african rural urban migration in south africa: empangeni richards bay ...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI am deeply indebted to the following people for the assistance,co-operation and encouragement given to me in undertaking thisinvestigation:My supervisor, Prof H. W. Vilakazi for his meticulous supervision,valued advice and tremendous interest in the investigation.Other members of the Department of Sociology at University ofZululand,for their educational advice.The Two Municipality offices (Empangeni and Richards Bay), forgranting me the permission to conduct the investigation, and alsofor allowing me to use reports and records of the offices.The Educational Opportunities Council (EOC) whose financialassistance made this investigation possible.The respondents who gave their time and shared their experienceswith me.I am also indebted to .Mr V.I. Khoza, Lecturer in Department ofCriminal Justice at the University of Zululand, whose criticalresponses were always helpful and illuminating.I with indeed to thank Nonhlanhla for her unfailing supportthroughout all the academic undertakings. I cannot find enoughwords to thank her.I would like to acknowledge the kindness of Dorah Ngcobo, whowith endless patience, typed the manuscript.Finally, my humble gratitude goes to Almighty God, who has givenme love, strength and health so abundantly to pursue thisinvestigation to its completion.(a)

DECLARATIONI, LINDELIHLE NHLAKANIPHO GCABASHE, do hereby dec1are that thisdissertation represents my own work in conception and execution,and that a11 sources I have used or quoted have been indicatedand acknow1edged by means of direct and indirect references.f.tJie4JeL.N. GCABASHE(b)

DEDICATIONThis work is dedicated to my parents, particularly my mother,SARAH, for her sacrifice and profound faith in education despitegreat odds.(cl

SUMMARYThe study deals with African rural urban migration in Empangeni­Richards Bay area, where the concern is on the people already inthe towns.The purpose of this investigation is to attempt tocome up with some possible remedies to the problem of rural-urbanmigration in South Africa.Therefore, the aims of the study werethe following:To discover the reasons for the movement from rural tourban.To discover to what extent are the migrants integrated totheir new environment.To get the perceptions of the migrants about the wholeprocess of rural-urban migration.To find out ways and means to alleviate problemsencountered by migrants.The conceptual framework of the study is derived from varioustheories of migration, and the impact on problems encountered bymigrants.The population of the study comprises of the heads of thefamilies. The sample which was drawn from the population was 25(d)

subjects from each area, i.e, Empangeni and Richards Bay.Thesurvey method was used to collect data in this study,and tworesearch instruments were used viz. interviews andquestionnaires. Ethical implications: consent from the subjectswas obtained after the purpose of the study had been fully,explained including what would happen to the results, and howwould the subjects benefit from the findings of the study.The analysis of data was both qualitatively and quantitatively.Qualitative analysis was done to verify data obtainedquantitatively.In the light of the findings of the study theinvestigator offered several recommendations and suggestions.(e)

OPSOMMINGDie studie handel oor swart landelik - stedelike migrasie in theEmpangeni - Richards baai omgewing, met die fokus op mense wathulle recels in dorpe bevind.Die doel van hierdie ondersoek isom met moontlike oplossings vorendag te kom vir die migrasieprobleem wat tussen platteland en stedelike gebiede in Suid ­Afrika bestaan. Daarom was die oogmerke van die studie dievolgende:Omredes te bepaal vir die verskuiwing van platteland nastad;Omte bepaal in watter mate migrante in hul nuwe omgewinginskakel;Om te bepaal watter persepsie die migrante het van dieproses van migrasie;Om maniere te vind om die probleme op te 105 wat migranteervaar.Die konseptuele raamwerk van die studie het sy oorsprong invorskeie migrasie te oriee en ook die impak van probleme opmigrante.Die bevolking waaroor die studie handel, bestaan uit hoofde vanfamilies.As voorbeeldgroep is daar 25 gevalle uit elk van dieareas getrek, n/. Empangeni en(~~chardsbaai.Toesteming is(fl

verkry van elke geval nadat die doe1 van die studie, wat met dieresultate gaan gebeur en hoe die betrokke persoon daarby sou konbaat, volledig verduidelik.Die data is sowel kwalitatief as kwantitatief geanaliseer.Diekwalitatiewe ontleding is gedoen om die kwantitatiewe metode toverifieer.In die lig van die bevindinge van die studie maak dieondersoek verskeid aanbevelings en woorstelle.(g)

TABLE OF CONTENTSNO CONTENT PAGEAcknowledgementsDeclarationDedicationSummaryOpsomming(a)(b)(c)(d) - (e)(f) - (g)1.1 INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION (0) - (r)1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (r)1.3 SETTING (s) - (u)1.4 THEORETICAL APPROACHES (u)1.4.1 The Push-Pull Theory (u) - (v)1.4.2 A Systems Approach (v) - (x)1.4.3 Dependency Theory (x) - (z)1.4.4 Todaro Migration Model (z)1.4.5 A Marxian Perspective (aa)-(bb)1.4.6 A Researcher's View (cc)-(ee)1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (ee)1.5.1 Research Design (ee)1.5.1.1 Sampling Procedure (ee)-(ff)1.5.1.2 Research Instrument (ff)1.5.1.3 Data Analysis (ff)1.5.2 Ethical Implications (gg)1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY (gg)(h)

PARTONEMIGRATION TO EMPANGENI TOWN1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THE DEVELOPMENT OFEMPANGENI TOWN1.1 Introduction1.2 Early History1.3 Recent History1-22-1111-122. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS""'----2.1 Introduction 132.2 Demographic characteristics of migrants 13-252.3 Conclusion 253. THE MIGRANTS IN THEIR FORMER RURALAREA3.13.23.3IntroductionInformation about Migrant in theirformer AreaConClusion2626-34344.THE MIGRATION PROCESS4.14.24.34.44.5IntroductionPush-Pull factors causing migrationfrom rural areaA General Description of the reasonThe Classification of Reasons forleaving Area of OriginConclusion3535-3838-3939-43435.INTEGRATION IN TOWN5.15.2IntroductionDeterminants of Integration in Town4444(i)

5.2.15.2.25.2.35.2.45.2.5Economic IntegrationSocial StatusSocial IntegrationEcological VariablesEducational Aspects /44-4646-4747-5252-5353-545.3 .Conclusion54-556.DESIRE TO RETURN TO THE PLACE OF ORIGIN6.1 Introduction 566.2 Variables Affecting Readiness to ReturnTo The Area of Origin 566.2.16.2.26.2.3Availability of Medical FacilitiesFarming AreaSecurity56-5757-58586.36.4Subjective Status of differentOccupationsConclusion58-5959PART TWO:MIGRATION TO RICHARDS BAY REGION1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THEDEVELOPMENT1.11.21.31.41.5IntroductionEarly HistoryThe Development of the Town and theHarbourGeographical situation of Richards BayAdvantages of Establishing Industriesin Richards Bay6060-7272-7575751.5.1Incentives for Industrial Development76(j)

1.5.1.11.5.1.2Long Term IncentivesShort Term Incentives76-77771.5.21.5.31.5.41.5.51.5.61.5.71.5.81.5.91. 5 .101. 5 .111.5.121.5.131.5.14Availability of WaterHarbour ForceAvailability of LandPublic TransportElectricityLocal GovernmentRoad LinksRail ConnectionsAir ConnectionTelecommunicationMarine Effluent Disposal PipelineSupporting FacilitiesSea Connections7878-7979797979-80808080818181821.6 Richards In Relation to World TradeRoutes82-831.7 Richards In Relation to South AfricanMarkets 831.8 Industries in Richards Bay 831.9 The Seven Big Industries in RichardsBay 841.9.11.9.21.9.31.9.41.9.51.9.61.9.7Alusaf (Pty) LimitedBell Equipment CompanyIndian Ocean FertilizersMondi Richards BayRichards Bay Bulk Storage (Pty) Limited(REBS)Richards Bay Coal Terminal Company Ltd(RECT)Richards Bay Minerals (REM)84-8585-8787-8888-8989-9090-91911.9.7.11.9.7.21.9.7.31.9.7.4A Brief Company ProfileThe Company ProfileThe Mining ProcessThe Products(k)91-92929393

1.101.111.121.131.141.15·1.161.17EducationResidential AreasSocial and Cultural ActivitiesMedical ServicesRecreationFor The VisitorCommerceFuture Projects/Vision of Richards Bay9494959595-9696-9797971.17.11.17.21.17.31.17.41.17.51.17.61.17.71.17.81.17.91.17.10Projects underwayProjects Being Investigated/Feasibilitybeing determinedReasons for Rapid Expansion of RichardsIncentives to Locate in Richards BayRoad Network ExpansionsPopulation of Richards BayServiced LandTypes of IndustryTypes of Industries to AttractOther Issues9898-999999100100101101101-1021022.DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS2.12.2.2.3IntroductionDemographic Characteristics of MigrantsConClusion103103-112112-1133.THE MIGRANTSIN THEIR FORMER RURAL AREA3.13.23.3IntroductionThe Migrants in their Area of OriginConclusion114114-1171174.THE MIGRATION PROCESS1184.14.2IntroductionPush-Pull Factors Causing MigrationFrom Area of Origin(1 )118118

4.34.44.5The Description of the ReasonsThe Classification of the ReasonsConclusion119-121122-1251255.INTEGRATION IN TOWN5.15.2IntroductionDeterminants of Integration1261265.2.15.2.25.2.35.2.45.2.55.2.5Economic IntegrationSocial StatusEcological VariablesEducational AspectsSocial IntegrationConclusion126-127128128-129129-130130-134134-1356.DESIRE TO RETURN TO THE EREA OF ORIGIN6.16.2IntroductionThe Contributory factors to the Desireof Returning to former Area1361366.2.16.2.26.2.36.2.4.6.2.5Farming AreaAvailability of Medical FacilitiesSecuritySubjective Status of DifferentOccupationsConclusion136-137137-138138139139SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION ANDSUGGESTIONSSUMMARYCONCLUSIONRECOMMENDATIONS ANDSUGGESTIONS140-143143143-145(m)

APPENDICESQUESTIONNAIRE TO MIGRANTSBIBLIOGRAPHY146146-162162-168(n)

1.1. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDYFrom the previous research,it is generally accepted thathuman migration is as old as human history (Jackson:1969). Human societies had never been static and they havebeen subjected to disasters, wars and traumas that havecaused migration, eviction and search for refuge. But, themost striking character about these societies, is that theyvary in their stability and mobility. Human migration alsovaries according to the different stages in history. Humanmigration is discussed below in different stages ofhistory:1.1.1 Paleolithic EpochDuring this era human societies were normadic. Theymoved from one area to another area as entirecommunities or societies, not as individuals orindividual families. They moved from one area toanother area in search of better land, water andsecurity (Childe: 1942).Many reason caused hunters and gathers to be nomads.In their textbook, Lenski and Lenski wrote: "Huntersand gathers may also change composites for otherreasons. A recent study of the Hadza in east Africa,for example, indicates that they often move to theplace where alarge animal has been killed simply to(0)

avoid carrying meat. Since their possessions are few,such a move requires little effort. The Hadza alsomove to a new site when someone dies, or even a memberbecomes sick rhas a bad dream, because these are allregarded as bad omens" (Lenski and Lenski ; 1987 :110) .1.1.2Neolithic EpochThis era marks the shift from hunting and gathering toagriculture and rearing of cattle. It is also markedby the increased production of< goods and services,more permanent settlements and population growth.During the Neolithic Revolution, i.e. the invention ofagriculture, communities moved to fertile lands alongthe river banks (Lenski and Lenski: 1987). TheNeolithic Revolution came up with the emergence ofcities and towns.population growth resulted in theincreased division of labour. The increased productionof goods and services resulted in the stable economicsurplus and increased accumulation of possessions.For the first time in history, there emerged firsturban settlements, formation and growth of state andincreased inequality and invention of protowriting(Lenski and Lenski: 1987).(p)

The governing elite who owned fertile lands tended toown large pieces land, although there are no precisefigures. The also owned people as their slaves. Intheir textbook, Lenski and Lenski wrote: "Not onlydid the governing class usually own most of the land,but it often owned most of the peasants who worked it.Systems of slavery and serfdom have been common inagrarian societies, with large landholding and largenumbers of slaves or serfs normal going hand in hand.Thus, one nineteenth-century Russian nobleman whoowned 2 million acres of land also owned nearly300,000 serfs" (Lenski and Lenski; 1987: 185).1.1.3MODERN HISTORYDuring the fifteenth century, Europe began a series ofvoyages to many countries, for example, India andChina. Europeans built ships for navigation, and withthose ships at their command they colonized manycountries to increase their production.As aresult of the rate of technological innovation,there emerged Industrial Revolution.England becamethe first truly industrial society, in other words, itbecame the first society to derive most of its incomefrom productive activities involving machines poweredby inanimate energy sources (Lenski and Lenski, 1987).(q)

With that, a new era of far more rapid and pervasivesocial and cultural change was launched.In the modern capitalist epoch, the character ofmigration has changed. Within industrializing orindustrialized societies, migration is mainly fromrural to urban areas, and from city to city.Internationally, migration tends to be fromundeveloped areas to developed ares.1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMMost South African cities, like Johannesburg are overbloatedwith people, in other words, cities are overcrowdedin such a way that they are failing to absorbpeople properly. Many problems like sufficient housing,sanitation, health facilities, shortage of schools,insufficient water supply, electricity, lack of well-builtroads, poverty, hunger, crime, family breakdown, andjuvenile delinquency are facing migrants from rural areasto urban areas. These problems result from improper orunsuccessful integration of vast majority of migrants,linked with the failure of urban economy and urbaninfrastructure to provide suitable provisions andemployment opportunities.(r)

1.3 SETrING: SOUTH AFRICA: EMPANGENI RICHARDSBAY AREAIn South Africa, mass movement of people from differentparts of the country, and form other countries took placeduring the discoveries of diamonds in Kimberley, in 1867and gold in Witwatersrand, in 1886. The discoveries ofthese minerals changed the pastoral society or anumber ofsocieties into the capitalist society. That development orchange created an ever-increasing appetite for cheap labourto work for these mines and industries around mines.Jeeves (1991) argues that the continuous migration ofAfrican workers back and forth between rural reserves andmines was central to profitable gold production. He furtherpoints out that migrant labour has shaped Southern Africa'spolitical history as much as its economic history. MigrantLabourers were drawn from all Southern African countries,like Zambia, Malawi; to mention a few.Jackson (1969) points out that, in fact the demand oflabour by Colonial administrations, plantations, missionsand traders frequently exceeded the supply. Therefore, passlaws were passed in order to coerce African people tomigrate to Kimberly and Witwatersrand.People of Africamigrated from one place to another attempting to escape thevarious forms of colonial exploitation and forcedrecruitment (Cutrifellie, 1983). Pass laws were employed by(s)

Whites as there most crucial mechanism to control theAfrican population. The fundamental purpose of the passlaws was to control the African labour force (Walker,1991). For example, in Orange Free State most of the landwas White-owned,therefore African people were residing inWhite-owned places as squatters, farm labourers and sharecroppers.1.3.1EMPANGENI - RICHARDSBAY AREAIfelt that Empangeni - Richards Bay area is the rightplace to examine the problem set forth above. In onlyfocused on migrants from 1960 to 1993. Empangeni ­Richardsbay area is situated in the KwaZulu - Natalregion. It is on the main North Coast Highway (NZ)andlies approximately 162 kilometres from Durban.Empangeni and Richardsbay have through the years beenintimately connected.In early days Richardsbay wasused as a place of recreation by the residents ofEmpangeni. The two centre, barely twenty kilometresapart, complement and serve each other'S needs.1.3.2AIMS OF THE STUDYThe following aims serve as a guiding thread of thewhole study.(t)

(a) To discover the reasons for the movement fromrural to urban area.(b) To discover to what extent migrants areintegrated to their new environment.(c)To get the perceptions of the migrants about thewhole process of rural -urban migration.(d)To find out ways and means to alleviate problemsencountered by migrants.1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW: THEORETICAL APPROACHESvarious theoretical approaches of migration are discussedbelow:1.4.1 The Push Pull theoryThe push-pull model is associated with E.G.Rewensterin (1885). He noted a relationship betweenmigration and distance distinguishing between long andshort distance migrants.He also showed that althoughsome migration was directly to large urban centres ofattraction there was also a movement by stages. whichset the direction of the centre of attraction. He alsonoted that the development of technology and commerceleads invariably to an increase in migration. theeconomic factor was of paramount importance .•(u}

The push-pull modelis based on factors of push andpull. There are those factors which drive people awayfrom their place of origin, i.e. push factors, andthere are those that act as attractions to pull themtoward somewhere else. This model suggests thatmigration is due to economic imbalances betweenregions. The push factors are generally economic andinclude lack of access of land,lack of employment,drought and famine,and population increase. The pullfactors offer attractive alternatives to the pushfactors, such as job opportunities in urban areas.1.4.2A SYSTEMS APPROACHThe best known example of asystems approach is thatof Akin Mabogunje in his study of rural-urbanmigration in Africa (1970). Mabogunje (1970) statesthat economic development is encouraging the break-upof isolation and self-sufficiency in rural communities(Ogden,1990). The rural economy is being integratedinto the national economy with resulting changes incountryside in wageand price levels of expectationand demand.The villager has become more aware of thecreater range of opportunities the cities provide,both in jobs and social welfare, and education.(v)

According to a systems approach migration itselfcomprises of three elements.Firstly, there is thepotential migrant who is encouraged to leave thevillage by stimuli from the environment.Secondly,there are two control sub-systems in whichinstitutional forces, both rural and urban affect theflow of migrants. In the rural case, these mayinclude the effect of the family and local communityin restraining or encouraging mobility.In the caseof urban area,the control sub-system determines thedegree to which migrants assimilate, by the means ofthe occupational and residential opportunities itoffers. Thirdly, there are adjustment mechanisms:once migration has occurred,adjustments are set inmotion at both ends of the migration streams.At therural and, out-migration may lead to increased incomeper head in the village whilst also removing migrantsfrom theirs families and communities.At the urbanend, in-migration may involve the migrant in a wageearningeconomy and in new social groups.All systems contain a driving force or energy, whichin this case can be equated with the stimuli to moveacting on the rural individual.These stimuli may beseen as potential energy, while kinetic energy, whichis the energy of motion,is released when the(w)

migration process is actually taking place. Thismigration takes place in channels with which areassociated various questions of cost, distance anddirection.Finally, the flow of information in a system isconsidered as of paramount importance.A rural(w)dweller's role does not end with migration to thecity. Once the migrant has been installed, themigrant may maintain links with home, providinginformation (feed-back) of either positive or negativenature.Where it is negative, migration to the citymay slow down considerably, and where it is positive,regular flows of migration will be established from aparticular rural area to a particular urban area.Inorder for a system to be in good order or organisationthere should be flow of information.1.4.3Dependency SchoolBaran (1957) and Frank (1967) are two fundamentalproponents of the dependency school. Baran in hisbook;The Political Economy of Growth (1957), arguedthat the advanced capitalist countries developed byexpropriating economic surplus from overseas countrieswith whom they traded and which later they colonized,(x)

of the capitalist class dictate. Hence, slavery andforced migration of labour waspractised in Europe(Castles, S. and Kosack, G., 1971)...4.4Todaro Migration ModelTodaro (1969) is the founder of this model. Thestarting of the Todaro modelis the assumption thatmigration is primarily on economic phenomenon.TheTodaro model assumes that migration proceeds inresponse to urban-rural differences in expected ratherthan real earnings.The fundamental premise is thatmigrants consider the various labour marketopportunities available to them in the rural and urbansectors, and choose the one which maximizes theirexpected gains from migration.Todaro mentioned four factors that stimulate"migration. These are four characteristics of themodel.Firstly, migration is stimulated primarily byeconomic considerations. Secondly,the decision intomigrate depends on expected rather than actual urbanruralwage differentials. Thirdly, migration rates inexcess of urban job opportunity growth rates are notonly possible but rational. Finally, the probabilityof obtaining an urban job is inversely related to theurban employment rate.(z)

1.4.5 A MARXIAN PERSPECTIVEIn Marx's perspective amigratory life is the firstform of maintaining existence. Marx (1972: 85 - 86)state: "We may take it.for branted that postoralis ,or more generally a migratory life, is the first formof (maintaining) existence, the tribe not settling inafixed place but using up what it finds locally andthen passing on".Marx argues that during the Palcolithic epoch peoplewere hunters and gathers. People moved from one areato another area in search of better lands. when theymoved, they migrated as entire communities, orsocieties, not as individuals or individual families.They were not· restricted in their movement,in otherwords,they moved freely.During the Neolithic epoch, peasants relied onagriculture for alivelihood Peasants owned pieces ofland with their families. They were too attached tothe soil, because they produced food from the soil fortheir means of sUbsistence. They were the directproducer, because they produced for themselves and fortheir families, not for sale and exchange. They ownedthe productive forces and the means of production.(aa)

With the rise of capitalism, peasants were firstexpropriated from the soil, so that they became wagelabourers.Marx states: "The expropriation of theagricultural producer, of the peasant, from the soil,is the basis of the whole process" (Tucker, 1978:433) . During the infant stage of the capitalist systemof production, peasants were forcible removed theirpieces of land to become proletarians.with the growth of the capitalist system ofproduction, however, forcible methods are no longernecessary. People are driven away from their ruralareas by an economic power. People who resist to moveto cites or towns may suffer starvation, because theirlands have been expropriated. Therefore, they have togo and work to get money that will enable them tosecure the means of subsistence. At the end, themovement of people from rural homelands result invarious factors. Factors such as; the breakingdestabilising of the families, prostitution andvagrancy. The capitalist mode of production forcedeven women to earn their living in factories, shopsand industries. If, these women or if some of themfail to secure jobs in these sectors, they becomeprostitutes, and vagrants. Others do get jobs, butthey are paid wages too slight their support,therefore they use prostitution as a means ofsupplementing their income.(bb)

1.4.6 A Researcher's ViewAll the above-discussed theoretical approaches areuseful for the understanding of the phenomenon ofmigration. Marx's analysis took into consideration thesituation before capitalism, in Palaeolithic andNeolithic as well. It also tries to account formigration in the modern capitalist epoch. According toa Marxian approach, voluntary migration and forcedmigration coexisted in pre-modern period. These aremigration in search of betterlands and migration as aresult of wars.At the beginning of modern era, forced migration tookplace, for example,the forcible removal of peasantsfrom their agricultural lands. Later on, voluntarymovements of individuals and individual families tookplaces.People leave their original places because ofeconomic power. At the end, capitalism developed intoa world system which gave rise to the world market.In South Africa prior to the arrival of Jan vanRiebeeck in the Cape,people moved from area to areain search of better lands to plough fields or to herdcattle. Those White settlers in the Cape establisheda refreshment station. They ploughed vegetable gardenswith the assistance of the African people whowereliving there.In the early stages of the(cc)

establishment of the refreshment station, Africanpeople were coerced to work for the White Settlers.They were driven like oxen in the refreshment station.Later on, during the discoveries of diamonds in 1867,in Kimberley, and the discoveries of gold in 1886,inWitwatersrand, African were moved by Whites to work inmines. Pass Laws were passed to facilitate thatmovement. They were many mechanisms used to facilitatemigration to mines, like taxes imposed to the heads ofthe families.In the contrary, in nowadays people are no longerforced to migrate,but they migrate voluntarily insearch of jobs in towns and cities. They are driven byan economic factor to leave their places of origin.The push-pull theory emphasizes that people are drivenaway from the places of origin by push factors,andattracted to the places of destination by pullfactors. While, Todoro model suggests that peopleleave their places of origin due to the expectedearnings not the actual real earnings. Furthermore, asystems approach stresses the point that aninformation given by migrantsalready migrated mayeither be positive or negative. If it is positive, itmay encourage migration from a particular rural area(dd)

to a particular city or town. Therefore, all thesetheories try account for migration in the capitalistepoch not during the pre-capitalist epoch.Dependency theory tries to explain migration from aninternational perspective. It explains that thedeveloped countries developed by expropriated theundeveloped countries. The developed countriescolonized the undeveloped countries which they tradedwith them.1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe descriptive or normative survey method was used tocollect data in this study. Economic integration,ecological variables, social status, educational aspectsand social integration was used to determine theintegration of migrants in their new environment.1.5.1Research DesignThe research design was as follows:1.5.1.1Sampling ProcedureIn this study, a sample of 25 subjects from each area,i.e. Richards Bay and Empangeni was drawn. The(ee)

subjectstechnique.wereselected using a simple random1.5.1.2Research InstrumentData was collected by means of questionnaires andinterviews. The interviews in the respondent's choiceof language.The questionnaires bad both open-endedand close-ended questions. The main aim of using thisinstrument was to try to get the answers direct fromthe respondents concerning their behaviour andattitudes.Above all, the questionnaire which is supplemented byan interview is recommended in this study, because aninterview can be recorded by aresearcher rather thanthe respondent, and that implies an exchange betweena researcher and a respondent, i.e. a dialogue.1.5.1.3Data AnalysisData was analysed by means of a frequencydistribution, i.e. a statistical analysis system.Tables and graphs were used to verify percentages. Theformula that was used, was:x/n x 100/1(ffj

1.5.2 Ethical implicationsConsent from the subjects was obtained after thepurpose of the study had been fully explained,andthat includes what would happen to the results, andalso howwould the subjects benefit from the study.Anonimity of the subjects was practised, and subjectswere not forced to participate.1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY1.6.1 Due to the fact that this study was done for themaster's programme,time factor was a problem.1.6.2 The researcher experienced a lot of problems ingaining entry. The respondents were scattered allover, and the researcher had to visit people in theirhomes.1.6.4 The final one, was the financial difficulties thatwere experienced, especially for the transport costs.(gg)

·PART ONE:'iEMPANGENIREGION[ll S1udyAreaKwa-MbonambiNselenl

CHAPTER ONEHISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMPANGENI TOWN1.1 INTRODUCTIONEmpangeni town is situated in the Lower Umfolozi MagistrateDistrict. It lies on open ground some 152 metres above sealevel.It is'on the main North Coast Highway (N2) , and lies 162kilometres from Durban.It is not connected only to Durban byrail but, also to Vryheid and Golela (Swaziland). The Ngoyemountain range can be seen about sixteen kilometres to the south.The Richards Bay harbour lies about 20 kilometres to the east andis connected to Empangeni by means of John Ross Highway.Sugarcain and forestry are the dominating' agricultural products of thedistrict of Empangeni. Empangeni also serves as a commercialcentre and residential centre for the rest of Zululand (De V.Minnaar, 1989).The well known Zulu historian, Professor S.J. Maphalala pointedout that most local Zulu residents accept that the name"Empangeni" is derived from the name of King Mpande and, lateron. King Cetshwayo' s royal military palace, eMangweni. Thatpalace existed during the times when Zulu people had sovereigntyover the area. It existed close to the present-day town. Butthis definition was obtained through an interview with Maphalala.However, there is no recorded evidence by him (Verbalcommunication, 1994).1

However. the most common and well researched explanation is thatEmpangeni town was named after Empangeni river.This river isa small stream crossing Empangeni town. During the earliesttimes of history.this river had crocodiles that used to grabtravellers and cattle (Cubbin. 1994).1.2 EARLY HISTORYLugg (1975) states that. in pre-Shaka times the area wasoccupied by the Mthethwa clan.This clan under their chiefDingiswayo,started the consolidation process of the NatalNguni peoples. After Dingiswayo' s death. his protege.Shaka. chief of the Zulu clan, continued the process ofconsolidation.By 1818 the Empangeni area had become partof Zululand (today known as KwaZulu - Natal region).Notfar from the present day Empangeni. King Shakaestablished his royal palace. Bulawayo, on a hill topoverlooking the Urnhlathuze river. Today, that place isknown as Mevamhlophe. It was here that King Shaka wasvisited by F.G. Farewell and H.F. Fynn in 1824. In 1825.King Shaka was also visited by N. Isaacs (Lugg, 1975).In September 1828 King Shaka, the found~ng father of theZulu Nation was assassinated at his Dukuza Homestead,thesite of present-day Stanger. He was assassinated by hishalf-brothers. Dingane and Mhlangana, and his seniorpersonal assistant, Mbopha Ka Sithayi.The brain behindeverything was Mkabayi, a full sister of King Senzangakhona2

and thus King Shaka' s paternal aunt . Mkabayi was aninfluential figure in the affairs of the Zulu kingdom.Themotive behind was that, King Shaka was directly accountablefor the death of Nandi, his mother, in 1827. However,Mkabayi was a close associate of Nandi (Duminy and Guest,1989) .In his article, Colenbrander wrote that the opportunity toassassinate King Shaka had been provided by the absence ofstrong amabutho. who were on campaign against Soshangane.However,Dingane.and Mhlangana may themselves have set outon this expedition, but they took the opportunity to returnto Dukuza shortly after its initial departure (Guest andSellers; 1985:98-119).Shortly, after the death of King Shaka, the two royalconspirators began to plot against each other. Theconflict was caused by the question of who should be a Kingand also the allocation of King Shaka's cattle.Dinganewith the help of Mkabayi was able to remove his rival(Mhlangana) on the scene. Mbopha kaSithayi, was alsorewarded politically by given asenior position next toDingane himself, but later on he was also eliminated.Therefore, he took over as a king. But, he had a greattask to win allegiance of the main body of amabutho, whichreturned from Soshangane's country soon after King Shaka's,and Mhlangana's death. However, some of King Shaka'samabutho were wooed with generous gifts of cattle (Duminy,3

1984) .Surprisingly, this approach proved short-lived. In 1829,Nqotho and his Qwabe people fled south-westwards. At•. various times during King Dingane's reign,violent stepswere taken against male members of the Zulu ruling dynasty,for fear that they might serve as rallying-points foropposition. Mpande and Gqugqu were only King Dingane'sclose male kin to survive those purges.King Dingane alsoattempted to cement domestic political alliances by givingseveral of his female relatives in marriage to hisimportant subordinates (Duminy and Guest, 1989).Peter Colenbrander, in his article wrote: "By far the mostpressing and far-reaching, not to mention fateful, dilemmathat Dingane has to face stemmedfrom the growing whitepresence in the outer reaches of his kingdom. Threedistinct communities were involved; the Portuguese atDelagoa Bay,the English trading settlement at Port Natal,loosely associated after 1836 with the missionaries, and,subsequent to 1837, the Voortrekker settlers to the southwestof the Thukela and Mzinyathi rivers. The variouscommunities posed King Dingane with three sets of ofteninter-related challenges; commercial, political andterritorial" (Duminy and Guest, 1989:87).King Dingane was afraid of the expansion of white people.He was firstly, alarmed by Jacob Msimbithi, a Xhosa-4

speaking African, who had been imprisoned on Robben Islandbefore coming to Zululand to act as an interpreter for theearliest British settlers during KingShaka's reign,thatWhite settlers were interested in territory of Zululand.King Dingane's perception of White settlers was alsoinfluence by their discontinuance of sale of firearms.Moreover, White settlers attempted to trade directly toKing Dingane's people.King Dingane feared that he couldnot maintain political control over his people, if he wouldallow exchange relations to his people.King Dingane wasalso threatened by the flight of refugees to the whilesettlement.With the growing number of Zulu people movingfrom Zululand to white settlement, in 1834 an entireZululand is said to be defected (Colenbrander, 1985).In 1835,King Dingane banned all commerce and prohibitedall whites except Captain AlIen Gardiner, a missionary,from entering Zululand. Therefore, the annexationistsentiments with the traders and their allies in the Capehad been harbouring over few years grew shriller. Theproblem of Port Natal traders because a serious one, insuch a way that King Dingane was threatened of the Zulukingdom being annexed (Guy, 1979).Furthermore, King Dingane was also threatened by thearrival of Voortrekkers under their leader, Piet Retief, inlate 1837. They arrived at King Dingane's capitalMgungundlovu,to negotiate the cession of all the territory5

south of the Thukela river. Colenbrander wrote: "Dinganetentatively agreed, provided that Retief retrieved severalhundred cattle which had been raided recently from thenorth-western region of the kingdom by Sekonyela, theTlokwa chief. That mission having been accomplished,Retief returned in February 1838 to claim his part of thebargain. It was then that he and his party were put todeath. Immediately after Retief' s death, Zulu forcesproceed to attack Boer laagers in Natalin an apparenteffort to annihilate the Trekkers in one fell swoop.Inthe event, Dingane did not succeed in dislodging ordestroying all the Trekkers -some 35 000 of their cattle -though his forces did seizeand he and his people werelater to pay dearly for this failure. In the short term,however, further military setbacks befell both the Trekkersand the Port Natal settlers, the latter hoping to exploitthe prevailing uncertainty to free themselves fromDingane's overlordship. But towards the end of 1838, thedemoralized Trekkers rallied around anew leader, AndriesPretorius, under whose command they inflicted a crushingdefeat on Dingane's forces at the Ncome (Blood) River,during the cour.se of which engagement some 3 000 Zulusacrificed their lives.In terms of the ensuring peacetreaty, Dingane undertook to restore the Boer livestock hehad earlier seized, to refrain from further aggression, andto cede the territory south of the Thukela as well as astrip of territory to the east of the river"(Duminy andGuest, 1989:91).6

After his (King Dingane) defeat at the Ncome River inDecember 1838, he attempted the conquest of southernSwaziland,so that he could vacate the territory ceded tothe Boers, but he was unsuccessful. In 1839, King. Dingane' s. half-brother (Mpande) fled across the Thukelariver and entered into apolitical and military alliancewith Pretorius (a leader of Voortrekkers). In January1840, the two military allies, on one hand Mpande'sadherents, and on the other hand the Boers,advanced intoZululand.Early the following month King Dingane's forceswere decisively defeated at the bloody battle of Maqongqo,near Magudu area. Afterwards, King Dingane's was put todeath by the Nyawo people with the assistance and supportof Swazi people. Consequently, in 1840 the Boersproclaimed Mpande a king, after having recognized himearlier as the (Prince of the Emigrant Zulus) (Colenbrander,1985) .For many reasons, the year 1840 became an importantmilestone in Zulu political history, not only had a newking acceded, but the increasing intervention of whites inZulu kingdom affairs. Colenbrander states: "Initially,the weakness of the Trekker and British communities,andthe rivalry between them,provided room for manoeuvre but,as European penetration of the subcontinent increased, thepolicy options available tended to diminish and assumed amore reactive character" (Duminy and Guest, 1989:94).7

The Trekkers designated the Black Umfolozi as the newboundary, and they also required that King Mpande shouldrecognize their overlordship,specifically requiring himnot to wage war against other African chiefdoms withouttheir consent. That was in 1840 (ibid.)Later on, the alliance between King Mpande and the Boersbroke down. Professor Guy states: "The Zulu avoidedpaying the full price of this alliance when in 1842 theBritish terminated the existence of the Boer Republic ofNatalia and in the following year recognized Mpande as theindependent ruler of the territory to the north of theTugela and east of the Mzinyathi river.In 1845 the Colonyof Natal was founded. Its history and that of theneighbouring Zulu kingdom wereto be closely connected"(Guy, 1979: 51) .In 1841, Aldin Grout of the American Mission Societycrossed the Thukela River and proceeded to the Empangeniarea to commence his mission work. He sought permissionfrom King Mpande.He called his mission station Inkanyezi(star) . The name emanates from Revelation 22: 16 whereJesus is described as the "Bright Morning Star".In mid­1842, the British had victory over the Boers at Port Natal.On 25 July 1842, King Mpande's military force attacked hissubjects who had taken up residence near the missionstation of Aldin Grout, so forcing the missionary to leaveZululand. King Mpande acted to secure his internal8

position, because he feared that religious affinity isindistinguishable from political allegiance.Subsequently,Grout left Empangeni and set a mission station atGroutville next to Stanger (Cubbin, 1994).In 1847, King Mpande violated the Anglo-Zulu treaty of 1843which had established the Thukela and Mzinyathi rivers asthe borders.Therefore, the most serious rupture occurredbetween the Zulu kingdom and the Colony of Natal. Heviolated the treaty by allowing a group of Boers toestablish an independent republic under his overlordship inthe Klip River district (Duminy and Guest, 1989).By the early 1850s,King Mpande was at the height of hispower. He fell ill reputedly with gout, and when thewitch-doctors failed to heal him,he risked allowing thereturn of missionaries to Zululand, in the person ofReverend Hans Schreuder. Reverend Schreuder wasrecommended by King Mpande's subject,Mkhonto Ntuli as aperson having good medicines. King Mpande, then offeredSchreuder a place nearby, so that whenever he needed him hewould be within easy reach (De V. Minnaar, 1984).In the early 1850s, King Mpande began to favour Mbuyazi andhis followers, Izigqoza, and hated and feared Cetshwayo andhis followers, Usuthu. Both these men were his sons.Later in 1856, King Mpande instructed Mbuyazi and hisfollowers to occupy the south-eastern corner of his9

kingdom, and to solicit the assistance of Natal. Mbuyazivisited Joshua Walmesley,the Natal border agent, but heemerged only with the backing of John Dunn. But, thisalliance was not strong enough to face Cetshwayo's Usuthu.Therefore, they were defeated at the battle ofNdondakusuka, near the mouth of Thukela.Mbuyazi and otherfive Mpande's sons died.Some died on the scene, and somepeople died in flight attempting to cross the swollen river(Guest and Sellers, 1985).By 1865, King Mpande and Cetshwayo reconciled, for theyboth recognized the need to present aunited front in theface of growing Boer encroachment in north-westernZululand. In two years later King Mpande acceptedCetshwayo as his lesser partner, .but still performed theking's duties (Mael, 1974).In 1872, King Mpande died. He was the first king in theZulu kingdom to die of anatural death, and reigned thirtytwo years which was the longest period in the history ofZulu Kings.King Cetshwayo took over after his father'sdeath. He had to cope with a number of problems of whichthe lingering Transvaal land dispute was the most urgent.His first act as a king was to invite Theophillus Shepstoneto preside over his formal installation. He hoped toensure Natal's supportin the boundary dispute with theBoers.Theophillus Shepstone was the secretary for NativeAffairs Natal (Ibid.).10

The hunters and traders had a great impact on the lives ofthe Zulu people.These hunters and traders were attractedby the Zulu kingdom's resources of cattle and game.Thetrade with White people affected the Zulu economy,-.in sucha way that it changed the traditional relations of;- production. this trading even undermined the indigenousiron-working industry, because Zulu people ended upimporting large number of hoes from Natal. However, thistrading of cattle, especially, introduced and transmittedcattle diseases, for instance longsickness. By the late1870s, King cetshwayo himself was obliged to fund thepurchase of firearms by allowing the recruitment oflabourers drawn from Thonga tributary chiefdoms. Heobtained in return a rake-off in capitation fees as well asa healthy proportion of the labourers' earnings. Thesedevelopments marked the outbreak of the Zulu economy.Jtbecame more enmeshed in the capitalist system, thus,encouraging the ambitious of King cetshwayo's subordinates(Duminy and Guest, 1989:110)1.3 RECENT HISTORYEmpangeni developed from asimple rural area to a village,with Whites dominating the area. Traders built theirstores and missionaries also continued their missions.Many Africans were employed by these Whites as labourers.Some White traders built cottages for these workers.Empangeni was officially declared a village on the 19th11

June 1906. Today, Empangeni is a town. It can competewith modern and thriving commercial and industrialundertakings comparable to any other ,:own of its size.Itsgrowth was remarkable through the 1970s and into the 1980swith the development of large new housing areas andbusiness centres.Subsequently, many African people movedinto Empangeni in search of jobs (De V. Minnaar, 1989).12

CHAPTER TWODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS2 . 1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter is dealing with the demographiccharacteristics of the migrants to Empangeni town.Thus,the statistical features of migrants are investigated.2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTSTABLE NO.1AGES OF THE RESPONDENTSAGE NO. OF SUBJECTS %BELOW 30 7 2831-40 15 6041-50 1 451-60 2 861 AND ABOVE - -TOTAL 25 100Inspection of the numbers and percentages in table No. 1,above shows clearly that about 60% of the heads of familiesleft the place of origin to urban area are between the agesof 31-40. The second high percentage is that of the13

espondents whose ages are below 30 years.Those that arebetween 51-60 are only two in number, that gives 8 .. o • Theleast percentage is that of 4'" those are people I-,lio aL'"between 41-50 years. From 61 years and over, the sampleselected didn't give any number,therefore the percentageis nil.TABLE NO. 2 FAMILY SIZE•NUMBER OF PERSONS IN THE FAMILY ID. OF FAMILIES ...1-4 15 605-8 10 409-12 - -12 AND ABOVE - -TOTAL 25 100From the Table No. 2 above, it is clear that the majority60... of families have 1 to 4 persons in their households.Those families with 5 to 8 persons in their households are40.... The table above shows clearly that, from the sampledrawn there were no families with 9and above number ofpersons.14

TABLB NO. 3 COUNTRY OF ORIGINCOUNTRY OF ORIGIN NO. OF SUBJBCTS %SOUTH AFRICA 22 88SWAZILAND 2 8.ZIMBABWE 1 4TOTAL 25 100The inspection of numbers and percentages in the TableNO.3, shows clearly that the overwhelming majority ofmigrants are South African citizens, with the percentage of88. Therefore, their migration is taking place not acrossthe borders. There are only 8% of the migrants fromSwaziland and, only 4% from Zimbabwe.15

TABLE NO. 4 THE PARTICULAR RURAL AREAAREA OF ORIGIN NO. OF SUBJECTS %MAPHUMULO 2 8UMLALAZI 2 8NONGOMA 4 16MTUBATUBA 1 4MBUMBULU 1 4MPEMBENI 1 4UBOMBO 2 8NTUMENI 4 16MATSHANE 2 8PATANE 1 4HLABISA 1 4NSELENI RESERVE 1 • 4NGWAVUMA 1 4KWAMBONAMBI 2 8TOTAL 25 100The subjects were asked about their specific place oforigin, i.e. their rural areas which they come from.Fromthe Table No. 4 above, the numbers and percentages showclearly that the majority of people (32%) from Ntumeni, arural area next to Eshowe town, and Nongoma. The Tableshows that there is 16% of people who migrated from theseplaces, respectively. The places like Maphumulo, Umlalazi,Ubombo,Matshane and KwaMbonambi share the same percentage16

and number.From the sample drawn these five areas have apercentage of 8. The remaining areas also have apercentage of 4,respectively.Another question was asked concerning the place of origin.The subjects were asked whether they settled in town rightafter they left their places of origin or not.16 of thesample responded to the question by saying "yes".Therefore, 64% of the subjects said that they settled rightin town after they left the place of origin. 36% of thepeople settled in Empangeni Town after, they had gone viaother places.TABLE NO. 5 LENGTH OF RESIDENCE IN EMPANGENI TOWNLENGTH OF RESIDENCE NO. OF SUBJECTS %LESS THAN 2 YEARS 13 522-3 YEARS 7 283-4 YEARS - 44-5 YEARS 1 45-7 YEARS 1 47-10 YEARS 1 4OVER 10 YEARS 2 8TOTAL 25 10017

About 52% of the respondents had spent less than 2 years inEmpangeni Town.28% of subjects had spent 2 to 3 years intown, and only 8% had spent over 10 years. Subjects whohad spent 4 to 10 years are only 4%.TABLE NO. 6 LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF THE HEAD OF THE FAMILYLEVEL OF EDUCATION NO. OF SUBJECTS ..0LESS THAN STANDARD 6 2 8STANDARD 6 2 8STANDARD 8 3 12STANDARD 10 5 20TERTIARY LEVEL 13 52NEVER BEEN TO SCHOOL - -TOTAL 25 100The largest number is that of the subjects who have gonethrough the tertiary level of their education. Theirpercentage is 52.The second percentage is that of peoplewho have matriculation, with 20%.28% of the subjects arebelow standard 10.18

TABLE NO. 7 MARITAL STATUSMARITAL STATUS NO. OF SUBJECTS %SINGLE 12 48.MARRIED 11 44DIVORCED - -SEPARATED 1 4WIDOWED 1 4TOTAL 25 10048% of the respondents are single. They have noobligations to fulfil towards their families, and they areindependent. 44% of subjects are married. They have theresponsibility of taking care of their families.The restseparated and widowed are4 0- ., respectively. The abovetable shows no divorcees.ARRIVAL IN SOUTH AFRICAThe subjects were requested to respond to the question ofwhen did they come to South Africa. An overwhelmingmajority of subjects are South African born.There areonly two subjects from Swaziland, and one subject fromZimbabwe.Therefore, 88% of the subjects are South Africanborn, 8%, from Swaziland, and 4% from Zimbabwe.19

TABLE NO. 8 OCCUPATIONAL STATUSOCCUPATION NO. OF SUBJECTS0- DRECEPTIONIST 1 4DOMESTIC WORKER 2 8BRICKLAYER 1 4PSYCHOMETRIST 1 4PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICER 1 4TEACHER 5 20ATTORNEY 2 8NURSE 2 8SOCIAL WORKER 1 4LECTURER 1 4ACCOUNTANT 1 4SALES MAN 1 4ELECTRICIAN 3 12OPERATOR 1 4CLERK 1 4DRIVER 1 4-TOTAL 25 100From the above Table No. 8, it is clear that the majorityof respondents are teachers, with 20%. The electricianscan be ranked as the second large number, with 12%. Thedomestic work, Attorney and Nursing occupations are rankedas the third occupation with 8%, respectively. Theremaining occupations have 4%.20

TABLE NO. 9 PLACE OF WORKPLACE OF WORK NO. OF SUBJECTS .. •EMPANGENI 9 36RICHARDS BAY 4 16NYONI 1 4NGWELEZANE 2 8KWADLANGEZWA 4 16ESIKHAWINI 2 8FELIXTON 2 8KWAMBONAMBI 1 4TOTAL 25 100Table No. 9 shows that there is a percentage of 36subjects, who live and work at Empangeni town. Subjectswho live at Empangeni, but work at KwaDlangezwa andRichards Bay are on 16%. In Ngwelezane, Esikhawini andFelixton are only 8%.The other two areas are Nyoni andKwaMbonambi.They have the least number of people livingin Empangeni. They have only 4%, respectively.21

TABLE NO. 10 LENGTH IN PRESENT JOBLENGTH IN PRESENT JOB NO. OF SUBJECTS %24 YEARS 1 422 YEARS 1 414 YEARS 1 41.0 YEARS 1 48 YEARS 1 47 YEARS 3 126 YEARS 1 45 YEARS 2 84 YEARS 2 83 YEARS 5 202 YEARS 2 81 AND 3 MONTHS 1 41 YEAR 1 48 MONTHS 2 8TOTAL 25 100From the Table No. 10 above, it is clearly indicated that20% of the subjects have been in their jobs for a period offive years. Subjects who have worked a period of sevenyears are ranked as the second one in the Table No. 10,with 12%.Subjects who have stayed in their present job for a period22

of four years, eight months,five years and two years areonly 8%, respectively. The rest are only 4%.TABLE NO. 11 CHANGING OF THE JOBCHANGE OF JOB NO. OF SUBJECTS %YES, AFTER I LEFT 4 16NO 21 84TOTAL 25 100Inspection of number and percentages in the above Tableshows that 84% of subjects didn't change their jobs, afterleaving their places of origin.Only 16% of the subjects,who changed their jobs, after leaving their places oforigin to town.Another question was asked to investigate,whether was it difficult to find job in town or no.16% ofthe subjects responded by saying yes, it was difficult, but84% of the subjects answered "no" to the question.23

TABLE NO, 1.2 BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILYBREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY NO, OF SUBJECTS %ONE 1.2 48TWO 1.0 40THREE 1. 4MORE THAN THREE 2 8TOTAL 25 1.00The large number and high percentage are the families withonly one breadwinner,That is shown in the above table,they are 48%, The families with two breadwinners are 40%.Those with more than three breadwinners are 8%, and theleast percentage is 4%of those with three breadwinners,TABLE NO, 1.2 PEOPLE IN THE NEIGHBOURHOODRESPONSE NO, OF SUBJECTS %YES 8 32NO 1.5 60DON'T KNOW 2 8TOTAL 25 1.00The above table indicates the responses of the subjects to24

the question of,did the most people in neighbourhood ofthe same origin. The overwhelming majority of subjectsresponded by saying "no", i.e. 60% of them. 32% respondedwith "yes", and only 8% didn't know the origin of theirneighbours.2.3 CONCLUSIONTo conclude, the sample is heterogeneous as regards todemographic characteristics. It has a high proportion ofSouth-African born subjects, and a slightly small familysize.25

CHAPTER THREETHE MIGRANTSIN THEIR FORMER RURAL AREA3.1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter concerns itself with the behavioural patternsand characteristics of migrants, while there were in theirplaces of origin.3 .2 INFORMATION ABOUT MIGRANTS IN THEIR FORMER RURAL AREATABLE NO. 13 LENGTH OF RESIDENCE IN THE PLACE OF ORIGINLENGTH OF RESIDENCE IN PLACE OF ORIGIN NO.OF SUBJECTS %LESS THAN A YEAR 3 121-3 YEARS 2 83-5 YEARS 1 45-7 YEARS 1 47-10 YEARS 2 8OVER 10 YEARS 16 64TOTAL 25 100The numbers and percentages shown in the above table,indicate that 64%of subjects had spent over 10 years intheir former rural areas.There are only 36%. who hadspent less than 10 years.26

TABLE NO. 14 RELATIVES IN RURAL AREARESPONSE NO. OF SUBJECTS "" 0YES 22 88NO 3 12TOTAL 25 100The subjects were asked the question, whether they did haverelatives in the rural area or not. The overwhelmingmajority, i.e. 88% responded with yes.Only 12% said thatthey had no relatives. Furthermore, they were asked iftheir relatives left the rural area, where are they livingnow. There were 80% who maintained that their relativesare still in rural area, they have'nt move anywhere, 20% ofsubjects mentioned places like Esikhawini, Ngwelezane and,even Empangeni Town. They mentioned that some of theirrelatives had moved to places known as Black Township thatsurrounds Empangeni Town.27

TABLE NO. 1.5 OCCUPATION IN THE RURAL AREAOCCUPATION NO. OF SUBJECTS %STUDENT 1.1. 44BRICKLAYER 1. 4TEACHER 3 1.2NURSE 1. 4SOCIAL WORKER 1. 4UNEMPLOYED 6 24DRIVER 2 8TOTAL 25 1.00The table shows that many subjects were students in theirformer rural area, until they came to the town and getemployed.There is 64% of subjects who were not working intheir places or origin. 44% were still students and 24%were unemployed.The remaining percentages were working indifferent sectors.·28

TABLE NO. 16 COMPARISON BETWEEN STANDARD OF LIVING INRURAL AND URBAN AREASSTANDARD OF LIVING NO. OF SUBJECTS %HIGHER IN THE RURAL AREA 2 8THE SAME THAN AS NOW 6 24LOWER IN THE RURAL AREA 14 56DON'T KNOW 3 12TOTAL 25 100Inspection of Table No.16 seems to confirm the notion thatthe standard of living in the rural area is lower than thestandard of living in the urban area. The numbers andpercentages show clearly that most subjects from the sampledrawn also believe in the afore-mentioned notion. Theoverwhelming majority said explicitly during interview thatthe standard of living is lower in the rural area, 56%ofsubjects.Only 8% who said it is higher in the rural area,24% who said it is the same both in urban and rural. 12%of the subjects responded by saying they don't know.29

TABLE NO. 1.7 COMPARISON BETWEEN PRESENT INCOME ANDPREVIOUS INCOMECOMPARISON NO. OF SUBJECTS %PRESENT INCOME 1.0 40PREVIOUS INCOME - -SAME 3 1.2UNEMPLOYED IN RURAL AREA 1.2 48TOTAL 25 1.00Most of the respondents were unemployed in the rural areas.The main reason is that most of them were still at schoolby that time. They moved to urban area to secureemployment. 48% of the respondents said that they werestill at school, when they were living in the rural areas.People,who were employed in their rural areas and stillemployed in the urban area, 40% of them said the presentincome in the urban area is much better than in the ruralarea. Only 1.2% said it is the same.30

TABLE NO. 18 PUBLIC OFFICE IN THE RURAL AREARESPONSE NO. OF RESPONDENTS ..0YES 2 8NO 23 92TOTAL 25 100Table No. 18 shows that 92% of respondents said that theyheld no public office in their rural areas.Only 8% of therespondents agreed that they held public office in theirrural areas. Those, who held public office were furtherasked that were they satisfied with the activities of thelast committee.Both of them said that they were satisfiedwith the activities of the last committee.TABLE NO. 19 NUMBER OF ROOMS IN THE RURAL AREANUMBER OF ROOMS NO. OF SUBJECTS ..01 ROOM - -2 ROOMS 1 43 ROPMS 2 14 ROOMS 7 28MORE THAN 4 ROOMS 15 60TOTAL 25 100Many people in their rural areas lived in more than 431

ooms, that is indicated by the percentage (60%) from theabove Table No. 19. Respondents, who lived in 4 rooms areonly 28%, and those, who lived in 3 rooms are only 8%. Theleast percentage (4%)is that of the respondents who livedin 2 rooms. No one said that he/she was living the oneroom..TABLE NO. 20 NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN THE FAMILYNO. OF PEOPLE IN THE FAMILY NO. OF RESPONDENTS %32 1 420 1 417 2 815 1 412 1 410 2 89 1 48 2 87 2 86 1 45 1 44 8 323 2 8TOTAL 25 100Therespondents were asked the number of people in their32

families,as the numbers and percentages are shown in theabove Table No. 20. The majority of subjects are thosewith 32%, those subjects with four people in theirfamilies, 8% of the subjects had 3,7,8,~0 and ~7 people intheir families. The rest of subjects with 4% had5,6,9,12,~5,20 and 32 people in their families. Therefore,many subjects had an average number of people in theirfamilies.THE DIFFERENCE IN SPENDING LEISURE IN TOWN AND IN RURAL AREAThe subjects asked about the difference between the waythey spend leisure time in town and the way they spent itin the rural area.Various subjects responded with variousreasons to the question. Some said that they see nodifference,others said that they go out with friends tothe movies and to watch soccer games in the stadium.Theyalso mentioned that they go out more often in town, becausethey are no longer under the control of their parents.Inrural areas, some could not go out because, they were stillchildren.Window shopping, baking, swimming and jogging are thethings they do in town, because in rural areas there are noswimming pools, no shopping centres and no stadiums.Themost striking thing is that, there are other subjects whosee no difference in spending their leisure time, and somepreferred to be in rural areas, for the reason that in town33

everything is money.They say the cost of living is veryhigh.Whatever step one takes, one has to pay.3.3 CONCLUSIONAlthough the study is one-dimensional in the sense that, itstudies migration from rural area to urban area, and nocomparative data were collected on the permanent ruralpopulation.but the impression given by the above respectsexamined,shows that migrants differed from the populationin the area of origin, to some extent.34

CHAPTER FOURTHE MIGRATION PROCESS4.1 INTRODUCTIONIt is generally accepted by those engaged in migrationresearch that various factors influence this process.other explanation is that of the Push-Pull Theory,Onewhichstates that there are two groups of factors that haveinfluence in this process. On one hand, there are "Push"factors which influence the migrant's decision to leavehis/her place of origin. On the other hand, the "Pull"factors which assist the migrant in deciding upon thelocality of his/her destination.In this chapter Iattempt to diagnose these push (away fromthe rural area) and pUll (towards the town)factors.4.2 PUSH-PULL FACTORS CAUSING MIGRATION FROM THE RURAL AREAThis chapter examines the personal motives which themigrant considers influenced his/her decision to leave theplace of origin.The reasons for leaving are varied, buttwo dominant motives are discernible: economic andpersonal-family.None of the subjects interviewed claimedthat they had left because they did not like the wayoflife there or on account of lack of recreationa~35

facilities. The emphasis laid on push and pull factorsshould not be construed as attempts to support the pushpulltheory, since push and pUll factors are not mutuallyexclusive for the individual and should be seen in relationto one another.It is believed that push-pull theory hassome validity in its conceptual form (Kok:1985). Thischapter attempts to emphasize its manifestation in thereasons given for migration. Reasons are shown in thebelow Table No. 21:-36

TABLE NO. 21 REASONS FOR LEAVING THE AREA OF ORIGINMOTIVES/REASONS GIVEN BY RESPONDENTS NO. OF SUBJECTS %REASONS RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT ANDECONOMIC CONDITIONS:- scarcity of jobs/looking for a job 5 20- come here to take up a job (whichhad been already secured) 2 8- was transferred here/employermoved to here 2 8- unfavourable working conditions inarea of origin 2 8FAMILY CONSIDERATIONS- was influenced by family to comehere- moved here after a break in familyties (due to death, divorce, etc.)- came here becauserelatives/friends were alreadyliving here3131241237

MOTIVES/REASONS GIVEN BY RESPONDENTS NO. OF SUBJECTS %HOUSING CONSIDERATIONS- wanted a house here/better housinghere 1 4EDUCATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS- Availability of schools 2 8- came here to further studies 2 8REASONS RELATED TO COMFORT- Come here because ofhigher wages 1 4- better living conditions here 1 4TOTAL 25 1004.3 A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REASONSFrom the Table No. 21 above, the majority of migrants (44%)gave employment and economic considerations as theirprincipal motives for leaving the area of origin. 20% ofwhom indicated that they left in the hope of finding ajob.Only 8% indicated that they were transferred or theemployer moved to Empangeni Town.indicated that they had secured aAbout 8% of the migrantsjob in town before movingthere, while about 8% moved because of unfavourable workingconditions in the area of origin.38

The second most important reason for African migration toErnpangeni Town in particular, was the fact that relativesor friends of the migrants were already settled in thetown. About 28% of the migrants indicated familyconsiderations as the second most important reason formigration. This could, to certain extent, explain themigrants willingness to move to the town although they weregenerally "unprepared" for town life because, many of themknowthat their relatives and friends would assist themduring the initial stages while searching for a job.Thesefindings confirm those of Brown, et al. (1970) and Choldin(1973): "In chain migration, migrants are aided materiallyand with information from the inception of the process atthe community of origin.Many migrants travel within afamily unit and many join kinfolk in the community ofsettlement. Those they join, assist the migrants inconfronting the problems of settlement and adjustment:inproviding material necessities, in establishing new socialconnections, and in maintaining morale" (Choldin 1973:175) .4.4 THE CLASSIFICATION OF REASONS FOR LEAVING THE AREA OFORIGINThe problem of classification of' the reasons in thischapter, is partly overcome by adopting the classificationof De Jong and Fawcett (1981).39

After reviewing the literature on migration researchconcerning the reasons for migration intensively, theseauthors identified seven categories of values or needsoften cited as reasons for migration, namely: (1) wealth;(2) status; (3) comfort; (4) stimulation; (5) autonomy;(6) affiliation, and (7) morality.De Jong and Fawcett (1981:49-51) defined and describedthese categories as follows:-(1) "Wealth includes the wide range of factors related tothe individual economic reward.Factors contributingto wealth can take various forms and would include atleast the following: higher wages, good income, lowcost of living, low taxes, good fringe benefits, goodwelfare provisions, stability of employment,availability of jobs, and ownership of property.Wealth can be viewed as an end in itself, but is alsoa means by which other goals may be satisfied."(2) "Status encompasses a number of factors connected withsocial standing or prestige.Occupation and educationare important aspect of status; these are alsorelated to income, of course, so the values of statusand wealth are closely linked.Status alone, however,can also be an important factor in migration.Forexample,higher status can be achieved by living amore modern or sophisticated life, holding awhite40

collar job, or having a diploma. The move from arural area to the city is itself often regarded as aform of social mobility, regardless of economicconsequences."(3) "Comfort may be seen as the goal of achieving betterliving or working conditions. This can includeimproved housing, a more pleasant residentialenvironment, easier work, shorter or more regular workhours,a healthier or less stressful setting, and soon. By comfort, we mean essentially physical andpsychological comfort".(4) "Stimulation means exposure to pleasurable activity(in contrast to relief from an unpleasant situation).Included here are such valued activities asentertainment and recreation. The relevantdescriptive terms include variety, change, fun,excitement, adventure, or simply new experiences(including a change of roles). Stimulation may alsobe seen as relief from boredom, a benefit frequentlycited for rural-urban migration."(5) "Autonomy has many dimensions but refers generally topersonal freedom,the ability to live one's own life.The wakening or absence of traditional familyobligations may be especially important. In somesettings, autonomy may also imply political freedom."41

(6) "Affiliation refers to the value of being with otherpersons, in connection with or as a result ofmigration.'Broadly, it can refer to joining friendsor family' as a reason for migration. In many casesthis reason may disguise other values, i.e.affiliation with others may be afacilitating factorin migration to satisfy different personal goals.Insame cases, though, affiliation is the main motive formigration: to get married, to accompany a spouse, tojoin close friends or relatives who had migratedearlier. "(7) "Morality is related to deeply held values and beliefsystems that prescribe good and bad waysof living,such as religious belief systems.Moral values mayhave a pervasive influence on behaviour, dependingupon the degree of the individual's commitment.Themorality dimension in connection with migration isoften expressed negatively,as in the corrupting orsinful influence of city life.But the seeking of afavourable moral climate can also be important, asexemplified historically in the migration of certainreligious groups."The reasons obtained in this study were classified more orless in line with the categories of De Jong and Fawcett,with the following exceptions: (a) The category"Morality" and (b)The category "Stimulation", because of42

no responses, they were omitted.For the fact that therewere an insufficient number of responses some of categorieswere combined.Therefore, this study has the following classification:(1.) "Wealth/Employment"; (2) "Status/Education"; (3)"Affiliation/Autonomy"; (4) "Comfort/Housing".Each subject could give more than one reason for leavingthe area of origin.These responses had to be combined inorder to be able to form asingle dependent variable.4.5 CONCLUSIONFrom the above discussion of the reasons for migrating, theperceived availability of jobs in town for the ruralpotential migrant was an overwhelmingly important cause formigration.The presence of relatives in town determines,to asignificant extent, the destination of the potentialmigrant in the rural area who might be on the lookout forbetter opportunities elsewhere.the respondents to the town has aThe frequent visiting oftremendous influence inthe choice of the destination of the migrant. Manyrespondents indicated that they of want to stayon in town,they stated explicitly that they are in town due to work.On the other hand,there were others who had not made theirminds about staying in town,or going back to the area oforigin.43

CHAPTER FIVEINTEGRATIONIN TOWN5.1 INTRODUCTIONIt is said that many investigators of rural-urban migrationin developing countries have noted the phenomenon whichS.N. Eisenstadt terms 'structural duality', meaning theexistence of the traditional rural structure on the marginsof the urban modern structure, without any link betweenthem.Lack of integration of rural migrants is reflectedin various ways. In this chapter, however, the attempt ismade to determine the integration of migrants in town,byusing certain indicators, such as economic,social status,educational aspects and ecological variables, as measures.5 . 2 DETERMINANTS OF INTEGRATION IN TOWN5.2.1 ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONIt is observed that 44% of subjects left the area oforigin for economic reasons, such as looking for a joband unfavourable working conditions in area of origin(see chapter four). Changes involved in their moveincluded the following:-44

New OccupationThe findings in chapter two, show that only ~6%of the subjects changed their jobs after theyleft the area of origin. An overwhelmingmajority did not change their occupations,butsome of them were still students in their areasof origin.Place of WorkIn chapter two, Table No. 9, it is indicated that36% of the subjects actually work in town(Empangeni), where they migrated to. Only ~6%work in adjacent town (Richards Bay), and also~6% of subjects work in KwaDlangezwa, a nearbyarea. Only 24%, work in places such as,Esikhawini, Ngwelezane, Felixton, while 4% workin KwaMbonambi and Nyoni,respectively.Difficulties in Finding Work in TownAlthough ~6% of the subjects had difficulty infinding a job, but on contrary 84% encounterednone. Those subjects Who encountered problemsascribed those difficulties to the two mainreasons;age problems and lack of occupationalskills.45

Number of Wage Earners in the FamilyThe findings indicated that 48%of the familieshad only one wage earner, 40% two, 8% more thanthree, whole 4% (one family) had three wageearners.5.2.2SOCIAL STATUSThe position of migrants on the social stratificationwas assessed in one way:by comparing the migrants'present status with their own former status in thearea of origin.The method of tackling this problemwas based on a hypothesis of Lipset and Bendix:thatmigration and urbanization are prime factors in socialmobility, since outmigration from the small ruralcommunity to the city generally involves achange inthe migrant·ssocial status. The hypotheses seesoutmigrants as possessing higher status than those whostay behind in the area of origin and Irelated tothis hypotheses by comparing principally the migrants'status in town with his/her previous status in the areof origin. My comparison was based partly on thesubjective perception of change in status.Relationship Between Migration and Standard of LivingRespondents were asked to compare their previous and46

present standard of living in chapter three, Table No.16. The numbers and percentages show that a higherproportion (56%)of migrants consider their standardof living to be lower in the area of origin. 24% ofsubjects consider their standard of living the same intown and area of origin, while 12% of subjects don'tknow, i.e. they can't compare their standard ofliving.Therefore, majority of subjects believe thattheir standard of living had changed, most of them forthe better.5.2.3SOCIAL INTEGRATIONSome variables affecting the social integration ofmigrants in town are examined.Relatives TiesThe below table presents data on the role ofrelative ties in determining not only generaldestination but, also specific destination withinthe town.47

TABLE NO. 22 RELATIVES TIESRELATIVES LIVE NO. OF SUBJECTS %ALL NEAR THE SUBJECTS (SAME ROOM) 3 12SOME NEAR THE SUBJECTS 4 16ALL IN A NEARBY NEIGHBOURHOOD 2 8ALL FAR AWAY 3 12NO RELATIVES 13 52TOTAL 25 100Consequently, 48% of the migrants had relatives intown they moved to, and about 36% of them chose tolive close to their relatives.Most of the relatives(16%) had been living in the town for a period of fourto five years, hence the migrants relied undoubtedlyon their relatives to assist them in their ownintegration. But, for those who already had analternative foothold (a job or an apartment), thepresence of relatives was no longer the main reasonfor migration to town.Some other migrants had relatives in their formerplaces, those relatives left but, few left for thesame place. Thus, it seems that there is no chainmigration of kinship groups. The presence ofrelatives is only significant as a 'pull factor' ifthey are already established in town.48

Friendship TiesTABLE NO. 23 FRIENDSHIP TIESWHERE FRIENDS LIVE NO. OF SUBJECTS %ALL LIVE NEARBY 3 12SOME LIVE NEARBY 9 36ALL LIVE IN AN ADJACENTNEIGHBOURHOOD 4 16ALL LIVE FAR AWAY 3 12NO FRIENDS IN THE TOWN 6 24TOTAL 25 100The inspection of number and percentages from theabove table, show that only about 24% of the subjectshad no friends in town.This 76% had friends in town,many living near them. The presence of friends intown s mainly appreciated fro social integration, butis no one of the original motivating factor.The frequency of contact with friends was alsoexamined:-49

TABLE NO. 24 FREOUENCY OF CONTACT WITH FRIENDSFREQUENCY OF CONTACT NO. OF SUBJECTS0- 0DAILY 8 22ONCE A WEEK OR MORE 6 24ONCE A MONTH 5 202-3 TIMES A MONTH - -NO FRIENDS 24 24TOTAL 25 100The data in Table No. 24, indicate that 32% ofsubjects visit their friends on daily basis.Theyusually visit friends after working hours or duringworking intervals.24% visit friends once or more aweek,while 20% visit friends once a month.Formal and Informal Social ActivitySynagogue attendance:50

TABLE NO. 25 SYNAGOGUE ATTENDANCESYNAGOGUE ATTENDANCE NO. OF SUBJECTS ...0EVERYDAY 2 16EVERY SABBATH 6 24ON HOLIDAYS 3 12NOT AT ALL 2 8OTHER 10 40TOTAL 25 100It is clear that 16% of the subjects attendedsynagogue everyday, 24% every Sabbath, 12% only onholidays, 8%not at all, while 40% had other reasons,like going to synagogue only on Sundays or only whenthey were free from work.About 40% of the subjects,those who attended everyday and every Sabbath, had anextra channel for communication with their newenvironment.Entertainment: The frequency of outings in town andarea of origin was compared, withoutdetailing the type of outing, likecinema, theatre, to mention the few.Thus 64% went out more in town than inthe area of origin, 16% to some extent,12% less in town than in the formerplace, while 8%never went out at all,51

whether in town or area of origin.Relatives and friendship ties from thearea of origin were not preserved. Theyinfluenced the social integration ofmigrants in their new environment,toacertain extent.5.2.4ECOLOGICAL VARIABLESPrevious investigations of rural-urban migrationdemonstrate that newcomers to the town tend toconcentrate in slums/ghettoes in the town centre.Oneindicator was used to assess the change in housingconditions:number of rooms.TABLE NO. 26 NUMBER OF ROOMSNUMBER OF ROOMS NO. OF FAMILIES %1 ROOM 4 162 ROOMS 2 83 ROOMS - -4 ROOMS 4 16MORE THAN 4 ROOMS 15 60TOTAL 25 100The distribution of number and percentages in theabove table show that, 60% of the subjects are living52

in more than 4 rooms in town,those living in one roomand four rooms are 16%, respectively, while 8% arethose living in two rooms.None was living in threefrom the sample.When compared with the number of rooms in the area oforigin in chapter three, Table No. 19, families livingin more than 4 rooms have still the same percentage(60%). On one hand, there were no families living inone room in the area of origin, but on contrary, ntown (16%) live in one room or apartment. On theother hand, (28%) of subjects lived in four rooms inthe area of origin, but in town only (16%) live infour rooms. Thus, the living conditions deterioratein town.5.2.5EDUCATIONAL ASPECTSOne of the motives for leaving the rural area to urbanis the parents' desire to assure their children'sfuture, giving them access to more extensiveeducational facilities in town. One indicator wasused to assess the parent's desire to assure theirchildren's future:Parental Aspirations.Parental Aspirations:Subjects were asked thatwhat occupation did theyexpect their children to53

take up after finishingschool (Matriculation) .That was concerning thecareer of the child. Fewparents responded to thequestion by giving the childfreedom of choice.Many ofthe parents chose the whitecollar occupations,such asMedical Doctors Engineers,Teachers, to name but a few.No one incited the unskilledwork, most preferred theprofessional occupations.5.3 CONCLUSIONThe findings indicate that many subjects were wellintegratedin town, i.e. economical, socially, ecologicallyand educationally. In an ecological viewpoint, migrantswere integrated because most of them owned their housessome lived in rent house, but not n slums or ghettoes. 16%of migrants indicated that they were living in roomedhouse,but those were rent house or just dwelling placesprovided by their companies.The data also reveal that the phenomenon of structuralduality, meaning the migrants remain on the periphery of54

urban society and are not integrated within it, did notapply to the case of migrants to Empangeni Town. Theopposite was the case.From an economical view point migrants were wee-integrated,because data show that only 16% encountered problemsfinding work in town but 84% encountered none. Inaddition, 36% of subjects actually worked in town.The data also show that most of migrants had no relativesin town, who assisted them in familiarising themselves withtheir new environment, but most of them said that theirliving conditions had improved fromthat of the area oforigin. Many of the migrants (56%) consider their standardof living in town to be higher than they were accustomed toin the area of origin.55

CHAPTER SIXDESIRE TO RETURN TO THE PLACE OF ORIGIN6.1 INTRODUCTIONDesire to return to area of origin is one of the bestindicators of the lack of integration in town.52% of themigrants interviewed stated clearly that they wanted tostay on in town. Only 16% of migrants, who intended to goback to their areas or origin, because of reasons such as;(i) the cost of living in town is too high, whatever stepone makes, one pays for it; (ii) Apartheid is stillexisting, to a certain extent, i.e. the relationshipbetween Whites and Africans is not good. 32% ofrespondents indicated that they had not madetheir minds,by then.6.2 VARIABLES AFFECTING READINESS TO RETURN TO THE AREA OFORIGIN6.2.1 AVAILABILITY OF MEDICAL FACILITIESDuring the interview the subjects were asked tocompare availability of medical facilities in town andarea of origin.80% of the subjects indicated clearlythat the availability of medical facilities in town isbetter than in area of origin. 16% of subjects56

preferred the former availability of medicalfacilities, while 4%(one subject) perceived the twoto be the same, 84% of those subjects consulted theDoctors when they and their families are sick. 12%consulted the Faith Healers, while 4% consulted theTraditional Healer.6.2.2FARMING AREASubjects were asked whether they did have farming areain their places of origin or not.52% of the subjectsstated that they had no farming areas, while 40%ofmigrants had farming areas. 44% of the subjectsregarded their farming areas as the same as others,but 8% regarded their farming areas as better than theothers. Many subjects (40%) of those having farmingareas had not planned their farming areas, while only8% had planned their farming areas.At the time of the interview, subjects were asked torespond to the question of, is it important that ruralfarming be organized.60% of the subjects agreed thatthey should be organized because,reasons that an organized farm has.there are variousThese sUbject putforward such reasons as; (i) to improveproductivity; (ii) an organized would make profit;(iii) to acquaint people with farming skills;(iv) toget food like vegetables free and easy; (v) to57

provide unemployed people with basic foods and alsocreate jobs for them; (vi) if rural farming can beorganized it can also contribute to the marketextensively.Only 40% of the subjects stated that itdidn't matter to them.6.2.3SECURITYWhensubjects asked about the state of security intown and in area of origin, i.e. to compare it, 72% ofsubjects preferred the state security in town then inrural area.They indicated that it is better in townthan area of origin,some even said it is excellentbecause,there are South African Police Services andelectricity lights in town. There are no policestations in the rural ares.20% stated that it is thesame in town and rural area, while 8%indicated thatit was more secured in the rural areas.6.3 SUBJECTIVE STATUS OF DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONSDuring the interview, subjects were asked to rank sevenoccupations in relation to each other, so that a picture oftheir subjective occupational rating can be obtained.Thefollowing ranking order was obtained:58

NUMBER OCCUPATION RANKING1 TEACHER 12 LAWYER 23 DOCTOR 34 CLERK 45 PRIVATE FARMER 56 DRIVER 67 MERCHANT 7From the findings, it is clear that white-collar jobs wereranked higher than the manual occupations, due to theinfluence of education.6.4 CONCLUSIONThe findings show the reason why most of the migrantsintended to stay on in town. Most of them did not ownfarming areas in former areas, they also felt unsecured inrural areas because findings show that security hascollapsed in the rural area.Concerning health status,they preferred to be in town than rural area,due to theavailability of medical facilities.59

PART TWO:RICIIARDS BAY REGIONIII k Sl1Jdy••Kwa-MbonambiNselenl ~ArboretumMeerenseeNNlcwaIinl10 5Io 10 20kmISource: 1:50000-Topographical map ofEmpangeni and Richards Bay

CHAPTER ONEHISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT OF RICHARDS BAY AREA1.1 INTRODUCTIONRichards Bay on the Mhlathuze Lagoon has through the yearsbeen intimately connected with Empangeni.In early days itwas used as a place of recreation by the residents ofEmpangeni.It was also Empangeni that benefited most fromthe development of the harbour there. The two centres,barely twenty kilometres apart, complement and serve eachother's needs and together have become the main growthpoint in Zululand.1.2 EARLY HISTORYHistorically Richards Bay was visited by Portuguesemariners long before the British occupation of Natal and itwas just arural area where people of the Mandlanzini clanlived, especially in the area knows as Meerensee, today.The Portuguese mariners named Richards Bay,the Rio-dos­Peixes, meaning the River of many fish.From the fifteenthcentury the only White men to visit the Bay were those fromthe numerous shipwrecks along the Zululand coast, trekkingpast on their way to Delagoa Bay in the north.60

In January 1827 the Union Jack was hoisted at the UmlalaziRiver mouth, known as Mtunzini, by Nathaniel Isaacs onbehalf of Lt James Saunders King, who had been grantedpermission to take possession of the area by the Zulu KingShaka. King and Isaacs were interested in thepossibilities of the Mhlathuze Lagoon as a harbour to servethe profitable Zululand trade,but nothing constructiveappears to have been undertaken by them in this regard.Before the Zulu War of 1879 the area was lucrative forhippopotamus and crocodile hunters.It is known that itwas on of the favourite hunting sports of John Dunn, theWhite Zulu chief of the 1880's.During the Zulu War of 1879 the problem of supplying theBritish forces had given the military authorities someconcern. The Royal Navy undertook to investigate theZulu1and coast to try to discover a suitable landing point.Accordingly, on 5 January 1879, HMS Active and HMS Tenedoshad cruised along the coast, under the command of CommodoreSullivan.They explored the whole coastal area as far asthe mouth of Lake St Lucia. Later, in April and May thatyear, an official survey of the Zululand coast was carriedout by the 455 ton gunboat, HMSForester, under the commandof Lieut-Commander Sidney Smith. The actual survey wasdone by Sub-Lieutenant J H W Theed. As a result of thissurvey the indentation at the mouth of the Mhlathuze Riverwas named Richards Bay. The name Richards Bay firstappeared on Admiralty Chart No. 2089 which was published in61

December 1879.The significant thing about this survey isthe endorsement of the original survey to the effect thatit was done "by directions of Commodore F W Richards" andconsequently, it has been accepted that theBay was namedafter him.Frederick William Richards, son of Captain Edwin Richards,R.N, of country Wexford, Ireland. He was born on the 30thNovember 1833, and was educated at the naval school, NewCross.He entered the Royal Navy at the age of fifteen andsaw service in Australia, the Pacific,the west coast ofAfrica, and in the Mediterranean.In October 1878 he wasappointed commander for the west coast of Africa based atSimonstown. He hoisted his flag on HMS Boadicea and onarrival at the Cape,hearing of the defeat of the Britishat Isandlwana in Zululand, he took his ship up the eastcoast (which was outside his limits of command)and landedwith 250 men at Port Durnford to reinforce the smallBritish army.He was present at the Battle of Gingindlovuand the relief of Eshowe. He was awarded the K.C.B. in1881 and terminated his service in the Cape in 1882 withthe rank of rear admiral.From 1882 onwards he saw servicein Burma,China and elsewhere and became first Naval Lord1893. By special order of the Privy Council he was created"admiral of the fleet" so that it could be retained on theactive list to the age of 70.He died in 1912 at HortonCourt, Gloucestershire, in September at the age of 79years.In later years, after he had become Sir Frederick62

Richards. the bay was sometimes known as Port Sir Richards.For many years Richards Bay was ignored by the authoritiesbut after the discovery of coal deposits on the banks ofthe Ntambanana River. at Somkhele.and in the vicinity ofNsimbakazi (Umzingazi) Lake near the Mhlathuze Lagoon inthe 1890's it assumed new importance. However. theNsimbakazi coal deposits were never really developed.These coal beds were in fact pointed out to John Maxwelland Sigurd Sivertson by local Africans.Maxwell then wroteto the government asking them to recognise him as thediscoverer but the government refused to recognise hisclaim and reserved the coal for government use.During February and March 1896 coal was mined at Nsimbakazi(Umzingazi) on an experimental basis. It was transportedby wagon to Eshowe by T.M.Loftheim and R.B. McAlister andused in the brickyards there. But it proved to haveinferior firing qualities while the labour andtransportation were also too costly so mining wasstopped.This did not deter various hopeful prospectorsfrom applying on the 24th February 1897 for mineral leasesin the area west of the Umzingazi Lake and along the shoreof the Mhlathuze Lagoon (Richards Bay). So optimisticabout the future was S. Gielink that he applied and wasgiven the permission on the 10th April 1897 to erect astore. with accommodation for travellers. near theUmzingazi mineral leases.But nothing ever developed from63

these leases although at the time there were plans forRichards Bay.The lack of a good Zululand harbour had long vexed thegovernment and Port Dunford was at best apoor substitutewhere goods were landed by meansof rowing boats throughthe surf. There were those who favoured developing theMhlathuze Lagoon as aharbour, with the railway line fromthe Somkhele coalfield ending there. The idea was toconstruct a first class naval cooling station in theLagoon,and in July, August and September 1897, a detailedhydrological and marine survey was made of the lagoon andbar of the Mhlathuze mouth by L.B. Denham,assisted by L.M.Altern, the government surveyor for the Lower Umfolozidistrict.Denham and his party were enthusiastic at theresults of the survey, but the plan was shelved by theImperial government's decision to handZululand over toNatal. The Natalians were more concern with developingDurban than funding a rival harbour elsewhere.The idea of a harbour was once revived during the SecondAnglo-Boer War (1899-1902) especially when the absorptionof the two Boer republics seemed to be the likely result ofthe war.The plan was considered attractive as it was feltthat the harbour and rail facilities of Durban would proveinadequate for the coming demand. The work of theDelimitation Commission in opening Zululand for settlersalso led to high hopes of future economic expansion.The64

Mhlathuze Lagoon, with its great expanse of water, alsoseemed the most likely place. for a harbour as, from arailway point of view,it presented the shortest straightline from the coast to Volksrust and the Transvaal.Accordingly, a Zululand Port Survey was set up in 1902under Cathcart W. Methuen, the harbour engineer of theNatal government. In August that year the surveyorsvisited the Mhlathuze Lagoon. The actual survey wasundertaken by N. Brockbank while in October the tug RichardKent made the detailed soundings off the mouth of theMhlathuze River. Methuen preliminary report of theMhlathuze Lagoon survey came out on the 25th November 1902.He was much impressed by the potential of the lagoon.Hefound that it was nearly double the size of the DurbanLagoon and considered that it could certainly be made intoa port at an estimated cost of 800 000. He felt that theexisting 2,4 metres channels could be dredged and thatthere was an excellent site for township on the high groundoverlooking the lagoon.In 1903 the MLA for Zululand, E.A. Brunner, had put forwardthe motion in the Natal legislative Assembly that a port be'developed at Richards Bay. This project was still underconsideration by the natal government in 1906 and for thisreason A.Moore was not granted a commercial fishing licenceto fish in the Mhlathuze Lagoon until proper civilauthority was established over the area.But the economicdepression of 1907 and the uncertainty as to the political65

future of Southern Africa led to the plan's being shelvedonce more.Besides the surveying activities over the yearsat Richards Bay the only other activity was the opening ofa Native trading store by H. Ash some time in 1897 betweenthe Mbonambi Mission Station and the Mhlathuze river mouth.On 10 April 1897, S .Gielink had applied and was givenpermission to erect a store with accommodation fortravellers near the Umzingazi mineral leases.But when theprospectors moved away he closed down.Except for the mostardent fishermen Richards Bay was rarely visited eventhough it was afisherman's paradise and oysters were soplentiful that one was able to purchase them by the sugarpocket if one so wished. In late 1906, G. Higgs foundedthe Zululand Fisheries and two employees, living on PelicanIsland, caught and dried fish which was sold to the localAfricans. Some five years later, in 1911, an enterprisecalling itself the Zululand Fisheries Syndicate started tocatch fish in the Mhlathuze Lagoon, using a giant fishkraal, and supplied Zululand commercially with freshseafood.They were so optimistic of the enterprise thatthe old idea of a harbour, even if only a small fishingone, was once again revived.By 1926,the fishing rights at Richards Bay were held byMajor J.E.F Gage and it was not uncommon for him to haul in300 to 400 kilograms of fish in one day. Most of thiscatch was dried and sold to the Indians at the two mills atFelixton and Empangeni.But declining yields in the lagoon66

saw the fisheries catch dwindling and when Fred Ashby tookover the Richards Bay Fisheries in the 1930' s. Heconcentrated more on supplying bait to the fishermen thanon commercial fishing.He ran the bait shop until the mid­1940's when the Natal Parks Board took over. The firstParks Board ranger at Richards Bay was W.Cooper who servedfrom 1944 - 1960.An early incident which brought the name of Richards Bayinto the news was the Newark Castle incident. The ship,the Newark Castle, under Captain Nathaniel Ross Nielsen,left Durban at 10h30 on 12 March 1908 bound for Delagoa Bayand Mauritius.There were 115 people on board including acrew of 69 and military draftees for the garrison onMauritius. About six hours after leaving Durban, she ranaground about five kilometres north of Port Dunford.Lifeboats were lowered and the ship wasfinally abandoned atabout 18h30.Two life boats cruised near the wreck whileothers set out on their own courses.The steamer driftedabout eleven kilometres up the coast and grounded on asandbank outside the Mhlathuze Lagoon at about 20hOO.At20hOO the third mate, Windsor, decided to board the vesselas it was well above the water and there wasno imminentdanger.He fired flares and left the vessel after being onboard for twenty minutes. At 02hOO, finding that thevessel had not capsized, he returned and dropped bothanchors in the hope that she would remain in the positionin which she had struck.67

His hope was not realised for the steamer was graduallyturned around by the stern, with the bow pointing. towardsDurban,thus presenting her broadside on the incoming sea.He continued firing flares and after two or three had beenfired a second class passenger, who had slept throughoutthe confusion, appeared, quite unaware of the predicament.At 05hOO the trawler Evelyn arrived and rescued CaptainNielsen and his boat's crew.The captain then reboardedthe steamer.Eventually all the occupants of the boat,except the boat in charge of Majpr Boyes were rescued andtaken to Durban.Major Boyes's crew had attempted to landon the coast but had been swamped with the result that MrsBoyes, a steward, Home" and a cabin boy, Matsell, weredrowned.beach.Mrs Boyes's body was temporarily buried near theThe survivors, after taking refuge in a Zulu kraal,made a weary tramp to the railhead at Empangeni, some 50kilometres away.Some time after the Evelyn had left a wind rose and thewave broke against the streamer, smashing up everything onthe port side, which lay seaward.Crew members thought itimpracticable to launch boats and were forced to remain onboard. A tug, the Harry Escombe. arrived on the Sundaymorning and the crew were taken off the Newark Castle andto Durban.The wreck was bought forPart of the cargo was575 by the Johnstone Syndicate.750 000 five rupee notes being68

conveyed to Mauritius in steel boxes.Two of these boxeshad broken up in the wreck and the beach was littered with250 000 of the notes. The syndicate salvaged the otherfour boxes with 33 000 pound sterling worth of notes.TheBritish government, however, demonetised the banknote issueand the money had no value.The wreck of the Neward Castlewas later found off Richards Bay when the new harbourchannel was being dredged in the 1970's.Road communications with Richards Bay were always difficultowing to the nature of the terrain that had to betraversed. In 1907 G. Higgs had pioneered the first wagontrack from Empangeni to the Bay. The residents ofEmpangeni set up a Richards Bay Road Fund which helpedfinance the road built by C.F.M. Hibberd in 1922 along theoriginal wagon track.During wet weather cars stuck in themud and it was a familiar sight to see people pushing theircars and then bedecked with mud,and proceeding on their journey.clambering back into themSome travellers, if thewater was high at Double Drift (Outlet of Insezi Lake),would send a message ahead that a span of oxen could beprovided to pull the cars through. Other travellersprovided themselves with an iron standard and ablock andtackle set.They would knock the standard into the groundand then pull the car through with the block and tackle.The first bridge. a simple wooden affair, was built atDouble Drift by F.T. Poynton in 1932, the cost of 45-16-3being borne by the Richards Bay Road Fund.69

Early accommodation was provided by the Richards Bay Hotelwhich was established in 1922 by C.F.M. Hibberd. In theearly days this was merely a wood and iron buildingcombining a Native trading store and a bar. Weekendfishermen used to sleep on the verandah where most of thenight was spent fighting off the mosquitoes.In 1922 at the instigation of the local member ofparliament, G. Heaten-Nicholls, the prime minister, GeneralJ.C. Smuts, together with the minister of lands, ColonelDonys Reitz and other member of parliament, toured Zululandand spent a day at Richards Bay investigating its potentialas a port.But nothing came of this visit and Richards Baycontinued as a small fisherman's resort for many years.In1928 the Richards Bay Hotel premises were taken over byEdward Brimson and in 1929the manager of the hotel wasJohn Howells.The Hotel was supplied from the 1920's till1960 with butter, milk, eggs and vegetables by CharlesEdmund Anderson whohad settled on the farm Green Valleyabout eleven kilometres from the Bay. Anderson was anardent fisherman and went fishing at least twice a week.It was his favourite fishing spot which later became knownas Anderson's Channel. In the late 1930's a handful ofpeople began retiring to the Bay.Among the first of thesepermanent residents were Mr and Mrs Carl Rosenhahn in 1938.During World War 11,the ten kilometre long Lake Mzingaziwas used as a Catalina flying boat base. After World War70

11, the Natal Parks Board established a caravan and campingsite adjacent to anature reserve that boasted pelicans,flamingoes. crocodiles and hippopotami. In the holidayseason this quiet little fishing hamlet wasinvaded by asmany as 4 000 holiday-makers who came to boat, swim,watchthe birds. and to fish.In 1954,on the initiative taken by E.J. Butler, RichardsBay obtained aJ.G. Davidson.health committee under the chairmanship ofIn the same year certain local residents,especially the owner of the hotel, Bill Reid, became awareof an increase in the sitting up of the lagoon. Thissitting process had been increased by the draining of thereed marshes round the entrance of the Mhlathuze River intothe lagoon. The draining was done via new canals, toprovide new ground for sugar plantations. Originally,these reed marshes had acted as asponge and stainer ofsilt but with the draining of them and the increased soilerosion in the catchment area of the Mhlathuze River thelagoon was rapidly became a depository for mud. Reidproposed the cutting of a new lagoon mouth 400 metre northof the present one,maintaining that this would create abetter flow helping to scour some of the silt from thelagoon.Nothing materialised from Ried' s proposed plan andthe quiet life continued at Richards Bay until 15 April1965 when the minister of Transport, Ben Schoeman,announced that a new harbour was to be built at RichardsBay.71

Rapid development soon took place and in June 1969 atownboard under the chairmanship of P. Pretorius superseded thehealth committee. At that time there were only 49cottages, a hotel with a one-room post office, a smallgeneral store, a bait station, and a camping site atRichards Bay.There were a mere 100 inhabitants but withinfive years the little fishing village had grown to atownwith a population of 3 000.1.3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOWN AND THE HARBOURThe first industrial concern to be established at RichardsBay was the Alusaf aluminium smelter.In June 1967, at theopening of the Zululand show the prime minister, B. J .Vorster, had announced the establishment of this smelter atRichards Bay. By 6 May 1971 the reduction plant of thesmelter was put into operation and the smelter itself cameon line of the 7th June.The smelter plant was officiallyopened by the Alusaf smelter, set its bobbins spinning andstarted production of aluminium overhead conductors.Another early development was the 45 centimetre oilpipeline to the Transvaal via Empangeni and Richards whichhad come on stream on 9 June 1969.The infrastructure of the town grew at a furious pace. In1970 the first water purification works were completed;72

the first suburb, Meerensee, was laid out; an automatictelephone exchange was installed, and the first primaryschool was completed. The population (includingconstruction workers) was estimated at 800 whites.A startwas made on the John Ross highway between Empangeni andRichards Bay. On 19 January 1971 a nursery school andsportsground were taken into use. In memory of A. J .Fabricius of the Richards Bay Town Board,this sports andrecreation complex at the Bay was named A.J. FabriciusPark.Also in 1971 the airstrip at the Bay was built whileterminal buildings at the airport were officially opened inNovember 1975.•In October 1973 the Richards Bay High School was officiallyopened, while in September 1973 the Rev. D.C. Veysie of theMethodist Church dedicated the first house of worship to beestablished i the Richards Bay area. On 24 November 1976a new hotel, the Hotel Richards, owned by Karos Hotels, wasopened.Work on the harbour itself had got under wayin earnestwith the start of dredging operation in September 1972.The developers of Richards Bay took heed of the environmentin their planning of new harbour.This decision led to thefact that as much as possible of the estuary was to remainfree of interference and pollution and was concerned as ahabitat for wildlife as well as providing recreation forpeople.An essential step towards saving part of the bay73

was the creation of a physical barrier between developedand undeveloped areas.This was achieved by the buildingof a berm wall in 1974 right across the bay whicheffectively divided it into northern and southern sections.Hydraulic flood gates were built into the wall for thecontrol of water levels and a completely new estuary mouthwas dredged for the southern half.At the end of January1975, the dredger, Beveruijk 31, broke through the finalsandbank and opened the harbour moth between the twobreakwaters.The natural bay moth had already been filledby the dredger. Mascaret.The first commercial ship to sail into Richards Bay was the4 000 ton coaster, Marike Smit. on 30 November 1975. Thevessel was transporting auxiliary equipment for the cuttersuctiondredger, Tramontane. The new harbour wasofficially opened on 1 April 1976 when S.A. Vaal, with theprime minister. B. J .' Vorster. on board entered RichardsBay.The harbour was essentially designed as abulk exportingharbour and the coal terminal section started the export ofcoal in 1976.The first export of phosphoric acid from thenew Richards Bay by the Triumph fertilizer factory tookplace in February 1977.This had been achieved within twoyears of the commencement of the plant and exactly twomonths after the first shipment of sulphur had arrived atthe harbour. Development of a clean cargo berth and74

extensions to the coal terminal were also undertaken.In1983 the construction of an effluent pipeline into the seaand of the third-phase expansion of the coal terminal from26 million tons of coal per year to 44 million tons neared. completion. 1983 Also saw the erection of the Mondi Pulpmill.On the 1st August 1981, Richards Bay has provided atremendous boast for the region and the Ernpangeni-RichardsBay area has been declared an industrial growth area.1.4 GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION OF RICHARDS BAYRichards Bay is ideally situated on the border of Kwa-Zuluand consequently has a large potential African labourforce. Ernpangeni Town is the nearest town, which is about21 km to Richards Bay. The University of Zululand issituated approximately 30 km from Richards Bay and servesas an important link in professional training.RichardsBay is about 185 km north-east of Durban.It is situatedin the North Coast of Natal/KwaZulu region, and 660 kmsouth-east of the Pretoria - Witwatersrand - Vereenigingmetropolitan area.1.5 ADVANTAGES OF ESTABLISHING INDUSTRIES IN RICHARDS BAYEvery industrial development point wishes to drawindustries to its town -Richards Bay is no exception.75

1.5.1Incentives for Industrial DevelopmentRichards Bay enjoys 11 industrial development point 11status in terms of the Government's RegionalDevelopment Strategy for Southern Africa. Thisimplies that manufacturers who establish at RichardsBay qualify for very favourable incentives from theDecentralisation Board. The incentive packageconsists of the following1.5.1.1Long Term IncentivesA transport rebate of 50 % on manufactured goodstransported from the factory to clients withinthe Republic of South Africa.An interest, or exceptional cases, a rentalsubsidy on housing for key personnel of 50 % ofthe building society interest rate onhousingloans to a maximum of R68 000 for one housingunit out of ton, and R59 000 for nine housingunits of ton.A training rebate,payable as non-taxable cashgrant, in respect of training schemes and centresapproved by the Department of Manpower.A 5 % price preference on Government,Provincial76

and Local Authority tenders.1.5.1.2Short Term IncentivesAn employment incentive of 80 %, with a currentmaximum of R80,OO per worker per month, of thesalary/wage bill per month, of all personnelemployed at the manufacturing plant. Thisincentive is payable quarterly for sevenfinancial years as a non-taxable cash grant.An interest subsidy of 45 %, paid quarterly astaxable cash grant, for ten years, on 100 % ofthe investment in industrial land and buildingsin respect of a project with atotal investmentnot exceeding R7 million.The rental subsidy is,as in the case of the interest rate fixed by theRegional Industrial Development /Authority.Relocation costs, to a maximum of R500 ODD, inrespect of approved items, plUS 20 % towardsunquantifiable costs in respect of going concernsrelocating their factories in Richards Bay fromthe P . W•V • , Durban - Pinetown Area and othercountries.77

1.5.2 AVAILABILITY OF WATERRichards Bay has abundant fresh water.It is in thefortunate position of having aperennial fresh waterlake with a circumference of 28 kilometres within amunicipal area. This lake is fed by a subterraneansource and provides water of high quality.In theentire history of Richards Bay it has never beennecessary for the Town Council to enforce waterrestrictions.Richards Bay can also supplement its water supply fromthe Goedertrouwdam which was specifically contractedto supply Richards Bay with water,should it becomenecessary. The Mhlathuze Water Board manages bulkwater supply in Richards Bay area.1.5.3HARBOUR FORCEThere are three African residential townships in thevicinity of Richards Bay,approximately 13 kilometresfrom the general industrial areas. Coloured, Whiteworkers and Indian are also readily available. They•reside in townships such as Arboretum predominantly,Whites, Brackenham predominantly Indians and Aquadenewhich is predominantly Coloureds.Richards Bay has its own Technical College namely78

The Richards Bay Technical College whilst theUniversity of Zululand is situated approximately 30kilometres from Richards Bay and serves as animportant link in the professional training ofAfricans.1.5.4AVAILABILITY OF LANDRichards Bay possesses 1 200 hectares of industrialland. The ideal topography of Richards Bay makesindustrial establishment possible at low cost.1.5.5PUBLIC TRANSPORTA well established and reliable private bus companyundertakes the coordinated transportation of workersto and from townships at reasonable tariffs.1.5.6ELECTRICITYA consistent and extensive electricity supply isensured from two sources by 'the Electricity SupplyCommission.1.5.7LOCAL GOVERNMENTThe Local Authority is the only township developer -79

land can be purchased directly from it. The LocalAuthority employs professional personnel, who appreciatethe time value of money and who will go out of their way toassist you. All enquiries are treated in strictconfidence.1.5.8RQADLINKSA R60 million highway (the N2) between Richards Bayand Durban,is currently under construction towardsimproving the road link to Durban.Richards Bay isalso connected to all other national roads.1.5.9RAIL CONNECTIONSRichards Bay has direct rail links with Durban and viaVryheid with the P.W.V area.A railway line to theEastern TransvaaY, via Swaziland, is currently underconstruction.1.5.10AIR CONNECTIONSThe Richards Bay airport has a1,3 kilometre tarredrunway.Daily scheduled return flights are undertakenfrom Richards Bay to Jan Smuts Airport in Johannesburgand Louis Botha Airport in Durban.Other scheduledflights between Richards Bay, Pietermaritzburg andVryheid also exist.80

1.5.11TELECOMMUNICATIONA reliable telecommunication system to all majorcentres in operation.1.5.nMARINE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL PIPELINEThe Mhlathuze Water Board operates a marine effluentdisposal pipeline which stretches from the industrialarea of Richards Bay 5 kilometres into the IndianOcean. The costly disposal of industrial effluent,which constitutes a major problem to many industries,is no longer a problem in Richards Bay.Industries can now be linked to the marine effluentdisposal pipeline, subject to certain conditions andpayment of aconsumer's tariff.1.5.13SUPPORTING FACILITIESSuccessful industrial establishment demands serviceindustrial, commercial, educational, cultural,professional, residential and recreational back-Upfacilities. This is Richards Bay's strong point. Ithas designed to suite employers and employees.81

1.5.14 SEA CONNECTIONSA direct link to the world's sea lanes through theport of Richards Bay, for the exporter and/orimporter.1.6 RICHARDS BAY IN RELATION TO WORLD TRADE ROUTESRichards Bay possesses the newest and most modern deepwater harbour in Southern Africa.The underlying reasonfor the development of Richards Bay was South Africa's needfor a deep water port which could accommodate large vesselsand stimulate the handling of bulk commodities.Although the port of Richards Bay is synonymous with alarge scale coal export operation, the South AfricanTransport Services own multipurpose bulk handling facilityis perhaps even more interesting in terms of itsversatility and continual diversification. The RichardsBay Harbour multipurpose bulk handling has, over the lastnumber of years. ?eveloped into one of the largest of itskind and these facilities are in fact unique in the world.A wide range of products are handles via conveyor belts.The conveyor network, which consists of well over 26kilometres of continuous belting (part of which is situatedunderground)is fully computerised and controlled from acentral control room.82

Industries in Richards Bay export products to nearly everycountry in the world.Richards Bay is ideally located inrespect of world trade routes,especially the Far East,Middle East and Australia whilst it is convenientlysituated for trade with other countries.1.7 RICHARDS BAY IN RELATION TO SOUTH AFRICAN MARKETSRichards Bay is situated on the North Coast of Natal,approximately 180 km North East of Durban and 660 km SouthEast of the Pretoria - Witwatersrand - Vereeniging (P.W.V)metropolitan area.Richards Bay is well served by road,rail and air links from the P.W.V area and from Durban andsurrounding areas.1.8 INDUSTRIES IN RICHARDS BAYRichards Bay has many industries in its vicinity, some aresmall industries and other are big.Alton is an industrialtownship, which consists of 164 lots, 95 % of which havealready been sold.Alton is situated favourably in respectof the port, city centre, residential and main road system.Industries like Bell Equipment Company (Pty) Ltd.,Fondarge, Suncrush Limited, Clover Dairies, Genrec Natal(Pty) , Richards Bay Milling Company (Pty) Ltd., Syncat(Pty) Ltd., Rowley Morgan and Dorbyl have alreadyestablished themselves in Alton.83

1.9 THE SEVEN BIG INDUSTRIES IN RICHARDS BAYRichards Bay has seven big industries whose status is notonly known within the boundaries of this country (S.A), butalso internationally recognised. These are: Alusaf, BellEquipment Company,Indian Ocean Fertiliser, Mondi, RichardsBay Bulk Storage (Pty) Ltd, Richards Bay Coal TerminalCompany (Pty) Ltd and Richards Bay Minerals.1.9.1 ALUSAF (PTYl LIMITEDAlusaf (Pty) Limited is South Africa's sole producerof primary aluminium.The impressive Alusaf smelter was the first majorindustry to be established in Richards Bay and formedanucleus of this new industrial growth area.Construction started in 1969 and the first metal wastapped in May 1971.The plant had an initial annualcapacity of 52 000 metric tons which increased to 85000 metric tons by 1978.A major plant was completed in 1983 which involved thetransfer of an existing smelter form Japan to RichardsBay site. Alusaf currently produces 170 000metric tons of aluminium a year.84

Alusaf produces high quality of primary aluminiumwhich is casted into various alloys and shapes.Theseinclude melting ingot, extrusion ingot, rolling ingotand T-bar, all produced to more than 480 differentcustomer specifications.Alusaf (Pty) Limited, an associated company of Alusaf,produces electrical grade redraw rod and solidaluminium conductor and is situated on the Alusafpremises.Asubstantialportion of Alusaf's production isexported, thusgenerating vital foreign exchangeearningsforthe country. Alusaf employs some 3000 people.One of Alusaf's most significant contributions to thefast developing region has been in the field of labourrelations.The company has played a vital role in thetraining and upgrading of the skills of the local workforce.In its short history, Alusaf has earned aninternational reputation in the fields of humanrelations, training, safety, quality of its productsand as areliable suppliers.1.9.2BELL EOUIPMENT COMPANYBell Equipment Company manufactures strong reliable85

haulage and materials handling equipment for thesugar, forestry, mining, construction and relatedindustries. Its roots are firmly entrenched inRichards Bay.Founded by a local Zululand family by the name ofBell, the company moved its premises to alton in early1984. Since then its growth has been phenomenal bothin output and in providing employment opportunities.Today the Bell factory occupies some more than 36 000m 2 of floor space and produces a range of equipmentthat requires over 1 000 employees on site to keep itoperational.But this is not where the story ends. Today mor~ thanhalf of these machines produced in the Richards Bayfactory find their way to overseas destination in morethan 30 countries around the world. Proof that awholly owned South African company can successfullycompete in the international arena.One such exampleis that of the Bell Tree Harvesting machine, theFeller Buncher which is currently market leader in thetimber growing states of America.At Bell, they believe that the process of buildingbetter machines starts with an idea and a good idea isthe foundation for progress, not only for theircompany but, also for their people.They also believe86

that they are committed to playing a part in itsdevelopment. Furthermore, they regard themselves asthe first to admit that if one has a good idea, thesky's the limit.1.9.3INDIAN OCEAN FERTILISERAt a modern factory in Richards Bay, Indian OceanFertiliser annually manufactures 800 000 physicalmetric tons phosphoric acid. These tonnages areexclusively shipped with tankers to various countries.The phosphoric acid plant has an estimated replacementvalue of R400 million and is thus a powerful worldgiant.There is only one other single unit plant inthe world that can compare with Indian Ocean, oneplant in the USSR.Since Indian Ocean Fertilizer concentrates only on theexport market, the South African public is not soaware of the leading role that this organization playsin the South African export activities.Indian Ocean Fertilizer also produces high qualitygranulated fertilizers (OAP/MAP/Super Phosphate) forthe export market. Therefore, the South AfricanAgriculture industry will have to take note of IndianOcean Fertilizer in future.87

Rawmaterial is processed for higher value export.The companyspends millions on nature conservation.It is operated on a high level of technical efficiencywhich is accentuated by its profitability.At Indian Ocean Fertilizer it is company policy tooffer equal opportunity to all and to avoiddiscrimination on social as well as work relatedmatters.1.9.4MONDI RICHARDS BAYThe Mondi Richards Bay kraft pulp and linerboard millis one of the most advanced in the world and has thespecial capability to produce simultaneously, oralternatively, softwood or hard wood pulp as well asvarieties of liner board.The mill was built to the highest possible technicalspecifications, making full use of the most advancedtechnology available to the industry. Specialattention was paid to safety measures,environmentalcontrols, production systems and the most efficientuse of power and water resources.The first earthmoving and civils contract was awardedin February 1982 and, despite the huge size andcomplexity of the project, it was constructed and88

commissioned in a remarkable short period. The firstcommercial pulp being produced on 12 November 1984.The mill uses more than 2,5 million tons of rawmaterials a year, including timber at up to 6 000 tonsa day.Both bleached and unbleached pulp is produced atRichards Bay,either for export or for use in MondiPaper Company's five machine paper mill at Merebank,Durban, and in its five board mills situated in Natalthe Cape and Transvaal.The mill also supplies itsown pulp requirements for the large linerboard machineat Richards Bay itself.The hydropulping plant enables Mondi Richards Bay torecycle waste paper and local or imported pulp,aswell as reject board generated by the mill itselfduring normal operations.Wood fibres reclaimed fromthe effluent waste disposal system,are also used inthe recycling process.1.9.5RICHARDS BAY BULK STORAGE (PTYI LID (RBBSIRichards Bay Bulk storage (Ptyl Limited was formed in1981 after South African Transport Services issued atender calling for interested parties to submit bidsfor an area of land in Richards Bay harbour to be usedfor the bulk storage of chemicals.89

Richards Bay Bulk Storage has a quay for the dischargeof chemicals which will accommodate even the largesttankers passing Richards bay.The site is also servedby acomplex rail system linking Richards Bay bulkStorage to the reef.The site has developed to the point where RBBS isrecognised a major player in the liquified gasterminalling market,offering its services to morethan sic of the largest chemical producing and usingcompanies in South Africa, as well as clients outsideSouth Africa.Approximately 27 hectares is availablefor future expansion.RBBS is situated in the South Dunes area of theharbour opposite the Richards Bay Coal Terminal.Thevery remoteness of this area makesit an ideal sitefor the storage of bulk hazardous chemicals.The company has adopted three key concepts forprofessionalism, safety, service and efficiency whichit believes is paramount for the nature of thebusiness.1.9.6RICHARDS BAY COAL TERMINAL COMPANY LTD(RBCT)Situated within the port of Richards Bay Coal TerminalCompany Limited, the worlds largest coal terminal,90

exporting to countries around the world.As a privately owned company, RECT, since opening in1976, has established a reputation for providing aneffective, efficient and consistent services to theSouth African coal export industry and is committed tomaintaining this goal. 24 Hours a day, 365 days ayear RECTexports coal efficiently, effectively andreliably.1.9.7RICHARDS BAY MINERALS(RBM)1.9.7.1A brief company profileRichards Bay Minerals (RBM)was established in 1976 tomine, process and market the heavy minerals occurringnaturally in the sand dunes along a 17km strip ofcoastline north of Richards Bay.The company is an equal opportunity employer with astaff complement of some 2 500 people.RBM has threemining plants currently in operation of the dunes, andsophisticated processing and smelting plants adjacentto its Richards Bay office complex.\Environmental planning has been an integral part ofREM's mining operation from the start. The companyimplements successful ongoing dune rehabilitation91

programme and has recently won the EPPIC(Environmental Planning Professions InterdisciplinaryCommittee) award for integrated environmentalmanagement.1.9.7.2The Mining ProcessThe mining process is simple and environmentallybenign, no chemicals or reagents are used. Dredgeponds are created in the ore-bearing dunesand theminerals are removed by pumping sand/water throughgravity separation equipment.The vegetation in advance of the pond is clearedbefore mining and the topsoil is removedfor lateruse. As the mine moves through the dunes the cleansand is deposited behind the mine and reformed toresemble as closely as possible the shape of theoriginal dunes. The seed-bearing topsoil from thefront of the mine is spread over the recreated dunesand with five years dense indigenous bush covers thedunes.RBM's oldest recreated forests are now l3 years old.Already they contain 80% of the original diversity ofindigenous flora and it is hard to tell the differencebetween the new vegetation and the adjacent untouchedforest.92

1.9.7.3 ProductsThe heavy mineral concentrate extracted from the dunescontains ilmenite, zircon and rutile. Afterseparation, the ilmenite is processed to form titaniumslag and high purity iron.The rutile and zircon aresold in their natural form.The company's major product, titanium slag is anessential ingredient for the production of titaniumdioxide, a brilliant white pigment which brightens andwhitens the surface finishes of numerouscommercialproducts. It is mainly used in the worldwidemanufacture of paints, plastics and paper-productsused in everyday life by millions of people all overthe world.Rutile is used as araw material in the production ofpigments and titanium metal.It is also used as aflux coating on welding electrodes.The major applications of zircon are as an pacifier inceramic glazes, as. a moulding sand in foundries,andin refractories, for the production of steel andglass.93

1.10 EDUCTIONRichards Bay is known as a young, dynamic town and alsocomprises of 7 Pre-Primary Schools, 7 Primary Schools, 3High Schools and 1 Technical College. Some of which aredual-medium and in others the medium of instruction iseither English or Afrikaans only.There is only one PublicLibrary and Brackenham Library.1.11 RESIDENTIAL AREASIn the planning and development of residential suburbs,great care has been taken to presence indigenoustrees,which do not grow as fast as the exotic species. Inresidential suburbs valleys have been utilised to formwalkways which enable residents and children to go fromtheir homes to school and shipping centres without havingto cross abusy street.The streets in Meerensee are named after fish, while thosein Arboretum have been named after trees. Veldenvleistreet names reflect the beauty of the natural shrubs.Street names in the other suburbs, Wildenveide, Birdswood,Brackenham and Aquadene and named after animals, birds,ferns, and water plants respectively.94

1.12 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIESVarious social, cultural, religious and charitableorganisations have been quick to establish themselves atRichards Bay. These organisations render a vital serviceto the growing community and have contributed substantiallytowards establishing an "espirit de corp" amongst membersof the community.1.13 MEDICAL SERVICESDoctors, Opticians and Dentists have practices in theCentral Business District as well as in the suburbs ofMeerensee and Arboretum.The Municipality renders the following health services toresidents: Aquadene Clinic; Arboretum Clinic; BrackenhamClinic and Meerensee Clinic.The new Bay Hospital is situated in Krugerrand, CentralBusiness District and accommodates 70 beds at the moment.This hospital also embraces the most up-to-date technology.1.14 RECREATIONRichards Bay has the climate and the facilities to caterfor the needs of most sportsmen. There is a beautifulsports complex on the banks of Lake Mzingazi, providing95

facilities for cricket, hockey, golf, bowls, rugby, tennis,soccer and squash. The suburb of Veldenvlei also has acommunity centre where, in addition to badminton andtennis,residents participate in jUkskei and basketball.The competition sized swimming pool in Arboretum issomething to'be experienced.The water sportsman the yachtclub and boating clubs cater for yachting, power-boating,water skiing, ski-boating, and canoeing while two fishingclubs cater for fishermen along the coast,recognised asthe best fishing grounds in south Africa.1.15 FOR THE VISITORFor the visitor, Richards Bay offers an unspoiledenvironment, friendly people and a host of interestingthings to do and sights to see. To name a few, there arefascinating tours of the harbour area, a beautifullydeveloped beach, attractive sports facilities (includingwater sports) and asanctuary for viewing exotic birdlifeand crocodiles in their natural habitat.For those who enjoy being well cared for during their stay,the hotel accommodation is excellent, and for the outdoortype there are beautiful camping sites and acaravan parkwith all facilities including a modern shopping complexnearby.Richards Bay is also within easy reach of some of96

Zululand's famous wild game parks and historical sites.1.16 COMMERCEThe central area, embracing zones for civic, retail andservice industry functions, is enclosed by for arterialroads. Developments in this area have led to theestablishment of full and comprehensive shoppingfacilities, including national chain stores to cater theresidents, visitors and tourists.A feature of the centralbusiness area is the open pace planning which facilitatespleasant pedestrian circulation.1.17 FUTURE PROJECTS/VISION OF RICHARDS BAYThe Town Richards Bay is a progressive seaport which has anattractive and sensitive environment,functioning as themajor industrial/employment growth centre in the region.The development vision is to perpetuate and expand itspresent role and to extend its function as a tourism centreand gateway to the Zululand and Maputoland tourist regionand as an international seaport, whilst simultaneouslyensuring that the balanced needs of all its residents, bothpresent and future, can be met within the town.97

1.17.1 PROJECTS UNDERWAY

ALUSAF to establish feedstock plantRl.OOmillion

1.17.5ROAD NETWORK EXPANSIONSInprogress-Allumina Allee extension (Alton IndustrialArea)O R8,6 million, portion of West Central Arterial(CBD-Harbour)R8,8 million and Premium Promenade/LiraLink (CBD)R2,8 million.1.n.6POPULATION OF RICHARDS BAYYear198819932010population21 00029 00062 000Investigations presently underwayto establish lowincome housing areas,further assisted housing areasand middle income housing areas.The effects of theestablishment of these areas are not fully included inthe above projected figures as they cannot bequantified at present.Also excluded is the effect of any additional newlarge industries establishing in Richards Bay.Theprojected figure includes present normal growth,"Alusaf's" growth and its related spinoff growth only.100

1.17.7SERVICED LANDAdequate small (0,5 ha) to medium (1-2 ha) industriallots available.Larger pieces of land can be madeavailable upon demand.Residential land is adequateat present and further areas are soon to be serviced(Birdswood - Phases 2 + 3). Needs of low income (noneat present in Richards Bay) and assisted housingsector being addressed.The influx of people into· Richards Bay is not onlyrelated to Alusaf Hillside Project, but also tocommercial, industrial and other expansions takingplace.The construction camp for the Hillside Smelteraccommodates up to 4 500 workers.1.17.8TYPES OF INDUSTRYPresently capital intensive and related serviceindustries predominate. Pollution levels aremonitored continuously and investigations arepresently underway into optional sitting of futureindustries.1.17.9TYPES OF INDUSTRIES TO ATTRACTRichards Bay would like to attract all acceptabletypes of industry.Particularly suited for secondary101

and labour intensive industries, as well asbonification and export orientated industries.1.17 .10OTHER ISSUESRichards Bay is well poised to take advantage of the"New" post-sanctions South Africa. Its role ininternational trade and manufacturing will bestrengthened.Negotiations are currently taking placewith other major industrialists wanting to locate inRichards Bay. It is expected that enablinglegislation will be passed shortly which will allow anExport processing Zone (EPZ) to be established in thearea and the possibilities are being explored.102

CHAPTER TWODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS2.1 INTRODUCTIONThe demographic characteristics of migrants areinvestigated in this chapter. This implies that thestatistical features of migrants which describe theircharacters are studied.2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTSTABLE NO. 27 AGE OF THE HEAD OF THE FAMILYAGE NO. OF SUBJECTS %BELOW 30 7 2831-40 14 5641-50 1 451-60 3 1261 AND ABOVE - -TOTAL 25 100As can be seen from the above Table No. 27, about 84%of the heads of the families left the area of originto Richards Bay were below the age of 41. About 16%of the subject were between 41 and 60. The sample103

selected shows no one from 61 and above.TABLE NO. 28 FAMILY SIZENUMBER OF PERSONS IN THE FAMILY ID. OF FAMILIES %1-4 16 645-8 7 289-12 - -12 AND ABOVE 2 8TOTAL 25 100The inspection of numbers and percentages in Table No. 28,above show clearly that 64% of families have 1 to 4 personsin their families. 28% of families have 5-8 persons intheir households, while 8% of families have 12 and abovepersons in their households. During the interview, nofamily indicated that it has 9 to 12 persons in it'shousehold.104

TABLE NO. 29 COUNTRY OF ORIGINCOUNTRY OF ORIGIN NO. OF SUBJECTS %SOUTH AFRICA 23 92ZAMBIA 2 8.TOTAL 25 100As can be seen from the Table No. 29, above, figuresshow that about 92% of subjects are South Africancitizens.The numbers and percentages indicate thatonly 8% are foreigners. They crossed the boundariesto South Africa from Zambia.TABLE NO. 30 AREA OF ORIGINAREA OF ORIGIN NO. OF SUBJECTS %LUSAKA 2 8PAUL PIETERSBURG 3 12MTUBATUBA 3 12NONGOMA 5 20KWAMBONAMBI 5 20ESHOWE 6 24HAMMARSDALE l. 4TOTAL 25 100The majority of migrants were from the surrounding105

areas, like Eshowe, KwaMbonambi and Mtubatuba, about36% of the subjects. About 36% of the subjects werefrom far away areas, like Hammarsdale, Paulpietersburgand Nongoma. Only 8% of migrants from foreigncountry, i.e. Zambia, but their area of origin isLusaka.About 68% of the migrants settled at RichardsBay right after they left their areas of origin, whileonly 32%settled at Richards Bay after they had goneto other places.TABLE NO. 31 LENGTH OF RESIDENCE IN RICHARDS BAYLENGTH OF RESIDENCE NO. OF SUBJECTS!!-0LESS THAN 2 YEARS 7 282-3 YEARS 7 283-4 YEARS - -4-5 YEARS 9 365-7 YEARS 2 87-10 YEARS - -OVER 10 YEARS - -TOTAL 25 100From the above Table No. 31, it is clearly indicatedthat the majority (56%) of migrants have been inRichards Bay for a period of less than four years.44% are the migrants, who have been in Richards Bayfor a period of four to seven years.During the time106

of an interview no migrant had stayed a period ofyears above seven.TABLE NO. 32 LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF THE HEAD OF THE FAMILYLEVEL OF EDUCATION NO. OF SUBJECTS %LESS THAN STANDARD 6 1. 4STANDARD 6 4 1.6STANDARD 8 3 1.2STANDARD 1.0 1.0 40TERTIARY LEVEL 7 28NEVER BEEN TO SCHOOL - -TOTAL 25 1.00Migrants with standard ten, have a high percentagethan others. About 40% of subjects havematriculation, 28% of migrants have undergone atertiary education, while 32% are subjects belowstandard 1.0 in their eduction.The data is indicatedin the above Table No. 32.1.07

TABLE NO. 33 MARITAL STATUSMARITAL STATUS NO. OF SUBJECTS %SINGLE 13 52MARRIED 12 48DIVORCED - -SEPARATED - -WIDOWED - -TOTAL 25 100During the interview,migrants to Richards Bay weremostly the people who were married and single, nodivorcees, no widowed and separated.The percentagesfrom Table No.33, above indicate clearly that 52% ofmigrants were single and, 48% of sUbjects weremarried.ARRIVAL IN SOUTH AFRICASubjects were asked when did they come to SouthAfrica. From their responses it was clear that theoverwhelming majority were South African born.About92% of the subjects were South African born, duringthe interview.Only 8% of the subjects were fromLusaka in Zambia.108

TABLE NO. 34 OCCUPATIONAL STATUSOCCUPATION NO. OF SUBJECTS %ENGINEER 2 8OPERATOR 7 28DRIVER 4 16ELECTRICIAN 4 16TEACHER - 12DOMESTIC WORKER 3 4ATI'ORNEY 1 4SOCIAL WORKER 1 4CLERK 2 8TOTAL 25 100The data from the above Table No. 34, show that themajority of subjects (28%) are operators. They workin industries operating machines.32% of the subjectsare drivers and electricians. About 12% teachers, 16%are engineers and clerks, while the remainingoccupations have 4%respectively.109

TABLE NO. 35 PLACE OF WORKPLACE OF WORK NO. OF SUBJECTS 0-•RICHARDS BAY 19 76EMPANGENI 4 16KWAMBONAMBI 1 4ESIKHAWINI 1 4TOTAL 25 100The overwhelming majority of migrants (76%) areworking at different industries or sectors, but inRichards Bay.About 16% of migrants work at Empangenitown, i.e. the adjacent town to Richards Bay. Therest 8% of subjects work at Esikhawini, the nearbyAfrican township and KwaMbonambi,the rural area nearRichards Bay town.110

TABLE NO. 36 LENGTH IN PRESENT JOBLENGTH IN PRESENT JOB NO. OF SUBJECTS %1 YEAR 1 42 YEARS 1 43 YEARS 5 204 YEARS 2 85 YEARS 1 46 YEARS 2 87 YEARS 7 288 YEARS 2 810 YEARS 3 1215 YEARS 1 4TOTAL 25 100Table No. 36 show clearly that 60% of the subjectshave been to their present job for aperiod of sevento fifteen years.About 40% of the subjects have beento the present job from one year to six years.Themajority of migrants did not change their jobs, afterthey left their areas of origin, i.e. 76% of subjects,while only 24% did change their jobs, after they lefttheir areas of origin. About 92% of these migrantsdid not find any difficulty in getting job. Only 8%encountered some difficulties in finding jobs.111

TABLE NO. 37 WAGE EARNERS IN THE FAMILYBREADWINNERS NO. OF SUBJECTS %ONE 18 72'!WO 6 24THREE 1 4TOTAL 25 100The data in the above Table No. 37, indicate that theoverwhelming majority (72%)of subjects have only onewage earner in the family, 24% of subjects have onlytwo wage earners, and 4% of subjects (one person) hasthree breadwinners.ORIGIN OF NEIGHBOURSDuring the interview, subjects were asked whether themostpeople of their neighbourhood are of the sameorigin as them or not.40% of the subjects answeredno, - 52% said that the most people in theirneighbourhood are of the same origin, while about 8%of the subjects said that they do not know.2.3 CONCLUSIONThe sample is heterogeneous as regards to the demographiccharacteristics.The migrants are heterogeneous in origin112

and educational level.Although the majority are SouthAfrican born, but a few of the subjects are foreigners ­people who crossed the borders.113

CHAPTER THREETHE MIGRANTSIN THEIR FORMER RURAL AREA3.1 INTRODUCTIONThe behavioural patterns and social life of the migrants intheir areas of origin are examined in this chapter.3.2 THE MIGRANTS IN THEIR AREA OF ORIGINTABLE NO. 38 LENGTH OF RESIDENCE IN THE ARE OF ORIGINLENGTH OF RESIDENCE NO. OF SUBJECTS %LESS THAN A YEAR - -1-3 YEARS - -3-5 YEARS - -5-7 YEARS - -7-10 YEARS 1 4OVER 10 YEARS 24 96TOTAL 25 10096% of the sample families had spent over 10 years in thearea of origin, and only 4%had spent between seven to tenyears of residence.100% of these families had relativesin the area of origin. The majority of subjects (80%) havetheir relatives still living in the area of origin, while113

20% of subjects have their relatives moved either to town(Richards Bay),or to rural areas like Mtubatuba and, alsoto African townships like Esikhawini.TABLE NO. 39 COMPARISON OF INCOMECOMPARISON NO. OF SUBJECTS ..0PRESENT INCOME 11 44PREVIOUS INCOME - -SAME 3 12TOTAL 25 100As seen in the Table No. 39, when the present income iscompared with the previous income, 44% of migrants saidthat the present income is better than the previous one.Only 12% of subjects indicated that it is the same,while44% were still as school in their areas of origin. Thecomparison of income also encompasses their occupation inthe area of origin.PUBLIC OFFICEDuring the interview subjects were asked the question ofdid they hold a public office in the rural area, forexample a committee member. About 88% had not involvedthemselves in any committee, and only 12% held publicoffices.Those migrants involved in committee, were also114

satisfied by the activities of their committees.TABLE NO. 40 NUMBER OF ROOMS IN AREA OF ORIGINNUMBER OF ROOMS NO. OF SUBJECTS %1 ROOM - -2 ROOMS - -3 ROOMS 3 124 ROOMS 7 28MORE THAN 4 ROOMS 15 60TOTAL 25 100Table No. 40 shows numbers and percentages that migrantslived in more than four rooms were 60%. About 28% of thesubjects were living in four roomsin their rural areas,and only 12% had lived in three rooms. From the sampledrawn,no subject lived in one and two rooms.NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN THE FAMILY BEFORE COMING TO TOWNThesubjects were asked to give the number of people intheir families before they came to town. The number ofpeople vary from two to seventeen. The majority ofsubjects (24%)had seventeen people, 20% had twelve people,16% had thirteen people. Those subjects with four, nineand two people in their families, are 96%, while 4% of the115

subjects with seven people in their families.THE DIFFERENCE IN SPENDING LEISURE TIMEThe subject~ were asked the difference between the way theyspend leisure time in town and the way they spent it in thearea of origin. Majority of subjects recognized thedifference,because they mentioned that they spend theirleisure time by going to cinema, doing window shopping,swimming in swimming pools, going to sports grounds towatch soccer or rugby, and visiting friends and relatives.Some of the subjects didn't see any difference, becausethey spend leisure time by visiting friends as they did inrural areas.A few of the subjects said that it is costingto spend leisure time by visiting friends as they did nirural areas.A few of the subjects said that it is costingto spend leisure time tin town.Many things in town meanmoney, even when one is getting into a stadium to watchsoccer.On the other side, in rural areas sports groundswere not fenced,so they allow anyone to watch soccer.3.2 CONCLUSIONFrom the respects examined above,the impression is thatthe migrants differed from those who remained in the areaof origin. This is advocated by the responses to thequestion of comparing the standard of living. 56% ofsubjects mentioned that it waslower in the rural area.Although no comparative data were collected on thepermanent rural population.116

CHAPTER FOURTHE MIGRATION PROCESS4.1 INTRODUCTIONE.G. Ravenstein (1885) is one of the investigators whoadvocates that migration is influenced by two groups offactors. One group is comprised of "push" factors whichinfluence the migrant's decision to leave his/her place oforigin.The other group consists of "pull" factors whichassist the migrant in deciding upon the area ofdestination.This chapter attempts to diagnose these push(away from the area of origin) and pull (towards the town)factors.4.2 PUSH-PULL FACTORS CAUSING MIGRATION FROM AREA OF ORIGIN TOTOWNAn attempt is madeto examine the personal motives whichthe migrant considers influenced his/her decision to leavethe area of origin.The various reasons for leaving arealso examined, but two motives are discernible: economicand personal-family. During the interview. none of thesubjects claimed that they had left the area of originbecause, they did not like the way of life there or onaccount of lack of recreational facilities.The data isshown in the below table.117

4.3 THE DESCRIPTION OF THE REASONSTABLE NO. 41 MAIN REASON WHY LEAVING THE AREA OF ORIGINREASONNO.OF SUBJECTS%REASONS RELATING TOECONOMIC ANDEMPLOYMENTCONDITIONS:- Looking for a job1352REASONS RELATING TOFAMILY/FRIENDS:-Moved here becauserelatives/friends werealready living here832HOUSING CONSIDERATIONS- Better housing in town1-4REASONS RELATED TOEDUCATION- Availability of schools1-4REASONS RELATED TO COMFORT- Come here because ofhigher wages28TOTAL25100From Table No. 41, the data shows that the presence of118

elatives and job opportunities were thus the main "pull"forces, indicating a search for either economic security orfamily backing.The other reasons are related to comfortalso held a considerable way. About 52% of migrants lefttheir areas or origin due to economic and employmentconsiderations. Only 8% of the migrants came to townhaving secured a job before moving. They only moved due tohigher wages in town. About 52% were searching for a job,and they considered coming to town a short time before theyleft the areas of origin.LThe second most significant reason for migration toRichards Bay was the fact that relatives or friends of the"'\ .~ ......: ..... .I,. t,r ~ e:...-,Vmigrants were already settled in the ei~y. This could, toa certain extent, explain the migrants' willingness to moveC~"?' J....J" l,',.\_' ,4o--the=town- although they were generally unprepared for, 0;"0 ~ ~. ".,.'",.~ because most of them know that their relatives\"'-' ',0''"' .0'andfriends would assist them during the initial stageswhile searching for a job,These findings confirm those ofBrown, et al. (1970) and Choldin (1973): "In chainmigration, migrants are aided materially and withfrom the inception of the pro~ess at the,.- .,. • J, -_~ ~ ..."--'r-'.'-.»-~~ t'\;''?ori9ia.~ Many migrants travel witHin a familyunit and join kinsfolk in the corrtjJ!1inity of settlement.//Those they join, assist the mi;Jrants in confronting the--problems of settlement ang./adjustment: providingmaterial necessities, in establishing new social119

(1.973: 175) .Reasons related to comfort form a third category, whenrated with their importance.town due to higher wages.About 8% of subjects moved toReasons related to education,andhousingconsiderations, have 4% of subjects,respectively.TABLE NO. 42 FREQUENCY OF VISITS TO RICHARDS BAYFREQUENCY QF VISITS NO. QF SUBJECTS .. •YES 20 80NQ 5 20TOTAL 25 1.00The frequency of visits to town had atremendous influenceto the migrant in making adecision of which particulartown to settle.The subjects were asked whether they didvisit the town frequently or not. About 80% agreed thatthey visited Richards Bay frequently, before moving to it.Some visited because, they had relatives, while others thetown is nearer to their rural areas. Thus, the majority ofmigrants knew the town they had chosen from previousperiodic visits.Only about 20% of the subjects seemed tohave a problem in knowing the town prior to theirsettlement.1.20

4.4 THE CLASSIFICATION OF REASONS FOR LEAVING THE AREA OFORIGINIn this chapter the problem of classification of reasons ispartly overcome by adopting the classification of De Jongand Sawcett (1.981.). After reviewing the literature onmigration research concerning the reasonsfor migrationintensively, these authors identified seven categories ofvalues or needs often cited as reasons for migration,namely: (1.) wealth; (2) status; (3) comfort; (4)stimulation; (5) autonomy; (6) affiliation, and (7)morality.These categories of reasons are defined and described asfollows by De Jong and Fawcett (1.981.:49-51.):(1.) "Wealth includes the wide range of factors related toindividual economic reward.Factors contributing towealth can take various forms and would include atleast the following: higher wages, good income, lowcost of living, low taxes, good fringe benefits, goodwelfare provisions, stability of employment,availability of jobs, and ownership of property.Wealth can be viewed as an end in itself, but it isalso a means by which other goals may be satisfied."(2) Status encompasses a number of factors connected withsocial standing or prestige.Occupation and education1.21.

are important aspects of status; these are alsorelated to income,of course, so the values of statusand wealth are closely linked. 'Status' alone,however, can also be an important factor in migration.For example,higher status can be achieved by livinga more modern or sophisticated life, holding a whitecollarjob, or having a diploma. The move from arural area to the city is itself often regarded as aform of social mobility, regardless of economicconsequences."(3) "Comfort may be seen as a goal of achieving a betterliving or working conditions. This can includeimproved housing, a more pleasant residentialenvironment, easier work, shorter or more regular workhours, ahealthier or less stressful setting, and soon.By 'comfort', we mean essentially physically andpsychological comfort."(4) "Stimulation means exposure to pleasurable activity(in contrast to relief from an unpleasant situation).Included here are such valued activities asentertainment and recreation. The relevantdescriptive terms include variety, change, fun,excitement, adventure, or simply new experiences(including a change or roles) . Stimulation may alsobe seen as relief from boredom, a benefit frequently-"" / \' ••• .'1 ~ 1'(';'t.. -~....... ':"_' {~" .. -f" ,,~.;-- ~/ r \--tl...cited for rul:al:urban migration" .....-. ......_-122

(5) "Autonomy has may dimensions but refers generally topersonal freedom,the ability to live one's own life.The weakening or absence of traditional familyobligations may be especially important. In somesettings, autonomy may also imply political freedom."(6) "Affiliation refers to the value of being with otherpersons, in connection with or as a result ofmigration. Broadly, it can refer to 'joining friendsor family' as a reason for migration. In many casesthis reason may disguise other values, i . e.affiliation with others may be afacilitating factorin migration to satisfy different personal goals.Insome cases, though, affiliation is the main motive formigration: to get married, to accompany a spouse, tojoin close friends or relatives who had migratedearlier. "(7) "Morality is related to deeply held values and beliefsystems that prescribe good and bad waysof living,such as religious belief systems.Moral values mayhave a pervasive influence on behaviour, dependingupon the degree of the individual's commitment.Themorality dimension in connection with migration isoften expressed negatively,as in the corrupting orsinful influence of city life.But the seeking of afavourable moral climate can also be important, asexemplified historically in the migration of certain123

eligious groups."The respondent's reasons obtained during the interview wereclassified more or less in line with the categories of DeJong and Fawcett, with the following exceptions: (i)Stimulation; (ii) Autonomy, and (iii) Morality. Therewere excluded because no responses obtained from therespondents.Therefore, in this chapter the investigator was left withthe following classification: (1) "Wealth/Employment";(2) "Status/education"; (3) "Comfort"; (4)"Affiliation".4.5 CONCLUSIONIn concluding this chapter, the presence of two mainfactors, i.e. job availability and the presence ofrelatives served as 'pull factors' to the migrants.Thesetwo factors attracted migrants to town.The familiaritywith the town also served as the facilitating factor formigration.124

CHAPTER FIVEINTEGRATION IN TOWN5.1 INTRODUCTIONThe previous investigators of rural-urban migration indeveloping countries have noted the phenomenon which S.N.Eisenstadt terms'structural duality', i.e. the existenceof the traditional rural structure on the margins of theurban modern structure, without contact between them.This chapter attempts to examine the extent to whichmigrants are integrated to their new environment.This isdone by employing various indicators as measures.Indicators such as social status;ecological variables;economic integration; educational aspects, and socialintegration.5.2 DETERMINANTS OF INTEGRATION5.2.1 ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONFrom the preceding chapter (chapter four;Table No.41, it is clearly indicted that 52% of the subjectsleft the area of origin for economic reasons.Most ofthem looking for ajob.125

Place of WorkIn town it is different from the rural area,where subjects worked outside their rural areas.In Richards Bay, an overwhelming majority (76%)work in Richards Bay, where they had moved to.16% of the subjects work in Empangeni, theadjacent town. Only 8% of subjects work outsideRichards Bay,in nearby areas such as KwaMbonambiand Esikhawini.Difficulties in Finding Work in TownAn overwhelming majority of 92%of the subjectsdidn't encounter any problem in finding jobs intown. Only about 8% encountered difficulties infinding jobs. Those subjects, who haddifficulties in finding jobs ascribed thesedifficulties to the lack of occupational skills.Number of Wage Earners in the FamilyWhen interviewed, the findings showed that themajority (72%)of families had one breadwinner,24% of the families had two breadwinners, while4% (one family) indicated that it had threebreadwinners.126

5.2.2SOCIAL STATUSIn this regard, the position of migrants on the socialstratification scale is assessed in one way; bycomparing their standard of living in town,and theformer one.Relationship Between Migration and Standard ofLivingIn chapter three; Table No. 38, subjects wereasked to compare their present and previousstandards of living.indicated that it wasAbout 56% of the subjectslower in the rural area,24% of the subjects stated that it was higher inthe rural area, only 16% of the subjectsindicated that it is the same, while 4% (oneSUbject stated that the standard of living to himis incomparable.5.2.3ECOLOGICAL VARIABLESFrom the previous investigations, it is found thatmigrants to towns tend to concentrate in slums in thetown centre or on the periphery.On the contrary, inRichards Bay migrants tend to move into regularapartment or have their houses.127

Number of RoomsIn the area of origin, about 60% of the subjectshad been living in more than four rooms, 28%lived in four rooms, and only 12% of the subjectslived in three rooms.In town about 44% of thesubjects live in more than four rooms, 32% of thesubjects live in four rooms, only 4% live inthree rooms, 12% live in two rooms, while only 8%live in one room. The below table shows thenumbers and percentages:TABLE NO. 43NUMBER AND PERCENTAGES OF ROOMSIN AREA OF ORIGINNUMBER OF ROOMS NO. OF SUBJECTS %1 ROOM 2 82 ROOMS 3 123 ROOMS 1 44 ROOMS 8 32MORE THAN 4 ROOMS 11 44TOTAL 25 1005.2.4 EDUCATIONAL ASPECTSThe educational aspect is one of the common motivesfor the migrantsto leave the rural area to town.Many parents leave the area of origin with the desireto assure their children's future, by giving them128

access to more extensive educational facilities intown. Education, however, was not a major motive inthe migration of migrants to Richards Bay, for only 4%left for this reason.During the interview, parents were askedquestion:"What occupation would you like youreldest child to take up after finishing school?" .Manyvarious responses elicited this question.Many parents preferred the white-collaroccupations, but some of them left the decisionto their children, or otherwise they had nodefinite opinion concerning that question.Surprisingly, most of the subjects' education hadno influence to their aspirations for theirchildren.5.2.5SOCIAL INTEGRATIONSome variables affecting social integration ofmigrants to Richards Bay are examined.Family Ties129

TABLE NO. 44 RELATIVES TIESRESPONSES NO. OF SUBJECTS .. •ALL NEAR THE SUBJECT l 4SOME NEAR THE SUBJECT 5 20ALL IN A NEARBY 4 l6NEIGHBOURHOOD 5 20ALL FAR AWAY lO 40NO RELATIVESTOTAL 25 lOOThe inspection of numbers and percentages from theabove Table No.44, show that 60% of the subjects haverelatives in town, while 40% of them had no relatives.Only 20% of the subjects live far away from theirrelatives.About 28% of the subjects have been living in RichardsBay for a period of one to four years.Only l6% havebeen in town over five years. Thus, migrants reliedon their relatives to assist them in theirintegration.The below table shows the distributionof numbers and percentages.BO

TABLE NO. 45 LENGTH OF RESIDENCE OF RELATIVES IN TOWNLENGTH OF RESIDENCE NO. OF SUBJECTS .. •LESS THAN A YEAR 2 81-2 YEARS 3 82-3 YEARS 4 123-4 YEARS 2 84-5 YEARS 2 8OVER 5 YEARS 4 16NO RELATIVES 10 40TOTAL 25 100Friendship TiesTABLE NO. 46 FRIENDSHIP TIESRESPONSES NO. OF SUBJECTS %YES 18 72NO 7 28TOTAL 25 100An overwhelming majority, 72% of the migrants havefriends in town,while only 28% of the migrants haveno friends in town.Some the friends live nearby themigrants, and other live in a adjacent neighbourhood.131

About 52% of subjects visit their friends on dailybasis, 8% see their friends once a week or more, and12% visit their friends once a month. Data is shownin below table.TABLE NO. 47 VISITING OF FRIENDS IN TOWNRESPONSES NO. OF SUBJECTS %DAILY 13 52ONCE A WEEK OR MORE 2 8ONCE A MONTH 3 122-3 TIMES A MONTH - -NO FRIENDS 7 28TOTAL 25 100Formal and Informal Social ActivityThis aspect of formal and informal socialactivity will assist the kinship and friendshipties to provide aclear indication of the degreeof integration into the town.132

TABLE NO. 48 SYNAGOGUE ATTENDANCEFREQUENCY IN SYNAGOGUE NO. OF SUBJECTS %EVERYDAY 2 8EVERY SABBATH 11 44ON HOLIDAYS 8 32NOT AT ALL 3 12OTHER (ONCE A MONTH) 1 4TOTAL 25 100The data from the above Table No. 48, indicate that about44% of the migrants attend synagogue every Sabbath, 32%attend synagogue only on holidays, only 8% attend synagogueeveryday, while only 4%attend synagogue once a month, but12% of the subjects do not attend synagogue at all. Mostof the subjects attend synagogue every Sabbath due to theinfluence of the Nazareth Church.The majority of migrantsaround Richards Bay are greatly influenced by the teachingsof this church.5.3 CONCLUSIONThe findings show that the majority of migrants are wellintegratedinto town. The phenomenon of structuralduality, i.e., the migrants remain on the periphery ofurban society and are not integrated within it, is no133

applicable to the case of migration to Richards Bay.Thedata also show that most of the migrants looking for jobswere able to get them.This implies that there are wellintegratedeconomically in the town.Although, some of themigrants had changed their occupations after they moved totown, but they were able to get employment. Many of themigrants were assisted by their relatives at the time oftheir move. Even the migrants themselves confirm theirintegration, when asked to compare their standard of livingin town and in their former areas.Many of them said thatit was lower in the rural area.134

CHAPTER SIXDESIRE TO RETURN TO THE AREA OF ORIGIN6.1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter examines the factors that can contribute tothe migrants' desire to return to the area of origin.But,it is clear that the lack of integration in town is one ofthe best indicators of adesire to return to the area oforigin.6 .2 THE CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS TO THE DESIRE OF RETURNING TOFORMER AREA6.2.1 FARMING AREADuring the interview, subjects were asked fourquestions concerning the farming area. They wereasked whether,they did own any farming area or not.About 84% of the subjects stated that they had farmingareas. Those responded by saying that, they didpossessed farming areas, were further asked to comparetheir farms with the other people in the rural area.60% of the subjects said that their farming areas weresame as other, and only 24% said they had betterfarming areas than others. All of these subjectsdidn't plan their farms.135

Subjects were further asked, "Is it important thatrural farming be organized?"Two types of responseselicited that question. Responses such as; "Yes, itis important to be organized" and "It doesn't matterto me. 11 Those that stated that it should beorganized, came up with various reasons, namely:toimprove productivity, to acquaint people with farmingskills, to provide job opportunities for the people inthe rural areas,to assist people in rural areas touse their farms profitable by getting into the marketsfor selling theirproducts and to help people to beable to get vegetables free and easy without going toshopping centres.6.2.2AVAILABILITY OF MEDICAL FACILITIESTABLE NO. 49 AVAILABILITY OF MEDICAL FACILITIESMEDICAL CONSULTANTS NO. OF SUBJECTS ..0DOCTOR l3 52FAITH HEALER 10 40TRADITIONAL HEALER,e.g.SANGOMA 3 8TOTAL 25 100The data from the above Table No.49, show that 52% of the136

subjects consult doctors when they are sick, 40% consultfaith healers, and only 8% consult traditional healers,like sangoma. Subjects were asked to compare theavailability of medical facilities in town and in ruralarea.About 80% of the subjects preferred the present one,while 20% said that the previous one was better. No onesaid it is the same.6.2.3 SECURITYAll subjects responded by saying that the SouthAfrican Police Services (S.A.P.S.l provide security toall people in town.When subjects asked to comparethe state of security in the rural area and in theurban area, many subjects said that security is betterin town than in the rural area. The subjectsmentioned that the police patrol day and night,andpolice stations are nearer to their places ofresidence. On the other hand, in the rural areassecurity is mostly provided by the members of thecommunity themselves, no police stations available, nopolice patrol which is taking place there. Inaddition to that, no electricity lights in ruralareas.The few electricity lights available are onlycentred to the individual families, not in thestreets.137

6.2.4SUBJECTIVE STATUSOF DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONSTo obtain a picture of the subjects' subjectiveoccupational rating, subjects were asked to rank sevenoccupations in relation to each other.The followingrating was obtained:1- Doctor2. Teacher3. Lawyer4. Private Farmer5. Merchant6. Clerk7. DriverIt is clear that white-collar occupations were rankedhigher than blue-collar occupations.6.2.5CONCLUSIONAlthough the majority of migrants had farming areas intheir areas of origin, but most of them have no desireto return to their areas of origin. Most of themigrants feel that they are well-integrated in town.That can be caused by the availability of medicalfacilities in town,and the sense of insecurity inrural areas.138

~Y, CONCLUSIONS. RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONSThe research findings presented in the preceding two partiesresult from a descriptive study amongst Africans in South Africa,with particular reference to Empangeni - Richards Bay Area.South Africa, like every open society, is characterised tocertain extent, by internal migration, i.e. migration within theboundaries of South Africa. However, there is no rural exodus,meaning that no mass movement of people from rural areas to urbanareas.This due to the fact that many migrants are moving fromrural areas to urban areas as a result of poverty.Many migrantswish to discourage the whole process of migration, because it hasanumber of side-effects to the population left in the ruralareas.For instance, migration, to some extent destabilise therelationship of the family, but this one needs moreinvestigation.SUMMARYCAUSES OF MIGRATIONVarious reasons for migration were investigated in this study.It is obviously impossible to enumerate every single factor,where so many people are concerned,the specific motives thatinduced individuals to leave their areas of origin are certainlyhave been very numerous and diverse. Therefore, all I can do isto indicate what seem to be the more general sets of causesunderlying migration, given by migrants.139

Economic NecessityThe various causes or reasons for migration were indicatedduring an interview, but a far more universal cause, andcertainly the most important of all, is the economicnecessity. During an interview, many migrants (both inErnpangeni and Richards Bay) indicated that the economicconsiderations and employment considerations are the mostsignificant reasons for their migrants.They were drivenaway from their areas of origin by poverty,i.e. lack ofany other source of income.Family/Friends ConsiderationsRelatives and friends considerations served as the secondmost important reason for migration in both towns.Migrants to both Empangeni and Richards Bay, statedexplicitly that, this reason was not the primary one,it served as a facilitating factor to their migration.butAllmigrants referred to the economic considerations as theprimary causal factor.Educational ConsiderationsWith regard to this cause, a slightly difference existed.Migrants to Empangeni Town mentioned it as the thirdcategory of reasons for leaving the area of origin.About16% of migrants regarded it as the third most important140

causal factor. On the other side, migrants to RichardsBay,regarded it as the fourth important causal factor.Only 4%of migrants referred to it as one of the reasons.Thus, there exist a sharp contrast between the views ofmigrants to Empangeni and Richards Bay with regard toeducational considerations as one of the main causalfactor.Comfort Related ReasonsAt the time of survey, migrants also mentioned abovecategory as one of the causal factors for migration to bothEmpangeni and Richards Bay areas.The most striking point,is that migrants to Empangeni regarded this category as thefourth important one, while migrants to Richards Bayreferred to it as the third category, when ranking themwith their importance. Migrants to both towns share thecommon percentage, i.e. 8%.Housing ConsiderationsOnly one subject (4%) considered this category as one ofthe motives for migration. That particular subject wasfrom the sample drawn from the Empangeni population.Thesample drawn from the Richards Bay population did notconsider this category as the one of the causal factors.141

CONCLUSIONSTo conclude, migration to Empangeni -Richards Bay Area is nota rural exodus.This implies that, there is no mass movement ofpeople from rural areas to urban areas.From the findings tothis study, it is clear that the type of migration, is theseasonal migration.Most of the migrants move from rural areasduring the beginning of the year, and go back on holidays, i.e.Winter holidays and Summer holidays.Furthermore, migrants tothese two towns are not yet permanent residents of these towns.A number of them have'nt destroyed their rural ares. Some ofthem still have homes in their areas of origin, while they areliving in town. They have two homes. They live in town to benearer to their work places, and some for job opportunities, Le.looking for work,and at the end they are committed to stay intown. Finally, its my hope that this study will provide someinsight into the circumstances under which African migrationwithin South Africa's principal urban agglomeration takes place.RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONSAs this study was done for the masters programme,it should notbe seen as the last word on the subject .Further surveys on thissubject are suggested,and that does not mean that this one isunderrated.The further surveys where specific attempts are madeto include such aims,as the destabilisation of the family dueto the migration of the member of it. That survey of this naturewill also include the migration of people from urban areas to142

ural areas.It is my opinion that the investigation of thatnature can be of vital importance to obtain a clearerunderstanding of the processes involved in the migration ofAfricans and of the needs and aspirations of the individualmigrants themselves.SOMEPOSSIBLE REMEDIESThe following are some of the recommended ways and means toalleviate problems encountered by migrants:Improvement of Conditions in the Rural AreaIbelieve that the most useful approach to the problem ofmigration is to counteract as far as possible theinfluences that cause people to leave the rural areas.Conditions at their rural areas should be made sufficientlyattractive to keep them there, and to make it worth whiletheir remaining behind.The decentralisation of industriesis one way,i.e. taking away of industries from urban areasto rural areas, like Isithebe Industrial Estate.Anotherway is to improve rural agriculture by extending theopportunities for wage labour.Improvement of Conditions in TownOnce migrants are already in town, the conditions of livingin town should be improved.Providing housing for migrants143

is another way of alleviating the problem of the lack ofhousing facilities.The urban economy and infrastructureshould be made also suitable for the needs of the Africanmigrants.144

APPENDICESOUESTIONNAIRE TO MIGRANTSSECTION A:DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS1.1 Age of the head of the familyBelow 3031-4041-5051-6061 and over1.2 How many people are there in your family at the presenttime?1-45-89-1212 and above145

1.3 Where did the head of the family live before coming toS .A.?South Africa-bornDon't knowSomewhere else, state:.+ 1.4 Which rural areQdid you come from?1.5 Did you settle here right after you left the rural area?YesNo1.6 How long have you been living in this town?Less than 2 years2-3 years4-5 years5-7 years7-10 yearsOver 10 years146

1.7 Level of education of heads of the family.Less than standard 6Standard 6Standard 8Standard 10Tertiary levelNever been to school1.8 Marital status of the head of the familySingleMarriedDivorcedSeparatedWidowed1.9 When did you come to S.A.?.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..1.10 What is your main occupation?.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..1.11 Where is your present place of work:147

1.12 How long have you been in your present job?.. .. ~.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..1.13 Did you change your job on or after leaving the rural area?NoYes, after I leftYes, at the same time that I left1.14 Did you find it difficult finding work in town?YesNo1.15 How many breadwinners are there in the family?OneTwoThreeMore than three1.16 Are the most people in your neighbourhood of the sameorigin as you?YesNo148

SECTION B: THE MIGRANTS IN THEIR FORMER RURAL AREA2.1 How long did you live in the rural area mentioned 1.4above?Less than a years1-3 years3-5 years5-7 years7-10 yearsOver 10 years2.2 did you have any relatives in the rural area you wereliving in?YesNo2.3 If your relatives left the rural area, where are theyliving now?2.4 What was your occupation in the rural area?149

2.5 How did your standard of living in the rural area comparewith your present standard of living?Higher in the rural areaThe same than as nowLower in the rural areaDon't know2.6 Compare your present income and previous income, which oneis better?Present incomePrevious incomeSame2.7 Did you hold a public office in the rural area, e.g.committee member?YesNo2.8 Were you satisfied with the activities of the lastcommittee?YesNo150

2.9 In how many rooms did you and your family live in the placeof origin?1. room2 rooms3 rooms4 roomsMore than 4 rooms2.1.0 How many people were there in your family before you camehere?2.1.1. What is the difference between the way you spend yourleisure time in town and the way you spent it in the ruralarea?1.51.

SECTION C:THE MIGRATION PROCESS3.1 When did you start thinking about leaving your place oforigin?A long time before IleftA short time before Ileft3.2 State the main reason, why you left your place of origin.3.3 Did you visit this town frequently before you came to livehere?3.4 Why did you come to this town in particular?152

3.5 Do you intend to stay on in this town?YesHave not made up my mind yetNo.State why:153

SECTION D:INTEGRATION IN TOWN4.1 Do you have any relatives in this town?YesNo4.2 If yes, where do they live?4.3 How long have your relatives been living here?Less than a years1-2 years2-3 years3-4 years4-5 yearsOver 5 years154

4.4 Do you have friends in town?YesNo4.5 How often do you see your friends in town?DailyOnce a week or moreOnce a month2-3 times a monthNo friends4.6 Do you go out more in town than you did at the place oforigin?4.7 Do you have children?YesNO4.8 If yes, how many are at school?155

4.9 What occupation would you like your eldest child to take upafter finishing school?4.10 In how many rooms are you and your family l.iving now?1 room2 rooms3 rooms4 roomsMore than 4rooms4.11 Where do you stay?HomeGhetto/SettlementRent House4.12 How often do you go to Church/Synagogue?EverydayEvery Sabbath156

On holidaysNot at allOther.State when:4.13 Compared with other in the rural area, were you:More religiousSame as othersLess religious157

SECfION E:DESIRE TO RETURN TO TIlE PLACE OF ORIGIN5.1 Who do you normally consult when you and your family aresick?DoctorFaith HealerTraditional Healer, e.g. Sangoma5.2 Compare the present availability of medical facilities andthe previous one, which one is better?PreviousPresent5.3 Who provide security, e.g. police?5.4 How would you compare the state of security in the ruralarea and in the urban area?158

5.5 Did you own any farming area in your place of origin?YesNo5.6 Was your farming better or worse than other farms in therural area?Better than the otherWorse than othersSame as otherDo'nt know5.7 Did you plan your own farm?YesNo5.8 Is it important that rural farming be organised?Yes159

No.Indicate why?It does'nt matter to me160

SECTION F:OTHER6.1 Please rank the following seven occupations in the order ofimportance you attach to them, placing "1" next to the oneyou think is most important, "2" next to the one you thinkis second important, and so on, until you get to the oneyou think is of the least importance, which you mark with"7".OCCUPATIONDriverLawyerPrivate farmerdoctorClerkTeacherMerchantRANKING161

12. Cubbin, Tony=13 . de V. Minnaa:r:r==== Umanyano- sburg.14. de V. Minnaa:r:::-,,-==__~earch;=ess;3rdNew15. de Villiers,Johan (March16. Drakakis-Smit=-_-~ __D. (ed.)17. Duminy, A.H.18. Duminy, A.H.and Guest, B.(eds. )19. Empanqeni:20. Empanqeni hur:---21. Evers, G.I.C.22. Ezimtoti; Vc_23. Finnemore, M.der Merwe, R.24. Ginsberg, Yon~of Growth;=.:::ks; New_--=hly ReviewTn Africa:Future;-=-':liversi ty ;_-ion--nelopment:EmpiricalMichigan-=--:igan.Labour:1 assEurope,__ c.. London:::mial hand__ :5 , Durban::.. S .A.the Zulu--:5sessment,---=-versity of- = of the 19100 years)= Empangeni;

25. Goldscheider,C. (ed.) (1983)Urban Migrants in DevelopingNations; West View Press, Inc.;U. S .A.26. Goode, W.J. (1952)and Hatt, P.K.Methods in Social Research;McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. ;London.27. Guest, B. andSellers, J.M.(eds.) (1985)Enterprise and exploitation ina victorian colony: aspects ofthe economic and social historyof colonial Natal.28. Guy, J.J. (1982)The destruction of the Zulukingdom: the civil war inZululand. 1879 1884;Johannesburg: Ravan Press;R.S.A.29. Hance, Williarn A.(1970)Population. Migration andUrbanization in Africa; ColumbiaUniversity Press; LONDON.30. Haralambos, M. (1984) Sociologyperspectives;Great Britain.Themes andRichard Clay Ltd;31. Hobsbawn, E.J. (1977) The Age of Capital; Sphere BooksLtd; London.32. Hodgson, Alderman M.K.,(October 1992 toSeptember 1993)ANNUAL MINUTE; Borough ofErnpangeni; Zululand.33. Jackson, J.A. (1986)Migration; Longrnan; New York.34. Jackson, J.A. (eds)(1969)Migration; Cambridge UniversityPress; Cambridge.35. Jeeves, A. (1991)et alSouth Africa's LabourEmpire; West view, Inc.; U.S.A.164

36. King, A.D. (1990) Urbanism.economy;Colonialism and World-Routledge; London.37. Kok, P.C. (1984) Black Migration to PortElizabeth: an exploratorystudy; Human Sciences ResearchCouncil; Pretoria.38. Kok, P.C. (1985) Black Migration to the PWVcomplex: Selective. spatialmotivational aspects; HumanSciences Research Council;Pretoria.39. Larrain, J. (1989) Theories of Developments; PolityPress; U.K.40. Lawrence, (1974) Black Miqrants: WhiteDaniel Natives; Cambridge UniversityPress; Great Britain.410 Leedy, Paul D. (1980)Practical Research Planningand Design; MacMillan PublishingCo.; New York.42. Mabogunje, A.Ko (1970)Urbanization and Change;Heinneman Publishers.43. Marx, Karl(1964)Pre-Capitalist EconomicFormations; Lawrence andWishart; London.44. Marx, Karl(1972)Re-Capitalist Socio-EconomicFormations; Progress Publishers;Moscow.45. Miller, C.S. (1971) HistoryCrisis,UoS.A.of America ChallengeJohn Wiley and Sons Inc.;46. Miles, Robert (1950) Racism andRoutledge andLondon.Migrant labour;Kegan Paul Ltd;165

47. Moller, Valerie(1985)Polygamy and well-beingamong Zulu migrants; Centre forApplied Social Science; Durban.48. Nelson, Joan M.(1969)Migrants. urban poverty. andinstability in developingcountries; Harvard UniversityPress; cambridge.49. Ogden, Philip, (1984)E.Migration and GeographicalChange; Cambridge UniversityPress; Great Britain.50. Ornotoso, Kole (1994)Season of migration to theSouth; Tafelberg Publishers Ltd;Cape Town.51. Palen, J. John (1975)The Urban World; McGraw-HillBook Company; U.S.A.52. Pottier, Johan (1988)Migrants no more: settlement andsurvival in Mambue Villages;Manchester University Press;Manchester.53. Rampel, Henry (1976)The Determinatnts of Rural - To ­Urban Labor Migration In Kenya;Center for International Studies;Massachusetts.54. Randall, V. (1985)and Theobald, R.Political Change and Underdevelopment;Macmillan EducationLtd; London.55. RE FORUM(September 1994)Official Mouthpiece of theBorough of Richards Bay; Vol. 8.56. RICHARDS BAY Information Guide (June 1994)57. RICHARDS BAY REVIEW (August 1973)58. RICHARDS BAY STRUCTURE PLAN. Interim Report (August 1993)166

59. RICHARDS BAY,The keyPuzzle.to your Industrial60. RICHARDS BAY,(September 1994)Vision61. Schapera, I. (1947) Migrant Labour and Tribal Life;Oxford University Press; London.62. Shanin, T. and (1982)Alevi, H. (eds.)IntroductionSociologySocieties";Ltd; U.S.A.to theof "DevelopingThe Macmillan Press63. Sene H., R.(ed. )(1969)Classic Essays on theCulture of Cities; MeredithCorporation; New York.64. Simons, A.(1977)Social Change and InternalMigration; InternationalDevelopment Research Centre;Canada.65. Smith, David,M. (ed.)(1992)The Apartheid City andBeyond; Chapman and Hall, Inc.;New York.66. Tabb, W.K. (1978)and Sawers, L. (ed's)Marxism and the Metropolis;Oxford University Press; NewYork.67. Thorrington - Smith,E. ;The Planning of new townin a natural area: a case study:Richards Bay.68. Township DevelopmentBorough of RichardsBorough Council.forBay;low-income housing withinMemorandum for RichardstheBay69. Todaro,Michael,P.(1985) Economic Development inThird World; 3rdLongman; London.theEdition;167

70. Tucker,Robert, C.(1978)(ed. )The Marx-Engelsedition; W. W.rnc.; London.Reader;Norton2ndandCo.71. Wardwell, J. M. (1980) New directions in Urban-RuralMigration; Academic Press; U.K.72. Webster, E. (1985) Cast in a Racial Mould;Press; R.S.A.Ravan168