the ribs and the arm bones were remaining, althoughthe teeth were still adhering to the jaw bones and in a goodstate of preservation.The tomb had been built o'f heavy slabs of dressed whinstone.I examined it for marks or carvings which mightindicate the time of burial, but there was no,thing of this kind.The bottom was then dug out and a careful search made forany valuables which might have been interred with thedeceased, but nothing of this nature !\,'as urieagthed.The tomb r,r'as well built of heavy dressed whinstone,and measured 39 in. by z4 in. by 3r in. T'he deceased hadbeen interred in a sitting position facing due east, and thestone cover, rn'hich had been dressed on the under side only.would weigh about 4 cwts.I took charge of the remains and conveyed thern to thePolice Station in case further enquiry should be desired, hutas nothing further was wanted in the matter they were reinterredand the tomb filled in.I understand that what might be another of these ancienttombs is situated in the Cairn Wood, a distance of abouteoo yards north of the site of the one referred to.

['r l. 202, , Presentations.Noterrber'fst; fgSg.-Town Council Minute Book, 1643-1650, byR. Gladstoue, I)sq., Liverpool.Court of 'Session Paper, " Information for John MacDouallof Logan, pursuer, against John Henderson of Broadholln,defe'nder, 174;4," b.y R. Henderson, Esq.'A photograph of the Clochmaben Stone, Gretna, by X"atherWrightson, St., Ninian's, Glretna.Notember 29lh;1935.-Framed portraits of Mr lI. f[. M'Ken'ow'; 'antl Mr f'. Miller, former Presidents, to be, hung in Lecture'PresentedRoom.by Mr M. lI. M'KerrowAirgust Sth, 1936.-lronimplement, use unknown, founcl in aclitch at Birrens. It is 15 inches long and has,been mounted'ou a straight shaft, being splayed out at one end to form o-'Icircular hole for that purpose. The other end is formed into anarrow head shape, but with only ome wing. 'Possibly a fisbspear.'i

:203Exhibits.November 1st, 1935.-Stone axe found near St. Connel's Chapel,Tynron.Stone with button moulds for casting leatl buttons, datecl1682.Bottr of these were found by Mr Wrn. \Yilson. Tynron.Carved stone head from the rnoss at Collin.Nodule of pyrites from the Lockerbie Road.The above were exhibit€d by Dr. Semple.November 291h, 1935.-A lead casting of a hand upraisetl andgrasping a dagger, exhibited by the Secretary'on behalf ofMessrs R. J. Moffat & Sons, who wished to find informa;tionregarding it. Varied views were put forward, but no authoritativeopinion' was forthcoming.December 13th, 1935.-Letter dated April 251h, 1592.Letter from Dr. Munsey to Bailie J. J. Lynd, merchantin Dumfries.Letter of guarantee by Messrs Broon, Ifarkness, 'bo llobt.Threshie, 1836.Broadsheet proclaiming David Armstrong to be a liar.(Mr G. W. Shirley gave some informationhandbill, of which 300 were printed.)about thisCatalogue of paintings, statuary, natural history, etc.,in the Exhibition at the lVlechanics' Hall, 1865. Dumfries,Priee 6d.Collection of exhibits from a private collection of pictttres,curiosities, etc.Letter from Thomas Carlyle to Mr 1!f'Kie, bookseller,Dumfries, written frorn Craigenputtock, March llth, 1834.J4nuary 241h, Lg36.-Pamphlet, Laws ancl Regulations of MoniaiveFrie'ndly Society for 1805.'Copy of poem protesting against the removal of trees in, ,?o"k Park.Playbill advertising a show in Dumfries featuring a' " Iire-. ;'resisting woma.n."i - .,,.New,sp?pqr with(Notes on thesemattel relating to Mary TimneY.by Mr G. W. Shirlev will be foundon next pags.)'

201EXHIBITS-Contiuued.February 21st, 1936.-Election poster, Dumfries, mentioning" the Deserters."Notice convening a meeting of Dumfries houselrolders tndiscuss Burgh Police Act, and dated 12th l\[areh, 1855."Ivanhoe: an Historical Drama," published in Ddinburgh,1823.Programme of Burns Centenary Celebrations, 2lst July,1896.t'Aberdeen or News Scots Almanacr" f.ot 1792." Eminent l\[en of l)umfriesshire," by Rev. J. Dodds,published 1873." Lord Brougha,m's Speech" on the Iieforn:. Bill, October7th, 1831.Two receipts, dated 1816, onc signetl David Sewars, 1VIay,and the other signed 1\{r Callender, March.2nd September, 193?.Mr M. H. M'Kerrow.NOTES.PRDSENTATIONS(1) A Letter from Thomas Ca,rlyle to Mr M'Kie, bookgeller, Dumfries, llthMarrh, 1&14, from Craigenputtock about books he wishes gold.(2) Letber of Gluar.antee from Messrs Btpom, llarkness, ett., Nith ltavigationCommissiouers, to Robert Threshie of Barnbarroch for advauces for opera'tions on the River ltith, 1836.(J) Instrument of Sasine 25 April, 1592, in favour of Andrew Glriersoun menchantburgess of l)runrfries the house and garden in the said burgh in vulgoNewtoun seu Friervennell between the lands occulried by Jobne Scho$rigon the rvest the lands of the Laird of Lag on the east the lands of JoltnMakcom on the south and the said Kings way on the north lately pertain'ing to John l(irkpatrick. iVitnesses: Arehibald llillo in Hillotoun, Johnschortrig and william Makynnel, burgessee of the said burgh and Andrewlllaxwell, Servitor, Ilerbert Cunyngbame. notary public.(4) Dumfries Burgess ticket: willia.m McNaught, spirit dealer, son of llughMcNaught, innkeeper. 14th July, 1806.(5) Dumtries Burge6s ticket: John McNaught, surgeo1 in Dumfries, eon ofEugh McNaught, innkeePer. f8CI2.(6) Dumfries Burgess ticket I William Ea.milton, sho€mater, son'io'lay of -rohnMcllath, burgess of Dumfries. 1st March, L179.(?) Dumfries Burgess ticket: EUgh McNaught, innkeeper in Dumlries, 6 July,LNE,(8) BiU Eead: Commercial Inu, Dumfrles, July 19' lE2l.

2nd September, 195?.Mr M. E. M'Kerrow.205NoTEs-Ciontinued.EXEIBITS.Collection of leaflets, bills aud prmphletsrelar,ing to Dum,fries, including:(1) Bilt issued by Geo. B. Vair, Leith, 6th l.obruary, lgg2." observe, r hereby declare David Arrnstrong, writer in Durnfries, tobe a Rasc,al! a Liar! andl a Cowa,rd!" David Ar,mstrong succeeded insecuring the hand ol Miss Dinah clrivo whom he married on 25 Fe,b. 1922.Dinah had engaged herself to Vair apparenily under her fatlrer's pressure.vair challenged Armstrong to a duel but the latter avoided it. Thc wholesubject vas explored in a Jury Trial E8 Feb. 1922, a vertratim report ofwhish was published by vair 182J. Armstrong was awarded f,20 damages.He ,a terwa.rds beoa.me, provost of Du,mfries.(2) Verses relative to Dumfries Burgh Election, 185?.(a) Address to the Loyal and rndependent rown of Dumfries afiectiona,telyinscribed to the Midsteeple [by Davitl Dunbar] in sulrport ofWilliam Dwart. (b) Reply by Young Dumfries.(3) six Theatre Bills 1816-1819: Performances of othello, Rob Roy, rleart ofMidlbthian, Mr Lloyd vith his Dioastrodoxon, or Grand rransparentorrery, ? American rndian w,arriors of the seneca Nation; A Tr,ades rrallBill : Madame Gir,a,rdelli, the Fire Proof phenomenon, and an AssemblyRooms Bill: Mister Burke, Musical and Dramatic phenonenon, seven yearsold.(4) Progra.mme of Procession, etc. centen,ary of Death of Robert Burns 21st July,1896. 2 copies.(5) New Song on Burns' Centenary! [of his Birth].(6) Report of a, meetiug of the Committee ,appointed to Consider an

206New Members, 1935-36,Birley, Eric, Chesterholm, Northumberland .'.......-..... 1 lll I 37Barbour, James, 1 Victoria Avenue, Maxwelltown, l)umfries""' 1lLLl37Rock, Rev. William, Manse, hongray, Dumfries ...'.. I3lI2l35M'Intire, W.J., F.S.A., St. Anthony's, lVfilnthorpe, West-' moreland ..... """' 13/12135Borthwick, l\{ajor \V., 92 Teubal Road, L,ee, London ... 24lL136Butter, J., Cairnyard, Kirkcudbright...... 24lI!36Clark, F.; 10 St. Paul's Road, Bradford ..".2411136Horne, J. G., Aberdalgie Cottage, Aberdalgie, Perthshire......2'LlLl36MacDonald. A. Ifackenzie, Glentanas, New Abbey Road,Dumfries ......': ' 24!1i36Morrin, James, Nithhill, Dumfries ".". 24/1i 36Morrin, Mrs James, Nithhill, Dumfries ....'- 2411.136Tomter, Mr, The, Bungalow, Collin..."' 21lLl36Kelly, Provost W. J., Dumfries.. 2013i36Law. Alexander, Glenview, Maxwelltown, Dumfries ....', 20 | 3 136Law, Mrb E. A., Glenview, Maxwelltown, Dumfries ....'.20/3i36Ilobertson, James, 56 Cardoness Street, Dumfries """ 20/3i 36Sloan. D.. Pearmount, Maxwelltown, Dumfries ." """ 20lBl38Stewart, H.C., Cargenirohn, Dumfries .'.. .' 8/8/36Callender. trIrs, Nervton-Stewart ....... '..... 8/8/36Bruce, William, Newlands, Thornhill " 8i8/36Crompton, C. H., Newbie, Annan 8i 8/36Smith, Iliss )I. E., \\:yseby, Kirtlebridge " 8/8/36T'elford. J, 8., 5 Rosevale Street, Langholm """':' 8i 8i 36

207Abstract of AccountsFor Year ending 3fth September, 1936.Ixcoun ron Ynlri.Members' Subscriptions f8g l0 0';fnterests from fnvestments10 4 lODonations torvards Publication Funds-(1) Mr D. C. Iferries f2 lO 0(2) Mr E. Birley ... 4 10 0 .Saleof f(Transactions" -.- i t 3'' i:Excursions, as per Statement 0 15 0- g1l1 1r 4Exrnnnrru.E Fo* yrooRent of Library gl2 0 0Insurance 1 6 0Printing and Advertising I f4 7Miscellaneous-Subscription to Scottishand National g0 12 6Lantern Fee (trtr Black)... 0 l0 0Leiturer's Outlays (l\frM'Crindle) ... I 10 0Secretary's Outlays (partyear) 0 I IPostage, Addressing, andDelivery of t'Transactions"(doublevolume) 6 10 0Treasurer's Postages, Commissionon Cheques,Cheque Books, etc.... 1 10 4Overdraft fnterest 0 17 0'Iransfer Donations to Pttblications Account1119 67 O 04 20 1Balance on year's workings ... f,69 I I 3CAPITAL.Capital at close of last Account ...Interest on Savings Bank Account... €348 12 lL5 3 I€353 16 8Invested as follows:'War Stock €218 10 0Savings Bank 135 6 8f,353 16 8

208AIISTRACT OF ACCOUNTS-ContinuedPUBLICATIONSACCOUNT.Invested at close of last Accouut ... f96 l0 IInterest on Amount in Savings Bank L 17 9Donations Transfeued fron Revenue T 0 0-9105 8 6lnvested as follows:Con. StockSavings Bauk€50003018 1---- f105 I 6EXCURSION ACCOUNT.Deposit Receipt for €10 is a Reserve I'und'BANK ACOOI]NT.Balanee in clydesclale Bank on current Aceotrnt ... 9104 1 8Less belonging to Publications Account". f.24 lO 5Belonging to 1936-37 (20 Subscriptions)'.' 10 09 fu tO bf,69 11 3

209INDEX." Aberdeen or New Scots Almanack"(L792'2O4Accounts, Abstract of ...... 2O7, 2OBADVDNTURI]S AMONG DUMFRIDS-SIIIRE INStsCTS: By O. J.PULLEN ....:.. .....46Aguew, Wm., of Ca,stlewig ..... .. . 18?Agricola 158, 168" Agriculture, Scottish Journal o'f.".,67Aitken, John Carlyle . .. ... ,. ,.... .., 72Alb.any, Dukc of 152Alexander 136Alexander, Sherifi-Depute .........., 20Altar, Roman, at Birrens . .. .. .. ,. . 162Amandus. Roman architect . .. .. .. , 159ANDREW HERON OF BARGALY: ByMBS BLAIR..IMRIA ]-72Annandale, Douglas invasion of , 152;Volunteers ....... t46" Annandrale, Walks" in ...,...... I47Annual Cleneral lVleeting .. . . . 9AnConine Wall L57, L61" Atboretum," Loudon's .. .. , 175Ardrossan, Fergus ol ....,. .. 159Armitage, Major A. C............. 183Miss . 171, 185Armstrong, David, writer in and afterwa,rdsProvost of Dumfries. 2o5. 2o5Avenel, lloger, Lotd of E,skdale .. 135tsALLAD AND ITS ORIGINS, THE: BYJ. G. HOBNE .... ..,...... 36Balliol, Edward... ... L36Barnpton, W. W. .... tzoBane, Donald, Sheilae,s ..... 2ooBanl, British Linen, 95; Douglas-Heron,182; of Scotland,'12, 94, 95, 96,97.B&nks, Sir Joseph.. 106, 1L2,r.2O,72LBarbour, Jarnes, 11, 158, 160, 161, 164,165, 167, 168.Bardrochat Mote . 171Barony Mill in Creetown ... 195Beaufort, Duke of ,... 62Becket, Thomas I ..... ...... 185Bede, The Veuerable ....... 158Bee, yellow-Iooted mining ... 56Beetle, heatber (Lochmea s,uturalis), 68B'edford, Du}e of .... 173Bell, Ann1Oo, 1o1.Iohn .1O0.Iohn, in MiddlebieL7Wm., burgh offlcer . ... .... . 18Bells of Blacketthouse ....... ..... 160Bewcastle Oross . ..... 168Birley, l\[r Eric, F.S.A. ...... I4Z, 167Bimell, .$lr Ada,m ..... 1?1, 199Birren's Ro,man Station . ..... !42, zozBlair, Col. Stopford .. 189James, of C,astle Sbewart ... ..... 189Blackeraig, lead mines at ........ 192Black,stock, Wm., merrhant . . ... ... t7Blackwood, doo"cot at ... .. 194Blair-Imrie, llrs ... .... !7O, !72Blak, John, servitor to the Laird ofMouswaldL7Blaylock, Thomas, in Carlisle ..... ... 9OBolingbrofte, Duke ofSzBond, Captain D. II. 89" Book of the Irvings . L44, I4ZBONSHAW: By B. C. REID ...... L47Borbone, Carlo Ferdinando ..,.. ., . SzBothwell Bridge, battle of ........ 181EarI of ....... 154Boyville, Richard d,e, of Ardrossan. 15OBradley, Mr ... ..,,.... . 82Brand, Wm. 95Braxfleld. Lord ... .. .. . 72Bridge (Telford), over Esk (1811) 41Brigantia 159Britten, llr James ..... 108, 111Broon, Earkne.ss, Messrs .... 2O3, 2O4Brougham, Lord . ......3,4,2O4Bruce, Robert the (Brus), 136,144, t47,r54, 174, 175, 179.Sir Ed,ward de .... ... L75, 176Buccleuch, Duke o:f (L824) ... 42Buittle Castle . ...... t76Bullock, Itichard, at Cambock ...... 139BURGH SCNOOL OF DUMTRIES.FRAGIIIENTARY NOTICDS Otr': ByG. W. STIIRLEY . ... ..... 65Burns, Robert, 1-6, a82, 186; centenarlsong on his birth, 2O5; progr&m,rne ofcentenary celebr,ations (1896), 2O4,205; Mausoleum . ......,25Burnswark 752Byard, Canon F., Penrith ... 1OOBykerton, Richard de, s. of Sir John 157Sir John de ... .,,. 1-37Caerlaverock, Castle of ..... .. .. ... 156Cairn, nrtiflcial, at Robgill and Blackyett,..., ...., I44" Caledonian Mercury".... ..... ., , 77C'alhoun, James, of Penninghame .. 187

2L0Iuorx,C,allendar, Mr ... ..... 2O4Ca,mpbell, Ilay, Lord Advocate (1789),78,79, 8OSir Wm. .... '.. 19Ca,rgill, Donald 156C,arlyle, Thomas2o3, 2o4Oarmichael, Mr Robt. ,. .... . 20Carnochan, Mr, in Kirkgunzeon .:,.. 199C,a rick, NigeJ, Earl OfCa,ssilis, Gilbert, Earl of......'.... 179CASTLE STEWART: BY JAMESMURCHTE ...,. .. ........ 186C.4stles of Closeburn, Tinwald qndBonshaw ... 156Catton, Mr ... .. 106charles rr. ." ..'!"' r"' 179' 187Charteris, Alison, .w. of Mr .IohnM'Murdo...., L7Child, Mis{ w. of' Earl of Westmore'land . .,,,..., 32Ch,ristison, Dr. ... ..... 168Clayton, Gteneral .... , 32Miss Caroline, w. of L.ord Drumlan'rig ... ....-".. 32Clochmaben Stone ... ... ,.... 2O2Collingwood, Prof. P.. ....... 159Collins, David, secret'ary to the Glovernoof N.S.W. (1796), 89, 95, 1o3' 105Oommissioners of $uPPlY .. .. . 40Comyn, the RedL47Coningsburgh, Ad,am, in Du'mbarton'169Alicia, w. of John Fr'aser .... " " 135Archibald, in Bute .... " ' 139Duncan de ... 136' 137Galfrid de . .. .. . . .' .. . 155" 154, 155. Gitbert de, of AYr .. 158, 159Lora de, d. of Wm. " " ' 137Sir Thom.as de ... ........ 158Wm. (1260) (Coningburcht) "" 156Wm. de ,]243\ (Conig'burg), 155' 136Wm. de (LzgZ) .... ' L36, 157Wm., in Bute . 139Wm..de., of Lanark ""' 157Wm.de (Cunninggeburch)""""' 135Corbett, Provost Robert ""' 26Corrie f arnily ..... .. .. . 151, 152, 156Mr John, Moniaive " " ''" " 10Robert; tr,aveller, in England " " " 20.Corsane familY ....:.. "'""' 25Cfaig, Lord, of Cr'aig " " "'91Crewden, Mr Peter, shipmaster' """ 77Crockett, Rev. John """" 199Cruives of Cree '""' 1"95CRUIVNS CHAPEL OR ST. NINIAN'S'By ,JAMES MURCIIID " ' 184Crusaders' Stones ...... I42,148, 149Cullen, Lord, of Cullen " "'t' 94Cunynghame, flerbert, notary Punl^-204Da,lzell, Robert, in Coshogle ... ,.... 22Wm., s. of Robert in Coshogle .. 22Darnicks, Lady, at Torthorwald .... 23Darlvin, Charles .. ... 48David I. 134, 155D,avies, General 107, 115Dell, Edgar Thomas .... 111, \2O, LzlDerby, Earl of .............115Dickens, Charleg 33Dinwiddie, Mr W....... IDioastrodoxotr ..r.. ......r.. 2O5Dixsonn Mr Wm.... 1OBDodds, Rev. J. .....:. .......r 2O4Denaldson, Wrn. . ..........,,.,7.6Douglas, Janet .....:... ....... 20Ja,s.; merrehant in Mofiat ... 20Sir Jame's de (1330) ..... 156Wm., of Castle.Douglas .......... 188Dumfries: AssemblY Rooms, Bill 0f,2O5; Acarlemy of, 24 ; BuccleuchStreet Bridge, 95; Burgess Tickets. of, 23 , 2O4; Burgh Courts of, 1q,1?; Burgh Dlection at (1857)' 2O5;Burgh Mills of, 15; Burgh Museumof, 65, 69; Burgh' PaPers of, 18;'B,urgh Police Act at (1855)' 205;Burgh Records of, 14; C'alendar ofBurgh Deeds, 15; C,ommercial Innat, 2O4; Dock Park trees at, 206;election Poster &t, 2O4; EwartLibrary, L4; Friars' Vennel of(Newtown), 2O4; GreY Friars of,. 15; Greyfriars' Monastery at' ]-47 iinventories od town's P&Pers, 25;Ju,stice AYre at, 151 ; King's WaYat, 2O4i Kirk Treasurer of , 22;Library Comrnittee of, 15; limetrees in Dock Park, 2o5; Mechanics'InstiLute at (1865), 2o3; Memoran'dum on Burgh Rec,ords (ShirleY)'1o ; minutes of Bungh Court of, 12;Police Act of (1850), 206; hotocofBo,oks of, 1-2; Begister ofIieeds, 15; Sherifi Court Book of'12; SocietY's Museurn in, 169; St'Michael's Kirk, 24, 26; TheatreRoyal, 95; Theatre bllls at' 1816'1819, 2O5; Tol'booth of, 20,.26,. 72,'l'1 , 8? ; town igen0s in Edin'burgh, 25; Town Council of, 18'2L: Town Council Chambers, 25.;Town Council minutes, 11, 26,2o2; Town Chaiters of, 27; TownClerk of, 25; town's drum, 22;Town Eall of, 11, 13; treasurer'saccounts of, 15; treasurer's receipts'2L.DUMX'BIES BURGH RECORDS: BY R'c. RDID.......Dumfries and ClallowaY Eunt 42

Iunrx.2ll" Dumfries and Galloway Bulletin andWeekly Advertiser 2O5" Dumfries. Weekly Journal".... 101Dumftiesshire: Oana,ls in, 41 ; coachesin, 42; (i'aelic and Norse in, 36, 57,68; Noroe CoJony .in, 58; roadc in,4O; tolls in ... . ..,. 41Dund,ovenald, Sir Robert ... 166Dunbar, Eliz., w. of M'Kie of Palgowan,L7SDavid ......... 2O5Sir David, of Baldoon ..... 181-Gavin, Com,missary Clerk of Kirkcudbright20illr, ol tr[achermore ...... . ].92" Drawing Sheet" (Wa,tling's Academy)76Drumlanrig, Lord (1840) ....... .. . 62Drummuir, lands of .. 151Dry,ander, Jonas . ...,. LzODryfe Sands, Battle ot .. 153, 154, 155Duris, Laird of (1612) ..... 15L.Durisdeer, Castle of.. L37Durward, Allan, Justiciar of Scotland158Dd,gar, Robert . .. .. ... 1-2Ddinburgh Castle 154Edward I. (Longshanks), o1 England,136, L57, ]-44, L47, L64Egarr, Mr J......,.... t42" Eminent Men of Dumrfriesshire":ByRev. J. Dodds . ........ 2O4England, Mr H. W. ... ..... 114Eugenius, King . 174, l-75Ewart Library ....14, 98, 2O5Ewart, llVm., M.P. for. Dumfries (18b?),205Eveince, Thos. ..,..... zzExc.avations .at Birdoswald, 160; atBurnswark, Raeb.urnfoot and Housesteads,157; at Risingha.m,and HighRochester, 158, 160EXC]AVATIONS AT BIRRENS IN 1956:By ERIC BIRLEY, F.S.A. .... LB7ExhibitsZOsFabte, J. H., 47,48, 51, 52, 54, 58, 64Fa,iries, Eelen , ........ 19Ferguson, Police Constable, D. 0fGarlieston2O]-Seud - Johnstone and Maxwell .... 2gField Meetings, 1956 ....... L42tr'ining, Anne, servant to John Nilson, 94FIRTH Otr' CLYDD AND ITS EDIBLEFISIIES: By J. M'CRINDLE, J.P., sstr'l.avian ooou,pation of Birrens .... L66tr'leming, Mariota, w, of Ada,m Coningsburgh. ..... 199Flemyng, George, King's Messenger, 54Lloyd, Mr.. .. . ZOsf,'ore,stry Commissioners . .. .. .. .. .. . 193Forrester, Robert ...... 96Forsa,yth, John . ....... 19Fraser, Sir Gilbert ......... 160Ja.mes ...,.,. .96John, s. of Sir Gilbert ..... ..... 136Galloway, Conventicle,s in ... .... ... 181Jas., Znd Earl of ......... 187John, ?ih Earl of ......... tBBJustice Ayre at ... 129Inrds of ... 1?9GENETICS: TED SCIENCE OFHEREDITY: By J. TAYLOR.... gsGeorge, Mr W. L..... ....... 1ZOGiblon, Edward... .... . B1Clifiard, EuSh . ...... 189Gilison, Homer, m,erchant ... 17Gillespie, Mr John, sohoolm.aster inDumfries 16Girardelli, Mad,ame ........ 2ObGladstone, R., Liverpool .. ... ZOzGlow-worm 65Gordbn, Eliz., w. of IIon. W. Stewart,L87James, servitor of Robert . ....... 34(Gordoun) Robt., of Lochinvar (1615),34Glordons of Kenmure . .. ... l-96of Lochinvar ............. 1gOGraeme, outlaw of Ga,lloway ...... 1gOGraham, Lie,ut. Thomas ...zzPeter, burgh ofrcer . ....... 1gGratra,me, Mary, w. of Andrew Eeron ofBargaly..... L7Z, L,lsGrahams of Netherby ....... lSbGraitney Mains .... ... ZgTower .,.. zg, zgGlrant, Sir Colquhoun ..... .... SzMarcia M,aria, d. of Sir C. Grant, 32Gray, Gl. R. ... .. .. .. . t l-5Grenville, Lord Robert, Home Secretary(1790)85Gretna Green: Market . Cross. 29:markets and fa,irs at . .. .. .. .. ... 29GRETNA HALL: ITS IIISTORY ANDROMANCE: By I\f . C. SI(ITH .. zgGretna, Hall, Marriage Register of .. i2Grier, Wm., merchant 16Griersons of Lag ...... 26Clrierson, Andrew ,... ZO4JohnzoGrive, Din,ah ZOsGlroundwater, Captain AzGustavus Adolph,us of Sweden .... 196Iladrianls WaIl .. L57, 1S8, 160, 165Ilailes, Lord 12, 86Ilalliday, David, .. .. .. .... . ZosIfa,milton, Lieut. Eugh .. ... ZzWm., shoemaker in Dumfries ... ZO4Glrierson, Sir P. ...... ,.,.. IzIla,rding, Thos. .. ., ... 2LH.aswell, Dr. J. f'. ..... ... 1OOEaye, Sir Thom,as de la . .. t6Z

212Iuppx.treath (Calluna[euderson, John,B.llenry III.Henry, Mr, OxleyHepburn, JohnHeron of Herun .Andrew, of Ba.rgalyAndrew, heir to Thomas .. L79,Captain, of Northumberland ....Lady Elizabeth ...John, brother of Thomas 0floddanMichaelPatrick,Patrick,Patrick,s. of Patriok Heron'grandson of" Eistory of Dumfries."Hope, Inrd,of Glranton' LordClerk (1806) ....Eopetoun, Earl of.Eorne, J. G. .llover-fly (SYrPhus nitea) .Euber, Swiss naturalist .Hudson, W. E.Eunter, John .Dr. JosephEuntly, Earl of (1591)c.u..Ibbetson, Capt' ParkeIDEAL BUBGII MUSEUM, THE: BYMARGERY I. PLATT, M'Sc. .... 65Iredale, Tom ...... 1o7, 1O8, 1o9, 119Irvings, od Drum .... L47of Wysby ... 151Irvlng, " Black Christie " . .. .. .... . 145Edward (1459) 15OEdward, of Bonsh,aw (1510) .... 153Edwar{l (1605) 153X'rancis. bailie ...... 18Colonel, of Bonshaw,147, 148, 153' 1561531631465418L462315615115116222R.1432862361541565185, 85, 9229,28'303492, 83, 84,6515319153199291553013518419819918418522L!49426204L5285'99.By A. S. MORTON,L74Kirroughtree: Ancient weapons at, t77 ;doo+ot at, 181, 184; her,rnitage a,t'184 ; mounds and ca.irns at, L7 6 ;Roman urn ,a.t ...., 176Kyngeston, John de ....... ' . L37Lacewing tr'ly (Chrysopa vulgaris) .. 6OLag, Laird of . .. .... . 2O4La"ing, Ddward, surgeon's mate ... .. .93Margt., relict of T. M'Burnie .... 17La,mbert, A. 8., t1'2, 7L3, 114, 115'117, 119, 126.Lascelles, Alan de .... 159

IuoBx. 213Law, Wm., innkeeper iu Carlisle .... gsIrawrie, Patrick, of Urral .. . 189Lead mining at Blackcrais . .... ... 121Lee, Jarnes, of Eammersmith,Llo, 111, 114, 115James, grandson of Ja,mes of EammersmiCh. 110, 112Lesson, Miss fdra .....7I,76,97Lennox, David . ....... zOsM,alcolm, Earl of .. lggLetharn, John, 1O5, 1O?, 1O8, LLO, ILZ,rL4, r17, L22." Letters from an Dxile in Botany Bay,"70, 73, 75, 92,97, gg, go, 91, gg,702.Levellers .......191Irewars, David . ....... ZO4Lindesay, Sir John, Cha,mberlain of Scotland(1281) ...... 196John, Canon of Gllasgow (151O) .. 196Lindsays of Wauchope ............. 196Lindores Ab,bey, Charter of . .. . . .. . 1J8Linton, Jcrhn . 51, 62, g5Lynd, Baillie J. J., merchant in Dumfries.,.......ZosLochar Mors 'Bridge .. .... .. . ZsLochhouse...... . EOLochwood.Tower .,.... 28,85, 1Og, 1S4Lochma.ben, Castle of ....... lS4Douglases in .... ,... t5.zLochrnaben Stone ..,.. zgLogine, Johu . .......... 26LONG OAIRN SITE AT GLAISTERS.TIID: By R. C. REID ... 199Lorimer, John .,... ., ... ZzLourie, Janet ..... 1gLowell, Captain ..,,.... 32Lubbock, Sir John ...... 47Lufiness Castle........ LBzLuss, John de ... .... 1Bgllackie, Mr Jas...... . 1ZOMakcom, John . ....... ZO4Makynnel, Willi,am .... 2O4Malcolm IV. .. .. 16s, 134Manning, Edward, of Lond,on ........ gzMarj,orybanks, Miss .. 147iflartin family ... 25M,asculus, Roger de ... 1Bb, 1ggM,atthews, Glregory M.,107, 108, 109, 119MacDonald, Sir Gleorge,157, 159, L6L, 1-62, 167MacDouall, John, of Logan ..........zozMacMinn, Jas. .. .., .,... 26McAdarne, Jonet . ..... g4McAlexander, John .... g4McBurnie, Thos. . ..... LzMc0lellan, Wm., of Senwick ....... 196Mc0onuel, Col. F. R. .....,..., L4Z. ]4Sr' "" """"' L47McOrindle, J.. J.P. ... 55McDowall, W. ........ 11llcGhie, Anthony, of Glencard .... 1gOi\{cGown, Marion, w. of II. Gtilison .. 1gM'Gowne, W,nr., burgh Officer ...... 18M'Kie of Lang . ...,... t7Zof Palgowan ........ 1gzM'Kno. J,as., town servaat ... 19M'Nacht, John, fugitive ............ 1?9M'Naught, Hug&r, innkeeper, of Dumfries. ....,.. ZO4John, surgeon in Durnlries ..,..,.. zo4William, s. of Eugh in Dumfries.. 2O4M'Math, John, burgesg of Dumfries, ZO4M'Murdo, M,a,rie, d. of Jas. MacMutdo,t7Margt., d. of Jas. M,Murdo ...,., 17Ja,s., in M'Murdiestoun ......,,...r L7Mr John, minister in Torthorwald.. 1ZRobert, Gleorge, Archibald, Ann, ch. ofMr John M,Murdo ....... 1?M'Cronnel, Beardie ', ..... .. 1ggi\{'Corde, Nigel, of Skaith ... 198M'Clellan, EIiz., w. of Ool. Wm. gtewarc,187M'Don,ald, Alexander ......... gzM'Kerrow, M. II. . ZOZ, ZO4, ZOEM'Kie, Col. John . . . ... 123Mr, Bookse,ller in Dumfries.. Ze6, ZO4M'Lurg of Craigencallie ... .. 1?8M'Queen, Robi. . ....... 96M.axwell, Sir Alexander, of Monreith.187Andrew, servitor,.. ZO4Sir Aymer de ... ..... LB6Oaptain Edward (l-669) ....,2aMiss Eeron.. .. ... 1ggIlerbert, s. of Sir Aymer ... 196Sir Herbert ... 191Homer, in Kilbeane ......... 16John, chirur8eon in Dumfries ...... 19Sir John, of Sark .... 42Sir John Shaw, of Springkell ..,... 189John Heron, s. of Michael ... ..... 1gBSir Patrick Herron . ... 39Patrick, of Cassencarie .......... 1gzCapt. Richard of Crustanes ...... 1OsSir Robt., of Orchardton ..... .,... L7Sir Robt., of Spottes ..... lg4Thos. . ... 16Col. Wm., od Cardoness ... lgzMenzies, Mr W. J. ..... ...... 194Miller, I'rank, Annan .... ... ..ZOzMofiat, Messrs R. J. & Sons ...... 2O3Moffet, Patrick and Robert ... 54Moniaive, X'riendly Society of (1gOS),203Moray, Regent .. . 13"Bonnie Earl of"..... ..154Morton, Mr A. S. ,... , t7L, 174Regent...,..... 1gIforrisou, James & Oo., Leith ....... ?9

2t'4hqoBx.Mote, Bardrochwood, 192; the Norman' Ruthven, Sir X'rancis .. ',..,. . 29Isabella, d. of Sir Ftancis ....... . 29Robertson, Wm., Writer t'o Signet " 5o,Itoss, Ilfaior 'i" ': "' 10?' Rb6ertrogr) """" 19'Rowan,John, in Kirkmahoe """" 19Ruthwell C'mss . .. .. . 158Semple, Dr. ..... 2O3Seneca Indians ..... 2O5Schortrig, Johne . -- 2O4Scone Abbey .. 133Scope, Iord .. . 154Scott, Sir Walter ... 189Sforza-Cesarini, Duke of . ... ..... '.. 32Sharpe, Dr. B. Bowdler,!L2, LLg ,114, 116Shaw, Dr.... ' .. . 1O5Nicol, J.P. for the CountY of Dumfries(1805) ....... . 95Smith, Fr.ancis ....... 32Jas. Edward... ..... 1O5peckrr,ams, American#lili'Ji, sz, a4Phillip, Arthur, flrst Clovernor of N'S'W"91, 92Pitcairn, Dr. David "-. 26Somervail, A. ... ' 79Sorbie Parish: Police Station at, ZOL iPI,ACE NAMES IN DUMT'RIESSHIBD:By SIR E. JOIINSON'FERGUSON' 36Platt, MargerY I. . ""' 65Pliny, the elder . ""' 158Presentations ..;.. "' 2ozPresenta:tiong, notes on ... " 2o4Pbolemy, geograPher " 155Pullen, O. J. . "" 46Queensbe'rry, Duke of (1748) """ 2o5Lord (1?18) ..... "'" 30Marquis of (1840) """"' 32Queensberry Memorial ''"""' 26i.ae, Mr Alexander ... 7!, 72, 94Deanon """"' 19Robert, son to Mr Peter . 20, 2LMr Peter, minister at Kilbride " ' 20Rafferty, Miss ........... """' 9Raiulall Records for 1955 """"' 140Ra,msay, Eugh, farmer, Millisle " " 291Banking, John, seaman """' 21Beid, Johu, baker . """"" 26B. C., 9, 10, 13, 14, 13,3, t42, t43,' L7O, !7!,198, 199.,Richmond, Mr I. A., L42, L6O, 168' 17O'Bobert I. ..... '"""' 159|ouswald; Laird of .,, 17Muirfad Castle, legend of .... 189' 19oMunoks, Rich,ard ... '.. 22Munsey, Dr. .. ...... '. 203I\[urchie, Mr James,' L71, 184, 186, 193, 195' 198Murray, John . ..........22Musgrave, \trm.....;... .....,752N,ational OovenantNeilson, George, merchartt '.,. L7Nilson, John . ..... 94, 95Nepean, Evan (1751) ......... 79Netherby, Rom,an inscriptions from, 159liewalt, Martin, bailie . ..... ,.. L7Newbie, Barony of ... . ... ' " ' 151New mem,bers, 1955'56 .....206Nodder, Mr ... ......... 106Norbhu'mberland, Eenry, trlarl of ... 154NOTES. ON CRDETOWN AND DIS'TRICT: BY ADAM BIRRELL " 189NOTE ON TEE FA}IILY OF CONINGS'BURGII: BY It. C. RDID . " " ' 135Padzene, Alex., burgh officer "'""' 18Parliasrent Knowe " L77Paton, Andrew 78, 79, 80Sherid,an, Bichard BrinsleY ..' 32Shirley, Caroline, w. of Duke of Sforza'Cesarini ,.. 32Mt .. 27,65, 99, 742, L43,169' 2O5Mrs .. ... ' 9Slimau, John, in Auchencrieth .... '. 16SKAITE MOTE: BY THORNTON L'Taylor ......' 195Bobt., oaptain of the' " Peggy,"77,78,85Smythe, Caroline, v. of C. X'. Borlone, 52Somerset, LadY R'ose, d. of Duke ofBeaufort ..... 32Cairn Wood at .... ""''' 2oISouthern. I\[iss . 171, 183St. Bees PriorY . ....... 155St. Connel's ChaPel ......... 205St. John, D. Ara,bella, d. of Duhe oftsolingbroke .... ... 62sir John de .'. """ 175, 176st. Ninian '""' 185' 186Staig, David .. '. 96Stanhope, Col. Wm. .....'.... 19Staplegorton, Barony of .. 135' 136' 167Steward of Scotland, J,ames (1506)' 138Stewa,rts oI Sc'ot'land :."""' 19Stewart, Sir Alexander, of Garlies,

Inopx. 215Stone, the Preasher'e ...,...191Strickland, II. D. ...... 11gSu;ssex, trlarl of (1OZO) ..... 1bsSyd'ney, Viscount (1?9d) ..... 91Symson, Rev. Andrew ,...... 1goTaylor, Mr Thornton .... L4Z, 121, 1gbThom,as. Jo,hn, minister . .. ., .... ... 22TIIOMAS WATLING, LIMNEIT OF DUM.FRIIIS: tsy ELTGI{ S. GLADSTOND.70Thomson, llobertg4, 8bThreshie, Robt., of Barnbarroch,20,3, 204'Iimney,tr{ary .. ZOS, ZO5Tolbooth of Edin,bungh . .. . .. . 19TOMB, ANCIDNT, ON MILLISLE X'ARM,WIGTOIVNSHINtr], NOTD ON .. 2O]-Tomter, Mr ... ......... 36Tulliboyle, Land of .. LS7Tunglaud, Abbot of., 1ggTungrians .......161.162Turner, Ellen . ......... SLllmfraville, Sir Ingerram . . .. . 1ZoVair, G. 8., Leith .... ZOEVilliers, Lady Maud, d. of Earl of Jersey,32Walker, Jonet, w. of John Nilson .... 94Warren, Ada de, d. of Znd Earl .. 184Darl de 184warren_Maloolm de, s. of Earl of Northumberland. ...... 184, 160William de, s. of D,arl sf Northumberland(Willia,rn the Lion) .. LS4Wasps: Hunting, 47 ; Sphex, 4g, 01,54; Pelopoeus, bO; A,m,mophila, bZ,55; Trypoxylon, SE; pompilius,55; Wall Mason, 5Z; Rutry Tailed,59; Field Digger ........ . 59Wa,ters, 1\Ir . ..1ggWatling (W.rtlin), Ha.m . .... 76Thomas, Appendix of Documents. 125Welsh, John, Sheriff-substitute of Dumfries(1788) 72Westmoreland, Earl of .... ... AzWharton, Lord, Warden of the Manches,155White, Jarnes, in Dornock ... ..... 101John (1778-tBZ4),92, 96, 1OB, 1OE.106, r1.2, 113, 116, 117. 118.Whyt, Captain.......2LMargt. and Eliz., d. of Oaptain .. 2LWilliam the Lion ..... 194, j.6SWilson, llr W., Tynron .,. zosWindow tax BgWintle, R. (1806).... 4tWrightson, X'ather, Gretn.a . ...... , ZOzYoung, Ja,mes, chirurgeou of Dumfries,It)DPrinted by Tsos. Hurren, Wlrsox & Co., Lro,"Standard,,press, Dumfries.