to soften sharp edges under <strong>the</strong> sk<strong>in</strong>. Thema<strong>in</strong> disadvantage of this substance is <strong>the</strong>unpredictability <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> degree of resorption(up to 80% resorption at 12 months).Significant advancements <strong>in</strong> biomaterial science<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> late twentieth century led to <strong>the</strong><strong>in</strong>creased use of syn<strong>the</strong>tic implants <strong>in</strong> facialplastic surgery. Alloplast materials can beclassified as porous versus solid, and non<strong>in</strong>jectableversus <strong>in</strong>jectable substances. Thepredom<strong>in</strong>ant complications associated withalloplasts <strong>in</strong> rh<strong>in</strong>oplasty <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>in</strong>fection,extrusion, and overly<strong>in</strong>g sk<strong>in</strong> discoloration.Foreign body reactions occur with fragmentation.Relatively <strong>in</strong>ert materials between20 and 60 μm can be phagocytized, but <strong>in</strong>gestionleads to macrophage demise, releaseof <strong>in</strong>flammatory factors, and a foreign bodyreaction characterized by chronic <strong>in</strong>flammation(i.e. silicone gel and proplast). Alloplastmaterials that are associated with foreignbody reactions cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be used <strong>in</strong> partsof <strong>the</strong> world. A Korean publication <strong>in</strong> 2006reported upon a series of 47 patients whorequired <strong>the</strong> removal of liquid paraff<strong>in</strong> caus<strong>in</strong>gforeign body reactions requir<strong>in</strong>g complicatednasal reconstructions. Injectable alloplastsare used for volumetric fill<strong>in</strong>g of smalldefects. There are reports <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> literaturereport<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> use of Restylane, Collagen,Radiesse and Bioplastique (a copolymer thatis not FDA approved and composed of particlesrang<strong>in</strong>g from 100-400 μm) <strong>in</strong> rh<strong>in</strong>oplasty.The <strong>in</strong>ability to predict and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>long-term volumetric correction cont<strong>in</strong>uesto be <strong>the</strong> major limitation of us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>jectablefiller material <strong>in</strong> rh<strong>in</strong>oplasty.Solid silicone provides excellent structuralsupport. It was <strong>the</strong> first alloplast to achievewidespread use <strong>in</strong> facial plastic surgery.A major disadvantage of silicone is itsnotorious mobility after implantation andits propensity for exposure or extrusionfollow<strong>in</strong>g trauma. Large retrospectivetrials have shown high complication anddissatisfaction rates (ranges between 9.7-16%). Never<strong>the</strong>less, silicone has been verypopular for nasal augmentation <strong>in</strong> Asianpatients. Medpor, Gore-Tex, and Mersileneare <strong>the</strong> more commonly used porous meshalloplasts. Mesh implants are difficult toremove once fibrous <strong>in</strong>growth has takenplace. Large series of patients have beenstudied with <strong>the</strong> use of mesh implants withrelatively low complication rates (2.5-7%).However, long-term data is lack<strong>in</strong>g.The use of autogenous cartilage <strong>in</strong> rh<strong>in</strong>oplastywas limited <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early 20th centuryby a lack of knowledge of <strong>the</strong> etiologyof warp<strong>in</strong>g. An understand<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong>biomechanical properties of mature cartilageand control of warp<strong>in</strong>g by <strong>in</strong>cisionaltechniques resulted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> wider cl<strong>in</strong>icalapplication of autologous cartilage. However,a lack of readily accessible autogenousgraft<strong>in</strong>g has resulted <strong>in</strong> an explosion <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>production of alloplasts, and hence, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>use of a much wider range of implants. Itis imperative that <strong>the</strong> facial plastic surgeonma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s a strong knowledge of <strong>the</strong> variousimplants which have been used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> past,as well as those which are used <strong>in</strong> modernday surgery.It is equally important for all types ofphysicians to recognize potential candidatesfor revision rh<strong>in</strong>oplasty. The forces ofmaturation and gravity lead to changes <strong>in</strong><strong>the</strong> appearance and function of <strong>the</strong> nose overtime. These changes may warrant referralfor a revision procedure. With <strong>the</strong> grow<strong>in</strong>gnumber of patients <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> revisionrh<strong>in</strong>oplasty, it has become <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>glyimportant for surgeons to know “what’s <strong>in</strong>a nose”. ■Seamless commercial real estate solutions...worldwide.Operat<strong>in</strong>g from over 165 offices on six cont<strong>in</strong>ents, Newmark Knight Frankis one of <strong>the</strong> largest <strong>in</strong>dependent real estate service firms <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> world.With a full range of services <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g leas<strong>in</strong>g and corporate advisory, propertyand facilities management, <strong>in</strong>vestment sales and f<strong>in</strong>ancial services, consult<strong>in</strong>gand project management services, we provide comprehensive real estatesolutions to prom<strong>in</strong>ent corporations as well as medical associations, propertyowners, <strong>in</strong>vestors and developers across <strong>the</strong> globe.Newmark Knight Frank is proud to provide real estate services to <strong>ENT</strong> & <strong>Allergy</strong> <strong>Associates</strong>.Mat<strong>the</strong>w T. LeonSenior Manag<strong>in</strong>g Director212.372.2041mleon@newmarkkf.comPeter RossiExecutive Manag<strong>in</strong>g Director201.460.5154prossi@newmarkkf.comNorth America • Europe • Asia-Pacific • Lat<strong>in</strong> America • Africa • www.newmarkkf.com26
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